A BI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF MAGAZINE SPRING 2018

12 14 26 27 39 LANDCOM: LANDCOM: NRDC-ITA: NRDC-TUR: LANDCOM: The Legal Aspects of Multi- Logistics Combat Ready Eurasian Star 17 LTC Vasyl Pichnenko: Targeting The Face of Resilience

CONTENTS

4 Command Messages

The LANDPOWER magazine is a bi-an- 6 Exercising MJO+: The OPCEN nual publication produced by Allied Land Command (LANDCOM) dedicated to the 8 Exercising MJO+: Liberating Bodø promotion of actions and ideas, contrib- uting to the improvement of the NATO Force Structure (NFS) efficiency and 12 Exercising MJO+: Legal Aspects of Targeting effectiveness. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those 14 Exercising MJO+: Multi-Corps Logistics of the LANDCOM , SACEUR, NATO or its member nations and cannot 17 Exercising MJO+: The DLE Concept be quoted as an official statement of those entities. An electronic version that includes 18 C4 at the eFP Battle Group additional links to in-depth articles, supplementary articles and an ability to 19 Exercise Trident Juncture 18 provide online comments is available from the LANDCOM website (www.lc..int). 20 Increased Focus on Gender Integration

22 MILCOOP in Kuwait

23 Challenges for the MEDEVAC System To contact the LANDPOWER Magazine staff and/or to submit an article to be con- sidered for publication in the next issue, 25 MND-SE: Preparing for DACIAN please use the following contacts: 26 NRDC-ITA: Combat Ready E-mail: [email protected] 27 NRDC-TUR: Eurasian Star 17 Postal: Public Affairs Office Vecihi Akin Garrison 28 RRC-FRA: Joint Operational Planning Group 35148 Izmir / 31 ARRC: Arrcade Fusion All articles are edited for length and con- tent. 32 NRDC-GRE: Media in War and Conflict

34 : Training for LCC

35 MNC-NE: Forging with the Wolves The LANDPOWER Magazine staff: 36 1GNC: Logisticians Hone Skills LTC Mike Nicholson (USA) SFC Jonathan Fernandez (ESP) 37 NRDC-ESP: Deputy Commander HOTO Mr. Justin Parker (USA) Mr. Charles Entraygues (FRA) 38 Ukrainian Land Forces

39 LTC Vasyl Pichnenko: The Face of Resilience

LAND POWER3

ALLIED LAND COMMAND Commander’s Message

Lieutenant General Darryl A.Williams Commander

As we begin 2018, I wanted to high- Terrain Walk light a few of the great things that this command and the NATO land commu- Members of the land community nity has accomplished over the past few began the year by developing a new months, and then talk about some of the standard for planning. Represent- changes that are coming for LANDCOM atives from the GRF(L)s and U.S. in the near future. joined LANDCOM planners for a terrain walk to better

Combat Ready understand the context, geography, history and conduct of war on key In November of last year, we successful- terrain within Europe. The terrain ly executed an exercise that validated walk was a powerful event that this commands ability to conduct one brought together key stakeholders of its primary missions of providing a involved in NATO planning efforts. core headquarters responsible for the Those who participated came away conduct of NATO land operations. In with a better appreciation for the art the nearly month-long exercise, this HQ and science of military planning for demonstrated our ability to command modern warfare. Getting planners and control (C2) five GRF(L)s in a joint operations out on the ground and seeing the terrain in the winter months plus (MJO+), NATO Article 5 (Collective Defence) simulated will improve our ability to develop realistic contingency plans. environment. Having watched all the NATO member nations

participate in this exercise, I can say without a doubt that we What’s Next will excel if this command is ever asked to deploy and provide C2 for NATO land operations. All of the months of preparation The NATO Command Structure (NCS) is going through an by the entire staff paid huge dividends during execution, and adaptation process to better align its command structures to their hard work and dedication was noticed by all levels of the realities of today and the foreseeable future. Prior to this command within NATO. I would also like to thank the Corps process, LANDCOM provided NATO with domain readi- and augmentees that participated from all across NATO. Con- ness, interoperability, standardization, and competency. This gratulations on a job extremely well done! responsibility will remain unchanged. The most significant po- tential change for LANDCOM is its role at the theater level as

Deployable Land Element it will assume the role of the Theater Land Component (TLC). This provides SACEUR with additional options in the interim In October, we tested and rehearsed the Deployable Land for fighting in a Multi-Joint Operations plus (MJO+) environ- Element (DLE) concept. The DLE concept will utilize a portion ment similar to how we exercised during Trident Javelin. This of this commands personnel as a rapidly deployable team that is a holistic process that will continue to evolve but regardless could stand up a command and control node for NATO land of the eventual outcome, the future looks bright for LAND- forces. This node would serve as the foundation for follow-on COM. This command will continue to excel at any mission it is forces provided by either NATO member nations or from with- given, now and into the future. in the NATO Command Structure. This mobilization exercise utilized NATO and national pre-deployment procedures and identified lessons learned for our HQ to work on to ensure we have personnel ready to deploy in the future. This was a rela- tively small exercise that paid big dividends by informing this command and NATO key leaders of deployment options as we For the ! collectively look to design the future force structure. ALLIED LAND COMMAND Command Senior Enlisted Leader’s Message

Chief Warrant Stephen A. Rice Command Senior Enlisted Leader

It is proven that an efficient military hinges teaching the NCO “how to think,” especially on the effectiveness of its Non-Commissioned in an ever increasing complex new environ- Officer (NCO) Corps. That corps has been the ment. The CSEL cannot do this alone. He or backbone of every construct of war and peace she must also promote, empower and support for generations where gunpowder, firepower, staff NCOs and NCO leadership positions maneuver, sea and airpower were the prima- at all levels. This will also ensure innovative ry means most militaries used. Specifically, and unfiltered approaches, methods and the NCO was the stalwart in either deterring solutions are considered as options for officers conflict and/or assuring military execution, to consider, which ultimately guarantee no when called upon. Today, many of these con- good ideas are discounted. This model, in structs remain very relevant, but tomorrow’s effect, should cascade down through every warfare will confront us with more irregular, level within the enlisted corps so advanced indirect and asymmetrical challenges. These thinking will foster more inclusiveness and could range from hybrid warfare, networking, teamwork, while boosting resilience during and artificial intelligence all the way through challenging and obscure times. the use of cyber, big data and misinformation campaigns.

2017 NATO Bi-SC Strategy and NCO Guidelines Academic Excellence As warfare changes, so does the need for the evolution of the NCO; NATO and its Partner Nations represent some of the most ro- institutionally, educationally and intelectually. The need for these bust NCO exchanges and academic excellence in the world. From changes was captured in the 2017 NATO NCO Bi-SC Strategy seminars, symposiums, working groups, workshops, engagements, and NCO Guidelines, signed by the Supreme Allied Commander, exercises, training and partnerships, all the way to educating how Europe (SACEUR) General Curtis M. Scaparrotti and Supreme to operate in a multinational environment at the NATO School Allied Commander, Transformation (SACT) General Denis Mercier Oberammergau and College, there is no short- on 15 September 2017. This document recognizes the importance age of activities. That said, activity should never be confused with of investing in human capital at every level. It also emphasizes the results; measuring our success is crucial to mission success. We must importance of further developing NCOs at all levels, not only to continue to address our critical capability gaps, strategic imperatives ensure their knowledge, skills and abilities meet national and NATO and implications and provide our leaders with measurable, achieva- expectations for interoperability, but it goes much farther than that. ble, and relevant outcomes, which tie directly to SACEUR’s Enduring It takes an ambitious approach to recognize untapped potential in Priorities and SACT’s Focus Areas. Everyone, whether officer or creativity, curiosity, adventure and energy often overlooked due to enlisted, plays a vital role in projecting stability in order to assure institutional barriers. It methodically optimizes these critical, smart the highest probability of success in preserving the peace, security and forward thinkers by linking an NCO’s experience with his or her and territorial integrity of our Nations, the NATO Alliance and the natural strengths and talents, not simply their ranks. Partner Nations we support.

How to Think The Non-commissioned Officer Corps stands ready! The key to success of NCO talent management is the Command Senior Enlisted Leader (CSEL). The CSEL serves in this appointed leadership position, not as an additional duty, but as an empowered leader joined with the commander to make up the command team. In addition to fulfilling commander’s intent, providing unbiased communications at all levels, advising, and monitoring crucial blind For the Soldier! spots, he or she is the key to transforming all NCO training and professional development institutions from teaching what to think to Exercising MJO+: THE OPCEN

By MAJ Phillip Mudakha (USA), situational awareness of NATO exercises, functional area meetings were developed LANDCOM missions and operations and, supporting to capture the critical information in sup- the HQ Battle Rhythm. During conflict, port of other events. In some cases, emails it surges to accommodate the scale of oper- with the meeting outputs were distributed LANDCOM was able to evaluate its ability ations to be performed. For the duration of to the community of interest. Despite to command and control three Army the exercise, the OPCEN was manned by this demanding schedule, the addition or Corps in a NATO Article 5 environment in 81 Alliance members from across NATO. minimization of Battle Rhythm meetings NATO’s largest exercise of the year last No- The surge capability presented a major should be considered in the future design vember. The exercise was a complex mul- challenge to integrate new team members of the Crisis Battle Rhythm. ti-domain, command post, computer-as- into the OPCEN Battle Rhythm in such a sisted event that enabled the headquarters short period of time. The Meeting (HQ) to execute close coordination with

Joint Force Command , AIR- Battle Rhythm The meeting is the core component of the COM, and MARCOM. This article takes battle rhythm. It serves many purposes a brief look at the components of LAND- The Battle Rhythm is a routine of fixed and has an infinite number of formats. The COM’s success: OPS Center structure, meetings, working groups and decision battle rhythm is dependent on the effective Battle Rhythm, Products, and battle drills. boards that are planned in a way to achieve conduct of each meeting. Each meeting maximum efficiency of effort during an was structured using a set time, power

The OPCEN operation. In order to ensure the right point presentations, and a brief discussion information is available at the right time, it to share information. In most meet- The Operations Center (OPCEN) serves as must be synchronized with higher Head- ings this arrangement was sufficient for the central nervous system of the head- quarters. For the execution, a seven day up-channeling information and receiving quarters. It receives inputs from Higher Battle Rhythm was developed and imple- guidance. However, when in-depth dis- Headquarters, Single Service Commands, mented. Upon initial performance, it was cussion was required, the members of the and Corps; distributing this information apparent that the number of meetings was meeting required the latest data to properly throughout the NATO Force Structure. overwhelming for the personnel support- prepare. To provide the latest information, Day to Day the OPCEN functions with a ing it. In order to mitigate this situation the the LANDCOM Exercise website was core group of twelve experts; facilitating staff adjusted the Battle Rhythm to effec- utilized to facilitate information sharing. It the exchange of information, providing tively distribute information. Additional, provided each individual meeting a forum

6 LAND POWER to post critical mission data and served as cesses and products of the OPCEN. The why change became necessary. The most a record for all the data that was present- drills focused on the source and flow of common was the amount of data being ed. Even though the website was new to information throughout the organization. presented. Many of the products in review many of the augmentees, it’s easy to use Upon completion of the final BST (LOYAL lacked the consistency in value of informa- interface and assortment of tools quickly LANCE) the OPCEN was fully integrat- tion presented. There was much attention made the distribution of data easier as the ed and prepared for the evaluation. The placed on the volume of information ver- exercise progressed. Overall, the integra- key take away from the BST was the need sus the quality. The volume of information tion of information sharing practices into for early integration into the established coupled with the frequency of reporting daily operations was essential to the ef- procedures. The sooner new staff members compounded with the existing Battle fective conduct of meetings and the battle are able to integrate the better. Periodic Rhythm, caused an overload of data. The rhythm. exercises with identified surges of person- format and usage of products should be nel will only improve the HQs readiness reviewed to ensure they adequately meet

Battle Staff Training for a crisis. the intended impact.

Battle Staff Training is an opportunity for Products Conclusion the HQ Staff to identify shortfalls, best practices, and execute their function. In Products are the building blocks of in- This exercise was a premiere opportunity the run-up to the exercise, there were three formation that characterize a situation or to evaluate the OPCEN’s ability to perform opportunities to conduct BST. Each BST inform a decision, meeting, or working its mandated functions. The challenges consisted of a series of battle drills or sce- group. Throughout any headquarters encountered identified three clear areas narios relating to the Battle Rhythm and there are a variety of products produced where adjustments could be made in order the products that support it. The results that support different efforts. These to streamline future operations. The Battle from these actions aided the staff to make products may or may not communicate Rhythm, products and BST are key com- necessary adjustments for the evaluation. the ideas that will be shared and add value ponents to effective operations. Ultimately, Battle Drills were vital to synchronizing to the meeting. Leading up to the evalu- for LANDCOM the exercise culminated in the processes employed within the OPCEN ation, LANDCOM staff had standardised with an “Excellent” grading in all areas. prior to evaluation. The integration and the daily products. Unfortunately, during synchronization of new staff members execution the formats of most products required a focus on the individual pro- evolved. There were a variety of reasons

LAND POWER7 Exercising MJO+: LIBERATING BODØ of BODO

By LCdr Brian Trager (CAN), tively caught the enemy by surprise and sonnel. The exercise also coincided during MAJ Pawel Oszytko (POL), LAND- forced them to withdrawal northwards to the same timeframe as the Norwegian COM previously established defensive positions National Exercise highlighting numerous further north in the vicinity of Narvik. An interoperability and coordination issues. It It has been more than two hundred days alliance victory in Bodø seemed imminent; highlighted to participating NATO train- since the NATO Alliance declared their however, was the logistical infrastructure ing audiences, vast complex infrastructure intention to counter the Federation of identified by NATO planners still intact challenges that can arise while conducting Skolkan (FoS) aggression into ’s and operational to act as a new forward Joint Operations in an Article 5 mission, Northern Districts of Finnmark, Troms logistics hub? especially in an infrastructure dependant and Nordland. The Spanish Corps, NATO country such as Norway.

