DOCSLIB.ORG

Professionalization of Green Parties?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Professionalization of Green Parties? Professionalization of Green parties? Analyzing and explaining changes in the external political approach of the Dutch political party GroenLinks Lotte Melenhorst (0712019) Supervisor: Dr. A. S. Zaslove 5 September 2012 Abstract There is a relatively small body of research regarding the ideological and organizational changes of Green parties. What has been lacking so far is an analysis of the way Green parties present them- selves to the outside world, which is especially interesting because it can be expected to strongly influence the image of these parties. The project shows that the Dutch Green party ‘GroenLinks’ has become more professional regarding their ‘external political approach’ – regarding ideological, or- ganizational as well as strategic presentation – during their 20 years of existence. This research pro- ject challenges the core idea of the so-called ‘threshold-approach’, that major organizational changes appear when a party is getting into government. What turns out to be at least as interesting is the ‘anticipatory’ adaptations parties go through once they have formulated government participation as an important party goal. Until now, scholars have felt that Green parties are transforming, but they have not been able to point at the core of the changes that have taken place. Organizational and ideological changes have been investigated separately, whereas in the case of Green parties organi- zation and ideology are closely interrelated. In this thesis it is argued that the external political ap- proach of GroenLinks, which used to be a typical New Left Green party but that lacks governmental experience, has become more professional, due to initiatives of various within-party actors who of- ten responded to developments outside the party. The fact that government participation became the major party goal of GroenLinks strengthened and accelerated this process. As a result, GroenLinks has lost some of its uniqueness as a New Left Green Party. The study confirms the expec- tation that that Green parties are adopting a more ‘professional’ external political approach: it is the way GroenLinks presents itself that has undergone quite strong transformations. 2 Table of contents 1. Introduction p. 5 2. Adopting an approach to party development p. 7 2.1 Inglehart: structural explanation 2.2 New literature: multi-layered theoretical approach 2.3 Within-party variables influencing party survival 2.4 Choosing variables and adding another factor: party goals 2.5 Adopting Harmel and Janda’s multilayered approach 3. What we know about Green parties p. 13 3.1 Rise and origins of Green parties: protest 3.2 Types of Green parties 3.3 The Green party programme 3.4 Green party organization and style 3.5 A Green party family? 3.6 Green party dilemmas 4. Green party change: what do we know and what needs more scrutiny? p. 17 4.1 Have Green parties changed? 4.2 Organizational change 4.3 Ideological change 4.4 Strategic change 4.5 New focus: external political approach 4.6 Indications that the Green parties’ external political approach has changed Regarding organizational aspects Regarding ideological aspects Regarding strategic aspects 4.7 Professionalization: a multifaceted concept 5. Green party change: explaining a changing external political approach p. 26 5.1 Explanatory value of the multilayered approach 5.2 Framing, thresholds as causes of change and anticipatory adaptation 3 5.3 Refining the explanatory model: the importance of government participation as a party goal 5.4 A new analytical model: multilayered explanation for changing external political approaches 5.5 Comparative project: the development of GroenLinks over time 5.6 Analyzing formal and informal external presentation 6. Comparative analysis of the external political approach of GroenLinks p. 35 6.1 Documents to be analyzed 6.2 The ideological presentation of GroenLinks 6.3 The organizational presentation of GroenLinks 6.4 The strategic presentation of GroenLinks 6.5 Summarizing: a professionalization of the external political approach of GroenLinks in various respects 7. Explaining the changing external political approach of GroenLinks 1991-2010 p. 66 7.1 Ideological changes: the influence of a changing world, changing views and strategic considerations 7.2 Organizational changes: enhanced expertise, a changing role of members and a stronger emphasis on the party’s representatives 7.3 Strategic change: new approach, changing ambitions, complementary motives 7.4 Concluding: explaining the professionalization of the external political approach of GroenLinks 8. Concluding remarks p. 93 8.1 The value of the multilayered causal model: explaining change 8.2 Consequences: the remaining uniqueness of Green parties 8.3 Suggestions for further research Literature 4 1. Introduction Politics is much more than the actual debates and decision-making within the parliaments and gov- ernments of Western European countries. It is a 24/7-business, in which saying a seemingly