Implicación Del Terrorismo En El Conflicto Palestino-Israelí Desde La

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Implicación Del Terrorismo En El Conflicto Palestino-Israelí Desde La Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera Departamento de Derecho Público IMPLICACIÓN DEL TERRORISMO EN EL CONFLICTO PALESTINO ISRAELÍ DESDE LA ÉPOCA DEL MANDATO BRITÁNICO HASTA LA ACTUALIDAD TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: María Carmen Forriol Campos Dirigida por: Susana Sanz Caballero Valencia Año 2016 A mis padres Francisco y Carmen a quienes con este trabajo de investigación sólo puedo agradecer un poco de lo mucho que se preocuparon por nuestra formación 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer en primer lugar a la Doctora Susana Sanz Caballero su permanente accesibilidad y disponibilidad para resolver cualquier duda o consulta y porque con sus indicaciones ha hecho posible que se hiciese realidad este trabajo de investigación. También quiero agradecer la accesibilidad y la información facilitada por todas aquellas personas a las que he tenido la oportunidad de entrevistar personal, telefónicamente y en el mismo Israel y a las que hago mención a lo largo de este trabajo. Mi profundo agradecimiento a todas esas amistades que tanto interés han mostrado por este trabajo y que de alguna manera han contribuido a que se haya hecho realidad. Quiero también agradecer el apoyo y afecto de mis hermanos que desde la cercanía han hecho factible el arduo proceso de elaboración de esta Tesis Doctoral. 2 3 INDICE ACRÓNIMOS 8 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 12 1. Formulación de Hipotesis 31 2. Justificación y objetivos de la Tesis 31 3. Estructura 32 4. Metodología de la Investigación 33 5. Fuentes 35 CAPÍTULO I EL CONFLICTO PALESTINO ISRAELÍ DESDE SUS INICIOS HASTA LA PROCLAMACIÓN DE ISRAEL COMO ESTADO INDEPENDIENTE 38 1. Antecedentes históricos y origen del conflicto 41 1.1. Origen y desarrollo del sionismo y del nacionalismo palestino 47 1.1.1. Theodor Herzl y el sionismo político 58 1.1.2. Chaim Weizmann y el sionismo sintético 61 1.1.3. Zeev Jabotinsky y el sionismo revisionista 64 1.1.4. David Ben Gurion y sionismo laborista 66 1.2. Mitología sionista 67 1.3. Puesta en acción del proyecto sionista: El régimen de apartheid israelí 75 1.4. La inmigración judía en Palestina: La primera oleada (1882-1903/1904) y la segunda oleada (1904-1914) 100 2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: La Declaración Balfour 103 3. Periodo de entre Guerras: El Mandato Británico sobre Palestina 108 3.1. La Gran Rebelión Árabe: 1936-1939 118 3.2. La Comisión Peel propone la partición del territorio 122 4 3.3. Consecuencias de la Gran Rebelión Árabe 124 4. De la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta la Fundación del Estado de Israel 125 4.1. Las políticas británica y estadounidense hacia Palestina 128 4.2. La Partición de Palestina en 1947 y el Informe UNSCOP 130 5. A modo de conclusión 134 CAPÍTULO II EL CONFLICTO PALESTINO ISRAELÍ DESDE LA CREACIÓN DEL ESTADO DE ISRAEL HASTA LA ACTUALIDAD 138 1. La primera Guerra Árabe Israelí de 1948 139 1.1. Desarrollo de la Guerra de Independencia Israelí 139 1.2. Los Acuerdos de Armisticio y las iniciativas de paz tras estos acuerdos 144 1.3. Resultados de la primera guerra árabe Israelí 149 1. La segunda guerra Árabe Israelí en 1956: La Guerra del Sinaí 160 2.1. La nacionalización de la Compañía del Canal de Suez: Origen de la guerra del Sinaí 161 2.2. Desarrollo y consecuencias de la Guerra del Sinaí 164 3. La Tercera Guerra Árabe Israelí de 1967: La Guerra de Los Seis Días 167 3.1. Contexto en el que se fragua la guerra de 1967 169 3.2. Desarrollo de la Guerra de 1967 y participación del Servicio Secreto israelí 173 3.3. Consecuencias de la Guerra de Los Seis Días 179 4. La Guerra del Yom Kippur de 1973 194 4.1. Antecedentes y desarrollo de la Guerra de 1973: Actores 195 4.2. Consecuencias de la Guerra de 1973 200 4.3. Los años del Likud y los Acuerdos de Camp David: La paz egipcio-israelí 203 5. Las Guerras en el Líbano Contemporáneo 209 5.1. Origen y desarrollo de la Guerra del Líbano de 1982 213 5.2. La Guerra de Hezbolah contra Israel en 2006: Preámbulo y desarrollo 223 6. La Primera Intifada y los factores desencadenantes 229 6.1. Desarrollo de la Primera Intifada 230 5 6.2. Reacción de Israel, de EEUU y de la OLP ante la Primera Intifada 234 7. La Crisis y la Segunda Guerra del Golfo 238 8. El Proceso de Paz israelí-palestino desde su inicio hasta la actualidad 243 8.1. Inicio del Proceso de Paz: Conferencia de Madrid y los Acuerdos de Oslo 243 8.2. Paralización del Proceso de Paz: Vuelta a la línea dura con Netanyahu 254 8.3. Reanudación de las negociaciones con Barak 261 8.3.1. La Cumbre de Camp David II 265 8.3.2. Desencadenamiento de la Intifada de Al Aqsa y la Comisión Mitchell 270 8.4. Vuelta a la política de hierro con Ariel Sharon 273 8.4.1. La Hoja de Ruta del Cuarteto Diplomático 276 8.4.2. Ariel Sharon y la independencia de Gaza 278 8.4.3. La victoria de Hamás y la Operación Plomo Fundido en Gaza 280 8.5. Estancamiento de las negociaciones durante el mandato de Netanyahu 285 9. A modo de conclusión 297 CAPÍTULO III EL TERRORISMO ISRAELÍ EN EL CONFLICTO PALESTINO ISRAELÍ 302 1. Definición del término Terrorismo y diferenciación con el Terrorismo de Estado. 