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Tissues and Integumentary System Biol 105 Chapter 4 Into to A&P: Tissues and Integumentary System Biol 105 Chapter 4 Outline I. Tissues A. Epithelial B. Connective C. Muscle D. Nervous tissues II. Cell to Cell Contact III. Body Cavities IV. Membranes V. Homeostasis VI. Integumentary System (includes: skin, hair, nails) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Organization of the Human Body § Multicellular organisms require specialized cells to perform specific tasks. § These cells then organize into tissues, tissues organize into organs and organs organize into organ systems. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues § A tissue is a group of cells that work together to accomplish a common function. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues § There are four primary tissue types: 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues - Epithelial § Epithelial Tissue covers the body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues - Connective § Connective Tissue binds and supports the body, provides protection for our organs, serves as a storage site for fat, and participates in our immunity. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissues – Muscle and Nervous § Muscle tissue is responsible for movement. § Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissue § Epithelial tissues - cover surfaces (epithelium) outside of the body (our skin), and lines internal cavities and tubes, including the inside surface of the stomach and the lungs (endothelium). § Functions are protection, secretion, and absorption, may contain glands. § Cells are tightly packed together. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Glands § Many glands are composed of epithelial tissue. § Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts and then to the outside world. § Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into blood. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissue § All epithelial tissues share two characteristics: 1. A free surface that may be specialized for protection, secretion, or absorption. 2. A basement membrane which binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissue – Layers and Types § Simple epithelial: a single layer of cells separating the free surface from the basement membrane. § Stratified epithelial: Two or more layers of cells one on top of the other. § Pseudostratified epithelial: a single layer that looks like it has more than one layer but does not. § Glandular epithelial: secretes products like mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithelial Tissue - Shapes § The three basic shapes of epithelial cells 1. Squamous epithelium 2. Cuboidal epithelium 3. Columnar epithelium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Simple Squamous Epithelial § Simple squamous epithelium – one layer of flattened cells. § Locations: Forms the lining of blood vessels and air sacs = alveoli (in lungs). § Functions: Exchange of nutrients, waste and gases. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Simple Squamous Epithelial Simple squamous • One layer of flattened cells • Located in air sacs of lungs, heart and blood vessel linings • Allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (1 of 6) Stratified Squamous Epithelial § Stratified squamous epithelium - several layers of flattened cells. § Location: surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina. § Functions: provides protection against abrasion, infection, and drying out. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Squamous Epithelial Stratified squamous • Several layers of flattened cells • Located on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina • Provides protection against abrasion, infection, and drying out Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (4 of 6) Simple Cuboidal Epithelial § Simple cuboidal epithelium – one layer of cubed shaped cells. § Location: Lining the kidney tubules, ovaries and glands. § Functions: Secretion, absorption. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Simple cuboidal • One layer of cube-shaped cells • Located in linings of kidney tubules and glands • Functions in absorption and secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (2 of 6) Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial § Stratified cuboidal epithelium – several layers of cubed shaped cells. § Location: Ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, and salivary glands. § Functions: Protection. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified cuboidal • Usually two layers of cube-shaped cells • Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, and salivary glands • Functions in protection Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (5 of 6) Simple Columnar Epithelial § Simple columnar epithelium – one layer of rectangular cells. § Location: Lining the digestive tract, respiratory tract and the uterus. § Functions: absorption, secretion. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Simple Columnar Epithelial SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Simple columnar • One layer of tall, slender cells • Located in lining of gut and respiratory tract • Functions in absorption and secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (3 of 6) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial § Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: § One layer of ciliated columnar cells that looks like it has more than one layer but does not. § Location: Lines respiratory tract. § Function: Remove debris out of the lungs. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Columnar Epithelial § Stratified Columnar Epithelium – more than one layer of rectangular cells. § Location: rare, urethra, junction of esophagus and stomach. § Functions: protection, secretion. 4-10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Columnar Epithelial STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified columnar • Several layers of tall, slender cells • Rare, located in urethra (tube through which urine leaves the body) • Functions in protection and secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (6 of 6) Table 4.1 Epithelial tissues Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4.1 Tissue Specialization Location Simple Diffusion Alveoli and Blood vessels Squamous Simple Absorption and Kidney tubules, Ovaries, Cuboidal secretion and Glands Simple Absorption and Digestive tract, Respiratory Columnar secretion tract, and Uterus Pseudostr. Removing Respiratory tract debris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Tissue Specialization Location Stratified Protection Skin, mouth, esophagus, Squamous vagina Stratified Protection Ducts of mammary, sweat Cuboidal and salivary glands Stratified Protection and Urethra, junction of Columnar secretion esophagus and stomach Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is a location you would find simple cuboidal epithelial 1. Blood vessels 25% 25% 25% 25% 2. Uterus 3. Kidneys 4. Digestive tract Uterus Kidneys Blood vessels Digestive tract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is a location you would find simple cuboidal epithelial 1. Blood vessels 25% 25% 25% 25% 2. Uterus 3. Kidneys 4. Digestive tract Uterus Kidneys Blood vessels Digestive tract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Connective Tissue § Connective Tissues: Stabilize, bind and support other tissues. § Cells in connective tissue are usually separated from each other by extracellular material (ex: protein fibers, carbohydrates). § The connective tissue cells secrete this extracellular material. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Connective Tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4.2 Connective Tissue § Many different types of connective tissue: Usually a few cells with lots of extracellular material 1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Dense (Tendons and Ligaments) 4. Cartilage 5. Bone 6. Blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. Loose Areolar Connective Tissue § Cells: Fibroblasts § Fibroblasts secrete protein fibers (Elastic & Collagen). § Functions: Bind and support. § Location: Beneath skin and most epithelial layers. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells = fibroblasts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Loose Adipose Connective Tissue § Stores triglycerides. § Cells: Adipose cells. § Functions: Energy storage, insulation, cushioning for organs. § Location: Under skin, around kidneys and heart. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Loose Adipose Tissue Adipose (fat) tissue • Found under skin, around kidneys and heart • Functions in energy storage and insulation; cushioning for organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2 (2 of 6) Loose Adipose Tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Dense Connective Tissues § Cells: Fibroblasts § Functions: Attach bone to bone (ligaments). Attach muscle to bone (tendons). § Locations: Tendons, Ligaments. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Dense Connective Tissue Dense connective tissue • Found in tendons and ligaments • Forms strong bands that attach bone to muscle or bone to bone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2 (3 of 6) 4. Cartilage § Cells: Chondrocytes § Functions: Support and protection
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