innocent sentence can be political suicide and where journalists and spin doctors seem to be in charge. Since a couple of decades Green parties are part of many Western European party systems. Traditionally, Green parties are known for practicing grass-roots politics, emphasizing party democracy and pro- testing against mainstream politics. They have introduced ‘new’ themes, such as the (concern with the) environment, to the political playing field as well. Scholars argue that although Green parties have changed over time, they are still true to their identity. Research on the development of Green parties, often executed in the form of case studies, shows interesting developments at the national level regarding organization, programme and strate- gy. Although so far no general trend has been discerned, research focusing at the organizational changes within Green parties has suggested that we might speak of ‘a professionalization of Green politics’ (Lucardie & Rihoux, 2008: 11; Burchell, 2002: 124; Rihoux and Frankland, 2008: 266). Regard- ing party organization, scholars have also tried to analyze how well Green parties match political party ideal-types. A main question posed by Frankland, Lucardie and Rihoux (2008) has been whether Green parties are still the ‘amateur-activist parties they originally were, or whether they have trans- formed into ‘electoral-professional’ parties. Focusing on the Netherlands, Lucardie and Voerman (2008) argue that GroenLinks might be considered a hybrid between the amateur-activist and the professional-electoral party type. Although this new label is not further elaborated upon, it points to a specific expectation regarding the Dutch Greens that needs more scrutiny. This suggests that Green parties may have preserved ‘activist’ elements, yet have transformed from ‘amateurs’ into ‘profes- sionals’. This implies it would not so much be the party organization or ideology per se that changed, but something in the way these Green parties approach politics. This aspect of Green parties, that can be called their ‘external political approach’, is important because it directly influences what vot- ers see and know about the party. By now Green parties have proved to be permanent members of various European national party systems. As many of these parties are moving closer to, or even in power, it would be very interest- ing to find out more about this development of the Greens from ‘new’ to ‘established’ parties. In what respects have Green parties changed in the course of time? What are the reasons behind these developments? As the characterization of GroenLinks as ‘professional-activist’ was only tentative, and regarding the fact that we are now almost a decade further in time, it is interesting to analyze whether this transformation has indeed taken place, and what its core elements are. The question is 5 thus if Green parties have moved away from their original position, and if so, in what way. The main hypothesis is that Green parties are converging towards a ‘professional-activist external political ap- proach’. This means we expect, as earlier research on organizational transformations suggested, that by becoming more professional Green parties have not lost their true identity. They are still recog- nizable and different, albeit in a more modernized way. Secondly, the focus shifts to reasons behind the changing external political approach of Green parties. Party goals are considered to be the foundation of a party’s external political approach. In order to understand any changes in the way Green parties approach politics, the focus will thus be on the primary goals the party is striving for. Following the integrated model of Harmel and Janda (1994), four types of party goals are considered to be relevant in the case of Green parties. Over time the party goal of government participation is expected to have become relevant for Green parties, as they are now permanent members of many party systems. Earlier on the actual passing of a ‘thresh- old’ (Pedersen, 1982), like entering parliament or government, was considered a major cause of or- ganizational change. However, regarding changes in external political approach, aiming at the goal of passing the threshold of government is expected to be a main cause of anticipatory adaptations. This means that both parties with and without governmental experience may have changed their external political approach in similar ways. The multilayered approach adopted here emphasizes the behav- iour of within-party actors as the determinants
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Green Policies Are About Our Entire Way of Life”
