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Home , Arab Socialist Movement, Bosnian Party, Communist Party (Serbia), Democratic Party (Malta), Federation of Liberals, Great Unity Party

Electoral Processes Electoral processes in the Mediterranean

This chapter provides information on jority party if it does not manage to Gorazd Drevensek the results of the presidential and leg- obtain an absolute majority in the (New Christian Appendices islative elections held between July Chamber. People’s Party, Christian Democrat) 0.9 - 2002 and June 2003. Jure Jurèek Cekuta 0.5 - Parties % Seats Participation: 71.3 % (1st round); 65.2 % (2nd round). Monaco Nationalist Party (PN, conservative) 51.8 35 Legislative elections 2003 (MLP, social democrat) 47.5 30 9th February 2003 Med. Previous elections: 1st and 8th Februa- Democratic Alternative (AD, ecologist) 0.7 - ry 1998 Federal parliamentary that Parliamentary with unicam- Participation: 96.2 %. became independent from eral legislative: the National Council. in 1991, and is formed by two enti- The twenty-four seats of the chamber ties: the Bosnia and Herzegovina Fed- Slovenia are elected for a five-year term; sixteen eration, known as the Croat-Muslim Presidential elections by simple majority and eight through , and the Srpska Republic. 302-303 proportional representation. The voters go to the polls to elect the 10th November 2002 and the forty-two mem- Previous elections: 24th November bers of the Chamber of Representa- Parties % Seats 1997 tives. Simultaneously, the two entities Union for Monaco (UPM) 58.5 21 Parliamentary republic that became elect their own legislative bodies and for the Future of Monaco (UNAM) independent from Yugoslavia in 1991. the Srpska Republic elects its Presi- Union for the Monegasque Two rounds of elections are held to dent and Vice-President. The terms of Family (RFM) Independents elect a President. Terms are for five office have been changed from two to years. four years. The present convocation National and Democratic Union (UND) 41.5 3 of elections is the first after the war between 1992 and 1995 to take place Participation: 79.7 %. Candidates % % 1st round2nd round without foreign aid. However, interna- tional observers are in attendance. Janez Drnovsek (Liberal The main winners are not the moder- Malta of Slovenia) 44.4 56.5 ate parties promoted by the interna- Legislative elections Barbara Brezigar 30.8 43.5 tional community, but three national- ist parties that led their respective Zmago Jelinèiè Plemeniti 12th April 2003 (Slovenian National communities before and during the Previous elections: 5th September Party, nationalist) 8.5 - conflict. 1998 Franc Arhar 7.6 - Parliamentary republic with unicamer- Presidential elections Franc Buèar 3.2 - al legislative: the House of Represen- tatives. It has a minimum of sixty-five Kreft (Social 5th October 2002 Democrats United members, who are elected for a term List) 2.2 - Previous elections: 12th and 13th of five years through proportional September 1998 Anton Bebler representation in thirteen multi-seat (Slovenia Joint presidency of three members, constituencies. The possibility exists Pensioners’ one for each community, who alternate ) 1.8 - of granting additional seats to the ma- in the position of major representative. The proportion of votes within each sal suffrage and proportional repre- representation in equal parts. On this community can be seen below. The re- sentation. Twenty-eight seats corre- occasion, the people vote for the sults lead to the joint presidency for spond to the Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, which has four years of Mirko Sarovic (SDS), Federation and fourteen to the Srpska 98 seats elected by a proportional Sulejman Tihic (SDA) and Dragan Republic. The term of office is for four system in order to cover a four year Covic (HDZ). years. mandate.

Serbian candidates % Parties % Seats Parties % Seats

Mirko Sarovic (SDS) 35.5 Party of Democratic Party of Democratic (SDA, Bosnian Action (SDA, Bosnian Nebojsa Radmanovic (SNS) 19.9 nationalist) 21.9 10 nationalist) 32.7 32

