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La Política Exterior De Uruguay Hacia Los Países Africanos Durante Los Gobiernos

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La Política Exterior De Uruguay Hacia Los Países Africanos Durante Los Gobiernos UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Departamento de Sociología Tesis final para postular al título de Magíster en Estudios Contemporáneos de América Latina. La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur? Autor: Gonzalo Exequiel Castillo Gasco Tutor: Prof. Dr. Lincoln Bizzozero Revelez. Docente grado 5. Titular. Montevideo, Uruguay. 2019. Página de aprobación. Título de la tesis: La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur? Autor: Gonzalo Exequiel Castillo Gasco Tutor: Prof. Dr. Lincoln Bizzozero Revelez. Fecha de defensa: _____________________________ Integrantes del tribunal evaluador: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Calificación: _______ ii Resumen La presente investigación analiza la Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos entre 2005 y 2017, durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio. Busca abordar dos objetivos generales: el primero es comparar la Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia África entre 2005 y 2017 con la Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos anterior. El segundo es identificar si la Política Exterior implementada por Uruguay hacia África entre 2005 y 2017 se orientó por los ideales y principios que dan contenido a las relaciones Sur-Sur. Para abordar esos objetivos se realiza una investigación cualitativa de documentación del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y entrevistas semiestructuradas a diplomáticos y tomadores de decisión de dicho Ministerio que estuvieron involucrados de algún modo en los vínculos con África. Se define y distinguen los conceptos de cooperación Sur-Sur y relaciones Sur-Sur, y se identifican sus principios rectores. Se registran y exponen las acciones del Estado uruguayo (principalmente del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores) hacia los países africanos desde el siglo XIX hasta 2017, identificando al menos tres periodos de “fortalecimiento de vínculos” diplomáticos: 1952 a 1972, 1975 a 1993 y 2012 a la actualidad. Se identificaron ocho elementos de continuidad en la Política Exterior uruguaya haca África antes y después de 2005 y seis políticas novedosas desde 2005, que no cambian la realidad de que África continúa ocupando una posición marginal en la Política Exterior de Uruguay. También se concluye que la Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia África entre 2005 y 2017 no se orientó por los ideales y principios que dan contenido a las relaciones Sur-Sur. Finalmente, se analizan ciertas dificultades que enfrenta Uruguay en su relación con África y algunas alternativas para superar las mismas y se plantea que al no adoptar estas últimas se evidencia que la falta de voluntad política es el principal factor que frena las relaciones con el continente. Palabras clave: Política Exterior; relaciones Sur-Sur; Uruguay; África. iii Abstract The present investigation analyzes the Foreign Policy of Uruguay towards the African countries between 2005 and 2017, during the governments of the Broad Front. It seeks to address two general objectives: the first is to compare the Foreign Policy of Uruguay towards Africa between 2005 and 2017 with the Foreign Policy of Uruguay towards the African countries prior to 2005. The second is to identify if the Foreign Policy implemented by Uruguay towards Africa between 2005 and 2017 was guided by the ideals and principles that give content to South-South relations. To address these objectives, a qualitative investigation is carried out analyzing documentation of the Foreign Affairs Ministry and semi-structured interviews with diplomats and decision makers of that ministry who were involved in some way in the contacts with Africa. The concepts of South-South cooperation and South-South relations are defined and distinguished, and their guiding principles are identified. The actions of the Uruguayan State (mainly from the Foreign Affairs Ministry) towards African countries from the 19th century to the year of 2017 are recorded and exposed, identifying at least three periods of "strengthening of diplomatic ties": 1952 to 1972, 1975 to 1993 and 2012 to the present (in progress). Eight elements of continuity were identified in the Uruguayan Foreign Policy towards Africa before and after 2005 and six innovations or differences since 2005, which do not change the reality that Africa continues to occupy a marginal position in Uruguay's Foreign Policy. It is also concluded that the Foreign Policy of Uruguay towards Africa between 2005 and 2017 was not oriented by the ideals