per VOLUME 6, ISSUE 3, 2015 ConcordiamJournal of European Security and Defense Issues n NATO AND THE EU n EU NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY Sharing defense responsibilities Building partnerships beyond borders n EUROPE GOES GLOBAL PLUS How to project power abroad Polish Military Modernization n ASYMMETRIC WARFARE Soviet Nostalgia in Russia Europe adjusts to new threats Moscow’s Disinformation War MAINTAINING PARTNERSHIPS Cooperative Security in Europe Table of Contents features ON THE COVER European and allied leaders gather at the September 2014 NATO Summit in Wales. Faced with the challenges of declining defense budgets and Russian intervention in Ukraine, NATO members endeavor to work together to fortify their trans-Atlantic bond. AFP/GETTY IMAGES 34 10 A Global Role for Europe 22 A New Generation of Warfare By Prof. Dr. Sven Bernhard Gareis, Marshall Center By Dr. Jānis Bērziņš, National Defense Academy of The U.S. pivot to Asia forces Europe to Latvia, Center for Security and Strategic Research think independently. Russia’s hybrid warfare seeks to divide Europe. 16 The EU and NATO By Dr. Dinos Anthony Kerigan-Kyrou, Emerging 28 Improving the Neighborhood Security Challenges Working Group By Daniel Ionita, Romanian secretary of state for strategic affairs within the Foreign Affairs Ministry The EU and NATO collectively counter and Laria Stoian, Diplomat in the Romanian Foreign threats. Affairs Ministry NATO and the EU work toward a collective security effort for Eastern Europe. departments COOPERATION 46 Global Cooperation USSTRATCOM offers reassurance in a troubled world. 48 The G7 in a Multipolar World By Alessandro Scheffler Corvaja, research associate, Bundeswehr University, Munich The organization has lost some of its luster and needs to reinvent itself. SECURITY in every issue 52 Moscow’s 4 DIRECTOR’S LETTER Disinformation War 5 CONTRIBUTORS Russia intensifies its propaganda campaign in 7 VIEWPOINT Eastern Europe. 64 BOOK REVIEW 56 Progress in 66 CALENDAR Afghanistan Stability in Afghanistan relies on a professional military and police force. 38 POLICY 60 A Battle of Narratives and Identities By Tobias Oder, Marshall Center Russian leaders view Ukraine through the lens of 34 Rethinking the European a romanticized past. Neighbourhood Policy By Prof. Dr. Ralf Roloff, Marshall Center Strengthening Europe’s “ring of friends” is crucial in light of Ukraine crisis. 38 Strengthening the Flank By Col. Mariusz Fryc, Ph.D., Polish National Security Bureau Poland prioritizes defense policy and strategy. DIRECTOR'S LETTER Welcome to the 23rd issue of per Concordiam, an issue focused on cooperative security in Europe and the challenges posed to the European security order. Today’s challenges are complex and far-reaching, and their impact is felt throughout Europe. Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, including the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, support for insurgencies in eastern Ukraine, and a threatening posture toward NATO allies and partners, casts a shadow on the achievements of the established political order in Europe based on trust and coopera- tion. As a result of Russia’s actions, provisions and mechanisms for collective defense and mutual reassurance within NATO and enhanced assistance for partners such as Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova returned to the security agenda at NATO’s summit in Wales and likely will be pursued in subsequent meetings. The current strategic framework and fiscal austerity will cause Europe to take more responsibility for its own security. Challenges in Europe, including the situation in Greece and its possible impact on the European architecture as well as repercussions of conflicts and instability in the Near East and North Africa, coincide with the United States rebalancing Keith W. Dayton to the Asia Pacific region and other nations reducing their defense budgets because of fiscal Director, George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies constraints. These limitations will require a more focused effort in managing and maintain- ing adequate defense capabilities in Europe. Since it is difficult for nations to increase defense Keith W. Dayton retired as a budgets in times of fiscal austerity, they may strive for more efficient, interoperable and Lieutenant General from the U.S. cooperative approaches to mutual security. Some synergy and efficiency may be achieved as Army in late 2010 after more nations coordinate their force structure, armament and doctrine to provide credible secu- than 40 years of service. His last rity at a reduced cost within NATO and the European Union. This level of coordination is assignment on active duty was as a particular challenge for a union of 28 sovereign nations reluctant to transfer oversight of U.S. Security Coordinator to Israel their militaries to a multinational headquarters. and the Palestinian Authority in At the Marshall Center, we recognize these developments and their impact on security Jerusalem. An artillery officer by across Europe and search for cooperative approaches to mitigate threats and increase security. training, he also has served as In December 