A BI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF MAGAZINE FALL 2017 VOLUME 3, ISSUE 2

06-07 10-13 21 24-25 30-31 LANDCOM: GE/NL : MNC-NE: NRDC-ESP: RRC-FRA: Road to Trident Javelin Ready for Operations: Road Certified as a high- Communications during Joint Task Force to a land-centric JTF HQ readiness HQ the eNRF/VJTF Certification

CONTENTS

The LANDPOWER magazine is a bi-an- nual publication produced by Allied Land 4 Command Messages Command (LANDCOM) dedicated to the promotion of actions and ideas, contrib- uting to the improvement of the NATO 6 Road to Trident Javelin Force Structure (NFS) efficiency and effectiveness. The views expressed in this 8 Exercise Dacian Guardian publication do not necessarily reflect those of the LANDCOM Commander, SACEUR, NATO or its member nations and cannot 9 eFP Site Visits be quoted as an official statement of those entities. An electronic version that includes 10 Ready for Operations additional links to in-depth articles, supplementary articles and an ability to provide online comments is available from 14 Thoughts on Land Warfare the LANDCOM website (www.lc..int).

17 Chiefs of Staff Conference

18 Changing Concepts of War To contact the LANDPOWER Magazine staff and/or to submit an article to be con- sidered for publication in the next issue, 21 MNC-NE Certification please use the following contacts: 22 Cooperative Security E-mail: [email protected]

Postal: Public Affairs Office 24 Communications during eNRF/VJTF Vecihi Akin Garrison 35148 Izmir / 26 From the Frontline: Wheels in Motion

All articles are edited for length and con- tent. 28 MTT Assists Tunisian Armed Forces

29 OCC evaluators certify KAZBAT The LANDPOWER Magazine staff:

Lt. Col. (USA) Mike Nicholson 30 NATO JTF Certification Capt. (TUR) Erhan Iskar Sgt First Class (ESP) Jonathan Fernandez 32 LANDCOM Museum Mr. (USA) Justin Parker

Cover Photo: Estonian Special Forces 33 Visitors soldier using a modified version of the G36 assault rifle during marksmanship training. 34 Photo wall

Back Photo: Soldiers from , , and Canada prepare a capabilities demonstration at Camp Adazi.

LAND POWER3 ALLIED LAND COMMAND Commander’s Message

Lieutenant General Darryl A.Williams Commander

ransition! As we prepare to executing TRIDENT JAVELIN 2017 end 2017 and begin 2018, in Stavanger, in November. we are entering a period of Operational Transition transitionT in organization, training and operations. Much of the work being done In our land advocacy role, LAND- over the last several months has contib- COM helped assist Joint Force uted greatly to the alliance. I wanted to Command better develop the recognize some of that work and provide role of “The Hub.” Through the NATO a glimpse of where we are headed in the Strategic Direction South Conference future. in July, we came to a better under- standing of its role, improved NA- Organizational Transition TO’s understanding of the operating We spent much of the last several months environment, and assisted JFC Naples contributing to SHAPE’s Adaptation in achieving initial operating capa- work to transition NATO’s role from bility for the Hub focused on NATO’s assurance to deterrence. southern flank. LANDCOM demonstrated the value of a land domain advocate over the last We have also transitioned our read- eight months through its contribution to iness posture by helping SHAPE and SHAPE’s Adaptation recommendation. SACEUR’s recommen- JFC implement the enhanced Forward Presence mis- dation for NATO Adaptation to the sion under JFC Brunssum’s command. LANDCOM’s advocacy is now in the refinement phase and LANDCOM continues has resulted in improved ability to accomplish the eFP mission. to engage in preparing the alliance to deter aggression and I was fortunate enough to be able to visit all four eFP Battle provide collective defense for the 29 Nations. I thank all who Groups this summer and the work they are doing is tremen- contributed to the great work on the Adaptation project. It was dous. Each Battle Group is unique and has it’s own challenges, humbling to hear SACEUR compliment the high quality input and it is with those challenges that I see LANDCOM being able that SHAPE staff received for the land domain. to provide further assistance. As the Battle Groups continue to evolve, they can serve as a catalyst of change for both NATO Training Transition land forces and the Alliance as a whole. Lots of work has been done with regards to training NATO’s land forces. Currently, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy What’s Next (NRDC-ITA) is in the middle of its Combat Readiness Eval- As we look forward to implementing SAGE 19 training guid- uation (CREVAL) having completed Phase 1 in mid-Septem- ance, we will also have better understanding of the operating ber, and I am looking forward to attending their certification environment as we prepare to certify the LANDCOM Head- ceremony in mid-October. quarters in EXERCISE TRIDENT JAVELIN 17 in November. This training opportunity will not only improve the head- SACEUR published a new training guidance, called SAGE quarters’ readiness, it will also allow LANDCOM to continue 19 and we will use 2018 to transition the Alliance to a new informing our various lines of operation as the Alliance transi- training and exercise posture. As we look to our transition into tions to better deliver readiness and deterrence to the Nations. 2018 with a new training structure, we will have to work hard I am proud of all we have achieved in the land domain and to implement SAGE 19. This training guidance gives us the op- look forward to the next year of transition. Thank you for your portunity to further invest in collective defense by investing our contributions. precious training resources in NATO training events. Building our training structure in line with this guidance contributes to improved readiness across the Alliance.

For the Soldier! LANDCOM will end 2017 with a training exercise of our own, ALLIED LAND COMMAND Command Senior Enlisted Leader’s Message

Chief Warrant Officer Stephen A. Rice Commander Senior Enlisted Leader

his issue I would like to highlight Leadership must support communities of and re-educate leaders on NATO interest, engaged in socialized learning, doctrine in terms of Lessons and be willing to allow leaders the ability LearnedT (LL) and Lessons Identified (LI) to make personal connections. Formal and capability. By doing so I will bring to the fore- informal workshops and working groups front, current NATO publications, processes, allow networking opportunities, which builds policies and directives, which will amplify and trust thus enhancing our ability to share. create awareness of LANDCOM’s initiatives Solving problems, developing, leveraging, and with regards to eFP LL Roadmap. standardizing best practises by way of After Action Reviews, Periodic Mission reports and As an untrained observer my first education Final Exercise Reports are “free chicken” for in terms of NATO’s LL processes was attend- all those involved. ing the initial LANDCOM eFP LL Process and Procedure Workshop in May 2017 in As land advocates, LANDCOM’s “Lessons Szczecin, Poland at HQ Multinational Corps Learned Roadmap” is nested within Com- North-East (MNC-NE). It was here that I mander Joint Force Command Brunssums became familiar with the NATO LL commu- LL Annex, which in turn reinforces the LL nity. The aim of the workshop was to develop society. Specific lines in the sand have been a common understanding of eFP LL structure, drawn to ultimately have an eFP LL portal identify main eFP stakeholders, identify critical tasks, and agree on within the JALLC for Battle Groups to draw upon. LL training requirements. My biggest take away from this was the understanding that NATO has a robust LL network, and the main COM LANDCOM’s vision is ultimately being able to provide lead- challenge will be in formalizing an eFP LL chain of command for the ership with an “eFP LL Handbook” or aide-memoire that will focus collection and communication of LL and LI. The eFP LL community on both Phase 1 IMPLEMENTATION and Phase 2 DETERRENCE has to ensure that all NATO eFP Battle Group entities, including of eFP deployments. I recently had the opportunity to accompany Host Nation (HN), Framework Nation (FN), eFP Battle Groups and COM LANDCOM during his eFP battlefield circulation, and it was Army Europe (USAEUR), are operating within NATO an excellent opportunity to set the right conditions for LANDCOM’s standards. It is also worth mentioning that some nations do not have LL team’s “Boots on the Ground”tour 3-14 Sept 17. a formal LL structure so the need to train individuals in NATO’s LL standards is required. In conclusion, the eFP mission is an Alliance wide “interoperability laboratory”, which has to be harnessed. Visiting the eFP BG’s solidi- In terms of NATO Publications, the Joint Analysis and Lessons fied the need to share in: multinational integration, interoperability, Learned Center’s (JALLC) LL Handbook, Third Edition February communications, readiness, service and support, infrastructure, 2016, answers and educates on all things lessons learned. This information operations, HN Defence Plan integration… the list handbook amplifies the Bi-Strategic Commands (Bi-SC) Directive goes on and on. Each BG can learn from one another and would 080-006 LL capability and states, “A Lessons Learned capability encourage all levels of leadership to adapt the LL mindset and to provides a commander with the structure, process and tools neces- provide networking opportunities for the LL community. By doing so sary to capture, analyse and take remedial action on any issue and we will build cohesion, combat effectiveness and enhance interopera- to communicate and share results to achieve improvement.” bility giving us the ability to demonstrate a highly visible and robust deterrence posture. The JALLC LL Handbook highlights the challenges facing organisa- tions in building a culture within which people feel comfortable and motivated to share knowledge in a productive way. The mindset to incorporate learning from others into all aspects of work, as well as the confidence and trust to share their best practices with others is a leadership responsibility. A key element of lessons learned capability For the Soldier! is having trained and dedicated LL personnel within organizations. ROAD TO EXERCISE TRIDENT JAVELIN

By Lt. Col. Hans Jakobi (GER), Since that time, a core team with mem- a challenge for any headquarters, and mul- LANDCOM bers from all participating Headquarters tiple training iterations over the summer has been continuously working on the helped mitigate those challenges. Summer This November, LANDCOM will partic- development and training objectives for of 2017 saw the need for the command to ipate in NATO’s largest exercise for 2017. TRIDENT JAVELIN. focus next on collective training in order to Exercise TRIDENT JAVELIN is a com- build the team and prepare for the exercise. mand post, computer-assisted exercise LANDCOM individual training happening primarily at Joint Exercise DACIAN GUARDIAN Warfare Centre in Stavanger, Norway. The In the months leading up to TRIDENT exercise is unique because it will exercise JAVELIN, LANDCOM personnel will have In June, a small contingent of LANDCOM LANDCOM’s ability to command and participated in a number of education and personnel deployed to Multinational control a Major Joint Operation ‘plus’ training opportunities in order to prepare Division South East (MND-SE) in Bu- (MJO+) operation, which is three or more themselves and the command for their charest, , in support of Exer- Army Corps, in a NATO Article 5 envi- role in the exercise. Over the last year, cise DACIAN GUARDIAN. During the ronment (Collective Defence). Joint Force personnel have been trained in their crisis exercise, the LANDCOM team served as Command Brunssum, LANDCOM and and conflict roles with Battle Staff Train- the higher headquarters for MND-SE and MARCOM are designated as the prima- ing together with Joint Force Command was able to both assist them by serving ry training audiences, with SHAPE and Brunssum. Additionally, LANDCOM in a higher HQ function, and conduct a AIRCOM designated as seconday training conducted off-site training over more than similar command and control function audiences. This will be the first time in 10 months in order to bring all critical that LANDCOM will be fulfilling during almost 20 years that a MJO+ operation will personnel up to a common high level of Exercise TRIDENT JAVELIN. The exercise have been exercised. knowledge and skills. provided LANDCOM with the ability to identify best practices and lessons learned The preparation for exercise initially With the rate of summer personnel turn- that are then carried forward throughout started under the lead of Allied Command over in the headquarters, LANDCOM the summer and into November. “These Transformation (ACT) in the spring of executed an aggressive approach to rapidly types of opportunities help both higher 2016. ACT is NATO’s strategic headquar- train newly arrived personnel in these and lower command, and I think this is ters located in Norfolk, Virginia, and is tasks in order to achieve a common level definitely something we should sustain in responsible for transforming NATO’s mil- of understanding prior to November. The the future as we continue to improve our itary structure, capabilities and doctrine. learning curve for new personnel is always ability to both serve as land advocates for