Ognjen Tadic (SRS) 8.7 Serbian Democratic Koalicija (Coalition) 15.8 16 Party (SDS, Serbian Croatian Democratic Union Desnica Radivojevic (SDA) 8.2 nationalist) 14.0 5 (HDZ, Croatian nationalist) Christian Democrats HNZ Branko Dokic (PDP) 8.1 Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SBH, Mirko Banjaé (SNP) 4.6 Party for Bosnia and Bosnian moderate Herzegovina (SBH, Mladen Grahovac (SDP) 4.5 nationalist) 10.5 6 Bosnian moderate nationalist) 15.3 15 Dargutin Ilic(SPRS) 3.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democrat Party Bosnia and Herzegovina Milorad Cokic (DNS) 3.2 (SDP) 10.4 4 Social Democrat Party (SDP) 15.6 15 Svetozar Radivojevic (SNS) 1.0 Party of Independent Social Democrats Bosnian Party (BOSS) 2.8 3 (SNSD) 9.8 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian candidates % Koalicija (Coalition) 9.5 5 Federation Pensioners’ Croatian Democratic Union Sulejman Tihic (SDA) 37.3 Party (SPU) 2.3 2 (HDZ, Croatian nationalist) Haris Silajdzic (SBiH) 34.8 Christian Democrats Democratic People’s Community (DNZ, Alija Behem (SDP) 17.5 Party for the Democratic personalist) 2.3 2 Progress of RS (PDP) 4.6 2 Fikret Abdic (DNZ) 4.1 Ekonomski Blok HDU - Za Boljitak (EB) 2.0 2 Faruk Balijagic (BOSS) 1.9 (SRS) 2.0 1 New Croatian Emir Saltar (BPS) 1.3 RS Socialist Party (NHI, moderate) 2.0 2 (SPRS, Social Radim Kadic (LDS) 1.0 Democrat) 1.9 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BPS) 1.4 1 Bosnian Party (BOSS) 1.5 1 Croatian Peasants Party Croatian candidates % Bosnia and Herzegovina (HSS, agrarian) 0.8 1 Federation Pensioners’ Dragan Covic (Koalicija) 61.5 Party (SPU) 1.4 1 Liberal Democratic Party (LDS) 0.8 1 Mladen Ivankovic-Lijanovic (EB) 17.4 Democratic People’s Croatian Christian Mijo Anic (NHI) 8.8 League (DNS) 1.4 1 Democrat Union (HKDU) 0.8 1 Stjepan Kljvic (RS) 5.1 Democratic People’s Community (DNZ, Party of Independent Social Democrats Zeljko Koroman (HPB) 2.8 personalist) 1.4 1 (SNSD) 0.7 1 Zarko Misic (HKDU) 2.8 New Croatian Initiative 1.4 1 Croatian Rights Party (NHI, moderate) Marinko Brkic 1.2 (HSP, Croatian nationalist) 0.6 1 Ekonomski Blok HDU - Civic Democratic Party Za Boljitak (EB) 1.3 1 (GDS, centrist) 0.6 1 Participation 55.4 %. Croatian Right Block (HPS) 0.5 1 Legislative elections Pro-European People’s Party (PROENS) and 5th October 2002 Legislative elections in the Bosnia and Youth Party (SMBiH) 0.5 1 Previous elections: 11th November Herzegovina Federation 2000 Bicameral legislative formed by the 5th October 2002 Presidential elections in the Srpska Dom Narodu or House of the Peo- Previous elections: 11th November Republic ples’ (of fifteen members; ten of which 2001 are elected by the Federation Parlia- Parliamentary republic. Bicameral leg- 5th October 2002 ment and five by the Parliament of the islative constituted by the Federation Previous elections: 11th November Srpska Republic) and the House of House of Representatives (Zastupnic- 2000 Representatives (Zastupnicki Dom), ki dom Federacije) and House of the Parliamentary republic. The President of which the forty-two members are Peoples’ (Dom Narodu). The Peoples’ is elected to remain in office during a elected on the above date by univer- Chamber has Bosnian and Croatian four-year term. and Candidates % Miroljub Labus (DOS) 27.4 30.9 - Dragan Cavic (SDS) 35.5 Federal parliamentary republic, which Vojislav Seselj Milan Jelic (SNS) 22.1 until February 2003 was called the (Serbian Radical Party, Dragan Mikerivic (PDP) 7.8 of Yugoslavia, from xenophobic) 23.2 - 36.3 Adil Osmanovic (SDA) 6.7 which Slovenia, , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia became Vuk Draskovic Petar Cokic (SPRS) 5.3 (Serbia Renewal independent in 1991. The country is Movement) 4.4 - - Radislav Kanjeric (SRS) 3.8 constituted by the Republic of Serbia Borislav Pelevic Djapo Mirsad (SDP) 3.2 and the Republic of Montenegro. (Party of the Serbia Unity, Dragan Kostic (DNS) 3.2 is an autonomous province of xenophobic) 3.8 - 3.6 Smail Ibrahimpasic (SBiH) 2.8 Serbia, which is under the tutelage of the interim administration of the Unit- Velimir Bata Zivojinovic 3.3 - - ed Nations. Elections to the Presiden- Legislative elections in the Srpska cy of both federal states and also to Nebojsa Pavkovic 2.1 - - Republic the legislative of the Republic of Mon- Branislav Bane tenegro are convoked. Ivkovic 1.2 - - Appendices 5th October 2002 Vuk Obradovic 0.7 - - Previous elections: 11th November Presidential elections in the Republic Tomislav Lalosevic 0.7 - - 2000 of Serbia Dragan Radenovic 0.2 - - Unicameral legislative. The National Assembly (Narodna Skupstina) has 29th September, 13th October and Participation: 55.6 % (1st round); 45.6 % (2nd round); 45.1 % (3rd round). eighty-three members elected every 8th December 2002 2003 four years though a proportional Previous elections: 21st September to system. 21st December 1997 Presidential elections in the Republic Med. Parliamentary republic. Five-year terms of Montenegro of office. Two rounds of elections are Parties % Seats required when in the first no candidate 22nd December 2002, 9th February Serbian Democratic Party obtains an absolute majority. The elec- 2003 and 11th May 2003 (SDS, Serbian nationalist) 31.2 26 toral law stipulates that the participa- Previous elections: 5th and 19th Oc- Party of Independent tion must reach fifty percent for the tober 1997 Social Democrats elections to be valid. On this occasion Parliamentary republic. Election to the