Rapid Deployable Corps Espanol (NRDC- The Scenario ESP), one of five GRF(L)s assigned to the The exercise scenario forced NATO to Land Component Command (LCC), in The Bodø amphibious/ground operation confront a near peer adversary with similar combination with the Maritime Com- scenario was a key master event activity numbers of forces and capabilities. The FoS ponent Command (MCC) is poised to that occurred in a NATO Major Joint successfully invaded a significant part of execute an amphibious and ground assault Operation Plus (MJO+) exercise, LAND- northern Norway and in addition, threat- on Bodø. COM’s largest training event to date. It was ened numerous other countries of the a NATO Command Structure (NCS) cer- NATO Alliance, to include; the three Bal- The town of Bodø with joint logistical tification event for Joint Force Command tics states, , Germany and . infrastructure such as sea, air and land Brunssum (JTF-NE), MARCOM (MCC) A priority LANDCOM objective was to transport installations has been identified and LANDCOM (LCC) as the primary force the withdrawal of FoS Military Forces as a future key NATO logistical hub. A training audience (PTA) and SHAPE and from northern Norway. However, with new logistics hub is required to continue AIRCOM (ACC) also participated as a sec- most northern Norwegian ports in FoS one of the Alliance’s primary objectives; ondary training audience (STA). The Joint control and limited available NATO land the NATO Alliance’s goal is to liberate Warfare Centre in Stavanger, Norway host- mobility corridors, it was determined that northern Norway from the Federation of ed the Command Post/Computer Assisted NATO forces needed a closer Seaport and Skolkan (FoS) Forces and restore the in- exercise and was supported by substantial Airport of Disembarkation (SPOD/APOD) tegrity of the Norwegian border. The short augmentation from other NCS, NATO to support the creation of a new Theatre notice joint operation into Bodø has effec- Force Structure (NFS) and contracted per- Logistic (TLB) base located much

8 LAND POWER closer to NRDC-ESP’s Forward Combat infrastructure related lessons identified at replace and reinforce degraded NRDC- Support Areas. The nearest established the LCC level in order to improve inter- ESP units and in turn, Bodø could support SPOD / APOD / TLB were located in nal SOPs and NATO/HN interoperability high casualty repatriation efforts. Trondheim, approximately 700 km south concerns. The following paragraphs will of Bodø. describe how a small tactical problem such During the enemy’s withdrawal, FoS as the establishment of a forward logistics were positioned in LAND- The JTF-NE’s Joint Logistics Support hub can potentially require inputs and COMs rear areas in order to attack Group (JLSG) was challenged to resup- decisions involving strategic, operation- road and rail infrastructure to delay the ply NRDC-ESP from the Trondheim al, tactical and HN levels of Commands. movement of NATO Forces and supplies Logistics Hub. The main lines of com- Infrastructure is however, not just a from the Trondheim logistics hub. In munication (LoC) were via the single E6 MILENG function, it affects all plans and addition, FoS theatre ballistic missiles two-lane highway or dual track railway operations within all levels of Command units attempted to attack the Bodø seaport which traversed complex, mountainous and across the full spectrum of warfare. and airport with cruise missiles to deny geography with little to no bypass oppor- NATO new APOD/SPOD operational tunities. In addition, the LoCs could also Importance of Bodø capabilities. These attacks were unsuccess- be adversely affected by severe winter ful but identified that infrastructure Force weathers conditions or FoS counter-mo- Bodø, along with NARVIK and TROM- Protection measures would be needed bility operations. The rail and road LOCs SOE were assessed as essential ports that early in the operation with advancing units from Trondheim to NRDC-ESP Forward provide essential services to much of to secure and protect them. Concurrently Line of own troops contained hundreds northern Norway. The Port and airport of with the assault on Bodø, LANDCOM of bridges and approximately twenty large Bodø, although not as capable or as large GENG tasked NRDC-ESP MILENG units tunnels, most of them in excess of 1000 as southern designated APOD/SPOD to conduct engineer reconnaissance and metres, which if destroyed/damaged could locations in Trondheim or Kristiansand, provide an assessment on the operational significantly delay or halt NRDC-ESP’s was extremely well placed to support situation of Bodø infrastructure. LAND- advance north. NRDC-ESP offensive operations towards COM also coordinated a Joint inspection Narvik. The Port of Bodø had a refuelling with Maritime Component Command to The Port of Bodø and the nearby airport, capability, cargo transhipment equipment conduct an initial assessment on the Bodø although both not specifically fit for and a roll on, roll off quay. It was however seaport facilities. As a result of MILENG purpose to meet all NATO APOD/SPOD restricted with limited available marshal- reconnaissance, HWY 80 leading east requirements, met an urgent need for ling space for equipment and supplies and from Bodø and linked to the north bound the continuation of NRDC-ESP advance constrained to one road LoC (E6). The E6 was also designated as MVI since no towards Narvik. The eventual capture of Port of Bodø did however have a near- alternative LoC was available. The Hwy 80 Narvik would then enable new larger logis- by airport which could also be used as a MVI designation resulted in LANDCOM tic resupply opportunities to continue the supporting logistics enabler. In addition, assigning route patrol/security tasks to be campaign towards Tromsoe. Bodø is the farthest northern extent of the conducted by NRDC-ESP’s RC and EOD Norwegian railway network providing an units. The exercise scenario allowed the PTA/ additional LoC for onward movement of

STA to experience and react to a myr- equipment and supplies for NRDC-ESP in After Liberation iad of complex MILENG and Logistics case the E6 highway from Trondheim was infrastructure tasks that have rarely been denied. The advance into Bodø needed to Once Bodø was completely cleared of FoS considered in previous NATO exercises. occur quickly in order to limit enemy de- Forces, it was reported that enemy inflicted Infrastructure has always been deemed struction of identified mission vital infra- damages to important Critical Infrastruc- important during military planning and structure (MVI). As a result, LANDCOM ture were minimal and would not require execution phases but rarely has NATO requested ISR and host nation support to a concerted HN or NATO MILENG repair considered infrastructure and supporting further identify the current status of Bodø effort. However, additional capability facilities within our own national borders. infrastructure capabilities and determine support measures and redundancy systems Due to Collective Defence Graduated Re- enemy effects on critical infrastructure as were being considered to improve opera- sponse Planning (GRP) activities, NATO the opponent withdrew north. tional capabilities of Bodø APOD/SPOD personnel across the NCS/NFS are dealing installations; this included power genera- with a myriad of HN infrastructure related In the simulation, NRDC-ESP had already tors, fuel bladders, airport runway repair issues that require constant CIVMIL liai- experienced significant casualties of and cargo handling capabilities. Local son and coordination interaction. personnel and equipment as they engaged hospitals were also inspected to assist in FoS Forces from Mo-I-Rana to Bodø along the casualty treatment and repatriations As a result of conducting this exercise, the E6 highway. As a result, NRDC-ESP efforts of wounded/killed NRDC-ESP per- LANDCOM has captured numerous needed an APOD/SPOD/TLB to quickly sonnel. Bodø’s urban and rural regions did

LAND POWER9 face a considerable threat from Unexplod- requirements, seek guidance and direc- ed Ordnances (UXO), mines, IEDs, booby NATO NCS/NFS units need to identify tion and to determine organizational level traps and field ammunition caches. Once and develop itemized lists of CNI, MVI responsibilities (NATO or HN). it was decided to establish SPOD/APOD and KI appropriately related to their level locations in Bodø, JTF-NE authorized the of Command in order to implement in- The Bodø operation scenario represented move of the TLB from Trondheim to Bodø frastructure concerns into plans and later a small portion of LANDCOM GENG in order to maintain proper level of Force in the execution phase. The identification activities focused against the infrastructure Sustainment for NRDC-ESP forward units. of Critical Infrastructure will also assist problem set. Detailed Critical Infrastruc- FoS Forces originally occupied northern future planners to support longer term ture lists assessing CNI, MVI and KI were Norway with the intent to limit damage to plans. Identified CNI will help NATO only partially developed for TRJN 17 regional infrastructure in order to win the military forces understand and deconflict during the planning phase. As a result, all hearts and minds of the local population essential services that are required by the LANDCOM Divisions spent a significant and eventually use it if and when the re- host nation to function effectively. amount of time getting Command, staff gion was successfully annexed by the FoS. and subordinate units familiar with the The situation could have been completely MVI identifies all NATO infrastructures current infrastructure footprint in the different if FoS Forces destroyed potential that are extremely valuable to the mission. Area of Operations. This limitation did MVI in Bodø before withdrawing. This MVI can have a significant FP footprint however force the Component Commands would have effectively delayed the continu- that accompanies it as they are usually and JTF-NE to coordinate routinely in- ing push by NRDC-ESP towards Narvik or valuable target sets for enemy forces. It is volving infrastructure issues. The HN also may have even caused NATO to consider important to deconflict the overall respon- profoundly offered supporting national a more dangerous impromptu amphibious sibility of infrastructure such as protection, infrastructure details during short notice assault into well defended enemy positions maintenance and repair between the differ- OPTs which solved tactical and operation- in Narvik. In addition, massive repairs ent Commands and host nation organi- al capability issues. Bodø infrastructure to Bodø infrastructure would require the zations. This coordination was conducted datasets provided by Norway allowed reallocation of high demand low density through Joint and LANDCOM daily NATO planners to quickly determine HN/NATO MILENG assets to be taken divisional WGs, VTCs and Reports and Bodø as a potential new logistical hub from supporting the current fight. Returns. NATO HQ staffs were uniquely with available supporting SPOD/APOD connected throughout via VTCs in order facilities.

Infrastructure Considerations to solve complex Joint infrastructure

10LAND POWER Infrastructure related issue need to be Battle Damage Assessment procedures to 3. Update or amend new infrastructure considered early from the onset of the po- predict and identify vulnerabilities and processes into Organizational SOPS and tential mission. Infrastructure is routinely risks to Critical Infrastructure. SOIs. initiated in the LANDCOM CPOE process during phase 1. The Infrastructure CPOE 7. Assign appropriate force protection 4. Store and protect HN/NATO Infra- product is directly used to create a Criti- measures for identified Critical Infrastruc- structure data (CCIRs/EEFIs) in approved cal Infrastructure baseline. From this list, ture. Force generate capable MILENG NATO FAS for ease of retrieval and poten- associated risk and criticality products may units to provide General Service support. tial future planning considerations. eventually assist planners with implied or Consider plan for reconstitution of Critical assigned tasks for Force Protection and Infrastructure, and have procedures and The Way Forward Force Generation. The below lists outlines liaisons to initiate (Crisis Response Opera- the key LANDCOM Infrastructure associ- tions Urgent Requirement – CURs) The Bodø operation was just a micro ex- ated processes. ample of Infrastructure importance within During the Operation (Planning and the scenario. Nevertheless, this small Infrastructure Processes Execution) example highlighted the vital importance of Infrastructure on military operations. Before the Operation (Planning) 1. Amend and update Infrastructure CPOE It was apparent from the beginning that and Critical Infrastructure lists due to cur- LANDCOM would have benefitted from 1. Initiate MILENG “Infrastructure” rent ops or planning for future operations. a greater comprehensive understanding of CPOE, identify important Infrastructure the infrastructure footprint across the Joint within the Area of Operations. Consid- 2. Collate, monitor and disseminate Area of Operations during the execution er Infrastructure from the nine NATO Reports and Returns (R2) pertaining to phase. Agreed Infrastructure Categorizations infrastructure. (Transport, Water, Communications, Norwegian infrastructure was complex Energy, Government, Emergency Services, 3. Provide Infrastructure reporting and and NATO was highly dependent on it Financial, Health and Food). situational awareness to LANDCOM or if they were to achieve mission success. Joint Battle Rhythm events. Key meetings Norwegian military and civilian authorities 2. Conduct Infrastructure Intelligence Re- in which infrastructure data had routine quickly enabled LANDCOM to effec- quirements Management (IRM) processes exposure and actionable tasks included the tively identify, utilize and protect Critical early in the planning process, identify following: Infrastructure throughout the mission. Information Requirements, collect and This interaction resulted in one of the process Infrastructure collection returns. a. Defended Asset WG; most important Post Exercise Infrastruc- b. Land Logistics Conference; ture related lessons learned; Interaction, 3. Establish linkages to HN LNO‘s respon- c. Target Development WG and Target networking and coordination with HN sible for infrastructure early, preferably Synchronization Board; CIMIC authorities permanent HN staff assigned to the unit’s d. Requirement Review Board; LOPG. HN LNOs will be indispensable in e. C-IED WG; Due to NATO’s primary focus on insur- the delivery and assessment of infrastruc- f. The daily LANDCOM gency type operations in the last decade, ture data. Update Brief (CUB); NATO and nations have little practical experience planning and executing mili- 4. Produce Critical Infrastructure Assess- 4. Re-allocate MILENG assets to support tary operations in an Article 5 Collective ment. Infrastructure Assessment includes a infrastructure tasks supporting the Com- Defence crisis. LANDCOM’s work in this general report with infrastructure inter- mander priority of effort if available. exercise has identified Critical Infrastruc- dependencies and prioritized risk assess- ture as a strategic and operational require- ments. After the Operation ment that truly needs extensive input from the onset of pre-crisis planning and that 5.Establish linkages to JFC, JLSG, MCC, 1. Assign resources to support transition of which continues until the redeployment of ACC and subordinate units as Critical In- protected Critical Infrastructure support- NATO Forces. frastructure will also support the Joint and ing the NATO mission back to Civilian Component Commands. control.