6 LAND POWER the Alliance and as a potential command to come from various NATO member na- their training objectives in the exercise. and control headquarters for NATO land tions in order to fulfill specific roles. This The different Land Corps and Divisions forces,” said Chief Warrant Officer Stephen exercise is the last opportunity to check are integrated with common development Rice, LANDCOM’s Senior Enlisted Leader systems, comunications, and internal of the CONOPS, as well as contributing to (see page 8). procedures prior to the start of TRIDENT an Air-Land Integration Conference and JAVELIN. the GRF(L) back briefs to the LANDCOM Exercise LOYAL BONUS Commander. External preparation and training LOYAL BONUS is a LANDCOM Battle In order to achieve exercise success from Staff training exercise integrated within a In addition to all the training conducted by strategic to tactical level the exercise events higher echelon battle rhythm. The second LANDCOM personnel, there is of course and injects had to be developed, har- iteration of this exercise, LOYAL BONUS all the training happening by all the other monized and synchronized between the II, will occur from 2-13 October and pre- participating commands. Several confer- different headquarters under the lead and pare personnel who will go to TRIDENT ences with up to 300 participants from all control of the Joint Warfare Center. NATO JAVELIN in cross functional cooperation NATO nations have been conducted over nations, as well as International Organi- and coordination of the various battle all Europe in 2016/17, in places like Brus- zations, are additionally contributing to rhythm events during the exercise. sels, London and in order to the exercise in order to train in a realistic, synchronize the progress in the exercise holistic scenario. Exercise LOYAL LANCE development. Exercise Endstate After arriving at the Joint Warfare Center All participating headquarters had to go in November, personnel will conduct through special training including aca- The result of this entire process for LOYAL LANCE, a pre-exercise that will demic and key leader training, individual LANDCOM is that it will be validated on occur just prior to the start of TRIDENT training in order to increase and upgrade its ability to conduct one of it’s primary JAVELIN. LOYAL LANCE will include special skills. Additionallty, collective missions of providing the core headquar- both LANDCOM personnel and any aug- training focused in different battle staff ex- ters responsible for the conduct of NATO mented reinforcements that are scheduled ercises was conducted in order to achieve land operations.

LAND POWER7 EXERCISE DACIAN GUARDIAN By LANDCOM and MND-SE PAO The third brigade was the Multinational helpful to the subordinate command as the A contingent of LANDCOM personnel Brigade South East, also located in HQ primary training audience, and it exercises joined Exercise DACIAN GUARDIAN MND-SE barracks, and the fourth brigade LANDCOM’s ability to deploy a small por- 17 at the Headquarters of NATO Multi- was the 61st Bulgarian Mechanized Bri- tion of the headquarters to serve as a com- national Division-South East (MND-SE) gade located in Novo Selo Training Area mand and control node for the conduct to serve as the commands higher eche- in . In the exercise HQ MND-SE and synchronization of land operations.” lon and exercise LANDCOM’s readiness personnel were supported by the 2nd For LANDCOM, Exercise DACIAN to deploy a headquarters element to Portuguese PANDUR Battalion as enabling GUARDIAN is one of several stepping conduct land operations and synchro- unit. stones leading up to its own evaluation nize the command and control of NATO Exercise TRIDENT JAVELIN, which will land forces. The exercise was a component of SABER occur in November of this year primarily GUARDIAN 2017, the largest of the Black at the in Stavanger, Exercise DACIAN GUARDIAN 17 in Sea training events this summer, conduct- Norway. , Romania, was a command ed in partnership between NATO and the post, computer-assisted exercise. It US Army Forces in Europe. That larger The comprehensive support offered exercised MND-SE in its ability to exercise, with over 25,000 personnel, by LANDCOM at Exercise DACIAN command Bulgarian and Romanian was taking place at numerous locations GUARDIAN 17, helps contribute to the manoeuvre brigades in order to enhance throughout Bulgaria, and Roma- development of the current NATO assur- interoperability, build readiness, demon- nia, being a training venue for the collec- ance and deterrence capabilities, and en- strate capability, and reinforce deterrence tive defense, increasing partner capacity hances NATO aptitude to keep a safe and measures in Europe. and improving interoperability. secure environment within the Southeast region of NATO. In the exercise, MND-SE commanded “This exercise is beneficial to both LAND- four brigades which included COM and Multinational Division South “I think the training was mutually ben- two Romanian brigades, the 282nd East Headquarters,” said Chief Warrant eficial for all involved,” said Rice. “These Mechanized Brigade located in the Joint Officer Stephen Rice, LANDCOMs Senior types of opportunities help both the higher National Training Center in Cincu, Enlisted Advisor. “It allows us to exercise and lower command, and I think this is Romania, and the 9th Mechanized Bri- our ability to serve as a higher headquar- definitely something we should sustain in gade, located in HQ MND-SE barracks. ters for MND-SE which is extremely the future.”

8 LAND POWER eFP SITE VISITS

By LANDCOM PAO

Lt. Gen. Darryl Williams, LANDCOM Battle Group Commander, and Chief Warrant Of- ficer Stephen Rice, LANDCOMs Senior The German-led Battle Group in Lithua- Enlisted Leader, traveled to NATO’s four nia, located near Rukla, had it’s advance enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) sites in party start to arrive in March 2017. It August in order to assess the capabilities includes soldiers from , , of the four Battle Groups, collect lessons Luxembourg, the , Norway, learned and best practices, and determine and is scheduled to add soldiers from Cro- how best LANDCOM can contribute to atia and in 2018. their success in the coming months. Lt. Gen. Darryl Williams and Chief Warrant Officer Battle Group Stephen Rice getting a brief on the capabilities of Battle As a part of NATO’s strengthened deter- Group . rence and defence posture, Allies agreed The Canadian-led Battle Group in Lativa, at the 2016 Summit in to enhance located outside the city of Riga at Camp NATO’s presence along it’s eastern Adazi, held a ceremony in June to mark the flank. Fully deployed in June of 2017, the official standup of the unit. It includes sol- Battle Groups operate in concert with na- diers from Canada, , Italy, Poland, tional home and are present and Spain. at all times in their respective countries. Battle Group Estonia Battle Group Poland The U.K.-led Battle Group in Estonia, The U.S.-led Battle Group in Poland, locat- located near Tapa, began rotating in per- ed near , had it’s first troops arrive sonnel in April 2017 and includes soldiers in April 2017, and includes soldiers from from the U.K., France, and . Lt. Gen. Darryl Williams shakes the hand of Corporal the U.S., the U.K., Romania and Poland. About 800 British personnel will rotate in Brndjar and other Canadian Soldiers at Battle Group and out on a continuous basis. Latvia.

LAND POWER9 READY FOR OPERATIONS

THE ROAD TO A LAND CENTRIC JOINT TASK FORCE HQ

By Col. J.W. Maas (NLD), Lt. Col. Three operational roles for 1 (GE/ exercise Vital Sword, which will take place NL) Corps in October and November 2017 in M. Greune (GER), and Lt. Col. J.E. Livingstone (USA), GE/NL Corps Wildflecken, Germany, 1 (GE/NL) Corps In 2010, NATO decreased the number of provides oversight and higher headquar- headquarters in the NATO Command ters support. The Corps develops a The security context in Europe has Structure (NCS), while maintaining the scenario and directs the exercise to enable changed. This has motivated NATO same level of ambition, i.e., two major joint Headquarters 1. (DEU) Panzer Division to leadership to develop a force structure operations (MJO) and six small joint become initial operational capable and for capable of responding to a variety of operations (SJO), which consist of up to Headquarters German Division Schnelle situations, across the range of military corps or divisional level operations, respec- Kräfte to become full operational capable. operations. Moreover, to direct these tively. The nine deployable High Readiness forces in operations, the Alliance has Forces (Land) Headquarters of the NFS, However, as a corps headquarters 1 (GE/ devised a flexible headquarters struc- therefore, assumed responsibility for NL) Corps must be able to plan, organize ture, including Joint Task Force Head- meeting a variety of needs derived from command and control combined offensive, quarters focused on small, land-focused anticipated requirements. Within this defensive and stability operations and joint operations (JTF HQ (L)). structure 1 (GE/NL) Corps fulfilled three enable land tactical activities across the different roles at the tactical as well as the entire mission spectrum to fulfil the full This article describes the path 1 (GE/ operational level. Firstly, a Corps head- range of NATO missions. This means from NL) Corps followed to successfully pass quarters at the tactical level, secondly, a peacetime military engagement to major the certification exercise Trident Jaguar Land Component Command (LCC) as combat operations. 2017 at the Joint Warfare Center (JWC) part of the NFS at the tactical level and, in Stavanger, Norway. The intent was to finally, as of 1 July 2017, Joint Task Force As a LCC 1 (GE/NL) Corps acts at the be fully prepared to lead operations as a Headquarters (Land) (JTF HQ (L)) at the highest tactical level, is part of a multina- JTF HQ (L) in case called upon by operational level. tional joint force and is capable of provid- NATO or Germany and the Netherlands ing command and control to land forces, as framework nations or other organiza- In addition, in all three roles 1 (GE/NL) including theatre combat support and tions like the or EU, Corps is also capable of acting as a combat service support forces. Although a together with non-military partners to professional training platform for brigades Corps headquarters can also be subordi- bring a crisis to a sustainable resolution. and divisions of the framework nations nate to a LCC, both act at the tactical level. within 1 (GE/NL) Corps. For example, in A Corps headquarters conducts command