(SNSD) 21.8 19 304-305 the two most voted candidates from the presidency for a five-year term of of- Party for the Democratic Progress of RS (PDP) 10.7 9 first round pass to the second round, fice. As in the case of the Republic of which is cancelled, despite the clear Serbia, the law stipulates that the Party of Democratic Action (SDA, Bosnian victory of Kostunica, due to insufficient participation should reach fifty per- nationalist) 7.1 6 participation. In the third round Labus cent. As this stipulation was not ful- Serbian Radical Party joins the candidature of Kostunica, filled in the two first rounds, the afore- (SRS) 4.4 4 who defeats Seselj, but again with a mentioned legal aspect is modified RS Socialist Party participation lower than fifty percent. before arriving at the third round, (SPRS, Social Democrat) 4.2 3 After the invalidation of the third round which finally places Filip Vujanovic as Democratic People’s it remains pending for the legislative President. League (DNS) 4.0 3 to fix a date for the new elections. Party for Bosnia and Meanwhile, on 29th December the Candidates % % % Herzegovina (SBH, Bosnian mandate of the out-going President, 1st round2nd round3rd round moderate nationalist) 3.7 4 Milan Milutinovic, comes to an end, Filip Vujanovic Bosnia and Herzegovina and with it the immunity that impeded (DPS) 83.9 81.5 63.3 Social Democrat Party his extradition to be judged by the In- (SDP) 3.4 3 Aleksandar ternational Court of Justice for the Vasiljevic RS Pensioners’ Party former Yugoslavia. Milutinovic is sub- (Serbian Radical (PSRS) 1.8 1 Party) 3.0 3.9 - stituted by acting President Natasia Savez Nardonog Micic, President of the Serbian Na- Dragan Preporoda (SNP) 1.3 1 Hajdukovic 5.9 7.1 3.9 tional Assembly. RS Union of the Milan-Milo Serbian People Radunovic (SNS) 1.0 1 (Natural Law Candidates % % % Party) 1.4 1.5 - DPS 0.9 1 1st round2nd round3rd round Miodrag Zivkovic Vojislav Kostunica RS Democratic Party (DS) 0.9 1 (LSCG) - - 30.8 (Democratic New Croatian Initiative Party of Serbia, Participation: 45.9 % (1st round); 47.7 % (2nd round); (NHI, moderate) 0.6 1 conservative) 30.9 66.9 57.5 48.5 % (3rd round). Legislative elections in the Republic Democratic League of Montenegro of Bosnians (DLB) Legislative elections United Party of Romas in Macedonia (OPRM) 21st October 2002 Serbians Democratic 3rd November 2002 Previous elections: 21st April 2001 Party (DPS) Previous elections: 18th April 1999 Turks Democratic Unicameral legislative. Seventy-five Party (DPT) Parliamentary republic with unicameral members of the Republic of Montene- Vlachs Democratic legislative. Elections are called in ad- Union (DSV) gro Assembly are elected (Skupstina Labour-Agricultural vance to fill the 550 seats of the Great Republike Crne Gore) through pro- Party (RZP) National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye portional representation to carry out a Socialist-Christian Party Büyük Millet Meclisi) through propor- Macedonia (SCPM) four-year term of office of tional representation, corrected with a Macedonia (ZPM) barrier of ten percent. The terms are