6. Provide Infrastructure input into the 2. Produce detailed infrastructure related targeting process, identify infrastructure lessons identified/Lesson learned in Post in national / NATO barrier and Obstacle EX reporting. plans and be familiar with organizational

LAND POWER11 Exercising MJO+: LEGAL ASPECTS OF TARGETING

By CPT Claire Caniaux (FRA), example, impact third parties not involved authorities) can and should be taken LANDCOM in the crisis. In this regard, the role of at a lower level than in classic COIN the LEGAD is essential. He or she has to environments where the general context In November, LANDCOM was certified be fully involved in the whole targeting is different. Whereas COIN situations are as combat ready during NATO’s largest process. This article will address the usually being found in Non-international exercise in 2017. One of the core functions main legal challenges during this process. Armed Conflicts (NIAC), an MJO+ would to be evaluated and conducted was fires, Additionally, it will catalog the main most probably happen in an International among which the targeting functions were lessons learned from the exercise viewed Armed Conflict (IAC) context. This allows heavily exercised. The exercise was unique from a LEGAD perspective. many aspects to be handled differently, due to the fact that LANDCOM’s ability such as the threshold of acceptable to serve as the land component command Firstly, officers in an MJO+ or other high collateral damage, border crossing during an MJO+ in a NATO Article 5 intensity conflict should bear in mind that authorities, POW/detention operations, environment was tested. This was the targeting should not be conducted as it has and engaging dual-use targets especially first exercise of its kind to test such an been conducted during recent operations, with regards to Lines of Communication environment. such as or , that is to say (LOCs) in order to stop the enemy’s in counter-insurgency environments. A advance. These domains generally have Legal advisors (LEGADs) play a key role (COIN) fight can be more restrictions when operate in in the targeting process by reviewing the defined as “comprehensive civilian and COIN than when they operate to counter targeting products to ensure compliance military efforts taken to simultaneously the kinetic invasion of a country by a near- with legal principles. During this exercise, defeat and contain insurgency and address peer adversary. the LEGAD team from LANDCOM its root causes” . Indeed, today’s officers deployed to Norway to serve as the core have been spending most of their careers The planner should focus on the clear element of a legal office reinforced by four dealing with COIN environments. As a distinction and difference between two LEGADs drawn from other NATO or result, specific efforts were needed in order concepts: Targeting and CE. It is important national positions. to adapt their mindset to this different for those planners to exercise unfettered framework in an MJO+. warfighting planning and mindsets. Targeting activities can have heavy legal Indeed, targeting activities require implications. Activities intended to have Of course, in an MJO+ level operation, the numerous additional steps than combat an influence on a particular target may, for decisions for engaging a target (delegation engagement does (for example, CE does

12LAND POWER Reducing planning time / policy and legal constraint

Deliberate Dynamic Combat Self- targeting targeting engagement defence

Prosecution of time-sensitive targets

Pre-emptive action Contact situation target board required No target board required (RCE dependent) Joint targeting

LOAC applies - Oensive ROE permissions Inherent right of Legend self-defence LOAC Law of Armed Con‚ict - within bounds of ROE Rules of Engagement necessity and proportionality

Figure: The engagement continuum, from NATO Standard AJP- 3.9, Allied Joint Doctrine for Joint Targeting, Edition A Version 1, April 2016. not require application of the Collateral enemy forces to be destroyed and those conducted on how to integrate both lethal Damage Estimation process). Due to the targets to be influenced through other and non-lethal targeting into the planning remnants of the COIN mindset across the means. process to produce combined effects LANDCOM staff, multiple designated as well as a result stronger than their targets were determined to be not fit for Effective targeting identifies the targeting individual efforts. The target development the targeting process, but for combat options, both lethal and nonlethal, and synchronization step is of paramount engagement instead during the exercise. to achieve effects that support the importance before the conduct of the commander’s objectives. Lethal assets Targeting Working Group so that all legal Despite the fact that no formal legal are normally employed against targets and political aspects can be properly taken distinction exists to describe combat during operations with the intent to into account. engagement, it is clear that beyond capture or kill. Nonlethal assets are the Fire Support Coordination Line normally employed against targets that Winning the war is not just “killing bad (FSCL), the application of fires would are best engaged and influenced with guys,” but also having a holistic approach be conducted through the execution of Psychological Operations (PSYOPS), to problem solving. A cognitive thought targeting activities. By comparison, Close negotiation, or political, economic, and process should be conducted on the effects Air Support (CAS) and Air Interdiction social programs. The targeting process that the commander wants to produce (AI) are both considered as combat can and should support PSYOPS and on the enemy. There is a whole-of-staff engagement, and are also essential to civil-military operations, based on the thinking process that has to be conducted fighting the fight. commander’s desired end state. In an in order to produce effects leading to the MJO+, there is usually more lethal than desired end state. In order to do so, it is In major combat operations, targeting non-lethal targeting activities, and the also necessary to answer basic questions focuses on identifying capabilities or latter are subject to different reviews. The such as “What is the enemy? What are resources the maneuver commander legal review will generally be much less we doing? What effects do we want to must engage with effects in order for his restrictive for non-lethal targets, provided achieve?” Indeed, the targeting cycle is operation to succeed, then subsequently that the soft targeting activities conducted based on effects; it should also be based attacking them with fire support, aviation, will not have the potential expected threat on the following question: “What is the and close air support. In addition to this on individual’s lives. problem set of the commander and how traditional targeting paradigm, targeting we can add value to that?” can also include a broad range of both Regardless, a reflection should be

LAND POWER13 Exercising MJO+:

MULTICORPS LOGISTICS

By LTC Olivier Reinbold (FRA), tional by the CREVAL team. and cyber-attacks. Its complexity and scale LTC Jose Cordon (ESP), and Mr. provided a considerable problem-set for Mario Pinto (PRT), LANDCOM Getting ready for the exercise was a logisticians to overcome. challenge for the LCC G4 main- The limited availability of Main Supply ly because of the inventiveness of the Routes (MSRs) and the enemy threat Last November, LANDCOM participated scenario. This brand new exercise was built over sea and air Lines of Communication in NATO’s largest exercise of 2017. The up to force G4 to think outside the box, (LoCs) challenged all logistic activities. exercise was a command-post, computer while also trying to adapt its organisation From this perspective, sustainability was a assisted exercise that occurred at NATO’s to a scenario that deliberately generated a major topic during operational planning in Stavanger, Norway. large range of logistics challenges. To fully and it was crucial not only for LANDCOM understand the complexity of the scenario CG but also for the higher . This was the first time in almost 20 years was the first challenge for G4, which was that a Logistics Division exercised a Major done by integrating newcomers by partici- The exercise was conducted from the Joint Operation ‘plus’ (MJO+) scenario. pating in battle staff training that occurred period starting from G+200 in the conflict This exercise confirmed the Logistics in September 2017. The second challenge and was an Article 5 counter aggression. Division’s ability to sustain a MJO+, which was to conduct the sustainment of each Logistic operations became very complex consisted of four Army Corps and one army corps, while solving incidents at the due to the scale of the JOA and the differ- Division plus LCC Troops in a NATO operational and tactical levels. ent types of operations conducted by JTF Article 5 scenario (Collective Defence). NE. LANDCOM G4 was required to fully During the two week exercise at JWC, the Logistic Challenges understand the sustainment design of war G4 Division was rigorously controlled by fighting operations in multiple locations; the Combat Readiness Evaluation (CRE- The fictitious scenario, designed and in the North of Norway NRDC ESP, in the VAL) team in a complex Article 5 scenario directed by NATO’s Joint Warfare Centre, Centre of Norway EURCORPS, and in the that deliberately incorporated the most was comprised of a MJO+ operation to South of Norway NRDC ITA while also demanding challenges the Alliance might restore the sovereignty of Norway while managing counter-hybrid operations in the face in term of sustainment and command concurrently assisting nations adjacent to BSR that involved MNC NE and MND SE and control (C2). The outcome of the the Region (BSR) in order to in Denmark, which also included dealing exercise consisted of the G4 Division being re-establish security and stability in the with an array of military and civilian func- certified mission capable and fully opera- wake of an increasing number of hybrid tions in Northern Europe.

14LAND POWER the G4 members was the key to the success challenging period, since their assignment During this time, LANDCOM logisticians of the LANDCOM G4 Division. to LANDCOM HQ in August to their had to embrace the different interactions deployment in November they needed to between friendly forces, civilian contrac- Integration of Newcomers fully understand the arcane nature of the tors, humanitarian organisations, and exercise. The goal for LANDCOM G4 was the local population. The movements of In the months leading up to the exercise, to drill the newcomers in NATO logistics prisoners of war, the flow of refugees, the LANDCOM G4 personnel participated in related to the exercise. The biggest chal- results of enemy actions on infrastructure, a number of educational and training lenge at that time was that NATO doctrine and high number of casualties contributed opportunities in order to prepare the did not exist that referred to the sustain- to the burden which the G4 Division had Division for their role in the exercise. The ment of a MJO+ operation. to face. aim of the BST was to bring all LAND- COM G4 personnel up to a high level of Nevertheless, it was mandatory for The logistical support established to knowledge and skill. newcomers to fully understand the basic sustain a MJO+ operation was dispersed knowledge of logistics in a very short across Norway, Denmark and the BSR. Another challenge at the time was to fully period of time. The purpose of training A Joint Logistics Support Group (JLSG) integrate newcomers and shift from a periods, conducted by the LANDCOM G4 managed five Theatre Logistics Bases, re- Peace Established (PE) organisation to a division was to implement a clear under- sponsible for the provision of all classes of Crisis Established (CE) Structure. Approx- standing of the logistic principles accord- supply and the distribution of the third line imately one quarter of the LANDCOM G4 ing to the exercise scenario, which was: of logistic support to all LCC formations. PE were newcomers. Never, since WWII had there been such a - To understand the logistic functions logistics design implemented. At the tac- The priority for the LANDCOM G4 was to (supply, maintenance, movement and tical level, the mission of the LANDCOM welcome them and train them on their transport, infrastructure engineering for G4 Division, in close coordination with the roles and tasks in order to achieve a logistics, medical, logistic information different Corps, JTF HQ J4, the JLSG and common level of understanding prior to management, reception, staging and the Host Nations was to: November. This was a challenge well onward movement, contracting, Host mitigated by G4 personnel as they took Nation Support (HNS)). - Maintain second line logistic installation part in the exercises: DACIAN GUARDI- and manage, coordinate and support the AN, and LOYAL BONUS. These exercises - Design and development, acquisition, logistic network in order to (IOT) sustain consisted of Battle Staff training aimed to storage, transport, distribution, mainte- the units deployed in the LCC Area of facilitate the integration of the higher nance, evacuation and disposal of materiel Responsibility (AOR). echelon battle rhythm. LOYAL BONUS II occurred from 2-13 October in order to - Coordinate, de-conflict and monitor all - Continue to provide information as re- train personnel going to the exercise on land movements within the AOO quired for maintaining visibility of logistic cross functional cooperation and coordi- stocks IOT maintain an up to date and ac- nation of the various battle rhythms and - Transportation of personnel curate Recognised Logistics Picture (RLP). events during the exercise. - Acquisition, construction, maintenance, - Coordinate, de-conflict and monitor all After arriving at the Joint Warfare Centre operation and disposition of facilities land movements within the five different in November, personnel conducted LOYAL Corps/Div AORs. LANCE, which was the sixth big external - Acquisition of provision of services training exercise used by LANDCOM to - Maintain the capability to treat and care rehearse its Battle Rhythm (BR), a pre-ex- - Medical and health service support for mass casualties. ercise that occurred just prior to the start of the exercise. LOYAL LANCE included At the end of these training periods the Without being well drilled and trained, both LANDCOM personnel and any LCC logisticians were able to conduct their it would have been very difficult for the augmented reinforcements that were mission in JWC thanks to individual and LANDCOM G4 to act decisively and scheduled to come from various NATO collective training efficiently during the exercise. The Battle member nations IOT fulfil specific roles.

Staff Training conducted in September was This exercise was the last opportunity to Exercise Challenges instrumental in helping the G4 Division check systems, communications and to obtain the CREVAL requirement and internal procedures prior to the start of the Once fully deployed at JWC, G4 began to mission success during the exercise. Infor- exercise. play its role as LCC G4 in a MJO+. mation sharing and teamwork due to the According to the different logistic branches professional and willing attitude of all of For the newcomers it was a busy and it was an outstanding exercise for the

LAND POWER15 movement and transport branch, the Holdings (FP&H), reflecting the entire long does it take?” and MovCC Ops was support and sustainment branch and the strength of the NATO forces that partici- always ready to calculate the required time planning branch in term of interoperabili- pated in the CAX/CPX. Those FP&Hs, to deploy for of all kind forces. ty, C2 and doctrine. after being integrated into a vast Joint Task

FP&H, formed the database used through- Conclusion The complexity of the logistics design and out the whole exercise. This database, processes carried out during the exercise stored in JWC, could then be remotely It can be stated that this was an excellent forced G4 to conduct logistic rehearsals accessed by the pertinent Operators, as experience for the G4 Division of HQ and to use LOGFAS tools in order to well as LOG SOs from each Component, LANDCOM. The great cooperation and increase the interoperability among the JLSG and JTF. coordination within HQ LCC was of different actors involved within the logistic course essential to fulfil the task. However, process. Although LOGFAS was previously the interaction between especially the exercised in an MJO+, this concept and JLSG, JTF, HN and subunits to plan, The goal of the rehearsal was to explain design was never experimented before, coordinate and monitor all land road and to comment on the logistic process which allowed for a near real-time movements was unique in this MJO+ implemented to share information, to interaction between the logistical situation exercise. increase communication between the (movement-transportation/sustainment) different actors, to achieve a shared and the operational requirements at both Moreover, the intensive and realistic use of understanding and to synchronise logistic CC and Joint levels, albeit the challenges Intra Theatre Airlift Support (ITAS), Intra efforts. The rehearsal meeting highlighted involved. Theatre Sealift Support (ITSS) and Railway issues that needed to be improved: transport, coordinated through JLSG, was Due to the robustness of the well-proven a very special experience. All Modes of - The need to integrate and to exchange software tool-set that LOGFAS compose of Transport (MOT) were intensively used in LNOs is particularly effective as they and the competence of its operators and a complex scenario with limited infrastruc- facilitate integration and coordination and managers, the overall performance of the ture and extreme geographic and climatic foster close contact Services was considered excellent, namely circumstances to move a huge number of in providing the necessary data to LAND- LCC troops, stocks and equipment, but at - The need to conduct an accurate COM’s RLP/LC2IS and ultimately to the the same time to de-conflict and coordi- operation planning process especially Joint COP. Effective Visible Execution nate the movements of e.g. POWs, refugees during phase 1 (CPOE) is mandatory (EVE) and (Coalition Reception Staging and IDPs. The above mentioned provides especially IOT have an accurate under- and Onward Movement) CORSOM were an impression of the complexity of standing of the strengths and the weakness the most used tools during the exercise. movements and shows how difficult it is to of the different Host Nations MovCC LOGFAS operators (two NCOs) enable and ensure Freedom of Movement were responsible to analyse, coordinate and (FoM) in the AOO of LCC, therefore By conducting a rehearsal that has been de-conflict ground movements when NATO is using the LOGFAS M&T tools. declared as “best practice to sustain” by the required. CREVAL team, the G4 division increased In the present strategic environment, its operational capability and efficiency. EVE provided all essential information with the deployment of NATO forces about the movements such as departure, requiring rapid movement of personnel,

