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The Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes Directions: Fill in the blanks.

1. The Integumentary System • Derives its name from the Latin word “______,” which means “to cover” • Contains the – heaviest in the body • Functions as a cover, protection and ______for the body Skin-info: adult’s skin weighs about five to ten pounds

2. The Integumentary System • Is composed of the following: – skin which is composed of three layers: • ______• • hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) – accessory structures which include: • • nails • ______

3. The Integumentary System

Accompanies: The : The Integumentary System 1 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 4. The • Is the thin, ______layer of the skin • Provides the first barrier against ______substances Skin-info: helps to maintain proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus which promotes strong

5. The Epidermis • Is composed of layers of thin, ______cells which fit closely together and are able to withstand constant use and friction • Has the ability to produce vitamin D when exposed to UV sun ______

6. The Epidermis • Consists of five layers: – : • outermost layer, thick row of ______cells which will be shed by the skin – ______: • only found in thick skin areas such as the palms of your hands and soles of your feet Skin-info: each minute we lose 30,000 to 40,000 skin cells off the surface of our skin and in a lifetime we shed 40 pounds of skin

7. The Epidermis • Consists of five layers: – : • support layer for the skin – : • produces ______which starts the death of skin cells – : • deepest layer which ______new cells

8. The Epidermis • Contains four cell types: – ______: • produce , which gives skin its strength and flexibility – : • produce melanin, the dark ______which gives skin its color Skin-info: most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 2 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 9. The Epidermis • Contains four cell types: – Merkel’s cells: • involved in touch ______– Langerhans’ cells: • process ______, foreign substances to the body, to help the

10. The Dermis • Is called the “______” • Is the layer beneath the ______Skin-info: all of your skin weighs approximately six to seven pounds

11. The Dermis • Contains the accessory structures: – ______– nails – • Contains blood vessels which supply ______and oxygen to the cells

12. The Dermi • Is made up of two closely related layers: – ______layer • contains loose connective and sensory touch receptors • is the layer which makes ______prints Skin-info: finger prints are unique for every single person, even identical twins have different finger prints

13. The Dermis • Is made up of two closely related layers: – reticular layer • contains ______collagen () fibers which form a strong elastic network • is the location of ______and oil glands and hair follicles (small sacs)

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 3 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 14. The Dermis • Contains two types of glands: – ______(oil) • secretes sebum, the skin’s natural oil • helps make the skin proof • are not found in the palms of hands or soles of feet – ______(sweat) • helps regulate body • are found in the pores of the skin

15. The Hypodermis • Lies beneath the ______• Is also known as the ______layer, the layer beneath the skin Skin-info: hypodermic needles are designed to pierce through all layers of the skin including the hypodermis in order to either remove or add substances in the body

16. The Hypodermis • Consists of and ______tissue () which insulates the body

17. The Hypodermis • Acts as a shock ______• Anchors the skin to the underlying muscle • Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and the bases of hair follicles and sweat glands Skin-info: thickness of your skin varies from 1/2 to 6 millimeters, depending on the area of your body; thinnest area of skin is your eyelid and the thickest is on the palm of your hand

18. Accessory Structures • Include: – hair – nails – ______(sweat) – sebaceous glands

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 4 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 19. Hair • Is a thread-like out growth of ______• Originates from a small sac known as a follicle, in the dermis • Protects the ______and maintains body temperature Skin-info: there are more than 100,000 hair follicles on your head

20. Hair • Consists of: – : • innermost layer, holds the pigment (color) of the hair – ______: • center layer, contains soft keratin and air – : • outermost layer, made up of ______cells

21. Hair

22. Nails • Are hard plates of ______cells – keratin is a structural protein which is also found in the hair • Are located at the ends of ______and toes Skin-info: fingernails grow approximately one inch per year

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 5 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 23. Nails • Appear pink because their clear nature reveals the ______tissue beneath the • Aid in grasping objects, ______and protecting fingers and toes

24. Nails • Are divided into the: – ______: • white half-moon part at the base of the nail – body: • covers the nail bed – free edge: • ______of the nail – root: • hidden under skin folds

25. Nails

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 6 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 26. Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat) • Are categorized into two types: – ______glands • secrete sweat in order to cool the body – sweat is a combination of water, salt and waste materials – appocrine glands • begin to function after ______• are located in the armpit and pubic areas • secrete sweat and protein compounds Skin-info: feet contain over 250,000 sweat glands each

27. Sudoriferous Glands

28. Sebaceous Glands • Produce a mixture of ______and proteins called sebum • Function to prevent ______of skin and hair Skin-info: sebaceous glands are the cause of oily skin

29. Sebaceous Glands • Are located primarily on the scalp, face and upper portion of the body • Increase in size and produce a greater amount of ______in coordination with ______levels

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 7 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 30. Sebaceous

31. Integumentary System Diseases • Include: – – ______– decubitus ulcers

32. Acne • Is an ______disease of the skin • Develops as a result of ______in follicles and pores Skin-info: Acne affects over 85% of teenagers.

33. Acne • Is most common during ______• Can be diagnosed by a dermatologist • Can be treated with ______both internally and externally

34. Skin • Can be divided into three major types: – ______– Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Malignant Melanoma Skin-info: likelihood of contracting is heightened through the use of tanning beds

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 8 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 35. Basal Cell Carcinoma • Is the most common form of ______• Is diagnosed by a ______and is treatable when detected early Skin-info: approximately one million new cases of Basal Cell Carcinoma are diagnosed each year

36. Basal Cell Carcinoma • Is linked to a family history of the disease, high ______exposure to UV light or carcinogenic (cancer causing) chemicals • Is usually not life threatening • Is treated with surgery, topical ______and cryosurgery (freezing off the affected area)

37. Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Is found in the ______cells which compose most of the upper layer of the skin • Is caused by chronic ______to the sun Skin-info: arsenic, a poison, is a known cause of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

38. Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Can be seen on the skin, , inside the mouth, throat or ______• Is characterized by red, ______skin that becomes an open sore • Is treated by removal of the area and chemotherapy

39. Malignant Melanoma • Is the most dangerous type of skin cancer • Involves the cells which produce the skin pigment ______• Can spread to other organs of the body • Is treated by removing the affected area, chemotherapy and reduced ______

40. Malignant Melanoma • Is related to sun exposure, due particularly to during childhood, and is most common among people with: – ______– blue or green eyes – red or blond hair Skin-info: approximately 8,000 people die of Melanoma each year

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 9 The Human Body: The Integumentary System - Student Notes 41. Decubitus Ulcers • Are also known as “______” • Are pressure sores created on the skin when the blood supply to the skin is cut off for more than ______hours consistently as a result of non-movement Skin-info: decubitus ulcers are a major concern of nursing homes, hospitals and assisted living facilities due to the limited mobility of some of the residents of these locations

42. Decubitus Ulcers • Are divided into stages I-V based on ______• Are best treated by prevention – adding padding to ______or chairs – turning and repositioning the body – providing good skin care

Accompanies: The Human Body: The Integumentary System 10