10LAND POWER and control over a task-organized force, HQ (L), a headquarters is elevated to different nations, the main advantage of 1 which executes military operations. A LCC planning and executing at the operational (GE/NL) Corps is that multinationality coordinates tactical activities with other level where it is concerned with the enriched 1 (GE/NL) Corps in all its roles. components of the multinational joint task arrangement of military operations in The ability to conduct multiple roles with a force at the operational level. The subordi- pursuit of strategic objectives. Although a diversity of nations and personnel provides nate land forces of the LCC are task JTF HQ (L) operates at the operational Germany and the Netherlands, as the two organized and execute the operations. level, NATO has maximized the efficiency framework nations, a flexible, adaptive and of these headquarters by developing an highly deployable 1 (GE/NL) Corps. This is A JTF HQ (L) is a deployable joint ‘integrated model’ in accordance with especially important at times when our command and control capability at the which a JTF HQ (L) serves as both the security situation is in decline and the operational level to conduct a land heavy joint force headquarters as well as the LCC. future impossible to predict. small joint operation (SJO (L)) and is Being familiar with its tactical, land-cen- responsible for integrating the effects of tric responsibilities, 1 (GE/NL) Corps is Two distinctive characteristics of 1 multiple components and agencies. As preparing to assume the role of JTF HQ (GE/NL) Corps such, 1 (GE/NL) Corps, as JTF HQ (L), is (L) faces two primary challenges: integrat- responsible for coordinating and synchro- ing joint capabilities and raising its focus to Although 1 (GE/NL) Corps fulfils the same nizing the contributions of Maritime, Air, the operational level. These overarching tasks as the other HRF (L) HQ’s and and Special Forces components as well as requirements include a number of compo- although there is close cooperation with that of the ground component. Next to the nent issues that 1 (GE/NL) Corps had to these headquarters, especially with Rapid typical war fighting functions, a JTF HQ address as it looked forward to having to Reaction Corps France (RRC FRA), there (L) must also be able to conduct tasks, assume JTF HQ (L) standby status in July are two characteristics that make 1 (GE/ such as key leader engagement, strategic 2017. NL) Corps a uniquely capable command communications, coordinating joint fires, and control platform. The first characteris- targeting and with its own Joint Logistic 1 (GE/NL) Corps as part of the tic is deepened integration, which means Support Group Headquarters (JLSG HQ) NATO Force Structure that 1 (GE/NL) Corps is built on the firm to receive the incoming force and to basis of international military cooperation sustain it. This JTF HQ (L) role is signifi- The headquarters of 1 (GE/NL) Corps is between the two strong framework cantly different in that the commander and part of the NFS and is one out of nine nations. Germany and the Netherlands staff are responsible for integrating NATO’s High Readiness Force (Land) have taken international military coopera- capabilities with which they were not Headquarters. 1 (GE/NL) Corps was tion a step further by integrating military familiar at the tactical level. established on 30 August 1995 in Münster, capabilities. Personnel from multiple Germany, when 1 German Corps and 1 framework nations compose two-thirds of Not to be overlooked is the differing Netherlands Corps merged. In 1997 1 (GE/NL) Corps staff. In addition, both perspective required for each of these Germany and The Netherlands signed the supporting battalions, the Staff Support formations and the requirements for Corps Convention and the Corps Agree- Battalion as well as the Communications interoperability. The latter is one of the ment. The two nations are now officially and Information Systems Battalion are important reasons why 1 (GE/NL) Corps committed to share the responsibilities for fully integrated bi-national units. established, as one of the first headquar- the bi-national Corps framework on an ters, a strategic partnership with NATO’s equal basis. The second element that makes 1 (GE/NL) Communications and Information Agency Corps distinct is the way 1 (GE/NL) Corps to improve interoperability. It was also the Over a period of 21 years 1 (GE/NL) Corps has operationalized the comprehensive reason 1 (GE/NL) Corps embraced NATO developed from a bi-national corps in 1995 approach which is the centrepiece of our 1st Solution, which promotes interopera- into a multinational High Readiness Forces planning and execution during exercises bility through seamless integration with (Land) Headquarters which deployed three and operations. Whether 1 (GE/NL) Corps existing NATO capabilities, providing a times, was three times on standby as part plans or conducts crisis response or war cost-effective solution with reduced of the NRF and also conducted the test bed fighting operations, it always emphasizes a complexity. Differences exist beyond the for the interim VJTF. The Corps grew from comprehensive approach. 1 (GE/NL) hierarchy of formations but also in the two to currently twelve nations: Belgium, Corps deliberately and constantly invests nature of the operations that the headquar- , France, Germany, , in this comprehensive, whole-of-society ters will carry out. In both the traditional Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, network as shown during the Common Corps and LCC roles, the headquarters and United States and Effort exercises. This led in 2015 to an focuses on the tactical level, albeit at the most of its members have been deployed at event during which 24 international, highest echelon, where it is concerned with least once. Although it can be a challenge governmental and non-governmental the execution of battles and engagements to fulfil three different roles at the tactical organisations of the Common Effort to achieve military objectives. As the JTF as well as the operational level with twelve Community signed a cooperation state-

LAND POWER11 ment and where Mrs. Ursula von der One of the initial ways to reorient the Force Headquarters to contribute to Leyen, German Defence Secretary, thinking of the staff was through educa- interoperability and to serve as the basis of addressed the international audience. The tion. To facilitate the shift from land to Corps SOIs. Because all corps headquar- Common Effort Community is a perfect joint command and control the staff of 1 ters are structured slightly differently they example of the comprehensive approach (GE/NL) Corps first needed to know what develop a set of unique SOIs that modify and a long-term investment in professional they did not know and then they needed to existing SOPs to fit the structure and and personal relations, in knowledge and fill the gaps through instruction both on preferences of that particular headquarters. in institutions. By interacting effectively joint capabilities and on operational 1 (GE/NL) Corps SOIs served as the basis with other actors, while respecting each planning. The process started with a JTF for the Corps battle rhythm and staff other’s mandate, 1 (GE/NL) Corps is able seminar in November 2015, during which process during preparation for the JTF to facilitate holistic solutions for complex the fundamentals of JTF operations were standby period in order to implant terms problems. and procedures in the normal staff routine and provided the founda- Towards a JTF HQ (L) tion for the conduct of exercises to refine these documents. Acknowledging the need for a variety of headquarters, NATO At the same time, these efforts has drawn up a rotation plan for could not entirely close the gap. its headquarters, to develop a Because of the increased range of deliberate plan to enhance the responsibilities required of an capabilities and capacities it operational-level headquarters would need to serve as a joint and the need for expertise in joint headquarters. Therefore, starting capabilities, the headquarters also in 2014, 1 (GE/NL) Corps began needed additional personnel. 1 the “Road to JTF” based on (GE/NL) Corps resolved this issue guidance from SHAPE and through the (relatively) perma- lessons learned from other nent assignment of staff officers to headquarters which had already the headquarters and the incorpo- travelled this challenging road. ration of augmentees at critical The Corps’ plan included a number of lines explained. Later, 1 (GE/NL) Corps junctures. The 1 (GE/NL) Corps frame- of operation across the headquarters conducted a key leader seminar in June work nations (Germany and the Nether- designed to comprehensively transform 2016 to familiarize senior members of the lands) supplied maritime planners to both the headquarters from its focus as an LCC staff with the requirements of a joint J5 and J3 and the NATO JFAC likewise as part of the NATO Response Force to a headquarters. Coupled with this individual provided air planners. In addition, a Joint Force Headquarters. While this trans- education, 1 (GE/NL) Corps participated variety of organizations, such as the NLD formation impacted the entire headquar- in a Comprehensive Operations Planning Maritime Force, the NLD Cyber Com- ters in a variety of ways, some areas of Course, hosted by RRC FRA and facilitat- mand and the Italian and British JFAC, all special emphasis will be highlighted, ed by the NATO School Oberammergau. supported the headquarters during primarily because they particularly relate This course significantly contributed to the exercises as would be expected in the event to the challenges of transforming into a cooperation between 1 (GE/NL) Corps of an actual deployment. As a result, 1 JTF(L) HQ. Above all, the headquarters and RRC FRA and closed gaps both with (GE/NL) Corps has had both a regular had to shift to a joint mindset, a change in respect to a joint mindset and to elevating joint presence and a robust, augmented perspective so that the commander and planning to the operational level. staff for its exercise to refine and develop staff no longer focused exclusively on land processes and procedures it would need in force tactical operations but expanded The transition of 1 (GE/NL) Corps also its new role. their considerations to include the required some concrete measures to ensure missions and capabilities of joint forces as that it would be able to accomplish its Exercise plan for the JTF HQ (L) well. In addition, after the activation order assigned tasks. Again, working with of NATO, the first elements must be SHAPE, NATO’s Joint Warfare Center The Corps exercise plan came on top of deployable within days and the HQ must (JWC) and consulting lessons identified by these adjustments which provided a be fully operational capable within weeks. its predecessors, 1 (GE/NL) Corps progressive structure designed to trans- In short, 1 (GE/NL) Corps faced signifi- developed a detailed set of Corps Standard form 1 (GE/NL) Corps in a measured, cant changes in the areas of education, Operating Instructions (SOIs). For its part, manageable fashion from a land-centric, training, procedures and structure (to SHAPE provided a series of generic tactical headquarters into a joint, opera- include personnel). Standard Operating Procedures for Joint tional-level C2 platform. Although SHAPE