Utilizing LOGFAS arrival location, estimated and actual time equipment, and materiel across NATO arrivals and the colour coded status territory highlighted the fact that logis- The use of Logistics Functional Area provide information like departed, tics needs to be implement in a realistic Services (LOGFAS) as a common tool for planned, booked, pending or arrived. manner, needs to improve interoperability logisticians to understand the strength of and share information on supplies and NATO forces enhanced our knowledge on CORSOM, the functional area system sustainment. NATO force capability and contributed to designed to show the RSOM process, was increase our capability to well sustain our connected directly with JOCWatch being subordinate troops. able to follow and visualize the incidents on the map in real time allowing LCC G4 Under direction of JFC BRUNSSUM J4 staff to identify what, when and where the and technical guidance from JWC and movement/incident happened. NCIA, the Logistics of the four participat- ing CCs – LANDCOM, MARCOM, One of the most frequent “challenges” that AIRCOM, and SOCC – plus JLSG devel- LOGFAS operators had to face was giving oped their own LOGFAS’ Force Profile & accurate answer for the question: “How

16LAND POWER Exercising MJO+: THE DLE CONCEPT

By Mr. Justin Parker (USA), contingencies need to be created in order ment team staged vehicles and equipment LANDCOM to fill necessary posts should anyone at the General Vecihi Akin Garrison. After become unavailable. Next, Senior National completing a roll call and pack line, the If Allied Land Command is ever called Representatives and Assistant Chiefs of loaded up the vehicles and set upon by the NATO Command out for Cigli Air Force Base in Structure to command forces in northern Izmir. After arriving at the event of a major crisis, the the airbase, LANDCOM forces Headquarters must be mobile and staged and prepped to board a deployable. Turkish military carrier plane. Led by Deputy Opera- In October of 2017, LANDCOM tions BGEN Janos Somogyi and took steps toward achieving a Deputy Chief of Staff Support deployable state by rehearsing the BGEN Valentin Krastev, the team Deployable Land Element concept proceeded to load their gear onto in Izmir, Turkey. The purpose of the aircraft pallet and take their the exercise was to conduct a mock seats within the plane. deployment to a combat zone where LANDCOM would assume force Although boarding a plane seems command. The DEPLOYEX aimed simple on the surface, the logis- to simulate this process and reveal tical requirements to arrange the areas in which LANDCOM must improve Staff are notified of their expected duties. entire event are tremendous. Securing a in order to be properly mobile in crisis. For any deployment, each individual military plane, coordinating a date, and nation is responsible for ensuring that organizing soldiers to mobilize is no small Sending a soldier to war is no simple their soldiers are in fact deployable. This feat. In practice, LANDCOM identified task and requires a significant amount of includes medical, dental, hearing, vaccina- some valuable lessons that will certainly be planning and organization. Identifying the tions, equipping, personal administration applicable moving forward. key leaders and as well as the soldiers that as well as pre-deployment training. have the requisite skills to deploy alone takes a week. As with any mission, staffing Early in the morning, a Crisis Establish-

LAND POWER17 C4 at the

eFP BATTLE GROUPS

By Mr. Tugrul Sengezer (TUR) and face daily at the front. the interoperabilty gap. The exchange of MAJ Lewis Seau (USA), LAND- radios is recommended for static locations, and the current maneuver interoperability COM Preliminary staff estimates to guarantee Minimum Military Requirement (MMR) recommendation is the use of a TVB. IP for Communications and Information over radio is another solution tested by NATO’s reinforced deterrence and defence Systems (CIS) capabilities are met identi- LANDCOM which may also serve as an stance along it’s eastern flank was fulfilled fied secure voice and data as the gate for interim solution to tactical interoperability with the launch of four enhanced Forward affirming Initial Capability (IC). These problems. Presence (eFP) Battle Groups (BG) in June mission essential services across multiple of 2017. Recognizing Command, Control, Host Nations (HNs), and BG command STEADFAST COBALT (SFCT) exercise Computers, and Communications (C4) posts were validated last year. series is an Allied Command Operations interoperability for such an effort is a co- (ACO) led exercises aimed to test interop- lossal task; JFCBS, HQ MNC NE, and HQ In an attempt to provide a network across erability amongst NATO Response Forces MND NE’s signal community immediately a multi-national geographic battle-space, (NRF) and land forces. LANDCOM has began coordination to ensure the ‘Voice of the multi-echelon CIS community looked been using this exercise series as a venue Command’ is heard across the battle-space. at the Federated Mission Network (FMN) for testing tactical interoperability since principles. Their efforts at creating a plug 2015 as one of the Officer Directing the LANDCOM has been working with 29 and play solution for network integration Exercise (ODE). NATO nations with varying person- is the first tangible network of its kind ever nel, equipment, and training to identify attempted in NATO. Once complete, it will LANDCOM conducted site visits in shortfalls in their tactical communication set the baseline for future network require- September and December 2017 to codify capabilities. Specifically in the Baltic re- ments, capabilities and allow nations to lessons learned for eFP. Although in its gion with the eFP nations on the forefront easily integrate into Mission Secret (MS) infancy, and a lot remains to be done – the of the visible deterrence element. Tactical networks. eFP CIS capabilities are on glidepath to communications using compatible radio reach Full Capability (FC) by the end of systems and encryption is critical. Speak- Overcoming secure tactical voice chal- 2018. This will allow some of the solutions ing in clear mode in today’s environment lenges by exchanging radios between units mentioned above to be thoroughly tested, is a risk and subjects our allies to effortless or use of a tactical voice bridge (TVB) and implemented. compromise by hostile forces. This con- are suggested solutions to overcoming cern is a reality the eFP BG maneuver units

18LAND POWER Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE

By MAJ Mark Kerr (GBR), LANDCOM

Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 2018 is an Allied Command Transformation sponsored two level (Operational and Tactical) joint exercise taking place in North-West Europe in October and November 2018. There are two parts to the exercise, a Field Training Exercise (LIVEX) and a Command Post Exercise (CPX). The LIVEX will see the deployment of close to 30,000 land forces to Norway, and an equivalent amount of maritime and air assets deployed to Norway, Sweden, and .

The construct of the LIVEX is unique in NATO exercise history. It will be a two- party, force on force exercise: two equal forces, comprised of NATO and Partner multinational Brigade, and LANDCOM beneficial training event for NATO – the Armed Forces will battle each other on will have a Canadian, a Norwegian and realism of actually deploying forces on land, sea and in the air. Twenty-four a Swedish multinational Brigade. While this scale, having them received by a nations are contributing military forces these six countries are the lead nations in Host Nation, and then employing them to play an active role in the exercise; the multinational , each Brigade tactically in a challenging climate and many more are sending staff officers and comprises Land Forces of several NATO or terrain will provide huge training value. observers. Beyond the military, several Partner nations. Non-Governmental Organisations and TRIDENT JUNCTURE 18 LIVEX is International Organisations will also take In order to control this force-on-force designated as a High-Visibility exercise part in the exercise. battle, and to provide safety, real-life for NATO – a venue to showcase NATO accident support and to liaise with land- fighting power and a vehicle for Strategic LANDCOM has led the planning and owners, the public and emergency services, Communication. This event will be preparation of the Land elements of LANDCOM and the Host Nation Norway attended by 400 high-level visitors and 200 the LIVEX, and will play vital roles will establish an organisation called international media and will comprise of in its execution. The Land element the Joint Land Heavy Local Operations an Air Power Display, a Joint Capability of the LIVEX will see two Divisional Control, which will act as an “Exercise Demonstration in the form of an sized forces go head-to-head across Control forward” on behalf of the Exercise amphibious landing on a beach and a Land hundred of kilometres of central Norway, Director. Forces Static Display. LANDCOM staff ranging from Trondheim in the North are responsible for elements of the Joint to Lillehammer in the South. The two This exercise will prove hugely demanding Capability Demonstration and the Land Land Components will be commanded for participating units – the weather Forces Static Display. In total, TRIDENT by 1st German / Corps and the terrain will be unfamiliar to JUNCTURE 18 LIVEX will see around 150 (1GNC) and by LANDCOM. Each of most, and the multinational nature of LANDCOM personnel deploy to Norway these HQs will have three multinational Brigades, and in some cases in October and November 2018 in one of Brigades under command – 1GNC will even Companies will test Alliance the three roles outlined above. have a German, a British and an Italian interoperability. It will be a hugely

LAND POWER19 Increased focus on GENDER INTEGRATION

By LTC Alberto Strina (ITA), Alliance generates a substantial military based on what is written in the UN LANDCOM advantage in the analysis of the operating documents, present in many areas with environment through the involvement of a thousands of peacekeepers NATO has wider range of actors or groups. The elaborated a series of definitions on the LANDCOM has been commited to an benefit to operations is realised in facilitat- issue of gender, recognised by all countries increased focus on the integration of the ing the access to new and in some cases of the Atlantic Pact and beyond. In gender perspective into all aspects of more effective resources or useful tools for particular, the term gender refers to those land-related operations over the past the performance of any phase of an aspects that determine the position year. This has been evident through of a person in a given context, as the increased attention given to well as the relationships between gender perspectives in land men and women and between operations, integrating gender boys and girls. The integration of issues into major NATO training the Gender perspective is defined exercises and through the first Key as a “tool for assessing gender Leader Seminar hosted by LAND- differences between men and COM specifically on the gender women in terms of their social perspective. roles, the distribution of power and access to resourc‌es”. Gender Perspectives in Gender Perspectives in Operations Exercises NATO has shown an increased During the daily activities of the interest in recent years towards the LANDCOM during Exercise implementation of the gender Trident Javelin 2017, the main perspective in peace support result obtained from the gender operations or crisis response operations. operation, expressing an added value perspective area was the contribution of There is recognition at the operational compared to the most popular military the gender to the NATO Comprehensive level as well of the value this focus can functions traditionally employed. Eventu- Approach. The application of this approach have, serving as an additional capability, to ally, the extensive involvement and analysis requires all actors involved, including be used for the success of a military of all social groups allows us to study the international, local, military and civil, to mission. Considering that in the fight effects generated by the conflict on society take an active part in resolving the crisis, against radical terrorism the contribution and to direct the operations with adapta- sharing its responsibilities and contribut- of all the actors is crucial for the achieve- tions useful for influencing their course ing according to its position in society and ment of an effective, sustainable and long and obtaining a traditional military its possibilities. By proposing the gender lasting security, the implementation of the advantage. Because of this, the gender perspective in this context, it is evident gender perspective proves itself fundamen- perspective stands as an instrument, like that the Comprehensive Approach cannot tal because it addresses the new challenges the different military capabilities and exclude women, the elderly, boys and girls and global threats with an “inclusive” functions available, useful for the success and all those members of the population approach. This approach includes ac- of the military mission presenting itself as that a few years ago were considered only knowledgement of the roles ascribed by a combat reducer and a force multiplier, victims of conflicts without any active role society, of the roles defined by gender, of allowing the achievement of the military in resolving crises. Eventually, the adop- political and religious roles, and includes and political objective with a reduction of tion of the gender perspective in the involving and analyzing all groups and the direct confrontation between opposing international military missions is conjugat- every type of social actor. Recent opera- parties and with a simultaneous increase of ed as an analytical tool that helps to read tional and training applications have effectiveness of the Force deployed. From the reality in which we find ourselves and shown how the development of the the experience gained during operations we operate taking into consideration the integration of a gender perspective by the particularly in the Afghan theater and point of view of all the actors involved in

