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Turton-William.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD RAFAEL LANDÍVAR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES LICENCIATURA EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES MECANISMOS DIPLOMÁTICOS DESDE LA POSICIÓN DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DURANTE LA CRISIS DE SIRIA DEL 2013 TESIS DE GRADO WILLIAM EDWARD TURTON FURLAN CARNET 12292-10 GUATEMALA DE LA ASUNCIÓN, MARZO DE 2015 CAMPUS CENTRAL UNIVERSIDAD RAFAEL LANDÍVAR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES LICENCIATURA EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES MECANISMOS DIPLOMÁTICOS DESDE LA POSICIÓN DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DURANTE LA CRISIS DE SIRIA DEL 2013 TESIS DE GRADO TRABAJO PRESENTADO AL CONSEJO DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES POR WILLIAM EDWARD TURTON FURLAN PREVIO A CONFERÍRSELE EL TÍTULO Y GRADO ACADÉMICO DE LICENCIADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES GUATEMALA DE LA ASUNCIÓN, MARZO DE 2015 CAMPUS CENTRAL AUTORIDADES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD RAFAEL LANDÍVAR RECTOR: P. EDUARDO VALDES BARRIA, S. J. VICERRECTORA ACADÉMICA: DRA. MARTA LUCRECIA MÉNDEZ GONZÁLEZ DE PENEDO VICERRECTOR DE DR. CARLOS RAFAEL CABARRÚS PELLECER, S. J. INVESTIGACIÓN Y PROYECCIÓN: VICERRECTOR DE P. JULIO ENRIQUE MOREIRA CHAVARRÍA, S. J. INTEGRACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA: VICERRECTOR LIC. ARIEL RIVERA IRÍAS ADMINISTRATIVO: SECRETARIA GENERAL: LIC. FABIOLA DE LA LUZ PADILLA BELTRANENA DE LORENZANA AUTORIDADES DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES DECANO: DR. VICTOR MANUEL GALVEZ BORRELL VICEDECANO: MGTR. LUIS ANDRES PADILLA VASSAUX SECRETARIA: MGTR. LOURDES CLAUDETTE BALCONI VILLASEÑOR DIRECTORA DE CARRERA: LIC. GUISELA ELIZABETH MARTINEZ CHANG DE NEUTZE NOMBRE DEL ASESOR DE TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN LIC. MAURICIO JOSE CHAULON VELEZ TERNA QUE PRACTICÓ LA EVALUACIÓN DR. LUIS ALBERTO PADILLA MENENDEZ LIC. ROBERTO ANTONIO WAGNER MONROY LIC. VANESSA PLIHAL ASTURIAS AGRADECIMIENTOS Y DEDICATORIA A Dios, a mi patria y a mi familia. A los pueblos que han sido victimas inocentes de la barbarie por la búsqueda del poder y se les han negado, violentado y ultrajado tanto sus derechos como sus libertades inherentes del ser. A mi difunto padre y abuelo, que sigue en vida en cada éxito que alcanzo. A mi madre, por su apoyo incondicional, amor y ejemplo de fortaleza. A mi abuela, mi segunda madre y protectora incondicional. A mis colegas y amigas; Laura De León, Fernanda Trabanino y Jessica Flores, por su asesoría y paciencia. Al Encinal, a mis amigos cercanos. ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1: DIMENSIONES TEÓRICAS, CONCEPTUALES Y METODOLÓGICAS ................................................................................................. 5 La crisis interna de Siria como fenómeno de estudio .......................................... 5 Problematización ................................................................................................. 9 Pregunta general ............................................................................................... 10 Pregunta específica ........................................................................................... 10 Posición de EE.UU. en el conflicto. ................................................................... 10 Objetivos de la investigación ............................................................................. 13 Objetivos Específicos: ....................................................................................... 14 Metodología ....................................................................................................... 17 Fuentes Documentales Primarias ...................................................................... 18 Marco Teórico .................................................................................................... 23 Marco Categorial ............................................................................................... 27 CAPÍTULO 2. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE SIRIA Y SUS RELACIONES DE PODER EN LA HISTORIA .............................................................................. 30 Características geográficas de Siria .................................................................. 31 El Estado sirio después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la fundación de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas ............................................................... 32 Surgimiento del partido BAATH: causas y contexto .......................................... 33 El Partido BAATH en Siria como organización política ...................................... 36 Fundación del partido BAATH en Siria .............................................................. 38 La familia Al-Assad en el partido ....................................................................... 