Parties % Seats VMRO - DMPNE - LP 24.4 34 for five years. Internal Macedonian Democratic List for Revolutionary European Montenegro Organization- Parties % Seats (DLECG) 47.9 39 Democratic Party for Montenegrin Socialists Macedonian and Development Democrat Party (DPS) Unity (VMRO-DMPNE, Party (AKP, democratic Social Democratic conservative) Islamist) 34.3 363 Party (SDP) Macedonia Republican People’s Party Montenegro Citizens (LPM) Party (CPM) (CHP, social democrat) 19.4 178 Democratic Union Together for True Path Party for Integration (DUI, (DYP, conservative) 9.6 - Changes (ZzJ) 38.4 30 Albanese minority) 11.9 16 Socialist People’s Party Nationalist Movement of Montenegro (SNP) Democratic Party Party (MHP, nationalist) 8.3 - Serbian People’s Party of Albanians (PDS, of Montenegro (SNS) Albanese minority) 5.2 7 (GP, populist) 7.2 - (NS) Democratic Prosperity Democratic People’s Party Liberal Alliance of Party (PDP, Albanese (DEHAP, Kurd minority) 6.2 - Montenegro (LSCG) 5.7 4 minority) 2.3 2 Motherland Party (AnaP, Patriotic Coalition for National Democratic conservative) 5.1 - Yugoslavia (PK) 2.8 - Party (NDP, Albanese minority) 2.1 1 (SP, Islamist) 2.5 - Albanians Together (AZ) 2.4 2 Democratic Union Socialist Party of Democratic (DSP) 1.2 of Albanians (DUA) Macedonia (SPM, New Turkey Party Democratic Alliance Albanese minority) 2.1 1 of Montenegro (DS) (YTP, centrist) 1.0 Democratic Alternative Great (BBP) 1.1 - Participation: 74.6 %. (, personalist) 1.4 - Independents - 9 Democratic Union (DS) 1.2 - Participation: 78.9 %. Macedonia Participation: 73.5 %. Legislative elections

15th September 2002 Previous elections: 18th October and Presidential elections Legislative elections 1st November 1998 Parliamentary republic that became in- 16th February 2003 2nd March 2003 dependent from Yugoslavia in 1991. Previous elections: 8th and 15th Feb- Previous elections: 30th November Unicameral legislative. The 120 dep- ruary 1998 1998 uties of the Assembly (Sobranje) are Parliamentary republic. The President Dictatorial republic. Unicameral leg- elected, eighty-five in uninominal con- is elected for a five-year term of office. islative: the People’s Assembly (Majlis stituencies and thirty-five though pro- Ash-Shaab), with 250 seats. The portional representation, to remain in members of the chamber are elected office during a four-year term. The per- Candidates % for a four-year term through propor- centages indicated correspond to the Tassos Papadopoulos tional representation in fifteen pluri- system of proportional representation. (Democratic Party, liberal) 51.5 nominal constituencies. Fifty-one per- Glafkos Clerides cent of the seats are reserved for Parties % Seats (Democratic Coalition, conservative) 38.8 workers and farmers, which in prac- Together for Macedonia 40.5 59 tice is the governing party Baath, Alecos Markides 6.6 Social Democratic which obtains a total of 135 seats. All League of Macedonia Nicos Koutsou (SDSM) the parties that take part in the vote (New Horizons) 2.1 Liberal Democratic are members of the National Progres- Party (LDP) Participation: 90.5 %. sive Front. Parties Seats (AE, Socialist) 2.8 3 Parliamentary monarchy. Bicameral legislative. The Assembly of Council- National Progressive Front (JWW) 167 National Democratic Baath Socialist Arab Party Alliance (Balad, lors (Majlis al-Mustasharin) is re- (dictatorial socialist) Arab minority) 2.3 3 newed every nine years and has 270 of Syria and Immigration members of whom 162 are elected by (controlled by the ) (YBA, Russian minority) 2.2 2 Arab Socialist Unity (controlled elected local entities, ninety-one by by the Government) (Ra’am, professional chambers and seven- Socialist Unionists (controlled Arab nationalist) 2.1 2 ty-two by the wage earners. On this by the Government) Arab Socialist Movement Green Leaf Party occasion, the 325 members of the (controlled by the Government) (AY, pro-legalisation Assembly of Representatives (Majlis of cannabis) 1.2 - Social Democratic Unionists al-Nuwaab) are elected for a five-year (controlled by the Government) Participation: 67.8 %. Syria Social Nationalist Party term. 295 of them are elected in pluri- (controlled by the Government) nominal constituencies while the thirty Independents 83 remaining members are extracted from Jordan national women’s lists. Participation: 63.5 %. Legislative elections Appendices