20LAND POWER order to be able to put into practice actions building), as a cross cutting Future Implementation that can lead to lasting solutions to function, complete and enhance conflicts and crises. In this perspective, the various operational functions. The example of the LANDCOM HQ and LANDCOM has undertaken a double its contribution to NATO’s gender policies strategy in its daily application of the Key Leader Seminar on helped us to read the present and future gender perspective. Gender threats: There is definitely a completely new profile of the kind of enemy who The first strategy aims to have an external In November, LANDCOM hosted the first NATO will have to fight with more impact on the image and the message that ever Key Leader Seminar on Gender. adequate countermeasures. As Chantal de the organisation wants to project of itself. Invited to brief were representatives from Jonge Oudraat explains, the increasing It gives visibility to professionals who the Nordic Center for Gender within the radicalization has led to an increase in the functionally act as a model for military Military (NCGM), the center of excellence number of women recruited by violent and operations in all of its phases, but above all of the Scandinavian countries accredited extremist groups, which makes gender promote the involvement and empower- by NATO and the for analysis a relevant tool for a more descrip- ment of different groups in the manage- dealing and developing gender issues in tive assessment. With this scenario the ment and resolution of a crisis. In operations. At the end of the seminar, the function of the LANDCOM HQ is the MJO+ exercise in November, configured as a model for the LANDCOM had to deal with a application of the gender perspec- civil “environment” (population, tive, for example within anti-ter- civil organisations, politicians and rorism including the analysis of religious), invested by a real female and male members of conflict scenario for the necessary violent organisations and all the application of NATO Article 5. It actors who perpetuate or promote is therefore evident that the the development of violent gender perspective does not apply consequences of any ideology. The only to modern types of threats, identification and study of the but the Alliance must necessarily activities connected with support- apply it also to the one that ers or actors of the extreme traditionally legitimizes its radicalism, in fact, it will be useful intervention according to Article for understanding the gender 5 of the . As dynamics of the areas of interest an example, during a scenario that and will help us to understand obliges the members of the how and who is playing an active collective defense in the event of an attack NCGM called LANDCOM a “role model” role in conflict environments. Finally, on against one of the nations belonging to the for the application of the gender perspec- the issue of conflict resolution, one of the Alliance. LANDCOM would work to tive within NATO. The headquarters’in- cornerstones of the post-war process address a “balanced” image of the organi- creased focus on this topic creates a greater would be the inclusion of women as part of sation, resolutely promoting the applica- awareness both within the command and the same nation that needs to be rebuilt, tion of force and at the same time being effects other NATO commands as well. In entering the public sphere with an active able to impose respect for its values. the words of Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, contribution. A priority of the military President of Women in International force is the involvement of the main actors The second strategy aims to adopt a gender Security (WIIS), “gender balance is (used with an application of an inclusive gender perspective for analysis that will shape the as) an extremely powerful counter-mes- perspective in which the most vulnerable effectiveness of operations in which the sage about the kind of society we want to groups will have the possibility to play a Command will be affected against radical live in”. new active role in the peace process. terrorism and or the control of the Considering any circumstances from Alliance’s borders. In this regard, the role With this in mind, the current objective of within the fragile environment, the of the Gender Advisors and the LAND- LANDCOM is to qualitatively increase the creation of post-crisis states and the COM Gender Focal Points is to support application of NATO gender perspective implementation of security sector reforms, the gender perspective in training and and quantitatively apply a policy in terms vulnerable groups that are usually part of operational effects, supporting the of gender balance, including female staff the conflict scenario as victims of sexual Commander with the study, analysis and for training events crucial for the establish- abuse or economic inequality, should training of his . (Gender Key ment of the Command in the 2018, thus participate in the recovery of their Leader Seminar) up to the last of the showing a resolute commitment to the communities as fully responsive members, soldiers (Gender awareness capacity affirmation of gender balance. in order to achieve a global peace process.

LAND POWER21 MILCOOP in KUWAIT

By LTC Tore Bade (NOR), LAND- tion Initiative (ICI) Regional Centre and bers of Kuwait Armed Forces personnel COM finally 2018-2019 partnership activities participating in NATO activities over the available to Kuwait. Additionally, NATO last several years. In fact, in 2017, Kuwait In November, LANDCOM MilCoop presented Kuwait with an in-depth briefing had a record number of Kuwaiti military supported a JFCNP-led NATO delegation, of the NSD-S Hub to highlight NATO’s personnel receiving NATO training since to Kuwait to conduct a NATO Expert newest capability following its recent the beginning of the 13-year partnership. Staff Meeting (ESM). The NATO team inauguration. LTC Tore Bade, MilCoop Brig. Gen. Kloss who led the NATO dele- consisted of representatives from various Branch Head, LANDCOM provided an gation, highlighted the increase in partici- NATO headquarters that have partner- pation and encouraged Kuwait to continue ship activities with Kuwait, including JFC the trend. The meeting was very successful Military Partnership Branch, the overall, with open and fruitful discussions NATO and LANDCOM resulting in a better understanding of Military Cooperation Branch. The team what still needs to be done to continue the was received at the Kuwaiti Armed Forces partnership growth trend between NATO Headquarters by General Amhad and Kuwait. Al Khalaf, Director of Military Coopera- tion, and other personnel from across the After the meeting, Kuwaiti Armed Forc- Kuwaiti Armed Forces, including senior es took the NATO delegation to visit the leaders from the Kuwaiti Land, Air, Naval recently inaugurated NATO-ICI Regional and Air Defense Forces. Centre. This facility was constructed by Kuwait, solely for the use of partnership Ahmad Al Khalaf initial presentation of LANDCOM and its activities between NATO and the ICI opened the meeting by welcoming the Partner activities, followed by an indepth partner nations (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar NATO team and the opportunity to receive presentation of the OCC programme. and UAE). Since the beginning of formal an update on NATO programs. Topics of Kuwait is currently considering whether to activities in the Centre two months ago, discussion ranged across a review of 2017 join OCC programme. NATO has conducted two Mobile Training partnership activities, LANDCOM and its Teams led by JFC Naples J7 Training-Ex- partnership capabilities, Operational Capa- The NATO military partnership with ercise and J9 Civil-Military Cooperation bility Concept, NATO-Istanbul Coopera- Kuwait has seen a steady growth in num- Sections, respectively.

22LAND POWER Challenges for the MEDEVAC SYSTEM

By Lt. Vasilica Virjoghe (ROU), transport as part of the continuum of care. LANDCOM Therefore, it is one of the most important To achieve its mission, a MEDEVAC components of the whole Medical Support system must have specific capabilities, The task of medical support in military concept. in accordance with the standards of operations is to support the mission, healthcare and operational principles, through conservation of manpower, In general MEDEVAC units are described like the ability to evacuate casualties preservation of life and minimization of in terms of which area along the chain to or between MTFs 24 hours a day, in residual physical and mental disabilities. of evacuation they operate. Forward all weather, and sea conditions over all Appropriate medical support is a force MEDEVAC provides transport for patients terrain and in any operational scenario, multiplier and makes a major contribution from the point of wounding to the initial as long as compatible with the situation to both force protection and morale of the MTF. This is required by operational of the moment. It must ensure the troops. It is maybe not the critical factor circumstances to meet clinical timelines. provision of medical sustainment of for gaining military superiority in the Forward MEDEVAC by Ground means the casualty throughout the evacuation, operational theatre but it is definitely the is primarily a national responsibility. using appropriately trained medical staff most important component for losing it. Tactical MEDEVAC is the evacuation of and medical equipment as required by The medical support to a force must be casualties within the Joint Operational the clinical condition of the individual capable of maintaining the necessary Area (JOA), transporting patients between casualty. And at the same time, it should quality and quantity of treatment and different MTFs, Role 1, Role 2 Basic or have the ability to regulate the flow and evacuation activities not just only during Enhanced, Role 3 and CSU (Casualty types of patients when circumstances peace, but more critically in crisis and Staging Unit, for the handover to Strategic require and accurately track patients conflict. MEDEVAC). Accordingly, patients will throughout the chain of evacuation in a routinely have been stabilised prior to timely manner. Evacuation of casualties is a fundamental evacuation. Strategic MEDEVAC is the component of medical support. Medical evacuation of casualties from the JOA, to Looking back into the past operational Evacuation (MEDEVAC) is not only the the home nation, to other NATO countries context we can observe the increased movement of patients under medical or to a temporary out of theatre safe focus on Non-Article 5 Operations (Peace supervision to Medical Treatment Facilities area. Strategic MEDEVAC is primarily a support, Peace Keeping, Humanitarian (MTFs), but as well the continuous national responsibility. Assistance, etc.) or Out-of-Area provision of health care during the

LAND POWER23 Operations where air superiority was the same time to maintain the provision of ambulances should be reviewed to increase not an issue and war was not sufficiently medical treatment within the framework the capability to evacuate high dependency intense to generate massive flows of of aforementioned principles, the ground casualties. casualties. In this context evacuation MEDEVAC concept must be rethought. efforts focused on Air MEDEVAC rather A robust medical evacuation system ​The experiences of planning and executing than Ground MEDEVAC as the main requires the following qualities: exercises have indicated a need for a element for both forward and tactical Timeliness, Availability (aiming for 24 transfer point between forward and rear MEDEVAC. hours a day, in all weather and sea states, area. Extended lines of communication, over all terrain and in any operational terrain and weather conditions, limitations Currently, the evolving security scenario), Continuity and Multinational in use of air assets and mass flow of environment creates challenging interoperability. Extended AOO, limited casualties hinder the proper evacuation conditions for support due to high use of air assets and length of evacuation of casualties according to regulations intensity, non-linear battlefields with high routes pose a real limitation and risk of and documentation. Casualty Exchange mobility on the tactical and operational not receiving appropriate standard of Point between front line and rear area level. There are increased numbers of emergency medical care based on clinical of operations could help to provide casualties and increased mortality rates needs and the qualities which were appropriate medical support during the due to the progressive capabilities and mentioned above. evacuation. MEDEVAC assets of the kinetic effects of weapon systems, as well front line would be able to focus more on as the A2AD threat and the high possibility ​For maximum efficiency of resources Forward MEDEVAC rather than Tactical of losing air superiority. These conditions a revised ground medical evacuation MEDEVAC, as MEDEVAC assets of the require a mind-set change with a deeper concept could reduce losses and save rear area take over casualties already at the look into the necessity and potential of a our soldiers. The main problem with the Casualty Exchange Point. new medical evacuation concept. existing ground MEDEVAC concept is that is not tailored to extensive and large The Casualty Exchange Point should be co- In a large scale warfighting scenario as scale warfighting scenarios. Mainly in located but not subordinated to a Corps or mentioned above when casualty rates rise specialized documentation the ground Divisional Role 2/3 MTF, this providing the and when the tactical/operational situation MEDEVAC concept is described very possibility of accommodating airframes, prevents the employment of air assets (due basically. Ground MEDEVAC assets trains or buses. It should have an enhanced to A2AD threat, lack of air superiority, are generally considered for Forward triage and nursed bed capability and etc.) casualties will have to be moved by MEDEVAC and additionally the capacity which enables it to direct patients Ground MEDEVAC to the appropriate responsibilities from Point of wounding either to the Role 2 MTF accommodated MTF or between MTFs. Not only through Role 1 are national, which has with or to other identified rear area movement is restricted, but also number focused the MEDEVAC concept in MTFs and to provide medical assistance of casualties could be challenging, leading NATO Medical Documentation on an Air to patients waiting to be evacuated. The to the consideration of mass evacuation of MEDEVAC concept. waiting time for evacuation to the rear area casualties with various types of transport should be planned according to the best like buses and trains. ​The precondition of the evacuation of practices, capabilities, capacities and scale huge casualty number foreseen in a high of operation. The features of a large scale scenario will scale conflict is based on an increased ​ have a direct impact on medical evacuation capacity of Ground MEDEVAC assets. Ground MEDEVAC as part of the ranging from higher numbers of casualties Thus, buses, trains, ferries, etc. must be evacuation chain became more important, to evacuation limitations. At all times reconsidered in order to increase both as conventional large scale warfighting the timelines of treatment, continuum capacity and capabilities to provide scenarios have arisen. A new Ground of care and best medical practices are medical assistance along the extended MEDEVAC concept could be the response the overarching principles of medical and mass evacuation. The minimum to upcoming challenges with focus on treatment. These factors shape the medical requirement for ambulances is described consideration and development of means, support and evacuation plan to provide in terms of capacity. The capability of casualty exchange points between front line the best and most efficient support to these assets is stated as 1-2 casualties for and rear areas, transfer of responsibility troops on the ground. These factors should ambulances with advanced units as well for MEDEVAC execution to the receiving be taken into consideration not only for as 2-4 casualties for basic life support unit, review of design for ambulances planning purposes but also as the promise ambulances. This concept is tailored to and increase in interoperability and and obligation of all commanders. ensure the high level of medical support in standardization of national medical assets In order to overcome the inherent conflicts but did not consider the design of in a multinational context. limitations posed by large scale new conflicts with high peaks of casualties conventional warfighting scenarios and at mentioned above. Therefore the design of

24LAND POWER MND-SE PREPARING FOR DACIAN LANCER

By (USA) Justin Parker

By MND-SE Public Affairs to transform an idea into a project and Guidance, supervising and precious pieces then put it in practice. From the initial of advice of NATO experts were really capability on 1 July, 2016, personnel from useful and appreciated. They took care In spring 2018 HQ MND-SE will perform all over and other 14 contributive that the HQ personnel fit into the rigor- ”Dacian Lancer 2018” exercise through countries came to work together at HQ ous standards as fast and easy as possible. which it will demonstrate final capability MND-SE. The team expanded and very As a rewarding of their professionalism, achievement. good work relations were formed due to experience and expertise, HQ MND-SE personnel were asked to help multinational By reaching the final capability, HQ MND- exercises. SE will be able to ensure the command and control of an Article 5 NATO operation – Participating to these international exer- Collective Defence, to contribute this way cises, the HQ MND-SE personnel had the to the consolidation of Eastern Flank of the opportunity to exchange valuable training Alliance, to the security of the territory and experience in a joint environment with population of member states. specialized personnel from other NATO structures. In 2016 HQ MND-SE con- Being fully operational by spring, the head- ducted exercises Dacian Lynx 2016 and quarters will be proof of Romania fulfilling DACIAN LANCE 2016, supported NATO its objectives in the promised timeframe exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 2016 and and in accordance with the Alliance's level US Army Europe (USAREUR) exercise of ambition and the adopted measures the multinational character of HQ MND- SABER GUARDIAN 2016. In 2017 HQ taken in 2014 at Great Britain's Summit. SE. From the activation on 1 December, MND-SE conducted exercises Noble Jump 2015, HQ MND-SE personnel had to face 2017, which was a huge logistic effort, It all started on 15 September, 2015, when many challenges in order to merge with supported NATO exercise Trident Joust Romanian 1st Infantry Division ”DACICA” all the demanding lines of efforts from the 2017 and US Army Europe (USAREUR) was transformed into HQ MND-SE. Led Implementation Plan. All that is achieved exercise Saber Guardian 2017. by Ovidiu-Liviu Uifăleanu, today is the result of a common effort the small but very proficient core managed between NATO structures.