12LAND POWER certified 1 (GE/NL) Corps, JWC supported topics that needed attention. Firstly, 1 (GE/ tives and effects that the military would 1 (GE/NL) Corps exercises on the “Road to NL) Corps should establish fixed relation- not be able to accomplish itself, but would JTF”. The exercises followed a typical ships with the required augmentees in require assistance from the IOs/NGOs and “crawl-walk-run” framework to provide order to properly train them before other instruments of national power. opportunities to learn lessons and subse- deployment. Secondly, some of the Instead of mere cooperation on the quently to implement them. The Corps Standard Operating Instructions (SOIs) of ground, joint plans required synchronizing took its first step toward joint command the HQ have to be improved. Thirdly, 1 objectives and identifying effects that and control capability in April, 2016 with (GE/NL) Corps should develop a Maritime non-military partners could create as part the conduct of Exercise Truthful Sword, Operations Coordination Center (MOCC) of a broader plan. With this in mind, 1 which focused on providing command and in line with the Air Operations Coordina- (GE/NL) Corps embarked on specific control of a land-centric JTF conducting tion Center (AOCC) which is already in annual exercises, dubbed Common Effort, stability operations. Following this event, 1 place for 1 (GE/NL) Corps. to improve awareness, create familiarity, (GE/NL) Corps demonstrated initial and develop tools for working together. operating capability as a JTF(L) headquar- The comprehensive approach Over time, these interactions have greatly ters. The next step consisted of an external- enhanced the Corps’ and civilian counter- ly evaluated Crisis Response Planning While the headquarters experienced parts’ ability to think, plan and act in a (CRP) event in September/October 2016, fundamental changes in orientation, it comprehensive manner, contributing to during which the headquarters’ planners retained its determined focus on develop- integrated solutions that produce lasting implemented NATO’s Comprehensive ing comprehensive solutions. Throughout results. Operations Planning Directive (COPD) to its history, regardless of the level of war on develop a joint, operational-level Opera- which it focused, 1 (GE/NL) Corps has Conclusion tions Plan (OPLAN). Building on the appreciated the absolute necessity of success of the event, 1 (GE/NL) Corps integrating military activities with those of Over the past 21 years 1 (GE/NL) Corps used that OPLAN to conduct exercise other actors with whom they would has fulfilled three different roles at two Ultimate Sword in December 2016 to interact in a crisis situation. Leaders have different levels; Corps headquarters, LCC evaluate the ability of the Corps’ JLSG HQ understood that the Corps’ contributions as part of the NRF at the tactical level and, to support deployment and reception, alone are insufficient to achieve an as of 1 July 2017 Joint Task Force Head- staging, onward movement and integration enduring end state. When serving as a quarters (Land) (JTF HQ (L)) at the (RSOMI) of the joint force as well as to tactical headquarters, 1 (GE/NL) Corps’ operational, as well as the tactical level provide an initial evaluation of the Corps’ planners focused their efforts on coopera- because of NATO’s integrated model. The ability to command and control joint tion with IOs and NGOs to ensure that Corps deployed three times and was also forces in a high intensity non-article 5 they could simultaneously support each three times on standby as part of the NRF. crisis response SJO(L). other. At the operational level, as a JTF By not specializing in one role the Corps headquarters, 1 (GE/NL) Corps had to do remains flexible, adaptive and highly The final exercise event in 1 (GE/NL) more, given its responsibility for develop- deployable especially in times when our Corps’ Road to JTF was the exercise ing and executing a campaign plan. The security situation is under pressure and the Trident Jaguar 2017, which was the JTF HQ is not only the highest military future impossible to predict. Everything is headquarters-wide deployment to the JWC HQ in theatre, but also needs to engage at in line with 1 (GE/NL) Corps’s motto: in Stavanger, Norway for its final external the highest level and work together with Communitate Valemus - together we are evaluation and certification as JTF-capable government officials. Working at a higher strong! by SHAPE. The evaluators noted three level required planners to identify objec-

LAND POWER13 “Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Theosodius Dobzhansky

THOUGHTS ON LAND WARFARE Adapt or Perish on a multifaceted battlefield

By Lt. Col. Olivier-Edouard En- previous land warfare transformations. evolution. This evolution could be de- tragues (FRA), LANDCOM Henceforth, the intellectual framework scribed through four basics elements that stressed in this paper encompasses the determined armies as a living organism: In April 1914 a young captain, at that ability to think strategically at any head- the military organisation, weaponry and moment a student at the Junior Division of quarters level and critically analyse one of equipment, the methods of combat or the Staff College at Camberley, wrote an the leading objectives underpinning any doctrine, and the soldiers’ mentalities. article called The Tactics of Penetration, a Military Decision Making Process within Since the creation of standing armies in the counterblast to German numerical NATO, especially within LANDCOM 17th century, the dynamics of evolution superiority. This officer, J.F.C. Fuller, throughout its work as NATOs land has been uninterrupted. Such process of concluded that “armies are more often advocate. The only real originality of this military evolutionism highlights two main ruined by dogmas springing from their study is to follow a “bottom-up” approach trends: the Law of small numbers and the former successes than by the skill of their throughout some leading land warfare Law of “Constant tactical factor”. opponents.” His commandant, Brigadier historical trends in order to foresee the General Kiggell, considered that the author edge of Adaptation. of the article had “no military judgment” Law of small numbers and that he should better learn the Army regulations without being given the Land Warfare Historical Trends Let’s start by developing the Law of small freedom to criticize. Ironically, Fuller, numbers. Indeed, a study of the evolution through his writings, would then become Understanding land warfare requires of military – and especially army - struc- the true prophet of the Blitzkrieg and one understanding a broad range of transfor- tures from the Ancient Greece to modern of the leaders of military thought between mations that have made war evolve times reveal that the big all-arms unit (i.e. the two world wars. Whereas NATO is throughout history. Rather than starting the main element of the land warfare) is facing a Strategic paradigm shift like never from the higher echelon, such as the becoming smaller and smaller. During the before, this historical example proves that strategic level, one could also benefit from Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. to the we need to understand, individually and a bottom-up approach. If one agrees that to French Revolutionary Wars in the 1790s , collectively, the path and the rhythm of be a good student of war, you first have to the reference unit is the Army was up to military Darwinism. understand the tools you’ll be dealing with, 100, 000 men engaged in one block on the the first step is to analyse the structure and same battlefield. A leader, king or emperor, The author proposes an analysis that basis of any military institution, which is who is alternately policy-maker, strategist suggests we must carefully look through tactics. Tactics is the product of the armies’ and tactician, leads the Army. From the

14LAND POWER French and to , the Army Corps was composed of 40, 000 to 50 000 men. From 1916 to the Spanish War of 1936-1939, 20, 000 men composed the Infantry Division. From the start of World War II in 1939 to the peak of the Axis powers in 1942, 15, 000 men and 300 tanks composed the Panzer division. From 1943 to the end of the Cold War, the US Army 1943 Armoured Division influenced the structure of the NATO-type Armoured Division.

By extension, with regards to the enduring transformation of the and armies since the end of the Cold War throughout the early 2000s, these numbers might have decreased again, with a Mechanised Infantry Brigade, up to 5 000 men, as the “tactical pawn”. Even the decision to have since the Constant Tactical Factor depends Battlefield versus Theatre as the spearhead of NATO forces a Very on historical cycles, with each cycle linked High Readiness Joint Task Force, that will to a specific type of weapon, one must Ultimately, the end of the Cold war can “be able to deploy within a few days to consider that we are currently living in a characterize the combination of intermin- respond to challenges that arise, particu- new cycle that includes not only the atomic gled tendencies. First of all, because the larly at the periphery of NATO’s territory,” bomb but other major advancements in notion of the battlefield seems to have of the same size and volume, proves the technology. That new cycle – could be completely vanished. Air battles on a large relevance of this concept up to now. symbolized potentially by the drone – scale like the Battle of Britain in 1940 have Therefore, with the VJTF, and now the causes a strategic paradigm shift and is vanished. Giant naval combats opposing NATO enhanced Forward Presence (4 increased and sped up by the society’s fleets of aircraft carriers like the Battle of Multinational Battlegroups), this ultimate dominant tool. Let’s call it www or Midway in 1942 have vanished. Dispro- downsizing is deeply linked to the chronic network; it builds itself around the live portionate terrestrial conflicts opposing disappearance of conscript armies, the broadcasting of information and around armoured armies like the Battle of Kursk decline of enrollment and the cuts in the the logic of networks. It allows universal in 1943, or like the virtual exercises during army budget, helping put an end to a connectivity between men and it should which NATO troops were trained during model that the Europeans themselves may establish – in the near future – a new fact the Cold War, have also vanished. The now find obsolete. for every single man living on Earth: in the notion of a specified battlefield, looking end, every man has access to knowledge through conflict through a soda straw, and techniques. From there, the whole makes now no strategic sense at the The Constant Tactical Factor continuum of weapons invented by men present time. Thus we need to reintroduce (since they started to fight against their the concept of theatre and the three levels The second tendency that underpins fellow man) now coexists in the city, with a of war to more efficiently conduct military evolutionism is Constant Tactical tremendous amount of redundancy, and manoeuvre warfare. Factor. It can be defined as a changing with the probability that the world may be dialectic between the tactics and the taken by surprise by the lethal or non-le- Command and Control versus dominant tool in the society, just as there is thal use of its more innocuous tools. Command and Contact always an interaction between the war phe- nomenon and civilization. Thus, man is Unfortunately, by merging the five trends To shape the future of land warfare we also always fighting man with the society’s developed within the Strategic Foresight need to grapple with the ever-increasing dominant tool, which is in fact the best Analysis it could be said that on the very sizes of our current command and control weapon of the moment, the one that edge of Constant Tactical Factor we are nodes. The increasing size of the numbers enables to victory. That techno-centric facing the dawn of a new generation of in our command and control nodes appear view simply proves that there is always a warfare that has not yet emerged in our to also to be linked to the law of small response to the outbreak or to the use of a mind and manuals. numbers. In fact, the “reference combined new weapon on the battlefield – even tactical unit” governs the evolution, but though there is always a time lag. However, nowadays it is easy to observe a phenome-