2014, the Marshall Center’s outreach team partnered with Lithuania to hold a politico-military staff officer for the multilateral conference in Vilnius focused on Russian aggression and its impact on the Baltics Army in Washington, D.C., and and Visegrad Four countries. We have also integrated new resident programs on Europe’s U.S. defense attaché in Russia. security focused on its eastern and southern flanks. We will enhance our cooperation with EU He worked as director of the Iraqi bodies and agencies as we assist in the search for viable approaches to security that are based Survey Group for Operation Iraqi on trust and cooperation and that are capable of defending peace and stability. Freedom in Iraq. He earned a This edition of per Concordiam explores European security problems and possible solu- Senior Service College Fellowship tions from various regional and topical perspectives. The authors, Marshall Center faculty to Harvard University and served members and alumni, politicians, practitioners and academics in the field of security and as the Senior Army Fellow on defense, are united in their goal to make Europe a strong partner in a trans-Atlantic alliance the Council on Foreign Relations that successfully withstands challenges. in New York. Gen. Dayton has As always, we welcome comments and perspectives on these topics and will include your a bachelor’s degree in history responses in future editions. Please feel free to contact us at [email protected] from the College of William and Mary, a master’s degree in history Sincerely, from Cambridge University and another in international relations from the University of Southern California. Keith W. Dayton Director 4 per Concordiam CONTRIBUTORS per Dr. Jānis Bērziņš is the director of the Center for Security and Strategic Research (CSSR) at the National Defense Academy of Latvia. His areas of expertise are: Russian Journal of European Security military thought, defense economics, international economics, and economic security and and Defense Issues development. He has worked as researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Latvian Academy of Sciences and at in Department of Political Sciences at Riga Stradiņš University before joining the CSSR. Alessandro Scheffler Corvaja is a research associate at Bundeswehr University in Future of Cooperative Security Munich, a graduate fellow of the Hanns-Seidel-Foundation and academic coordinator of in Europe the Marshall Center’s Master in International Security Studies Program. He has worked at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C., the NATO Defense Volume 6, Issue 3, 2015 College in Rome and the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence in St. Andrews. George C. Marshall Col. Mariusz Fryc, Ph.D., is a Polish Air Force officer and a war and strategy expert European Center for at the Armed Forces Supervision Department of the National Security Bureau in Poland. Security Studies Previously, he was an analyst at the Comprehensive Crisis and Operations Management Center at Allied Command Operations in Belgium and an assistant professor at the National Leadership Defence University in Warsaw. He is a 2007 graduate of the Marshall Center’s Program on Advanced Security Studies. Keith. W Dayton Director Prof. Dr. Sven Bernhard Gareis has served as German deputy dean at the Marshall Center since 2011. He previously was deputy head of the faculty of humanities and social Ben Reed sciences at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in Hamburg for five years. He remains U.S. Deputy Director a professor of political science at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster. As a visiting professor, he has taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and Tamkang Johann Berger University in Taiwan. German Deputy Director Daniel Ionita, a career diplomat, is state secretary for strategic affairs at the Romanian Marshall Center Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Prior to that he served as Romanian ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Norway; director general for strategic affairs; and headed the NATO The George C. Marshall European Center Department, which was later transformed into the Security Policy Department. for Security Studies is a German-American partnership founded in 1993. The center promotes dialogue and understanding be- tween European, Eurasian, North American Wolfgang Ischinger is chairman of the Munich Security Conference and serves on and other nations. The theme of its resident the supervisory board of Allianz Deutschland AG and the European Advisory Board of courses and outreach events: Most 21st Investcorp. He was Germany’s ambassador in Washington, D.C., and later held the same century security challenges require inter- post in London. In 2014, he served as special representative of the Chairperson-in-Office national, interagency and interdisciplinary for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, promoting national dialogue response and cooperation. in the Ukrainian crisis. Dr. Dinos Anthony Kerigan-Kyrou is a visiting lecturer at the University of Greenwich Contact Us and an external instructor at Defense Forces Ireland.