and principles that give content to South-South relations. Finally, certain difficulties faced by Uruguay in its relationship with Africa and some alternatives to overcome them are analyzed. It is argued that the not adoption of that alternatives is a sign that the lack of political will is the main factor that hinders relations with the continent. Keywords: Foreign Policy; South-South relationships, Uruguay; Africa. iv Prefacio Esta investigación se desarrolló como tesis final de la Maestría Bimodal de Estudios Contemporáneos de América Latina de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la República, entre los años 2016 y 2018 bajo la orientación el profesor Dr. Lincoln Bizzozero y recibió apoyo de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación a través de una beca en la modalidad Maestría Nacional, Investigación Fundamental (Código de la beca: POS_NAC_2015_1_110165). La investigación parte del reconocimiento de que dentro del vasto caudal de investigación académica sobre la Política Exterior de Uruguay el continente africano no recibe suficiente atención. Mi experiencia de formación en Relaciones Internacionales e Integración en la Universidad Federal de la Integración Latinoamericana (Foz de Iguazú, PR, Brasil) despertó sensibilidad por las naciones del Sur Global y las potencias emergentes y me permitió constatar que algunos países latinoamericanos, con destaque para Brasil, estaban fortaleciendo sur relaciones Sur-Sur y su vínculo con África. Así, al leer numerosa bibliografía nacional sobre Política Exterior en el proceso de búsqueda de algún tema para la tesis que fuera poco estudiado para abordar una investigación original noté esa escasez de investigaciones sobre el vínculo con países de África. De ese modo, la ambición inicial era estudiar las relaciones de Uruguay con África, no solo en el aspecto político, sino también económico, cultural y social. Tal idea era claramente inalcanzable y se debió concentrar la investigación a la Política Exterior, que es, además, el área de mi mayor interés personal. De tal modo, quedan por ser investigadas mas en profundidad las relaciones culturales, sociales y económicas de Uruguay con África, temas de gran relevancia para acceder a un conocimiento más cabal de la totalidad de las relaciones internacionales entre Uruguay y África, pues las interacciones humanas nunca son sencillas y monotemáticas, sino siempre complejas, ricas y de múltiples áreas. Estos tres años de investigación que dieron como resultado la tesis aquí presentada han resultado agotadores, pero sumamente enriquecedores. Así, la concentración temática en la Política Exterior me permitió también, gracias al contacto con numerosa documentación interna del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y las entrevistas a funcionarios diplomáticos, conocer más de cerca algunos pormenores de la vida diplomática, a la que espero algún día poder dedicarme profesionalmente. v Aprovecho la ocasión para agradecer especialmente al profesor Lincoln Bizzozero, cuya orientación y tutoría fue de un valor inestimable para lograr este trabajo. No solo respondió atentamente mis inquietudes y orientó en todas las dudas surgidas, sino que me ayudó a mantener la investigación atada a objetivos realistas y accesibles. Vaya también mi gratitud dirigida a la Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación, cuyo apoyo económico fue crucial para poder dedicar más tiempo en forma específica a este trabajo. Agradezco así mismo a los entrevistados en la investigación: el Embajador Dr. Agustín Milton Espinosa Lloveras, la Profesora María Bernabela “Belela” Herrera Sanguinetti, el Embajador Dr. Elbio Oscar Rosselli Frieri, el Ministro Consejero Eduardo Augusto Rosenbrock Bidart, el Ministro Consejero Lic. Mario Liori Sánchez, el Embajador Itinerante Romero Jorge Rodríguez Durán, el Embajador Luis Homero Bermúdez Álvarez y a otros tres diplomáticos que solicitaron permanecer en anonimato. Sin tener ninguna obligación de hacerlo, me dedicaron amablemente parte de su tiempo para viabilizar las valiosas entrevistas sin las cuales este trabajo solo sería una sombra de lo que logra ser. Espero que el trabajo esté a la altura de las aspiraciones y deseos positivos que me expresaron en su momento. A mi madre Nora Gasco, que me ayudó en la transcripción de las grabaciones de las entrevistas, y a mi amigo Matías López, que me dio sus impresiones sobre la calidad de la redacción de la tesis, les agradezco mucho su preocupación y dedicación. No puedo dejar de mencionar mi gratitud con Álvaro, Andrea, Leticia y Mariela, funcionarios de los archivos Administrativo e Histórico Diplomático del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Su amabilidad y dedicación en la atención durante los meses de asidua a
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