LAND POWER25 NRDC-ITA: COMBAT READY

By LTC Dimitar Dimitrov (BGR), based. These framework nations, the restrictions and limitations, plans, and LANDCOM core of the new force, are expected to many other administrative details. provide headquarters, combat forces, logistics and enablers. In 2018, NATO Phase 2 was executed immediately following At the Wales Summit in 2014, NATO Allies Rapid Deployable Corps (NRDC- the conclusion of Phase 1 and finished on agreed to enhance the capabilities of the ITA) is the framework nation and the 11th 27 October 2017 when the Evaluation Team NATO Response Force in order to adapt Bersaglieri is the spearhead Chief announced the end of the CREVAL and respond to the emerging security of VJTF18 “Ariete” Brigade HQ ITA. and signed the Unit CREVAL Formal challenges posed by Russian and increased Report. In this phase, units proceed to their risks coming from the Middle East and Tactical Assembly Areas and demonstrate North . This enhanced capability their capabilities during a LIVEX. was the Very High Readiness Joint Task Evaluators assess the exercise based off of Force (VJTF) comprised of a multinational AFS Vol. VII Criteria and Performance brigade of approximately 5,000 soldiers Measures. Senior NATO monitor’s and up to five manoeuvre battalions. If cosigned it stating the CREVAL was activated, the force will be available to move conducted in accordance with AFS Vol. VII. immediately, following the first warnings and indicators of potential threats, The 11th Bersaglieri Regiment CREVAL before a crisis begins, to act as a potential was well executed. The demanding deterrent to further escalation. The rapid scenario used for the Field Evaluation arrival of this small but capable military allowed the evaluated unit personal and the unit would send a very clear message Regiment as a whole to demonstrate their to any potential aggressor: “any attempt Phase 1, or In- Evaluation, of the skills, professionalism, motivation and to violate the sovereignty of one NATO CREVAL began on 23 October 2017. This cohesion. During the Phase 1 and Phase 2 nation will result in a decisive military phase aims to verify all unit documentation the Regiment performed well. The unit was engagement with all 29 allied nations”. and plans. The primary mission of this awarded excellence in all evaluated areas phase is to confirm the unit mission, and the Evaluation Team Chief declared The VJTF is established on a rotational and primary tasks, current training status, table the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment COMBAT persistent basis and will not be permanently of organization and equipment, national READY.

26LAND POWER NRDC-TUR:

EURASIAN STAR 17

By NRDC-TUR Public Affairs

NRDC-Turkey conducted Exercise EUR- ASIAN STAR 2017 (EAST 17) in Istanbul between 08-15 December 2017 .

Aim of the exercise was to plan and conduct an Article V operation under direct command of SACEUR, in order to maintain and improve NRDC-TUR’s and its JLSG’s Joint Processes developed in the lead up to and execution of TRJR 16.

The exercise focused on Land operations majoring on combat operations.

This was a command post exerise at tain and improve NRDC Turkey and the tasks and responsibilities. the Operational/Tactical Level and was Joint Logistic Support Group (JLSG) joint designed to exercise the headquarters' processes. The Execution Phase took place from 08- sustainability in its JTF HQ role during its 15 Dec 2017 at the NRDC-TUR training standby period. SEEBRIG HQ participated in this exercise area (DRASH) in Istanbul. with 2 officers from Na-3 and Na-7, as The exercise was also sustainment exer- augmentees. The Officer Scheduling the Exercise (OSE), cise that ensured all elements of the Joint the Officer Conducting the Exercise (OCE) Task Force are still combat ready, and fully Exercise EURASIAN STAR provided the and the Officer Directing the Exercise prepared. SEEBRIG delegation with necessary skills (ODE) roles was assumed by NRDC-T. and knowledge to make SEEBRIG HQ The exerciese was also designed to main- more effective and capable in meeting its

LAND POWER27 RRC-FRA: JOINT OPS PLANNING GROUP

By COL Jochen Sauvant (DEU) and LTC David Tier (USA)

By COL Jochen Sauvant (DEU), from subject matter experts (SME) ranging issues, and provide briefings to leadership, LTC David Tier (USA), RRC-FRA from non-NATO international organiza- all while securing access to the necessary tions to the national territorial forces of computer networks and other communi- For more than 5 weeks from September member nations. It is a thorough and de- cations connections. The HQ identified to October 2016, Rapid Reaction Corps- liberate process. As a result of the exercise, an area, cleaned it, delivered basic furni- (RRC-FR) conducted the Crisis Re- JWC identified RRC-FR best practices in ture such as desks, chairs, and team-level sponse Planning (CRP) phase of Exercise development of Technical Arrangements cubicle dividers, and coordinated for J6 Trident Jaguar 2017 (TRJR17). TRJR17 with adjacent HQs, wargaming, and Oper- to connect workstations to the network. was the annual NATO exercise designed ational Liaison and Reconnaissance Team Then, soon before it would be called into to certify a NATO Force Structure corps (OLRT) actions. action, the JOPG began a short build-up headquarters as a Joint Task Force Head- phase where augmentee personnel traveled quarters (JTF HQ) capable of conducting RRC-FR’s planning process was a success to the location, occupied their accommo- a land-centric Small Joint Operation. The in the sense that it was well-prepared, dations, divided into assigned teams and exercise was divided into three phases: well-organized, well-led, and faithfully working groups, and began a dry battle CRP, Reception Staging Onward Move- applied the COPD almost exactly by the rhythm intended to familiarize all with one ment and Integration (RSOMI), and Exe- book and to the letter. To prepare for another, processes and resources, as well cution. Evaluators from the Joint Warfare the planning exercise, J5 identified the as for JOPG leadership to recognize any Centre (JWC) observed all phases, seeking personnel necessary to man a Joint Op- adjustments that should be made before to identify best practices as well as deter- erational Planning Group (JOPG) per the the CRP began in earnest. mine areas where RRC-FR should improve Crisis Establishment (CE), and coordi- to achieve NATO standards. The CRP nated personnel arrival and life support RRC-FR had already received products focused on the ability of RRC-FR to con- arrangements. Next, J5 assigned a plans from a notional SACEUR and SHAPE duct operational-level campaign planning team leader to reconnoiter a suitable JOPG in June initiating the exercise. RRC-FR in accordance with methods established working space and develop an occupation sent an Operational Planning and Liasion in Allied Command Operation’s (ACO) plan. The main challenge in this task was Element (OPLE) to SHAPE in order to Comprehensive Operations Planning Di- finding an area within the garrison where more quickly pass information back to rective (COPD). The COPD describes the approximately 100 staff officers could the HQ, while also helping provide inputs NATO method to develop operational-lev- work collaboratively, conduct meetings at and shape the strategic plan. The strategic el campaign plans and maximizes input various echelons appropriate for a range of documents issued by higher HQs created

28LAND POWER the framework to govern the exercise and immediately follow the evening plenary. (RLS) for augmentees with the help of two provide direction for RRC-FR to apply its Led by the JOPG leader, and attended by NCO assistants, was the single unifying efforts. Once established, the JOPG set to the Head Planner, team leaders, and JOPG POC for SMEs, LOs, and the RFI manager, work. As Murphy’s Law tends to impact all Coordinator, the huddle would address the supervised computer, network, printer, levels of military operations, not just the next steps in more detail. and software issues, and staffed necessary tactical, an unfortunate HQ power outage documents for signature to the appropriate shut down computer networks and cook- The JOPG was organized into three core approval authority. ing facilities. Modern staff work highly (“Blue”) planning teams, the Red Team, depends on functioning infrastructure, SME/LO cell, and a leadership . Over the course of campaign planning, the foremost information technology, but by Each of the core planning teams were JOPG created key products as instructed reviving certain “old school” methods like composed of a J-5 Team Leader and by the COPD. RRC-FR produced and working on paper, RRC-FR was neverthe- approximately 10 cross-functional staff delivered an Operational Warning Order, less able to limit work delays. representatives (e.g. assessment, J-35, J-4, Advice to SACEUR on Military Response J-9, STRATCOM, etc.). The Red Team Options (MROs), a Mission Analysis Even the most brilliant military planning was created out of RRC-FR’s Intelligence Briefing, Operational Planning Guid- is useless when its results are delivered too Knowledge Division-Plans branch. Each ance, a Decision Briefing, an Operational late. The staff must be disciplined to deliver plans Team Leader would manage the tasks Planning Directive, a Concept of Opera- an 80% product on time rather than a assigned by the Head Planner and JOPG tions (CONOPS), and an Operational Plan 100% product after the deadline. The key leader, delegate tasks within their teams, (OPLAN) to include the respective State- to success is developing a thorough “Plan then supervise the creation and delivery of ment of Requirements (SORs) and Rules the Plan” affixing milestones and delivera- required products. One deficiency of the of Engagement Requests (ROEREQs). The ble due dates which account for Command JOPG was the lack of a Green Team. Com- most important part of successfully con- Group input. This is easier said than done. posed of staff officers focused on analyzing ducting the Operational Planning Process At the outset, RRC-FR’s JOPG published a the host nation, international organiza- (OPP) was having a good Plan-the-Plan. Plan the Plan timeline which recorded due tions, and other neutral actors, a Green RRC-FR’s JOPG Plan-the-Plan allocated dates for key deliverables, divided major Team is necessary to comprehensively enough time for each portion, and the HQ tasks and assigned them to planning teams, understand an operating environment. was sufficiently disciplined to stay on track. and attempted to allow sufficient time for To develop a good OPLAN, a JOPG should leadership review at each echelon between The JOPG leadership section consisted of disproportionately allocate time in favor the JOPG and the Commander. The JOPG 5 officers and 2 enlisted personnel. The of factor analysis. This lays the foundation had 3 blue planning teams, a red planning ACOS J5 served as JOPG leader and was for the plan and is the time when deep team, and a collection of liaison officers, the primary point-of-contact (POC) to thought starts. RRC-FR’s JOPG allocated SMEs, and other staff functions grouped engage senior RRC-FR leaders. He provid- approximately 1/6th of its available time in a Liaison Officer (LO) cell. Next, the ed a daily backbrief and progress report to factor analysis. In aggregate, however, JOPG began a daily battle rhythm with a to members of the Command Group, more actual time should be allocated in morning plenary session that the entire scheduled formal engagements, coordinat- favor of creating the Operational Design. JOPG attended, now numbering 101 ed submission of products for review by The most important component of the De- personnel, and would receive an update the Commander, and directed the Head sign, and single most important portion of from the Head Planner or key team leaders Planner and Team Leaders in accordance the entire OPP, is the Operational Frame- depending on the specific topic. The Head with Command Group guidance. The DA- work. The Operational Framework is the Planner would indicate the point in the COS J5 served as Head Planner whose role conceptual map of the campaign plan planning process where the JOPG was, was to assign tasks in accordance with the and requires the most intense thinking to what was next, and highlighted impor- COPD, make planning decisions on devel- establish the Operational Objectives, craft tant suspenses. The bulk of the work day opment and content of the plan within the Decisive Conditions, discern desired Op- was divided into morning and afternoon authorized discretion of the JOPG leader, erational Effects, and group them all into planning sessions led by the planning and recommend decisions above that au- structured Lines of Operation. RRC-FR team leaders. Also during the day, JOPG thority upwards in the chain of command. allocated approximately 1/4 of its available leaders and selected SMEs would brief One of the core J5 planners was selected planning time to Design. The last stage senior leaders at important milestones or as JOPG Coordinator. The JOPG also had of developing the CONOPS is Course of otherwise as needed. Then, each evening, a designated Information Manager who Action (COA) Development. This involves the JOPG would hold an evening plenary reported to the Coordinator. Selected from several steps which include analysis, session with all members to announce any the J9 branch, the Information Manager wargaming, and comparison. RRC-FR new information from higher echelons and collected products from the planning allocated approximately 1/3 of its planning updated guidance from RRC-FR leader- teams in accordance with prescribed time to COA Development. The remaining ship. A JOPG leader’s huddle would then suspenses, coordinated Real Life Support 1/4 of RRC-FR’s planning time was delib-

LAND POWER29 erately reserved to prepare and conduct wargame. Well-researched, well-organ- not to prematurely rule out operational the various briefings. After completing the ized, and conducted in the HQ’s premiere approaches, such as high-intensity conflict. plan, the JOPG still needed to produce the briefing room, the team leader structured This could limit development of Courses OPLAN. Writing the main body, annexes, a process that was focused, thorough, and of Action (COAs) to achieve operational and creating all the tables, diagrams, and expeditious. Moreover, all participants objectives. HQs must be prepared for the maps required roughly an equal amount of brought their most professional skills to entire spectrum of conflict. Another les- time as the planning portion. the occasion. Another of the best practic- son-learned was to ensure the Framework es identified by JWC were the actions of Nation identified augmentees by-name well At the end of the exercise, RRC-FR’s JOPG the OLRT. Led by a Deputy Chief of Staff in advance of an exercise to ensure the right completed the OPP having produced all (DCOS), the OLRT deployed swiftly and person with the appropriate qualifications the requirements prescribed by the COPD. engaged key members of the Host Nation, would attend. Another lesson identified One of the best practices JWC cited were observed and reported infrastructure con- was to ensure that all key JOPG positions the JOPG’s planned Technical Arrange- ditions, and maintained close coordination were manned from the start of the exercise. ments with adjacent HQs. As is the case with the JTF HQ at home station to help Since there was no Information Manager with JTF HQs operating at the strategic gather facts, assumptions, and constraints appointed at the beginning, there were dif- level, RRC-FR would operate with vary- for the JOPG. Operating the Tools for Op- ficulties providing RLS to augmentees with ing degrees of support from other major erational Planning Functional Area Service badging and accommodation issues. Finally, commands controlled by SHAPE as part of (TOPFAS) software for CRP was also a sig- another lesson identified was a drawback the Supported-Supporting Interrelation- nificant strength. With this collaborative, using TOPFAS. Due to limited numbers of ship (SSI). RRC-FR developed Technical live planning tool that connects strategic SHAPE role-players and Component Com- Arrangements to codify requirements and operational HQs with common data, mand representatives, the basic products and reduce confusion. This step was fairly the JOPG rapidly created detailed prod- such as SACEUR’s Strategic Assessment easy in the exercise since there were few ucts, effectively capturing the operational (SSA) and Strategic Planning Directive role players to negotiate the arrangements concept and instructions decided by the (SPD) were provided on TOPFAS, but there with. JWC commented that another Commander. was no collaborative interaction with ex- best practice was wargaming. The JOPG ternal HQs. RRC-FR’s JOPG strengths will leader designated a planning team with RRC-FR learned some lessons over the be sustained through continued training on the specific task to prepare the JOPG’s course of the exercise. One lesson was future exercises.