302 2. Las represalias y el empleo de la fuerza armada. 313 3. Crimenes de lesa humanidad. Fundamentos y ámbitos de validez. 321 4. Crimen de lesa humanidad, represalias o terrorismo 325 5. La violencia de las organizaciones israelíes: el Irgun y la Banda Stern 329 5.1. El Irgun: Origen y desarrollo 329 5.2. La banda Stern y sus diferencias con el Irgun 339 6. La Haganah: Origen y desarrollo 344 7. La violencia en los Servicios de Inteligencia israelíes 353 7.2. Respuesta de Shin Bet y Aman al terrorismo palestino 353 7.1. Respuesta del Mossad al terrorismo palestino 363 8. A modo de conclusión 375 6 CAPÍTULO IV EL TERRORISMO PALESTINO EN EL CONFLICTO PALESTINO ISRAELÍ 378 1. El Terrorismo Palestino en general y en la modalidad de terrorismo yihadista regional para crear un nuevo Estado islámico en una zona liberada 380 2. Organizaciones terroristas palestinas en relación con el conflicto palestino israelí 383 2.1. La OLP y las organizaciones terroristas palestinas a ella integradas 384 2.2. Las organizaciones palestinas terroristas no integradas en la OLP 397 2.2. 1. La Yihad Islámica Palestina 399 2.2.2. Movimiento multifuncional Hamás: origen y desarrollo 402 2.2.2.1. Hamás como organización terrorista y movimiento social y político 415 2.2.2.2. Relación de Hamas con las organizaciones yihadistas terroristas 424 3. Hezbolah en el conflicto libanés israelí 427 3.1. Origen y desarrollo de este movimiento de estrategia tripartita 436 3.2. Hezbolah como movimiento y organización terrorista chií 432 4. En qué medida el terrorismo está dificultando el proceso de paz 443 5. A modo de conclusión 444 CONCLUSIONES 448 FUENTES CONSULTADAS 454 ANEXOS 505 FOTOS 505 MAPAS 520 GRÁFICOS 528 7 ACRÓNIMOS ACA Comité Árabe AIPAC Comité de Asuntos Públicos Estados Unidos-Israel AMAN Agaf Hamode´in AMIA Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina de Buenos Aires ANP Autoridad Nacional Palestina AP Autoridad Palestina CIA Agencia Central de Inteligencia de EEUU C.I.D Criminal Investigation Department CISDE Campus Internacional para la Seguridad y la Defensa CNP Consejo Nacional Palestino CSCA Comité de la Solidaridad de la Causa Árabe DGSE Dirección General de Seguridad Exterior (Agencia de Inteligencia Exterior de la República Francesa DIH Derecho Internacional Humanitario EI-AL Compañía Aérea Israelí EEUU Estados Unidos de América FATAH Movimiento de Liberación Palestina FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (Oficina Federal de Investigación) FDI Fuerza de Defensa Israelí 8 FDLP Frente Democrático para la Liberación de Palestina FENU Fuerza de Emergencia de Naciones Unidas FFI Grupo Stern FINUL Fuerza de Interposición de Naciones Unidas para el Líbano FLP Frente para la Liberación Palestina FPLP Frente Popular para la Liberación de Palestina FPLP-CG Frente Popular por la Liberación de Palestina-Comando General HM Hermandad Musulmana HM Palestina Hermandad Musulmana Palestina HHMM Hermanos Musulmanes HUMINT Inteligencia Humana INF Jewish National Found IRGUN Organización Militar Nacional en Israel M 16 Servicio de Inteligencia Exterior de Reino Unido MNUI Mando Nacional Unificado MAPAI Partido de los Trabajadores de la Tierra de Israel, de ideología de izquierdas MAPAM Partido de los Obreros Unidos en Israel, precursor del actual Meretz MIGs Aviones de caza con interceptor supersónico soviético y con capacidad limitada de ataque MNA Movimiento de Nacionalistas Árabes MNUI Mando Nacional Unificado MOPSI Partido Comunista Palestino 9 MOSSAD Instituto de Inteligencia y Operaciones Especiales de Israel OLP Organización para la Liberación de Palestina ONG Organización no gubernamental y sin fin de lucro ONU Organización de Naciones Unidas OTAN Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte PALMACKH Fuerza de combate de élite de la Haganah durante el Mandato británico PASSIA Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs SHIN BET Sherut Bitachon Klali STERN Combatientes para la Libertad de Israel TSVAI LEUMI Organización Militar Nacional TZAHAL Fuerzas de Defensa israelí UE Unión Europea UNICEF Fondo Internacional de Emergencia de Naciones Unidas para la infancia UNRWA Agencia de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados Palestinos en Oriente Medio UNSCOP Comité Especial de Naciones Unidas para Palestina URSS Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas 10 11 INTRODUCCIÓN Con la elaboración de esta tesis intentamos no sólo presentar una visión integradora de uno de los conflictos más prolongados, complejos y que ha generado mayor número de debates académicos, sino conocer en profundidad uno de los problemas más difíciles de resolver de todos los librados en Oriente Medio durante los siglos XX y las primeras décadas del siglo XXI.
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