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Civil-Military Relations And Political Liberalization: A Comparative Study Of The Military's Corporateness And Political Values In Egypt, Syria, Turkey, and Pakistan. by Kirk S. Campbell B.S. May 1981, Virginia Military Institute M.A. August 1990, University of Virginia A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences Of the George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science January 31, 2009 Dissertation directed by Nathan J. Brown Professor of Political Science and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University certifies that Kirk Stuart Campbell has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of October 21, 2008. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Civil-Military Relations And Political Liberalization: A Comparative Study Of The Military's Corporateness And Political Values In Egypt, Syria, Turkey, And Pakistan Kirk S. Campbell Dissertation Research Committee: Nathan J. Brown, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Dissertation Director Deborah D. Avant, Professor of Political Science, University of California, Irvine; formerly Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, The George Washington University, Committee Member Cynthia McClintock, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Committee Member ii Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to Mona Sehgal, without whose love and support the work could not have been completed. iii Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for helping me complete this dissertation. My committee deserves special thanks for their patient feedback on my many attempts to theorize and operationalize the military and civil-military relations and to relate them to a political outcome. Nathan Brown provided prompt and thoughtful responses to every draft I submitted and ultimately made sure “the trains ran on time.” Debbi Avant caused me to think more carefully about various aspects of civil-military theory and the relationships between the variables I examined, as well as to sharpen my argument. Cynthia McClintock provided many useful critiques that strengthened my argument throughout. This project came a long way because of my committee’s conscientious feedback. I would also like to thank the staff of the Library of Congress, where I did the bulk of the research and translation work pertaining to the Arabic military journals. In particular I must thank Fawzi Tadros, who graciously afforded me his time to answer innumerable translation questions. I also wish to thank Mary-Jane Deeb, Nawal Kawar, Ray Ibrahim, Abdulahi Ahmed, Hirad Dinavari, Rachel Becker, and Fenta Tirunah. I received invaluable assistance in several useful interviews from Al Prados, of the Congressional Research Service, and Larry Velte, of the National Defense University. One set of interviews in particular proved that at times one opportunity can lead to another. And while the professional and collegial assistance of so many people was crucial, I could not have completed this project without the love and unstinting support of my friends and family. At times we all wondered (silently) whether I would finish, but iv here it is. I feel special gratitude toward Andrew Parasiliti and Mona Sehgal, my sister, Melissa, my brothers, Clay and Bruce, and my parents, Bob and Dana King, and Gil and Barb Campbell. And for helping me run those last miles, I give thanks to Sirish Agarwal, Uttara Sengupta, Madhuri Shivalkar, and Princy Francis. v Abstract Of Dissertation Civil-Military Relations And Political Liberalization: A Comparative Study Of The Military's Corporateness And Political Values In Egypt, Syria, Turkey, And Pakistan Can militaries in the Muslim world support political liberalization and, if so, under what conditions? This study challenges the conventional wisdom that the military is a conservative, authoritarian force. For instance, the Arab world is typified by military- dominated regimes. Might we then find that the military played a supporting role in the political aspect of 1970s infitah, or opening, in Egypt and Syria? The study posits that military corporateness is a prerequisite for the military to think and act independently, but that the military's political values determine whether and how it will act. The study devises a means to measure military corporateness and finds evidence that corporateness mostly correlates positively with political liberalization in four cases. A survey of Egyptian and Syrian military journals finds that pro-liberalization discourse increased in the period leading up to the initial increases in political liberalization. In each case, the political values were colored by unique local concerns or ideological outlooks, which indicated significant limits to support for liberalization, but also gave credence to the authenticity of the values. The interaction of the two variables was assessed using corporate variants, or models, derived from the literature. These models, e.g. party-army or military business, added analytical dimension to the military's outlook toward political liberalization. The study was brought up to date and made more generalizable by examining Turkey and Pakistan, using the same methodology for military corporateness, but an abbreviated method for assessing political values. The abbreviated cases provide a sharp contrast to the Arab cases with the paradoxical observation that interventionist vi militaries may in some cases be more pro-democratization than obedient militaries. vii Table of Contents Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Abstract Of Dissertation .................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: The Puzzle of Military-led Liberalization ......................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 A Puzzle: Military Support for Liberalization ................................................................ 3 Alternative explanations for liberalization in the Arab world ........................................ 7 The Argument in Brief .................................................................................................. 13 Military Corporateness ............................................................................................. 13 The Military’s Political Values ................................................................................. 15 Purpose and Importance ................................................................................................ 17 Primary Case Selection: Egypt and Syria ..................................................................... 20 Rationale ................................................................................................................... 20 Control and variation of variables ........................................................................... 21 Abbreviated Case Selection: Turkey and Pakistan ....................................................... 26 Organization of dissertation .......................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: Evaluating the Military’s Corporateness and Political Values ....................... 31 Introduction and Overview ........................................................................................... 31 Military Corporateness.................................................................................................. 32 Hypothesis, Expectations, and Testing ..................................................................... 37 The Military’s Political Values ..................................................................................... 40 Sources of political values ........................................................................................ 42 Hypothesis, Expectations, and Testing ..................................................................... 44 Typology of Military Corporateness and Political Values ........................................... 45 Methodology: Measuring Military Corporateness ........................................................ 48 Methodology: Assessing Political Values .................................................................... 56 Freedom House and Categories of Political Values ................................................. 57 The use of military journals ...................................................................................... 59 Interaction of Corporateness and Political Values: Corporate Variants ....................... 68 Chapter 3: Egypt’s Military Corporateness and Political Liberalization .......................... 76 Introduction and Overview ........................................................................................... 76 The Evolution of Military Corporateness ..................................................................... 85 Personnel System ...................................................................................................... 87 Mission Exclusivity ..................................................................................................

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