30LAND POWER ARRC: ARRCADE FUSION

By ARRC Public Affairs US Army Europe, focused on during his salient. To be sure, the closing comments remarks. of Tim Headquarters, Allied Rapid Reaction Radford, the commander of HQ ARRC, Corps (ARRC) executed Exercise ARR- “Deterrence means that you’ve got to have drove the point home. CADE Lionheart 2018 at Imjin Barracks, real capability,” Hodges said. “You have to which featured a number of senior officers “NATO has become more and more im- from across the NATO force structure and portant in recent years and we are a NATO defence academics as guest speakers. headquarters,” said Radford. “If you’re on Operation Elgin, on Toral, on Orbital or ARRCADE Lionheart is a conference on Cabrit you are already working with hosted by the ARRC that focuses on de- NATO and it will become more and more fence-related matters of the day pertaining relevant over the next few years.” to warfighting at the operational level. This year’s conference title was ‘21st Century Also presenting at this year’s ARRCADE Warfighting at Scale in the Land Environ- Lionheart were British Army General Sir ment’. James Everard, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe; US Army Lieutenant General Sir Nick Carter, the British Army’s General Darryl Williams, commander Chief of the General Staff, presented first of Allied Land Command; British Army and set the tone. “Conferences such as this Major General Nick Borton, commander demonstrate that capability with exercises will help to advance us,” said Carter. “It is of the 3rd () Division; Dr and then you have to demonstrate the will vital to protect our population and, longer Igor Sutyagin, research fellow at the Royal to use that capability.” term, we need to address the causes of the United Services Institute for Defence and threats [to it].” Security Studies and Mr James Sherr, asso- As ARRCADE Lionheart progressed the ciate fellow at Chatham House. Deterring such threats is precisely what common thread of multinationality in newly retired US Army Lieutenant Gen- everything that NATO force structure eral Ben Hodges, former commander of formations do became apparent and

LAND POWER31 NRDC-GRE:

The Role of Media in WAR AND CONFLICT

By LTC Elias Nikezis (GRE), similar way. injurious effect of the weapon need not NRDC-GRE result from physical impact as the offensive So, media have obtained a role; today we capability need not be kinetic” We live in an era full of innovative, funda- talk about mediatization of war and con- mental challenges. The nature of contem- flict. It is a conflict called by scholars with So, as the result doesn’t have to be an porary war and conflict as we know them many names such as “war for hearts and outcome of direct use of violence, and from the past has significally changed. minds”, “diffused wars”, “participative wars” appropriate use of media is capable to The new developments in communica- and others. Russian Hybrid and informa- achieve the desirable effects, media can be tion technologies and the contemporary tion warfare, DAESH tactics, China’s three perceived as weaponised. And in an effect information environment do not allow any warfares doctrine, Arab spring, are all based thinking concept, correct use of more the use of force and hard power by examples of the new trends. media could deliver significant overall out- the military. Casualties and collateral dam- comes. At the same time other uses of the ages are not acceptable. On the other hand, Mediatization is called “the process by media, such as command and control by implementation of violence and terror is which warfare is increasingly embedded DAESH, intelligence collection, targeting, a technic that supports insurgents’ causes, in and penetrated by media, such that to offensive and defensive cyber operations, who are using them broadly in order to plan, wage, legitimize, assuage, historicize, etc., are to support achieve their objectives. remember, and to imagine war requires this argument. attention to that media and its uses. It is This is one more paradigm of contem- a means of understanding shifting media To make it clear it would be helpful to give porary asymmetrical threat, in a war of power on and its use by a range of actors”. the definitions of weaponization and effect narratives, where the exploitation of media based thinking. Weaponization of media is market plays a significant role in shaping Today we also talk about weaponization of defined as: the public opinion. And this does consist the media, having as a point of reference an asymmetrical threat, as it is a method the definition of what a weapon actually is: “The increasing strategic uses of media that does not exist in the weaponry of and especially social network media, and civilized states, ones that respect democ- “A weapon is an offensive capability that is the effects achievable in and through the racy and human rights. States that stand applied, or that is intended or designed to use of them, empower a multitude of a high moral ground, as part of their own be applied, to a military object or enemy actors and have a re-distributive effect on narrative; in this way they lack the capa- combatant. A destructive, damaging or international power relations” bility to adopt such methods and react in a

32LAND POWER is a point we should be really careful of. is not only over physical weapons systems Effect based thinking is: Because considering in general the use of any more, but it is also about technology social media as a literation technology and and software development, dealing with “A philosophy that includes a much an act of terror as political communica- analyzing deeply the operational environ- broader understanding of the creation of tion, this may serve the narrative of groups ment, providing with significant real time effects than merely combat and the physical such as DAESH. insights, that lead to effective adaption of destruction or neutralisation of target sets. strategy in decision making process. More Effect-based thinking as a consequence Running a historical walkthrough we can over, cyber warfare and circumvention involves the full use of all instruments easily understand that it is the state control of information is one of the key domains of power or influence that are political, over distribution technologies have been contemporary adversaries are challeng- economic, social, psychological, etc., and central to giving to existing groups – ing each other. It is a battleground where involves governments, nongovernment actors the capacity to make their narra- developments in artificial intelligence will organisations, and agencies across nations tive visible, entering the “marketplace of play a significant role. in order to shape the decisions of friends, loyalties”. It is when this control disappears foes, and neutrals, thereby improving that uninvited “sellers” walk in. As exam- By all means, contemporary war and effectiveness” ples from past technologies that brought conflicts are in large connected with the turmoil in the control of the state over the parallel battle of narratives that takes place More over, new media is a technology that information environment we could refer in the information environment, for “the gives to the weak a chance to stand up in to the pirate radio stations of 1960s, or the hearts and minds”, or the “loyalties” of the terms with much stronger adversaries. satellite technology of 1990s. Each time population. It all comes to what Clausewitz This has led many into giving to the social state control has adapted adequately to had described the war to be, a long time media the characterization of a liberation regain control. But what happens today? Is ago: the continuation of politics by other technology, as they provide a step for the that appropriation and control over infor- means, making no definition whether weak to import their narrative in the “big mation flow possible any more? As nation- those means should be lethal or not; means market”, where narratives compete over al concerns intensify, should the equation that keep evolving, challenging adversaries loyalties. By many, efforts to introduce of freedom of expression proportionally be to unrelenting evolution, in order to main- these narratives, such as a mediatized exe- affected? tain initiative and superiority in an ever cution or a terrorist attack, is perceived as changing environment. part of political communication. And this So in this environment new weapons race

LAND POWER33 EUROCORPS: TRAINING FOR LCC

By EUROCORPS Public Affairs (SHAPE) at strategic level and the Allied sations reflecting the current 21st Century Joint Force Command Brunssum (JFCBS) security environment. For this scenario, Approximately 70 Eurocorps soldiers took at the operational level and all the other Eurocorps was positioned in Trondheim part in the biggest NATO exercise of the Headquarters at tactical level. The exercise to defend Norway and prepare for a possi- last 20 years. Exercise Trident ble counterstrike. Javelin, conducted at the NATO Joint Warfare Center Force for EU and in Stavanger, Norway, was NATO conducted in the month of November. The exercise was a command post, computer-as- After Eurocorps’ recent sisted exercise testing NATOs involvement in the ability conduct operations a European Battle Group Major Joint Operations plus rotation plan in 2016 (MJO+) operation in a NATO & 2017, this was the article 5 (Collective Defence) first step for our staff to environment. Eurocorps was focus on our capability one of five GRF(L)s participat- to be engaged under ing in the exercise. NATO's command. Being a force for both Exercise Scenario the and NATO, Eurocorps The fictitious scenario, was also engaged in Eu- designed and directed by NATO’s Joint deliberately generated a range of threats ropean Union Training Mission (EUTM) Warfare Centre, comprised of an opera- within Norway and the Baltic Sea region in the Central Republic of Africa (RCA) tion to restore the sovereignty of Norway. including hybrid and cyber-attacks. The until January 2018. The exercise involved all three levels of the exercise also included situations involving NATO military structure: the Supreme the host nation, International Government Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Organisations and International Organi-

34LAND POWER MNC-NE FORGING WITH THE WOLVES

By CPT Claudia Seidenschwanz abroad and exercise served us a test bed way less important exercise. Development (DEU), Mr. Adam Lapszynski for future deployments of our Command of procedures, establishment of command (POL), MNC-NE Post” – said Major Hracho, MNC NE J7 post and enhancement of the level of Exercise Branch. interoperability of multinational forces is Between 18th and 31st of October 2017, always vital. Headquarters Multinational Corps North- “For the first time we have trained move- east (HQ MNC NE) personnel took part ment and dislocation of troops from Po- Commenting on the process of deploy- in the Exercise Iron Wolf II 17 ( EX IWII ment as whole, Lieutenant Klessa – TAC 17) in Pabrade Training Area, . It CP Commander – from Polish 100th was a first deployment of the HQ following Signal emphasised that deploy- its certification as High Readiness Forces ment abroad means that there will be (Land) Headquarters in June 2017. some novelties but all designated mission critical equipment were up and running in Exercise IWII 17 was a multinational – 13 no time. Thus, from his point of view this nation strong – Field Training Exercise mission was a success. which promoted international military relations and created opportunities to train Brigadier General John E. Novalis II, MNC units in a multinational environment. NE Deputy Chief of Staff Operations high- Main aim of the exercise was to train and lighted the fact that NATO will always be increase co-operation between enhanced in the region for deterrence. Forward Presence (eFP) Battlegroup Lith- land and Germany as one entity. Planning uania and Lithuanian Mechanised Infantry procedures, coordination, movement as Mindaugaus Steponavicius, Lith- Brigade Iron Wolf. MNC NE, NATO’s one echelon, this is always challenging”, uanian Mechanised Infantry “Iron Wolf” Regional Custodian in the Northeastern explained Lieutenant Rusak from the Brigade Commander underlined that Region, was assigned special role with MNC NE Command Support Brigade. exercise was about transparency, under- its Tactical Command Post (TAC CP) standing of the decision making processes element. Although Exercise Iron Wolf II 17 was and commanders’ intent. smaller in scale comparing to Polish na- “It was the first TAC CP deployment tional exercise Anakonda 2016 but in no

LAND POWER35 1GNC:

LOGISTICIANS HONE SKILLS

By 1GNC Public Affairs 1 (German/Netherlands) Corps’ Joint Logistics Support Group (JLSG) exercised in the JLSG Coordination and Training Centre (JCTC) in Garlstedt, Germany.

The exercise comes at the half-way point of the JLSG’s stand-by phase as logistical element for 1 GNC.

“It is important for us to maintain our capabilities”, says Yánez, who designed the exercise. “On this retention exercise we bring both our staff officers and augmetees together to get everyone up to speed.”

”The JLSG relies heavily on augmentation”, “They are all really well prepared. Every- structure offers logistics elements the continues the Spanish officer. “And we one is up to speed with the latest proce- opportunity to train without having to have some experienced colleagues, while dures and our augmentees integrate really build up an entire Command Post. Also, in some are joining us for the first time. This easily. It’s as if they have been with us in future, the complex will be deployable for is a valuable opurtunity to get them up to Münster for ages.” NATO. speed, integrate them into the staff and get processes synchronised.” Logistical Training “It offered us a great opportunity to run Centre through some injects in a realistic environ- As Yánez looks out over the Joint Logistics ment. It was a good exercise,” said Yánez. Operations Centre, of which he is also the The retention exercise is the first time the chief, he expresses his pride in the team. JCTC was used. This permanent infra-

36LAND POWER NRDC-ESP

DEPUTY COMMANDER HOTO

By NRDC-ESP Public Affairs

On 15 January 2018, the NATO Rapid De- ployable Corps- hosted a hand over – take over ceremony to mark the change of its Deputy Commander from General Rui Guerra Pereira to General Nelson Viegas, both from the .

The ceremony was held at the Betera mili- tary base (-Spain) and was chaired by the Chief of Staff of the General Varela Salas.

Notably, the Chief of Staff of the Portu- guese Army, General Rovisco Duarte, was also present at the ceremony. During his time as DCOM, General NRDC-ESP Commander General Gan Major General Nelson Viegas Pires, who Guerra participated in the exercise Trident Pampols welcomed the new Deputy Com- has served most recently as Director of the Javelin 17 in Norway, being commended mander, General Viegas and his family to Portuguese Army Communications and by LANDCOM and JFCBS Commanders Valencia, and thanked General Guerra for Information Systems Directorate, assumed for his outstanding performance as chief of his outstanding work during his time at duty as deputy Commander of the NRDC- the NRDC-ESP Response Cell. the Headquarters. ESP Headquarters after the promotion of General Guerra Pereira to Lieutenant He also focused his efforts towards the General Gan wished General Guerra the General. Morale and Welfare Activities Council best at his new assignment as Portuguese in order to strengthen our soldiers and Land Forces Commander. Lieutenant General Guerra has served as families and make them fit for future DCOM at this Headquarters for one year. challenges.