39 2 Sistema político de Siria en la actualidad .......................................................... 41 Alauismo: importancia de la tendencia religiosa dentro del partido BAATH ...... 45 El Alausimo durante el mandato francés (1920-1946) ....................................... 49 El Alauismo durante el dominio sunita (1946-1963) .......................................... 51 Consolidación Alauita (1963-1970) .................................................................... 54 CAPÍTULO 3. SIRIA EN LA DINÁMICA INTERNACIONAL: LA IMPORTANCIA DE SIRIA PARA LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LOS EE.UU. ..................................... 56 El conflicto armado sirio en la dinámica internacional ....................................... 57 El papel de los EE.UU. los Estados Occidentales y Pro-Occidentales más influyentes dentro de la crisis ............................................................................. 67 Importancia de EE.UU. dentro de la crisis: ..................................................... 67 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes de EE.UU. en el conflicto ................... 72 Importancia del Reino Unido dentro de la crisis: ............................................ 80 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes del Reino Unido en el conflicto ........... 81 Importancia de Francia dentro de la crisis: ..................................................... 83 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes de Francia en el conflicto ................... 85 Importancia de Turquía dentro del conflicto: .................................................. 88 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes de Turquía en el conflicto ................... 91 Importancia de Qatar, Arabia Saudita y los estados del Golfo pérsico (sin Irán) dentro del conflicto: ................................................................................ 96 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes de Qatar, Arabia Saudita y los estados del Golfo pérsico (sin Irán) .......................................................................... 98 Importancia de Israel para el conflicto: ......................................................... 102 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes de Israel en el conflicto ..................... 102 3 El papel de Rusia y los Estados aliados del régimen más influyentes en el conflicto............................................................................................................ 104 Importancia de Rusia en el conflicto: ........................................................... 104 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes de Rusia en el conflicto .................... 107 Importancia de China en el conflicto: ........................................................... 114 Hitos Cronológicos más relevantes de China en el conflicto .................. 116 Importancia de Irán en el conflicto: .............................................................. 117 Hitos cronológicos más relevantes Íran en el conflicto ............................ 119 EE.UU. y Rusia como actores principales internacionales dentro de la crisis de Siria. ................................................................................................................ 122 Política exterior de los EE.UU. en el gobierno de Barack Obama ................... 127 Bases para la formulación de la política exterior de los EE.UU. .................. 127 Organos más influyentes de la formulación para la política exterior de los EE.UU. ......................................................................................................... 132 Componentes ideológicos, materiales y culturales de la política exterior durante el Gobierno de George W. Bush como preámbulo hacia la política exterior actual de los EE.UU. ........................................................................................ 135 Lineamientos de La política exterior del Gobierno de Barack Obama y la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional del 2010 ..................................................... 139 Aspectos teóricos neorrealistas de Kenneth Waltz sobre la posición de la política exterior de los EE.UU. ..................................................................................... 150 Caracterización del sistema ......................................................................... 152 1.- Anarquía dentro del sistema internacional: ............................................. 155 2.- EL sistema de Auto-ayuda: .................................................................... 156 3.- Emanación de la Resolución 2118 del Consejo de Seguridad: ............... 158 4 CAPÍTULO 4. MECANISMOS DIPLOMÁTICOS MÁS INFLUYENTES Y LA INTERPRETACIÓN DEL MARCO JURÍDICO INTERNACIONAL DENTRO DEL CONFLICTO ........................................................................................................ 159 Consenso entre EE.UU. y Rusia: Documento
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