LAND POWER15 non inversely proportional to the path followed by the “All Arms” formation history. It is the hypertrophy of the commanding systems. In order to discover it, two interesting parallels can be drawn. The first one would be – in times of peace – between the staff of a corps in 1913, that is approximately 20 people, and that of a NATO army corps, like the one currently stationed in Lille, approxi- mately 450 men in quarters and up to 700 in operations. However, on one hand this example might not seem relevant enough, because it compares two different things. On the other hand, the second one would be between the structures of the French staff of General Salan in 1953 in Indochi- na, and that of General Petraeus in 2011 in . The two conflicts in question are temporally apart but their theatre level leading the Allied Armies to the path of to adapting NATO. is the same. The conclusions of these two victory, the chain of command also comparisons show that the ratio between encompassed 8 hierarchy levels. But at Perhaps to avoid NATO being smashed by the number of officers in the staff and the each level they were using a campaign dogmas inherited from the Cold War’s number of officers belonging to a unit in telephone to release their orders. Nowa- inertia, land warfare adaptation should mission was reversed. The result of which days orders and reporting their system are mirror the edge of complexity. This is that there are fewer young officers to monitored with a smart computer with the complexity could be depicted as a multifac- command the execution of the tactical same heavy chain of command and eted battlefield. Firstly, land warfare action, but many, older “top brass” to hierarchy. Command and control adapta- organizational configuration needs to conceptualise and then control this very tion becomes a core issue to ensure NATO match a complex threat. We all know the action. Such a difference leads to a military dominance. Whereas any military aphorism by Wellington: “All the business syndrome of macrocephaly of the tactical chain of command relies on a vertical of war [knowing]…What was at the other command, which falls in the search for a structure how do we introduce horizontal side of the hill.” Today NATO faces both balance between centralisation and communication in order to lead to a threats simultaneously, on one hand a devolution. Here lays the necessity for connected world. resurgent threat to the East and on the LANDCOM advocacy - to design new way other hand a persistent threat to the south. of command and control in order to fit Secondly, war fighting is becoming with starfish-type organisations and Conclusion gradually more and more complex. The working in a network-centric information road to war relies on a multitude of environment. To conclude this paper, the proposal is to elements that need to be prepared, trained look at these problems in a somewhat and equipped- Arms and Single services This very point for land warfare command revolutionary manner. Here the word from 29 countries- with the same unique and control evolution has been made revolutionary isn’t being used in its political goal. Throughout the conduct of worse by a heavy, somehow redundant and historical sense, but along the lines of how war, such diversity needs to be merged unchanged organizational configuration J.F.C Fuller used it. One could finally towards the integration of military power since the outbreak of WWI. In Afghanistan listen again to our Spiritus rector: “Armies as the most concrete expression of the in 2009 , the NATO chain of command are conservative organizations; they adapt legitimate use of force through NATO Joint from the SHAPE down to the company themselves slowly to new environments, fires. To face this existential challenge, the commander of any task force had eight and especially to new mental surround- Alliance needs to keep in mind that the levels of hierarchy. This was eight levels ings. Today a new epoch of war is dawn- very essence of war is above all its telluric where each level needed to conduct its own ing, and we are surrounded by a veritable and human dimensions. For centuries wars mission analysis in order to understand the fog of new ideas.” Ten years ago, the new have started and ended on land. Thus, the situation, go through a new MDMP military fashion leading land warfare challenging complexity of the multifaceted process, and release orders to be imple- changes was the Effects-based Operations battlefield leads to a Land Command issue mented by its subordinate command. By and the Comprehensive Approach. Today within NATO. the way, one century ago when Foch was behind the fog of war rises a new approach

16LAND POWER

LANDCOM HOSTS 6th ANNUAL COS CONFERENCE

By LANDCOM PAO NATO. Some of the topics covered during the conference included threats to regional stability, terrorism, violent extremism, Allied Land Command’s Chief of Staff weapons of mass destruction, cyber-at- Maj. Gen. Erhan Uzun hosted his coun- tacks, hybrid threats, and many more terparts from NATO Rapid Deployable others. Corps (Spain, Greece, Italy, and Turkey), Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, Rapid Re- “This is a great forum to bring together action Corps France, Multinational Corps all the different Chiefs of Staff and discuss Northeast, 1st German Netherland Corps, issues that are most relevant to the land , and Multinational Division force headquarters” said Maj. Gen. Uzun, Southeast for the 6th Annual Chiefs of Allied Land Command Chief of Staff. Maj. Gen. Erhan Uzun welcomes his counterparts at Staff Conference in Izmir, Turkey on June “I was extremely greatful for the level of the front of the LANDCOM HQ on the first day of the 21 and 22. participation we received and believe by Chiefs of Staff Conference. continuing this forum, LANDCOM can Every year this annual conference brings provide another avenue for the command together the Chiefs of Staff as a platform to bring forward topics and issues of for discussing topics of common inter- concern.” est, share ideas on best practices, and to address future challenges that may arise for As the NATO Alliance prepares to address LANDCOM and its partners. Not inher- these upcoming challenges, the annual ently a decision making body, the COS Chiefs of Staff Conference is yet another Conference dedicates itself to openly dis- forum for the community to come together cussing key issues that NATO faces today. and learn, discuss and debate the variety of tasks that the commands need to address. The forum addressed the handling of new concepts and structures within NATO, as Maj. Gen. Erhan Uzun leads a discussion with his well as provide a forum for each visiting fellow Chiefs of Staff and headquarters representatives. Chief of Staff to identify or discuss a path to resolve new and evolving challenges for

LAND POWER17

CHANGING CONCEPTS OF WAR: Russias New Military Doctrine and the

Concept of Hybrid Warfare

An analyst looks at code in the malware lab of a cyber security defense lab. © REUTERS

threats for the Russian Federation and automation the command and control of The following is an excerpt from the pub- describes also the Russian understanding troops and weapons as a result of the lication, “Russian Information Campaign of the characteristics of a modern military transition from a strictly vertical command Against the Ukrainian State and Defence conflict. It is the key to understand Russian and control system to the global network Forces” originally published on 9 February 2017 by the NATO Strategic Communiction official views on modern war and fighting. of automated management systems of Centre of Excellence. The full publication By this doctrine, modern military conflicts troops (forces) and weapons; can be found at www.stratcomcoe.org are characterised by: • The creation of a permanent war zone in • Integrated use of military force, political, the territories of warring parties; economic, informational, and other President Vladimir Putin approved the non-military tools, implemented with • Participation of irregular armed groups new military doctrine of the Russian extensive use of the protest potential of the and private military companies in hostili- Federation on 26 December 2014. This population, and special operations forces; ties; document takes into account the funda- mentals of other key strategy documents: • Massive use of weapons systems and • The use of indirect and asymmetric the National Security Strategy of the military technology, precision, hypersonic methods of action; Russian Federation until 2020, the Concept weapons, electronic warfare, weapons of Foreign Policy until 2020, the Maritime based on new physical principles compara- • The use of externally funded and Doctrine of the Russian Federation until ble in efficiency with nuclear weapons, managed political forces and social 2020, the Development Strategy of the information management systems, movements. Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation, and unmanned aircrafts, autonomous marine others. vehicles, controlled robotic weapons, and The similar approach is also seen in military equipment; General Gerasimov’s statement describing The Chief of the Russian General Staff the modern military conflict as an integrat- General Valeriy Gerasimov introduced the • Impact on the enemy throughout the ed application of military, political, key elements of the new military doctrine depth of its territory simultaneously in the economic, informational, and other to the wider public in January 2013. The global information space, in the air, on powers by state or non-state actors to new doctrine was most probably tested land, and at sea; achieve their political goals. Therefore, during the conflict in Ukraine. In his warfare as understood by Russian military speech, Gerasimov emphasised the lessons • Selectivity and a high degree of destruc- leaders is not ‘... the continuation of learned from the Arab Spring and other tion of objects, speed of manoeuver and politics by other (military) means...’ but an conflicts. This was likely an attempt to fire of troops (forces), the use of various integral part of politics. legitimise his views and future actions by mobile groups of troops (forces); building on what others have done For Russians modern wars will be fought previously. • Reducing the time parameters to prepare on all levels of an adversary’s territory—on for hostilities; land, at sea, in the air and in space, as well The second chapter of the Russian military as in the global information space. The doctrine defines the military risks and • Strengthening the centralisation and

18LAND POWER latter being especially important, accord- the air and space, and in the global to demoralise the enemy’s armed forces. ing to the new Russian doctrine, informa- information space; The actions also include the deception and tion superiority is essential for achieving bribing of governmental officials and victory on the battlefield in a modern war. • The use of asymmetric and indirect members of the armed forces. In addition methods; to a large-scale intelligence and informa- The importance of non-military means in tion gathering, different covert operations conflicts will increase dramatically. • The command of forces in a unified to create chaos and instability are According to the Russian General Staff, the information space. launched. By the authors, the enemy would ratio of non- military to military means is have the main governmental and military expected to be 4 to 1. As a result, the line After the publication of the new Russian command centres destroyed, critical between the state of peace and the state of military doctrine there were numerous infrastructure heavily damaged to the war will be blurred. This idea is similar to discussions about the Russian new extent of non-governance. The second or the older Communist idea of permanent generation warfare, especially in relation to the closing phase consists of the open struggle. the crisis in Ukraine. Some analysts call it entrance of occupying forces into the hybrid warfare, some call it the full country and destruction of remaining Alongside traditional military forces, a spectrum conflict, asymmetrical, uncon- points of resistance. Chekinov and wide variety of paramilitary, special and ventional, or nonlinear warfare. At the Bogdanov consider the first phase of insurgency forces will be used to achieve same time, these new elements—informa- operation more critical and important than political objectives. An important and the tion activities, physical and informational the concluding part. This supports most visible role in fighting will be carried provocations, the use of special operation Gerasimov’s view that non-military means out by irregular military formations, forces, paramilitary units, and internal play the main role in future conflicts. private military companies and insurgency oppositions, economic pressure and forces with special forces supported and deception—have been part of Russian or Information activities have the key role in funded from outside. The open and visible Soviet strategies for a long time. As stated future conflicts. According to the Russian participation of own military forces may by general Gareev: theorists, the war will be conducted in the take part only at the final stages of an two domains: in physical and information- operation to finalise the direct takeover, or All the time the international confrontation al realms. The decisive battle is to be fought if not possible/acceptable, as was implemented through the use of in the latter one. Interestingly, according to forces. different forces and methods such as Gerasimov, information means are not intelligence, counterintelligence, deception, clearly identified as military or non-mili- The implementation of the doctrine will be manipulation, disinformation and others. tary means. carried out by new forms and methods, Only some of our philosophers think that all such as: these non-military tools appeared today... Even if the new Russian military doctrine seems to resemble a revolutionary ap- • Military actions will start with peacetime Of course, Russian/Soviet strategists have proach to warfighting, it is still old wine in units; been more or less successful in their a new bottle. The Russian military thinking implementation of these elements and has always been more close to Sun Tzu’s • Non-contact clashes of joint forces with making them work together. The crisis in military thinking rather than to the high manoeuvrability; Ukraine in general, especially the takeover Western understanding of conducting of Crimea shows an increase in abilities wars. The key difference today is the • Annihilation of the adversary’s military and capabilities to implement the doctrinal Russian increased ability to carry out their and economic powers by precise short- views first written down by General Gareev doctrinal principles successfully as it was time strikes against military and civilian in 1995. seen in Crimea. In previous post-Cold War infrastructures; conflicts, Russia employed its traditional Chekinov and Bogdanov divide the doctrine and was not impressively success- • Massive use of high-precision weapons, new-generation war into two phases—an ful. Thus, Crimea may either be an special operation forces, weapons based on opening and a closing period. The opening exception to the norm—or a new norm for new physical principles, and the use of phase starts with an intensive and centrally the West to reckon with. armed civilians; coordinated non-military campaign against a target country. The campaign What can we conclude from this analysis • Simultaneous impacts on an adversary’s includes diplomatic, economic, ideological, of the new military doctrine and Gerasi- military units and objects across the entire psychological, and information measures. mov’s views? First, the Russian military breadth of its territory; In addition, a heavy propaganda campaign maintains its traditional role as defender of is conducted to depress the enemy the homeland. Second, the key role in • Simultaneous battles on land, at sea, in population, to disrupt the government and future conflicts has been assigned to the

