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A Handy Guide to the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts
BASICS OF LIFE BY LES SELLNOW eproduction in all species borders on the miraculous. at the reproductive organs of both the mare and the stallion How else can one describe a process where two infini- and discuss just how they function in their effort to produce Rtesimal entities, one from the male, the other from the another “miracle.” Once again, sources are too numerous to female, join forces to produce living, breathing offspring? mention, other than to say that much of the basic informa- Reproductive capability or success varies by species. Mice tion on reproduction available today stems from research at and rabbits, for example, are prolific producers of offspring. such institutions as Colorado State University, Texas A&M Horses, on the other hand, fall into a category where it is University, and the University of Minnesota. There are many much more chancy. others involved in reproductive research, but much of the in- When horses ran wild, this wasn’t a serious problem. There formation utilized in this article emanated from those three were so many of them that their numbers continued to ex- institutions. pand even though birth rate often was dictated by the avail- ability of food and water. Once the horse was domesticated, The Mare however, organized reproduction became the order of the We’ll begin with the mare because her role in the repro- day. Stables that depend on selling the offspring of stallions ductive process is more complicated than that of the stallion. and mares have an economic stake in breeding success. Yet, Basically, the mare serves four functions: the process continues to be less than perfect, with success 1) She produces eggs or ova; rates hovering in the 65-70% range, and sometimes lower. -
CHAPTER 4 the Integumentary System
CHAPTER 4 The Integumentary System LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Name the two layers of the skin. • Name the accessory structures of the integumentary system. • Build and pronounce medical terms of the integumentary system. • Name the disorders and treatments relating to the integumentary system. • Name the major classifi cations of pharmacologic agents used to treat skin disorders. • Analyze and defi ne the new terms introduced in this chapter. • Interpret abbreviations associated with the integumentary system. 53 54 PART TWO • BODY SYSTEMS Introduction The largest organ of the body is the skin. The skin covers the entire body—more than 20 square feet on average—and weighs about 24 pounds. It is part of the integumentary system, which also includes the accessory structures: hair, nails, and sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands. Integumentum is Latin for “covering” or “shelter.” The physician who specializes in the diag- nosis and treatment of skin disorders is called a dermatologist (dermat/o being one of the com- bining forms for skin). Coupling the root dermat/o with the previously learned suffi x -logy gives us the term dermatology , which is the term for the specialty practice that deals with the skin. Word Elements The major word elements that relate to the integumentary system consist of various anatomical components, accessory structures, colors of the skin, and abnormal conditions. The Word Ele- ments table lists many of the roots, their meanings, and examples associated -
Glossary of Terms
Term English Definition Abstinence Sexual abstinence is not having vaginal, anal or oral sex. Acne Secretions from the skin's oil glands that plug the pores. Antibiotics Powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections. Anus The anus is the opening in the buttock where waste leaves the body. Bacteria A type of germ that can cause infections. Cervix the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb) located between the bladder and the rectum. It forms a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body. Chlamydia Chlamydia is caused by a type of bacteria, which can be passed from person to person during vaginal sex, oral sex, or anal sex. Condoms Condoms come in male and female versions. The male condom (“rubber”) covers the penis and catches the sperm after a man ejaculates. The female condom is a thin plastic pouch that lines the vagina. Consent Permission for something to happen or be done, or agreement to do something. Contraception Intentional use of methods or techniques to prevent pregnancy. Discharge Fluid that carries dead cells and bacteria out of the vagina. Estrogen a group of hormones secreted by the ovaries which affect many aspects of the female body, including a woman's menstrual cycle and normal sexual and reproductive development. Fallopian Tube One of two tubes through which an egg travels from the ovary to the uterus. Fertile the ability to become pregnant. Genital Herbes Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by a virus called herpes simplex virus (HSV). Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria that can be passed to a partner during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. -
Ch7 Basic Body Structure and Function Test&A