17th June 2003 Parties Seats Israel Previous elections: 4th November 1997 Socialist Union of Popular Legislative elections Parliamentary monarchy with bicameral Forces (USFP) 50 legislative. The National Assembly Istiqlal Party (I, social democrat) 48 27th January 2003 (Majlis al-Umma) has two chambers: Justice and Development

Previous elections: 17th May 1999 the Assembly of Representatives (Ma- Party (PJD, Islamist) 42 2003 Parliamentary republic with unicameral jlis al-Nuwaab), and the Assembly of National Union of Independents legislative (). Elections are Senators (Majlis al-Aayan). The latter is (RNI, conservative) 41 Med. called to elect the composition of the formed by forty senators appointed by Popular Movement (MP, 120 seats of the chamber through the King. The 110 members of the As- conservative) 27 proportional representation. The terms sembly of Representatives are elected National Popular Movement office are for four years. to office; 104 seats through uninomi- (MNP, conservative) 18 nal constituencies with six reserved for Constitutional Union (UC, centrist) 16 Parties % Seats women through a special electoral col- lege. Moreover, nine seats are re-

National Democratic Party 306-307 (conservative) 29.4 38 served for Christians and three for (PND, conservative) 12 Avoda/ 14.5 19 Chechens and Circassians. The calling Front of Democratic Forces (FFD) 12 Avoda (Labour, of elections had been delayed since social democrat) Party of Progress and Socialism Meimad (centrist) June 2001 when King Abdullah dis- (PPS, communist) 11 solved the chamber after the comple- - Mifleget Merkaz Democratic Union (UD) 10 (Shinui, centrist liberal) 12.3 15 tion of the perceptive four-year term. The results reveal the obtention by trib- Democratic and Social Torah International Movement (MDS, centrist) 7 Organisation - Shephardic al and independent candidatures close Jews (, Judaic Socialist Democratic Party (PSD) 6 orthodox) 8.2 11 to the Government of approximately two thirds of the seats of the chamber, Al Ahd Party 5 National Union (IL) 5.5 7 (nationalist) leaving little space for partidist options. Alliance of Liberties (ADL) 4 Tekuma (nationalist) The Islamic Action Front, political wing Our Home Israel (YB, Reform and Development Russian minority) of the Muslim Brotherhood that boy- Party (PRD) 3 cotted the 1997 elections, appears as (liberal social Party of the Unified Socialist democrat) 5.2 6 the main partidist force, obtaining sev- Left (GSU) 3 enteen seats. Participation amounts to National Religious Moroccan Liberal Party (PML) 3 Party (Mafadal, Judaic around 58.8 percent. orthodox) 4.2 6 Citizens’ Forces (FC) 2

United Torah Judaism (YhT) 4.3 5 Environment and Development Union of Israel Morocco Party (PED) 2 (Judaic orthodox) Democratic and Independence Banner of Torah Legislative elections Party (PDI) 2 (Judaic orthodox)

Democratic Front for 27th September 2002 Ittihadi National Congress Peace and Equality Previous elections: 14th November Party (PCNI) 1 (, communist) 3.0 3 1997 Participation: 51.6 %.