LAND POWER19 Security Services and Special Forces. This was apparent in Crimea and has been apparent in Eastern Ukraine where Russian military units have been assigned a supportive, secondary role to the GRU/ FSB. Third, all branches of Russian government, especially the executive branch, is even more heavily involved in the war effort than on previous occasions. Their role is to provide the political conditions for the forces in fight. It has to be noted, though, that while fulfilling this role today, different branches of the Russian government have strayed off the traditional paths of their colleagues in other countries. In support of the informa- tion warfare campaign, it now appears that especially the executive branch has clearly as defined by the US and NATO with one • The Russian subphases 2.1 and 2.2 match crossed the fine line between classic clear distinction—there was no obvious US phase 6. diplomatic ambiguity and lying. state power behind it. With the annexation of Crimea and subsequent invasion of • Mop-up operations of the Russian sub- Fourth, the term ‘hybrid warfare’ is as Eastern Ukraine, the comprehension of phase 2.3 are one of the measures under- misleading for Western audiences as it ‘hybrid warfare’ changed and it was used to taken in the US phase 7. does not mean the same thing as the refer to a comprehensive approach of using Russian term ‘new generation warfare’. The military, non-military, and non-official Despite differences in timing and sequenc- word ‘hybrid’ derives from Latin ‘hybridae’ means to wage warfare. ing, the ways, means, and ends of the Rus- which means ‘a mongrel, half breed’. sian and US approaches are largely similar Hence, hybrid warfare should be the There was now a clearly identified for such operations. Perhaps the only offspring of 1) warfare as an act of execu- state power behind the events. When major difference we can identify is that tion or implementation and 2) some we compare the phases of Russian new events in the first phase may occur simul- concept or idea from a particular realm or generation warfare to the phases of US taneously with those in the second phase sphere of life (economy, social affairs, unconventional warfare, we can see many according to Chekinov and Bogdanov. The information etc.). In order to achieve goals similarities (Fig. 1132). Despite apparent US field manual stipulates that the phases or implement national interests via the differences in the titles of the phases, the should ideally occur sequentially, even aforementioned spheres, a country may contents of the Russian and US approaches though one or more may be skipped if decide to utilise the ways and means of are quite similar. Specifically: conditions permit. warfare within these realms. • Russian subphases 1.1 and 1.2 match sev- Hence we should stop using the term Perhaps one of the earliest academic uses eral activities in the US phases 1 and 2. ‘hybrid warfare’ and refer to the Russian of the term ‘hybrid warfare’ was in 2002 by campaign in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine William J. Nemeth in an unpublished • Russian subphases 1.2 and 1.3 serve the as unconventional warfare, at least in Naval Postgraduate School’s master’s thesis same purpose as the conduct of PsyOps in Western terms of reference. The most titled “Future war and Chechnya: a case for US phase 2. notable difference between Russian and hybrid warfare”, which did not reach wider US conduct of unconventional warfare is audiences. The term became more public • Russian subphases 1.3 and 1.4 are compa- the Russia’s heavy emphasis on informa- in academic literature in 2005 after an rable to the PsyOps efforts of US phase 4. tion activities. When we compare Russian article by Lt. Gen. James N. Mattis and Special Forces with those of the US and the Frank Hoffman, “Future Warfare: The Rise • The build-up described in the US phase vast difference in capabilities and experi- of Hybrid Warfare. The term did not 5 occurs during the Russian subphases 1.2 ence between them, this makes sense. The spread until the conflict between to 1.5. sudden increased in focus and reliance on and the Hezbollah in 2006, which was information activities in the Russian mil- somewhat mistakenly labelled as a ‘hybrid • The Russian subphase 1.5 makes the con- itary doctrine is an indicator that Russia conflict’. After that conflict, ‘hybrid flict and the actual forces behind it open to is well aware of the developing situation warfare’ was used to describe activities the public as is the case of the US phase 6. and has found alternate ways and means of similar to those of unconventional warfare conducting unconventional warfare.

20LAND POWER CERTIFIED! MNC-NE certified as High Readiness HQ

By MNC-NE PAO Commander. one of the measures taken by the Alliance in order to boost commitment to shared On the 14th of June 2017, Multination- The Corps’ Headquarters is fully equipped, responsibility for the peaceful future of al Corps Northeast was certified as a manned and trained to provide a credible NATO members in the East. High-Readiness Forces Headquarters deterrence to agression and contribute to (Land). The ceremony took place in Allied collective defence should the need “We need to be strategic and coherent in Szczecin, Poland during the exercise arise. Throughout the final Combat Readi- our approach to defending our citizens,”- SABER STRIKE 2017 and was attended by ness Evaluation, our staff has demonstrated said Lt. Gen. Leszek Surawski, Chief of the a number of distinguished visitors. their ability to not only command and General Staff of the . control 5 divisions and 20 support units “Now is the time for the Alliance to remain Having completed SABER STRIKE 2017, which the Alliance can subordinate to strong. I am confident that through the Multinational Corps Northeast confirmed Headquarters Multinational Northeast but strength of our partnerships and with the its 24/7 readiness to command and control also to plan, organise and coordinate land professionalism of our service members NATO high-readiness forces if deployed operations within a joint operations area. we will ensure that Europe remains whole, to north-eastern Europe. From now on, free and at peace.” Multinational Corps Northeast serves as a “This readiness provides deterrence rapidly deployable High-Readiness Forces through resilient and relevant forces that “The last two years have demonstrated that Headquarters and is on permanent stand- are trained to synchronize tactical effects, the Alliance is capable to rapidly adapt to by to take the lead in combat operations strengthening not only the Alliance, but face the new security challenges,” said Gen. across the north-eastern flank of NATO as our Partners too,” said Lt. Gen. Darryl Salvatore Farina, Commander of the Allied a Land Component Command. Williams, Commander of Allied Land Joint Force Command Brunssum. Command. Multinational Corps Northeast “We have reached the high expectations has accomplished something that speaks Having proven its readiness to promptly that our nations and NATO have placed volumes – the ability to project greater transition from peace through crisis to upon us. This is a major step towards en- stability for NATO that will garner the conflict, Multinational Corps Northeast hancing regional security. We are focused positive effects for all of us.” has become the main guarantor of stability on the north-eastern flank of the Alliance in the region joining together NATO forc- but ultimately we are here in Szczecin for The Corps’ transformation results directly es deployed to north-eastern Europe. the security of the whole NATO,” said Lt. from the decisions made at the Wales and Gen. Manfred Hofmann, MNC-NE Corps Warsaw Summits in 2014 and 2016. It is

LAND POWER21

COOPERATIVE SECURITY International Organizations welcome outreach at

NATO Strategic Direction South Conference

By Dr. Elona Rusi Karacalarli ing information on their programs and and post-conflict stabilization missions, activities to achieve better coordination the Hub proposes an expanded model of The Warsaw Communiqué highlighted an and impact. It will link to online resources partnership: long-term rather than situ- “arc of insecurity and instability” sur- and host representatives of international ation-specific, not operational but infor- rounding the Alliance, calling for renewed organizations for discussion forums. Its mation-based, and focused on strategic NATO vigilance. To the south, the Middle data center will provide decision makers analysis across a broad swathe of territo- East and North Africa (MENA) present with indicators and predictive analysis on ry. Civilian agencies welcomed NATO’s humanitarian challenges like the migrant diverse drivers of destabilization, radical- initiative and expressed readiness to work crisis and security threats arising from ization, migration, smuggling and traf- together. Panelists brought forth key facts violent extremism. NATO’s Strategic ficking, natural disasters, epidemics, and framing regional issues, outlined their Direction South (NSD-S) recognizes that environmental degradation. engagement on those issues, cited exist- underlying issues of development and gov- ing multilateral mechanisms, and offered ernance demand coordinated collaborative Lending a hand to JFC Naples, Allied Land initial ideas of constructive contributions action by diverse stakeholders – including Command (LANDCOM) organized in July the Hub could make. multilateral and regional bodies, national an NSD-S Conference hosted by NATO governments, aid agencies, non-gov- Rapid Deployable Corps - Greece (NRDC- Opening the event, a United Nations High ernmental organizations (NGOs), and GR) in Thessaloniki. The conference Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) rep- community groups. While these actors brought together commanders and staff resentative cited unprecedented numbers are mainly civilian, there is an important of NATO land forces to brainstorm and of displaced persons and placed a top pri- supporting role for NATO and national further develop the Southern Hub concept, ority on prevention of root causes. Without militaries. taking advice from representatives of in- action, Syria’s tragedy could be replicated ternational organizations (IOs) and think in weak states of Africa, he warned, with Accordingly, defense ministers agreed in tanks actively engaged across MENA and lost generations of youth vulnerable to February to create an information-shar- the Sahel. At the heart of the event was the radicalization. Surges in migrant flows ing ‘Southern Hub’ led by the Joint Force question of how NATO can best plug into are preventable if living standards can Command in Naples (JFC-NP). The Hub the international community’s ongoing be raised and smuggling networks dis- will encourage the exchange of knowledge efforts to promote stability to the south. mantled. A U.S. Agency for International on MENA, the Sahel, and beyond, to im- While NATO and national militaries have Development (USAID) officer echoed this prove awareness and understanding among a long history of close civilian-military focus on prevention of the drivers of desta- NATO and its partners; and it will assist cooperation with IOs and NGOs that is bilization, which range from disruption of both civilian and military actors in pool- crucial to the success of crisis operations trade routes now exploited by smugglers,