    “Green Policies Are about Our Entire Way of Life” Article by Inés Sabanés August 31, 2021 The Covid-19 pandemic is the latest in a string of crises Spain has faced in recent years, which have left the country weakened and many worried about its future. With elections on the horizon, Member of the Spanish Parliament Inés Sabanés explains how an all-encompassing Green vision can transform every aspect of society, and why Europe has the potential to help Spain overcome many of its difficulties. Green European Journal: From the perspective of the Greens (Verdes Equo), what are the key political issues facing Spain in 2021? Inés Sabanés: The pandemic has reset political priorities at both the Spanish and European levels. Three fundamental issues stick out; they were important during the 2021 Madrid elections and are present throughout our daily political life. First is the economic and social recovery: in response to the crisis caused by the pandemic but also in connection to the climate emergency. The distribution of projects arising from European funds needs to bring us out of this crisis through a fundamental structural change to the way our country works. Spain today is too susceptible to crises – our economy is overdependent on tourism for example – and needs to build its future on a more solid, productive, and better developed economic model. The second major issue is the rise of the far right. Frequent elections have been a fundamental error and a lack of consensus between parties in government has led to a rise in the number of far-right members of parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Europe - Perspectives Debate Was Moderated by Political Journalist Fernando from Spain Berlin
    sociologist and expert from the EQUO Foundation. The The Future of Europe - Perspectives debate was moderated by political journalist Fernando from Spain Berlin. The conclusions of the seminar are presented below, after an introduction to the Spanish political system and the particularities of the economic crisis in Spain. The European Union is in The Spanish Party Political System a vulnerable situation. The project that started half a Spain is currently governed by the conservative party century ago is now (Partido Popular - PP) that holds an absolute majority staggering. (186 of 350 parliamentary seats since the 2011 elections). The landslide electoral win of the conservatives was the While its primary objective of ensuring peace on the result of a massive protest vote against the Socialist continent has been a success, subsequent Party (PSOE) for its inability to address the economic expectations of greater political integration beyond a crisis after 8 years in power. mere common market are not accomplished. The EU project itself is now in question, not only from the The Spanish party system was created with the intention outside, where the markets doubt and test the to provide on the one hand political stability to the young viability of the Euro - its economic flagship, but also democracy trough a nation-wide two-party system (the from within Europe whose citizens are beginning to electoral system making it virtually impossible for any doubt the direction of the project and the legitimacy other party except the PP and PSOE to govern) and on the of EU policies. Even in countries traditionally pro- other hand to allow the representation of regional European like Spain or Greece, where in past times political forces in the chamber of deputies, as the of dictatorship the EU was seen as the ultimate electoral system favours parties that concentrate big democratic achievement, this once unconditional amounts of votes in a specific region.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Parties and Elections to the European Parliament, 1979–2019 Green Par Elections
    Chapter 1 Green Parties and Elections, 1979–2019 Green parties and elections to the European Parliament, 1979–2019 Wolfgang Rüdig Introduction The history of green parties in Europe is closely intertwined with the history of elections to the European Parliament. When the first direct elections to the European Parliament took place in June 1979, the development of green parties in Europe was still in its infancy. Only in Belgium and the UK had green parties been formed that took part in these elections; but ecological lists, which were the pre- decessors of green parties, competed in other countries. Despite not winning representation, the German Greens were particularly influ- enced by the 1979 European elections. Five years later, most partic- ipating countries had seen the formation of national green parties, and the first Green MEPs from Belgium and Germany were elected. Green parties have been represented continuously in the European Parliament since 1984. Subsequent years saw Greens from many other countries joining their Belgian and German colleagues in the Euro- pean Parliament. European elections continued to be important for party formation in new EU member countries. In the 1980s it was the South European countries (Greece, Portugal and Spain), following 4 GREENS FOR A BETTER EUROPE their successful transition to democracies, that became members. Green parties did not have a strong role in their national party systems, and European elections became an important focus for party develop- ment. In the 1990s it was the turn of Austria, Finland and Sweden to join; green parties were already well established in all three nations and provided ongoing support for Greens in the European Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Choose a Political Party
