Global and Regional Dimensions
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE ODESA MECHNІKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN EU POLITICS: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DIMENSIONS MONOGRAPH Editors Olga Brusylovska and Igor Koval ODESA ONU 2019 Brusylovska, Olga, and Koval, Igor (eds.), Prospects of Development in EU Politics: Global and Regional Dimensions (Odesa: Odesa Mechnikov National University Press, 2019. – 188 p.). Odesa Mechnikov National University Press is a department of the Odesa Mechnikov National University. Odesa Mechnikov National University Dvoryanska, 2 65082 Odesa Tel: +38/048/723-52-54 Fax: +38/048/723-35-15 Email: [email protected] http://onu.edu.ua/en/ Published in Ukraine by Odesa Mechnikov National University Press Elisavetynska, 12, Odesa, 65082. Proofread by Lucy Minicozzi-Wheeland All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Odesa Mechnikov National University. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. ISBN 978-617-689-353-0 © Odesa Mechnikov National University DOI: 10.18524/978-617-689-353-0 Press 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 5 (Igor Koval) CHAPTER 1. PECULIARITIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS INTERNATIONAL ACTOR: CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE ............................................................................................... 7 (Olga Brusylovska) CHAPTER 2. THE EU’S POLICY OF INTEGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN REGIONALIZATION ............................... 20 (Sergii Glebov) CHAPTER 3. TYPES OF NATIONALISM AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOPOLITICAL MODELS OF THE EU ........... 33 (Yana Volkova) СHAPTER 4. THE EU INFLUENCE ON THE EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ TRANSFORMATION: REALITIES AND PROSPECTS ............................................................... 48 (Alina Zadorozhnia) CHAPTER 5. EU-RUSSIA RELATIONS: MAIN ISSUES AND FORECASTS ................................................................................... 71 (Olga Brusylovska) СHAPTER 6. EU-MERCOSUR RELATIONS: INTERCONTINENTAL DIALOGUE ...................................................... 90 (Kateryna Vakarchuk) CHAPTER 7. THE EU POLICY TOWARDS SYRIA AFTER 2011 ............................................................................... 103 (Alla Zakharchenko) CHAPTER 8. EU – U.S. RELATIONS UNDER PRESIDENT TRUMP ..................................................................................................... 116 (Volodymyr Dubovyk) CHAPTER 9. CSDP DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TRANSATLANTISM FACTOR ............. 136 (Olga Romanova) CHAPTER 10. THE EU STATES POSITION AS FOR THE TERMINATION OF THE INF TREATY ................................................ 151 (Polina Sinovets) CHAPTER 11. EUROPEAN UNION MEDIATION AND PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES ................................................... 163 (Hanna Shelest) CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 180 (Igor Koval) ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS ......................................................... 184 INTRODUCTION The modern world as well as worldwide policy changes at an accelerat- ing pace. The depth of these transformations is realized, yet not until their conclusion. However, a change in the international agenda has become a fact already. In a certain sense, we all already live in another political world. With the emergence of another global force (China) and the decline of an interest in many regions of key global actor (the USA), the European Union has ended up in a difficult strategic situation. In August 2019, French President Е. Ma- cron, in a performance before a diplomatic body, marked that the epoch of hegemony of the West is fit for an end. In these terms, the EU should follow by more actively searching for a new strategy for the world arising before our eyes. That is why modern scientists of International Relations are paying in- creasing attention to the study of prognosis – a science which encompasses the methodology of studying the dynamics and perspectives of the develop- ment of various processes and phenomena of international life. Representa- tives of the Odessa School of International Relations did not go beyond the problem of studying EU’s policy perspectives too. For us, deciding on the methodology of foreign policy research – the subject of our many years of research – is decisive for the fact that going beyond the level of forecasting depends on the effectiveness of planning and management, for our country, scientifically sound forecasts are one of the guarantees of predictable devel- opment of specific events and international political processes. Foreign Policy Forecasting makes predictions about subjects, phenomena, and processes in international relations and foreign policy. It is a source of comprehensive information about the overall situation in the world, region, and country; about trends, trends and factors that stimulate certain events; promotes the vision of new opportunities for socio-political development. Scripting is the most common predictive tool that more or less accurately predicts political developments. With this tool, you can set a logical sequence of events based on an existing or specified situation. The scenario (verbal description of the projected situation) focuses on linkages between events, at critical points where impacts can have a disproportionate impact. So, the purpose of the collective monograph is to identify the main trends in the prospects for the development of EU’s policy by examining its indi- vidual regional and global dimensions. Among the tasks are the following: identifying the features of the EU as an international actor in contemporary scientific discourse; exploring the impact of European regionalization on EU integration policy; analysis of the impact of nationalism on EU geopolitical 5 models; a demonstration of the EU’s influence on the transformation of East- ern European countries; exploring the evolution of CSDP in the context of the trans-Atlantic factor; analysis of EU countries’ positions on the issue of RSDL; identifying the features of EU mediation and peacekeeping; identifi- cation of the main problems of relations between the EU and Russia, the EU – MERCOSUR, the EU – the USA, the EU – Syria, etc. The monograph focuses on those directions of development of the EU’s politics prospects, which em- ployees of the Department of International Relations of Odessa Mechnikov National University have spent years investigating in their scientific searches. In accordance with it, this book is structurally divided into three blocks (the- oretical, regional, and global), eleven chapters, each of which highlights a separate direction of foreign policy of the EU. The work is designed for everyone who is interested in foreign policy and international relations – from students to experts. 6 CHAPTER 1 PECULIARITIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS INTERNATIONAL ACTOR: CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Olga Brusylovska The European Union (EU) is one of the most unusual actors in world poli- tics, and it has generated a great deal of scholarly debate about its power and purpose. Consider the current concepts that are most useful for exploring the main vectors of EU foreign policy and the prospects for their development. 1. Concept of Power The analysis of global actors’ foreign policy cannot be conducted without engaging in scientific discussions about power. This is the category Toms Rostoks examines in his work, exploring EU and Russian policy in the New Eastern Europe (NEE) region. Consider his main arguments. Definition of Power. Hans J. Morgenthau has asserted that power is the currency of international relations, and “international politics, like all poli- tics, is a struggle for power … whatever the ultimate aims of international politics, power is always the immediate aim.” Although some might disagree with this statement, few would go so far as to ignore the importance of power in world politics. Robert A. Dahl emphasized that power has an adversarial element built into it; therefore, he defined power as the ability of ‘A’ to over- come resistance of ‘B’ in pursuit of ‘A’s goals. Thus, power is different from influence because it is about changing other actors’ behaviour, being able to resist others, and overcoming others’ resistance. Strength is a prerequisite for security and can withstand unwanted external influences. Karl W. Deutsch has defined power both as “the ability to prevail in conflict and to overcome obstacles” and as a “symbol of the ability to change the distribution of re- sults.” Although power is most frequently seen as a capability, it is essentially “a psychological relation between those who exercise it and those over whom it is exercised.” Leslie Gelb writes that “power is mental arm wrestling” [3, p. 9]. The manifestations of force can only be partially detected by observing visible interactions; they are likely to be just the tip of the iceberg. Moises Naim claims that the current transformations in world politics can be captured through the lens of the “decay of power:” “In the 21st century, power is easier to get, harder to use, and easier to lose ... battles for power are as intense as ever, but they are yielding diminishing returns.” If this is correct, then coer- 7 cive forms of power are going to be much more difficult