22LAND POWER to desertification and water wars breeding the Mediterranean, to counter violent ex- and analysis. Panelists also recommended violence, to political vacuums due to weak tremism and combat arms trafficking, and existing collaborative platforms, consortia, institutions and poor succession planning. to enhance judiciaries, in conjunction with and conferences addressing similar prob- Through its support to NGOs, USAID the UN, NATO, the Global Counterterror- lem sets, as starting points for the Hub to works to strengthen local governance and ism Forum, and the Global Coalition to get connected to existing networks. empower legitimate authorities. These are Defeat ISIS. These efforts collectively offer Alongside this civilian-military outreach, the dynamics on the ground the Hub must areas of overlap and potential collaboration Commanders at the conference also dis- understand in order to inform. with the Hub. cussed how land forces could get their own house in order by using the Hub to syn- UNHCR and USAID participants pointed An African Union (AU) representative chronize military cooperation and defense to humanitarian field operations where spoke of the need to understand cultural, capacity building efforts. By minimizing NATO engagement was welcome – e.g. in historical, trade, and economic dynamics duplication of programs and refocus- civil preparedness, population movement, driving terror trends in order to confront ing them on opportunities of maximum the role of women in peace and security, them. Democratic governance must be impact, a shared coordination mechanism and protection of vulnerable civilians strengthened at local levels and commu- could meaningfully contribute to NATO’s and children – particularly leveraging nities empowered to generate economic core strategic goal of projecting stability the military’s logistical capacity to reach opportunities. Forums like the G5 Sahel beyond its borders. areas where humanitarian aid otherwise and AU-EU summits are opportunities for cannot. In post-conflict zones, NATO can the Hub to plug in, while AU-NATO links Experts from leading think tanks also pro- support disarmament, demobilization and can be elevated to a more strategic level. vided an afternoon of case studies on four reintegration (DDR) processes to maintain NATO and its members can lend militar- MENA countries – Jordan, Libya, Syria, peace. The Hub could be a mechanism for ies’ analytic and strategic planning capa- and Tunisia – that will provide an initial monitoring areas of need and for synchro- bilities to support MENA states designing focus for the Hub. nizing civ-mil programming. their counterterrorism architecture. A senior (EU) diplomat UNHCR, USAID, EU, and AU represent- JFC Naples officially launched the Hub outlined EU bilateral engagement with atives pulled together the days’ presenta- on September 5, with both military and MENA partner states in tailored, coun- tions in a joint panel offering specific leads civilian personnel. Following an initial try-specific stabilization programs under for the Hub to get started. These included start-up phase, it is slated to reach final its Neighborhood Policy. On a multilateral an extensive list of readily available online operating capability at the end of 2017. level are initiatives to rescue migrants and resources, data bases, and portals supply- capture traffickers () in ing metrics and indicators for monitoring

LAND POWER23 COMMUNICATIONS DURING THE eNRF/VJTF

By someone...

By NRDC-ESP Public Affairs BG Ripoll and CIS Section Commander, COL Salvador the strengths and areas of Enabling interoperable Command, Con- improvement in various aspects including trol, Computers, and Communications technical and planning. (C4) at multiple command posts through multiple echelons spread across a mul- Trident Juncture 2015 was the culminating ti-national geographic battle-space and exercise in the preparatory phase. CIS di- cyber domains is a monumental challenge vision accomplished its mission with flying and task that NRDC-Spain division readily colors but more work needed to be done as accepted. the VJTF concept matured and planning for deployment as a VJTF went into full In 2016, NRDC-Spain prepared to be the swing. first ever enhanced NATO Response Force (eNRF) and executor of the Very High The rapidly moving nature of the VJTF Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) concept produced various C4 challenges. CISS en- and this article provides some of the details gineers and planners quickly devised Tac- during the commands planning, prepara- tics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) to tion and execution phases. support the deployment of the VJTF and Reception, Staging, Onward Movement Planning Phase once landed in Poland.

The planning and preparation phase, Concept of Support leading up to certifying as eNRF and VJTF capable, were important milestones indi- The concept of support included commu- cating to the CIS Division Commander, nications means for the Forward Liaison Reconnaissance Team (FLRT), Initial

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Integration and Interoperability

Integration and interoperability of the VJTF Brigade’s battalions, both Spanish and Multi-national, into the C2 infra- structure was accomplished through deployment of Type B Command Post Communication Centers to the Brigade and Battalion Command Posts.

The Type B consists of a Satellite-On-The- Move vehicle and a Battalion Command Post vehicle, giving the Battalion CP access to Friendly Force Tracker (FFT, provi- sioned to the platoon level), tactical inter- net messaging, chat, and various phone networks such as tactical, Spanish military and civilian networks.

These communications capabilities are managed by a powerful Communications Management software, GESCOM. The AN/PRC-117G and its high-bandwidth is what gives the Type B its strong capability.

The brain of this network is the CIS Control Center, the Network Operations Center that controls all technical aspects of the MS network. During Brilliant Jump 16, they were located at Betera, Spain and managed systems in Spain and Poland.

Looking Forward

2016 proved to be a challenging but very successful year for the Signaleers of NRDC-Spain’s CIS/G6 and their Signal Unit in support of the eNRF/VJTF.

There were many lessons learned that will Command Element (ICE), reach back systems (PETRADEC) and the AN/PRC- help NRDC-Spain forge ahead confidently (located at home station in Betera, Spain), 117, all systems that could be taken as as NATO moves towards the Federated VJTF Brigade, and multinational battal- luggage on commercial flights. Mission Network (FMN) environment. ions under the VJTF Brigade. The ICE, VJTF Brigade, and reach back CIS division is not only the Commander’s Although not a C2 element, the FLRT re- elements were supported by Command “Voice of Command” it also continues to quired a very light and durable equipment Post Communications Center packages lead the way in demonstrating to NATO set able to send and receive encrypted doc- which connected the LCC and its direct partners how to accomplish interopera- uments and voice communications with subordinates with access to the Mission bility in a rapid deployment, short-notice Host Nation elements such as Multi-Na- Secret (MS) network and all the Functional environment. tional Corps-North East. This was accom- Area Systems needed for full planning and plished using Spanish national encryption combat execution.

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FROM THE FRONTLINE: WHEELS IN MOTION

By Adam Lapsyznski (POL), forces. The reason for this was very simple. “These actions are real!,”Lt. Gen. Man- Marta Karpinska (POL), MNC-NE eFP forces are deployed to the Corps’ Area fred Hofmann stated concisely. “Behind of Operations that covers the north-east- all the units on our digital maps are men The soil trembles as a Spanish tank passes ern flank of the Alliance. As a regional and women who are deploying with their us. It is followed by soldiers from Latvia equipment to Eastern Europe, coming out and Canada. All of them are members of of their European home countries or from the enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) overseas.” Battle Group Latvia. Thus, it was vital for Lt. Gen. Hofmann not eFP BG Latvia was established under only to observe subordinated and support- Canadian command following the 2016 ed units but to meet the soldiers in person, NATO Warsaw Summit. Its aim, as well as to learn about their progress, training, and that of its three sister Battle Groups sta- challenges faced. The opinions gathered in tioned in Estonia, Lithuania and Poland, is the field might be beneficial for the Corps’ to boost the security in the region and act Command and Control in the area should as a tripwire. As such, each Battle Group the need to defend the people of NATO’s alone, and all of them together, send a clear eastern periphery arise. signal to every potential adversary that any act of aggression against any Ally will be The Battle Group Latvia Commander, Lt. met with a unified response of NATO mili- Col. Wade Rutland, explained that mul- tary forces from both sides of the Atlantic. tinationality is the key to success as each nation is bringing in something valuable At the turn of July and August 2017, Lt. expert, MNC NE is maintaining an active in order to be effective at the battle-group Gen. Manfred Hofmann, the Commander role in the enhanced Forward Presence level. of Multinational Corps Northeast, con- measures. ducted a battlefield circulation of the eFP “It is a challenge when looking into differ-

26LAND POWER ent doctrines and SOPs to harmonize. At efits of this were further explained by LTC Battle Group. The the same time, this challenge is an oppor- Christopher L’Heureux, the Commander does not possess a very robust short-range tunity to come closer together. Certainly, of eFP BG Poland. air defence capability here in Romania. we are on the right way and we will be The Romanians, who have a very good air successful in our mission,” LTC Rutland defence capability, should fill that gap. Very further added. similarly, the United Kingdom provides a robust reconnaissance force of four The multinational character of the Battle platoons. I only possess one in my squad- Groups is a major strength of the enhanced ron. On a purely equipment organizational Forward Presence concept. It is not only basis, it simply gives us more.” about their American, British, Canadian and German leadership. Equally important With the four Battle Groups in place, the is the participation of numerous members Corps and NATO itself have once again from across NATO, reaching as far as Cro- demonstrated their commitment to safe- atia, Slovenia and Spain. By including so guarding the freedom of its members in many Allies (16 out of 29), NATO has yet the East. again confirmed that any aggressive action against the nations of its north-eastern The new capabilities of the Alliance’s borderlands will be met with a collective multinational troops, together with po- and unified response. litical solidarity, guarantee that any act of intimidation directed against the nations

This unique character of the eFP BGs has of NATO’s north-eastern borderlands can “On the surface, multinational war-fight- immense benefits for the whole Alliance. never be perceived as an option with any ing is a requirement. No nation has Although the composition of the units is prospect of success. everything it needs to prosecute a fight land domain based, it influences the whole in this century. A great example is our joint spectrum of the battlefield. The ben-

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MOBILE TRAINING TEAM ASSISTS TUNISIAN ARMED FORCES

By Lt.Col. Tore Bade (NOR), LANDCOM management tasks. Cooperative Security consists of three components, including A mobile training team from Allied Land strengthening partnerships, contributing Command’s (LANDCOM) deployed to Tu- to arms control, non-proliferation and nisia at the request of the Tunisian Armed disarmament, and assisting potential new Forces in order to provide training to some countries to prepare for NATO member- of its officers on Crisis Response Planning. ship. LANDCOM contributes to Coopera- tive Security through several means, one of The 4-person mobile training team spent them being the provision of Mobile Train- six days providing crisis response planning ing Teams to selected NATO Partners. instruction to Tunisian Officers in the Army, Navy, Air Force and Special Forces Being a prioritised NATO partner within and included ranks from Captain up to the group, Tunisia Colonel. is an important partner for both LAND- COM and the alliance working together LANDCOM Mobile Training teams come along NATOs southern flank. Mobile from the headquarters’ Military Cooper- Training Teams like this one contribute to ation section within the G9 Division, and audiences in their home countries. greater cooperation and improved knowl- deliver courses on various topics at the During the Summit in November edge and experience of partner nations like request of NATO Partners. The teams typ- 2010, NATO introduced Cooperative Tunisia. ically involve a 3 to 4 LANDCOM person- Security as a new core task in addition to nel that provide subject matter expertise to the existing collective defence and crisis

28LAND POWER LANDCOM OCC EVALUATORS CERTIFY BATTALION

By LANDCOM PAO conjunction with Exercise STEPPE EAGLE Col. Tore Bade, LANDCOM Military 17, and included 130 U.S. Army personnel Cooperation Branch Head (NOR). "Our Personnel from LANDCOMs Military and 45 personnel in various Mobile Training Teams and Operational Cooperation (MILCOOP) branch executed training and support roles. Capabilities Program provides significant a NATO-led Operational Capabilities benefits to both NATO and partner Concept (OCC) evaluation of KAZBAT, LANDCOM has been heavily involved in nations.” a Kazakhstan Mechanised Infantry the planning and preparation of this event Battalion, from 29 July to 4 August. The since 2016, including advisory visits to As one of NATOs three core tasks, team also conducted an OCC Evaluator both the United Kingdom and Kazakhstan. Collective Defence, Crisis Management Training Course training and certifying 33 and Cooperative Security, Cooperative students from 21 different countries from "The evaluation went very well and Security is one of the fastest growing both NATO and partners nations. I am glad that we [LANDCOM] are areas in recent years. In a speech at the The evaluation was conducted in able to provide this support,” said Lt. Atlantic Council in Washington D.C. on April 6, 2016, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said, "In the fight against terrorism, building local capacity is one of the best weapons we have, and the earlier we can do it, the better.”