Chapter 7- Test Name: Basic Body Structure & Fuction Date: 1. Physiology is the study of A) what body parts look like and where they are located. B) the structure and function of the human body. C) how the various body parts work. D) how organisms are created. 2. The basic unit of life is A) a cell. B) a tissue. C) an organ. D) an organ system. 3. Which one of the following is like the cell's brain? A) The cytoplasm B) The cell nucleus C) The cell organelles D) The cell membrane 4. Which cell transports oxygen throughout the body? A) Red blood B) Epithelial C) Muscle D) Nerve 5. Which one of the following is considered connective tissue? A) Mucous membrane B) Blood C) Skin D) Glands 6. Which one of the following organs is included in the integumentary system? A) The fingernails B) The gallbladder C) The pancreas D) The ureters 7. What does epithelial tissue do? A) It connects tissues together. B) It produces movement. C) It conducts information. D) It protects the body. Page 1 8. Which statement correctly describes homeostasis? A) It causes problems by invading otherwise healthy tissues. B) It reduces the immune system's ability to fight off infection. C) It is a state of balance achieved by all of the organ systems working together. D) It occurs when the structure or function of an organ or organ system is abnormal. 9. The purpose of melanin is to A) keep the skin lubricated. B) aid in temperature regulation. C) give our skin, hair, and eyes color. -
Anatomy and Physiology Male Reproductive System References
DEWI PUSPITA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM REFERENCES . Tortora and Derrickson, 2006, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Medical Embryology Langeman, pdf. Moore and Persaud, The Developing Human (clinically oriented Embryologi), 8th edition, Saunders, Elsevier, . Van de Graff, Human anatomy, 6th ed, Mcgraw Hill, 2001,pdf . Van de Graff& Rhees,Shaum_s outline of human anatomy and physiology, Mcgraw Hill, 2001, pdf. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION SYSTEM? . Unlike other body systems, the reproductive system is not essential for the survival of the individual; it is, however, required for the survival of the species. The RS does not become functional until it is “turned on” at puberty by the actions of sex hormones sets the reproductive system apart. The male and female reproductive systems complement each other in their common purpose of producing offspring. THE TOPIC : . 1. Gamet Formation . 2. Primary and Secondary sex organ . 3. Male Reproductive system . 4. Female Reproductive system . 5. Female Hormonal Cycle GAMET FORMATION . Gamet or sex cells are the functional reproductive cells . Contain of haploid (23 chromosomes-single) . Fertilizationdiploid (23 paired chromosomes) . One out of the 23 pairs chromosomes is the determine sex sex chromosome X or Y . XXfemale, XYmale Gametogenesis Oocytes Gameto Spermatozoa genesis XY XX XX/XY MALE OR FEMALE....? Male Reproductive system . Introduction to the Male Reproductive System . Scrotum . Testes . Spermatic Ducts, Accessory Reproductive Glands,and the Urethra . Penis . Mechanisms of Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation The urogenital system . Functionally the urogenital system can be divided into two entirely different components: the urinary system and the genital system. -
FAQ042 -- You and Your Sexuality (Especially for Teens)
AQ FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FAQ042 fESPECIALLY FOR TEENS You and Your Sexuality (Especially for Teens) • What happens during puberty? • What emotional changes occur during puberty? • How are sexual feelings expressed? • What is masturbation? • What is oral sex? • What happens during sexual intercourse? • What can I do if I want to have sexual intercourse but I do not want to get pregnant? • How can I protect myself and my partner from sexual transmitted infections during sexual intercourse? • What is anal sex? • What does it mean to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual? • Can I choose to be attracted to someone of the same sex? • What is gender identity? • When deciding whether to have sex, what are some things to consider? • What if I decide to wait and someone tries to pressure me into sex? • What is rape? • What are some things I can do to help protect myself against rape? • What is intimate partner violence? • Glossary What happens during puberty? When puberty starts, your brain sends signals to certain parts of the body to start growing and changing. These signals are called hormones. Hormones make your body change and start looking more like an adult’s (see FAQ041 “Your Changing Body—Especially for Teens”). Hormones also can cause emotional changes. What emotional changes occur during puberty? During your teen years, hormones can cause you to have strong feelings, including sexual feelings. You may have these feelings for someone of the other sex or the same sex. Thinking about sex or just wanting to hear or read about sex is normal. It is normal to want to be held and touched by others. -
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin is the system of the body that makes an individual beautiful! Skin/fur coloration allows animals to be camouflaged. *The skin is the largest organ of the body. The skin and its derivatives (hair, nails, sweat and oil glands) make up the integumentary system. The total surface area of the skin is about 1.8 m² and its total weight is about 11 kg. The skin gives us our appearance and shape. Anatomy of the Skin • Skin is made up of two layers that cover a third fatty layer. The outer layer is called the epidermis; it is a tough protective layer. The second layer (located under the epidermis) is called the dermis; it contains nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles. Under these two skin layers is a fatty layer called the subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis. 1 • The dermis is home to the oil glands. These are also called sebaceous glands, and they are always producing sebum. Sebum is your skin's own natural oil. It rises to the surface of your epidermis to keep your skin lubricated and protected. It also makes your skin waterproof. • Skin is alive! It's made of many thin sheets of flat, stacked cells. Older cells are constantly being pushed to the surface by new cells, which grow from below. When the old ones reach the top, they become wider and flatter as they get rubbed and worn by all your activity. And, sooner or later, they end up popping off like tiles blown from a roof in a strong wind. -