LAND POWER37 Relationship Building with UKRANIAN LAND FORCES

By Mr. Justin Parker (USA), first member of the , is mutually beneficial with Ukraine actively LANDCOM which is a NATO program designed to contributing to NATO-led operations and build trust between member states and missions. Ukrainian Land Forces are taking steps to non-members. In 1997, the NATO-UKR build a closer relationship with Allied Land Charter on Distinctive Partnership estab- The meeting between LANDCOM and Command and with NATO writ large. In lished the NATO-Ukraine Commission. the Ukrainian Delegation aims to keep February, a delegation from the Ukrainian The relationship picked up speed in 2002 this relationship moving forward. Al- Land Forces Command headed by Major with the NATO-UKR Action Plan for Eu- though NATO offers substantial support General Bargylevych came to LANDCOM ro-Atlantic Integration and in 2005 when to Ukraine as well as bilateral support to identify areas for mutual cooperation the two partners launched the intensified from NATO and partner nation, there still and for Ukraine to share their experienc- dialog on Ukraine’s aspirations to join remains an operational level gap. LAND- es from their ongoing conflict. Deputy NATO as a full-fledged member. In 2008, COM took the initiative to cooperate with Chief of Staff Plans, Brig. Gen. Alfonso NATO members met in and Ukrainian Land Forces Command to Alba, hosted a staff meeting between the agreed to accept Ukraine as a NATO mem- increase knowledge about Ukrainian Land Ukrainian delegation and representatives ber; however, Ukraine withdrew from the Forces and the congoing conflict, as well from all divisions in LANDCOM. Similar- application process in 2010. Despite this, as to find out areas for further support and ly, Maj. Gen. Bargylevych and his support cooperation still continued and was only cooperation. staff briefed LANDCOM personnel on interrupted in 2014 by Russia’s incursion in how the Ukrainian Army has adopted and Crimea and the eastern regions of Ukraine. The outcome of the two-day meeting was developed their land forces while simul- that our mutual understanding for each taneously fighting an enemy in their own, Just one year later, Ukraine resumed co- other’s mission and tasks was considera- sovereign territory. operation with NATO again and declared bly improved. Several areas for continued new initiatives to enhance the relation- cooperation and mutual support were Cooperation between NATO and Ukraine ship. Today, Ukraine is a key component identified, which will lead to enhanced has been a constant since the early 1990s. of Euro-Atlantic security and NATO has cooperation in the future. In order to be In 1991, shortly after the dissolution of the committed to support Ukraine’s sover- successful in the adaptation, we have to , Ukraine joined the North eignty and territorial integrity within learn from nations like Ukraine, which are Atlantic Cooperation Council. Just three its internationally recognized borders. transforming, due to facing a severe threat years later, in 1994, Ukraine become the Cooperation has deepened over time and upon their nation.

38LAND POWER The Face of Resilience:

LTC VASYL PICHNENKO

By Mr. Justin Parker (USA), is an intimate trial that many face within for others. To be strong and resilient, he LANDCOM themselves. did not blame his circumstance on those around him. Vasyl was born and raised in the final years The following article is based on an inter- of the Soviet Union - an era characterized Throughout his childhood and in the midst view with LTC Vasyl Pichnenko, the first by palpable uncertainty and adversity of his hardship, Vasyl occasionally crossed Ukrainian SNR at LANDCOM. for many Ukrainians. He never knew his paths with individuals of incredible gen- father and his mother struggled to care erosity. These people inadvertently taught It is Winter 1979, on the streets of Dni- for him. This meant that Vasyl was on the him the lesson of, as Vasyl put it, “building propetrovsk, an industrial city located streets fending for himself from as early his treasure.” Vasyl’s treasure is a collection centrally in the Soviet Ukrainian Republic. as he can remember. Although he could of memories of the deeds and charity he Along these cool, brisk streets and alley- always manage to find food and shelter, he has experienced. This treasure makes him ways walks four-year-old Vasyl Pichnenko. could not find substitute for the attention believe in people and in himself. Having a He walks alone, not knowing where he will that children so vitally require. treasure helps people to see what they have sleep tonight or when his next meal will and ignore what they do not have, which be. As a child, young Vasyl is learning the In these years, Vasyl exhibited the rare makes for a far more resilient mental state. realities of hardship far sooner than most. trait of positive jealously. Instead of But he is resilient. harboring envy and hate for the children Vasyl’s first treasure? A glass of milk. Dur- of wholesome families, he felt relief to see ing his childhood, a glass of milk was not Resilience - it is an ability to persevere in that others did not share his plight. This only a treasure for a young growing boy, the face of adversity. This concept is en- perspective marked Vasyl’s first significant but was worth its weight in gold in Soviet shrined in Article III of the North Atlantic step towards resilience. “You can be upset Ukraine. As Vasyl explained it, if you had Treaty, which charges each nation with and be angry at the world, and behave two tables, one completely covered in preparing soldiers and civilians to endure according to this anger” Vasyl said. It is food like meat and bread, and the other and overcome hardship. This preparation, natural and normal to let such hardship with only a glass of milk on it, that glass however, does not begin with the nation or ignite anger and then express those feel- of milk would still be one-hundred times even with the military headquarters, but ings through violence. However, Vasyl did more valuable than the other table. One instead with the individual. Building resil- not allow his jealously to foment anger, but cool Winter when Vasyl had no where to ience, as LTC Vasyl Pichnenko will show, instead recognize and appreciate fortune sleep, an elderly lady had taken him in for

LAND POWER39 a short period. Every morning when he Sports kept Vasyl off the streets while in ed Nations auspices, or as his Commander woke up, the old lady would leave a glass grade school, however, they played an put it, “the middle of nowhere.” After of milk on the kitchen table for him. Vasyl even more important role in his soldier surviving two bouts of malaria and a year understood that milk was scarce and thus life. Vasyl wanted to continue his educa- of , he returned to Ukraine it was treasure, but he had discovered an tion past high school to keep him focused to become a Battalion Commander in the even greater meaning. The old lady showed on goals, but the costs were too high. So Airborne Brigade. Vasyl maintained his fo- Vasyl kindness. From then on, whenever to ensure he stayed on the straight and cus, never forgetting his treasures, and per- in the midst of adversity, Vasyl would draw narrow, he joined the Ukrainian Army and sisted through the ranks. In 2010, he was on this kindness to give him hope and began his two-year require- selected to attend the Command General persevere through thick and thin. ment. Towards the end of his obligatory in Fort Leavenworth, Texas service, his best friend encouraged him to (only one of five nominees gets selected Vasyl continued to collect these treasures go to officer school training. Vasyl initially for this program in all of Ukraine). After in his formative years. At the age of seven, resisted his friend’s suggestion, concerned returning from the in 2011, when all the other children were preparing that his lack of education would ensure Vasyl was appointed to the East Opera- for primary school, all he had tions Command of Ukraine. was a pencil. Days before school started, an elderly man offered Upon his return, Vasyl de- to buy Vasyl some ice cream and cided to pay it forward. Tak- food. The man was surprised to ing all he had learned about find that Vasyl was not prepared resilience, focus, sports, and for class - no books, no bag, no character, he opened a small pencils. In his sympathy and “fight club” for children who generosity, the old man bought share a similar situation to Vasyl a school uniform and his childhood. The free club everything else he needed to was not just a physical one, start his education. As Vasyl put but for education as well. it, “sometimes milk happens in The sort of education that your life.” these children would not get at school or on the streets. A bit older and in school, Vasyl Vasyl sought to fill their faced new threats from the minds with good lessons streets - fights. With no prop- and proper behavior. He er family to keep Vasyl in the saved them from experienc- classroom, he spent much of his es he once endured. time roaming the unkind roads of Dnipro- outright rejection. Ironically, Vasyl was ac- petrovsk. In this lifestyle it is difficult to cepted to the officer’s school and his friend Ultimately, Vasyl was teaching these chil- avoid trouble and defend yourself. He was was not. The reason - sports. The officer dren lessons of resilience. His consistent badly beaten many times. “If you stay with school board was so impressed by Vasyl’s message to his students was that they need the gangsters, you’ll either end up dead or physical performance that they accepted to be able to fight - not just others, but in prison.” Naturally, he did not like this him as a cadet on the condition that he most importantly themselves. Vasyl was an and decided to change. Here marked his works hard on his education. Sports made expert at facing challenges alone and was third resilience building tendency - setting Vasyl resilient on the streets and signif- acutely aware that most often, one’s own goals. Vasyl decided that the days of being icantly propelled his career forward. He mind serves as the greatest threat to suc- beaten in the streets were over. He joined graduated with excellence. cess. Understanding this, Vasyl taught his the sports club section of his school and students to fight their laziness, anger, and began training. Boxing, track, cross coun- Vasyl’s military career is sprinkled with indiscipline. Once they can conquer these try, kayaking, karate - he did them all. But success and advancement. From Lieuten- internals enemies, they are sure to over- Vasyl did these sports with the purpose of ant he gained a , then became a come the external ones. Four of his fifteen building himself physically. He set goals Commander, and then moved students went on to be sports champions. in each and consistently achieved per- from his Unit to the Vasyl continued to impart his intimate sonal records that proved to himself that Airborne - an elite and pres- knowledge of resilience to disadvantaged he could grow and become stronger. To tigious crew. Once he became a Battalion children for three years - and then war manage his mind, he created aims, order, Executive Officer, he started English cours- came to Ukraine. and a schedule to ignore the unimportant es. His first international experience was a things and persevere. rural deployment to the under Unit- As Vasyl describes it, Russia’s incursion

40LAND POWER into the Crimea was a well-executed, dence. Using this formula, Vasyl quickly Enemy had lined the hill adjacent well-planned operation that took Ukraine created one of Ukraine’s most resilient to the village. Vasyl moved quickly to route off guard. The Ukrainians were undersup- teams of the war. the enemies and discovered that there was plied, poorly trained, logistically paralyzed, a hostile base nearby. The team mounted and ultimately unable to mount a defense With one unarmored truck, four BMPs up for an assault and Vasyl, always in the against Russia’s. Not only was there an (infantry fighting vehicles), and one tank, unarmored truck at the lead, took a hollow imbalance between Ukrainian and Russian Vasyl and 55 soldiers set out to liberate point round that first pierced his rifle and forces, but Moscow had deeply penetrated Ukraine’s own territory. Vasyl always led destroyed much of his forearm. The bullet the Ukrainian MoD, which had been in- from the front. Vasyl always sat at the front exploded and shattered the bones, tissues, tentionally crippling the Ukrainian armed of his convoy in an unarmored truck. He and muscles inside his arm. Despite the forces ahead of the invasion. assumed greater risk, but the reward was blood loss, Vasyl continued to lead that the confidence and respect between him battle and successfully captured the base. The war had sent Vasyl to the front line and his soldiers. His men were inspired by his resolve and of the conflict in the east region - the continued to fight on “like beasts.” infamous Donetsk. As an advi- Their first firefight occurred only two days sor to a mechanized battalion, Vasyl had to turn away from Vasyl immediately recognized teaching resilience to others and the training and equipment revisit that difficult road himself. challenges. His commander The military doctors in Ukraine led 700 untrained soldiers to wanted to amputate Vasyl’s arm. recapture the sovereign territory But Vasyl’s fellow soldiers did of Ukraine. These soldiers could not allow this. They found a not advance the front line and doctor willing to undertake the the war effort began to languish. impossible task of reconstructing Vasyl’s resilient character proved a destroyed arm. Ten surgeries a fitting solution. and one year in the hospital saved Vasyl’s arm and hand. The Vasyl volunteered to create a road to recovery was not an easy highly mobile team whose goal one. The pain in his arm and was to advance the front line. hand was nearly unbearable. In This team of fifty-five brave the beginning, doing a single soldiers was designed to move pushup would nearly make Vasyl from checkpoint to checkpoint pass out. But Vasyl was resilient. along the eastern front line to help static after their training. Because of their train- He regained nearly full functionality in his positions advance. But first Vasyl had to ing, they won the battle. Vasyl recalls the arm and returned to sports. After coming train them. Here is where he continued amazement of his soldiers when their the- so far from hardship, just to revisit it once to pass on his knowledge of hardship and ories worked in practice, “Commander, we again, he did not let it destroy him. Vasyl how to overcome it. won, it works!” they told him. Their train- recently qualified as a finalist for the In- ing had bred confidence, which resulted in victus Games for wounded soldiers. In his Confidence is the first gift Vasyl tried to successive victories that made the soldiers lifetime, all his treasures, his confidence, give to each of his soldiers. When Vasyl more resilient to the increasing intensity of and his honor still guide him to make the went to recruit a tank crew, he found the war. Soon volunteers sprang forward right decisions in the face of adversity. that no soldiers had ever had practical from around the Ukrainian military to join experience with tanks. Theoretically they Vasyl’s team, as they too wanted to share in LTC Pichnenko has just begun his 3-year understood how to aim and fire, but only the honor of fighting for their country and assignment at LANDCOM as the first in theory. So Vasyl took his crew to a small for the soldiers at their sides. Before long, Ukrainian SNR. At LANDCOM he is village and created a shooting range for there was a bounty for Vasyl’s head. continuing his tradition of teaching resil- them to understand the sound, the motion, ience by teaching a Jiu-Jitsu class for the the vibration, and the energy of firing a The mobile team was suddenly struck by base. LTC Pichnenko is a recipient of the tank. He strived to give all members of his an ambush. The onset of an ambush is Khmelnytsky Medal of Honor in Ukraine, team a sense of confidence in themselves incredibly disorienting. For the first 20 sec- but cares little for it, as there are many oth- to help overcome the self-doubt that would onds, not even Vasyl understood where the er soldiers who he believes equally deserve inevitably fill the mind of an untrained bullets were coming from. Several of his this honor but are unrecognized for their soldier heading to war. Training and focus fellows soldiers took hits. The team split bravery. Although he would not profess to builds skills, which in turn foster confi- up and searched for the source of the fire. it, Vasyl is the face of resilience.

LAND POWER41