In order to assist in building local capacity, LANDCOM has tripled the number of its activities from 36 in 2015 to 84 projected for 2017 by the end of the year.

NATO currently interacts with 42 partner countries and of these LANDCOM is interacting with 23 of them this year.

LAND POWER29 NATO Joint Task Force Certification

By LTC David Tier (USA), RRC-FR covering the gamut from strategic to Design, the DCOS developed a plan with tactical-level issues. But how did RRC-FR the JTF SG that established LODs and key In July 2017, SACEUR endorsed Rapid accomplish this noteworthy achievement? milestones intended to measure the Reaction Corps-France (RRC-FR) as a effectiveness and pace of achieving NATO-certified Joint Task Force (JTF) In 2015, after completing a stand-by period certification. The LODs were: headquarters capable of commanding and as NATO Response Force Land Compo- controlling air, land, maritime, and special nent Command, RRC-FR set upon the new 1) Human Resources, led by the J-1; operations elements as part of a land-cen- role by appointing a senior Deputy Chief 2) Training, led by the J-7; tric Small Joint Operation (SJO). This of Staff (DCOS) to lead a steering group 3) Doctrine, led by the J-5; certification resulted from a two-year long that would oversee the transformation to a 4) Evaluation, led by the J-9; process of training, organizing, and joint headquarters. This involved both 5) Resources, led by the J-6; preparing to perform joint operations, incorporating the tangible means to 6) Joint Logistics, led by the Assistant culminating with a certification exercise become Joint, such as the addition of more Chief of Staff (ACOS) Combat Service whereby the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) inter-Service personnel, as well as inculcat- Support (CSS); and declared RRC-FR proficient to fulfill the ing a joint mindset throughout the staff. 7) Engagement, led by Strategic Commu- many required tasks in accordance with The DCOS organized a committee of nications (STRATCOM). established NATO standards. As a result, if Assistant Chiefs of Staff (ACOSs) called a crisis emerges and the North Atlantic the JTF Steering Group (JTF SG) to Each LOD would oversee a number of key Council approves the use of military force identify, prioritize, and coordinate the milestones identified as critical steps to to respond, RRC-FR can deploy and tasks necessary to achieve certification. The achieve certification. Among these assume command of a Joint Operation JTF SG met on a monthly basis. Employing milestones, the DCOS made a priority to Area with the forces necessary to achieve authority delegated by the Chief of Staff develop a headquarters order that would strategic objectives on behalf of NATO. (COS), the DCOS appointed several key define the overall goal, outline the process This type of role requires the command staff officers to represent functional areas to achieve it, and secure the COS’ formal and staff to be able to maintain a greater that could direct staff efforts for subject approval to direct action with his authority. degree of independence than in typical areas significantly affected with a change of This key milestone was completed in conventional warfare roles where well-de- duties given the new role. These functional January 2016. The COS was so pleased fined chains of command govern straight- efforts were designed and structured into with the order that he forwarded it the forward tasks, the flexibility to conduct a Lines of Development (LODs) that Commander, requesting him to sign, variety of missions spanning the range of combined to cover a cross-functional, which the Commander did promptly. military operations, and versatility to comprehensive new direction for the render the appropriate level of attention headquarters. Similar to an Operational The most important milestone established

30LAND POWER in the Human Resources LOD was Standard Operating Instructions (SOIs) erable software such as the FAS family of identifying billets and requisitioning and a JTF handbook. Revising the SOIs for programs. Examples of these systems personnel that would enable the headquar- joint operations was a broad, deep-diving, include the operational planning tool ters to control Joint operations. This headquarters-wide, cross-functional known as Tools for Operations Planning included recruiting air force, navy, and process in and of itself, distinguished from Functional Area Service (TOPFAS) and the interagency personnel for the headquar- the overall JTF SG simply by the fact that it logistics-focused Logistics Functional Area ters, predominantly for Crisis Establish- was led by staff officers more junior than Service (LOGFAS). Efforts along the ment (CE) manning and provided by the composed the primary officers of the JTF Resources LOD coordinated efforts to Framework Nation. The headquarters SG. More of the staff participated in SOI incorporate the necessary items for the identified an important lesson and applied revision than any other single JTF trans- headquarters to operate. the lesson learned by securing by-name formation process. In the end, using augmentee commitments from the French SHAPE-approved Standard Operating With the potential to coordinate logistics Joint Command well in advance of Procedures (SOPs) as a baseline, RRC-FR for multinational forces from more than execution. This helped provide effective developed comprehensive, sound doctrine one Service, the LOD for Joint Logistics reassurance that the personnel requested for the JTF to apply. focused on creating a new operational would indeed participate as required. If logistics concept. It took a great deal of commitments had been only for numbers The Evaluation LOD focused on monitor- time and coordination to develop, but the of personnel, there would have been ing the NATO performance standards logistics concept successfully integrated uneasiness as to whether the right person necessary to achieve certification. Interact- Framework Nation logistics with NATO would show up at the right time. ing with other NATO Rapid Deployable interoperability requirements, and the Corps (NRDCs) that had previously certification exercise validated its proof of Probably the most important milestone for undergone the certification process, and concept. the Training LOD was to prepare the communicating with evaluators knowl- headquarters for the certification exercise. edgeable of the conditions with which Addressing only the tasks unique to joint This included planning a number of NRDCs operated, the Evaluation LOD operations, the Engagement LOD contrib- successive, incrementally more challenging kept the headquarters apprised of its uted to the JTF SG by developing points of exercises that would serve as the build-up progress towards certification. emphasis towards Framework Nation during which the headquarters would institutions as well as themes to stress for practice its Joint skills. When the certifica- The Resources LOD dealt with issues representatives of contributing nations. tion exercise occurred, RRC-FR had ranging from procuring equipment to When the President of Bulgaria visited the effectively prepared for the varying ensuring training areas were available and headquarters during Distinguished Visitor challenges that it could face. ready. One key milestone involved Day of the certification exercise, it was the computer information systems (CIS). Not icing on the cake for the Engagement LOD. The Doctrine LOD principally addressed only must NATO forces operate on a The headquarters demonstrated it was able codifying procedures for RRC-FR to specific computer network, but they must to address strategic level issues while operate, namely by producing new also operate using certain NATO interop- simultaneously managing tactical opera- tions.

RRC-FR was put to the test on its official certification exercise, Exercise TRIDENT JAGUAR, divided in two parts from 2016-2017. The first part was the Crisis Response Planning phase and the second part the Execution phase. As a result of its successful performance in both, the external evaluators from JWC recom- mended that SHAPE certify RRC-FR as a NATO Joint Task Force headquarters. The JTF SG had set the conditions for success by clearly articulating the goal, developing a scheme to achieve it, and exercising effective control through monthly meet- ings to see the efforts through to the end state.

LAND POWER31 LANDCOM MUSEUM More than a Museum

By Justin Parker (USA), LANDCOM

In May, Allied Land Command saw the culmination of months museum. The history of the General Vecihi Akin (GVA) Garrison of work assembling icons and symbols, renovations to the is one of international cooperation and collective security build- Headquarters, and a reflection on the organization’s past. These ing. From the early 1950s through today, the GVA Garrison has efforts resulted in the LANDCOM Museum, which serves as a hosted scores of soldiers who have worked together to bring the reminder to all the soldiers in Izmir of their predecessors’ roles Alliance closer together. as well has their own in serving as the The pictures on the walls of the mu- ultimate land advocate. Lt. Gen. Darryl seum capture the faces of men and Williams, Maj. Gen. Erhan Uzun and women who have served not just Sgt. Maj. James Kelley led the official their own country, but the interna- ceremony and ribbon cutting event tional community as a whole. These that created a permanent space in soldiers are leaders in the Euro-At- LANDCOM to review and admire lantic framework, lending credibility the collective efforts of all the nations and efficiency to the efforts of land working at the Headquarters. soldiers across NATO. The museum allows visitors and soldiers alike to The museum communicates the reflect and ponder the sacrifice and importance of LANDCOM in NATO leadership of those committed to through two medium. The items safeguarding peace. Lt. Gen. Darryl housed within the museum, all hark Williams remarked, “it is the place back to critical engagements between to remember and honor previous LANDCOM Headquarters and the contributions to the Land Domain many distinguished visitors hosted here. These swords, stones, from all of our NATO partners.” plaques and coins all give context to the position of LANDCOM both as the soldier’s advocate and as a command authority in The museum will not remain static, but will instead evolve to re- times of crisis. LANDCOM strives to ensure all land elements flect the continuously changing environment that NATO persists within the Alliance are well prepared for any challenge that may through. It is and will continue to be more than a museum: it will arise, and the items stored in the museum are testaments to those be a testament to the importance of peace and the land domain’s efforts. Beyond the material, a story hangs on the walls of the role in assuring the Alliance can defend that peace.

32LAND POWER LANDCOM VISITORS

June 2017, South Korean delegation visit.

August 2017, Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges, USAREUR Commander

March 2017, Norwegian AF Chief Chaplain

July 2017, General Sir James Everard, DSACEUR August 2017, Lt. Gen. Luciano Portolano

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August 2017, Counsel 34LAND POWER