    FastFACTS How to Choose a Political Party When you sign up to vote, you can join a political party. A political party is a group of people who share the same ideas about how the government should be run and what it should do. They work together to win elections. You can also choose not to join any of the political parties and still be a voter. There is no cost to join a party. How to choose a political party: • Choose a political party that has the same general views you do. For example, some political parties think that government should No Party Preference do more for people. Others feel that government should make it If you do not want to register easier for people to do things for themselves. with a political party (you • If you do not want to join a political party, mark that box on your want to be “independent” voter registration form. This is called “no party preference.” Know of any political party), mark that if you do, you may have limited choices for party candidates in “I do not want to register Presidential primary elections. with a political party” on the registration form. In • You can change your political party registration at any time. Just fill California, you can still out a new voter registration form and check a different party box. vote for any candidate in The deadline to change your party is 15 days before the election. a primary election, except If you are not registered with a political party and for Presidential candidates.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Party Constitution 2015
    Green Party Constitution 2015 (Following the Annual Convention 28 March 2015) Table of Contents 1. Name 2. Principles o 2.1 Basic Philosophy o 2.2 Socio-economic o 2.3 Political 3. Objective 4. Membership 5. Organisation o 5.1 Dail Constituency Groups o 5.2 Regional Groups o 5.3 Policy Council o 5.4 Standing Committees o 5.5 Executive Committee: Tasks o 5.6 Executive Committee: Composition o 5.7 Party Leader o 5.8 The Dail Party o 5.9 Appeals Committee o 5.10 Cathaoirleach 6. Decision-making and Policy Development 7. National Conventions 8. Finance 9. Public Representatives 10. Revision of Constitution and Standing Orders 11. Operative Date and 12. Transition INDEX 1. NAME The name shall be the Green Party - Comhaontas Glas hereinafter referred to as the Party. 2. PRINCIPLES In these principles we assert the interdependence of all life, and the role of the Green movement in establishing appropriate relationships in this web of interdependence. While respecting the human person, we recognise and celebrate our interdependence with other species. We oppose the destructive processes which are destroying our planet. We favour a balanced and sustainable system of production and utilisation of resources, keeping account of real costs. The task before us is to transform the vision of continued viable life on earth into reality. 2.1 Basic Philosophy 2.1.1 The impact of society on the environment should not be ecologically disruptive. 2.1.2 Conservation of resources is vital to a sustainable society. 2.1.3 We have the responsibility to pass the Earth on to our successors in a fit and healthy state.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research
    BOOK REVIEWS RECENSIONS DE LIVRES Control and Manipulation of The remaining bulk of the sium held in Edinburgh in 1984. Animal Growth. P.J. Buttery. chapters deal with hormonal control Readers familiar with this very suc- N.B. Haynes and D.B. Lindsay. of growth, with specific sections on cesful series are again presented Published by Butterworths, growth hormone, prostaglandins, with a change in format, and after London. 1986. 347 pages. Price insulin, glucocorticoids, 1-adrenergic the 1985 volume appears, future $125.00. agonists, and various hormone- plans are for only biennial meetings releasing factors. These chapters are and proceedings. This book is the proceedings of the somewhat diverse in approach, The opening and final chapters of long-established and successful some dealing with only biochemical the proceedings deal with nutrition yearly Easter School in Agricultural parameters, and others describing research past and future, and are of Science, from the University of animal function and performance. such a general nature as to seem out Nottingham, England. Over half of In general the reader is given a good of place in relation to the other the 20 chapters are concerned with overview, and current literature is technical papers. The remaining the relationship of endogenous and cited for further reading. In terms chapters seem to be arranged in no exogenous hormones and growth, of endogenous hormone manipula- particular order and the reader is and it is somewhat unfortunate that tion, the reader is provided with continually transferred back and the title does not reflect this topical some thoughts of future direction in forth from theoretical aspects of theme.
    [Show full text]
  • ALLIANCE 90/THE GREENS: Party Program and Principles the Future Is Green
    The future is green. ALLIANCE 90/THE GREENS: Party Program and Principles The future is green. ALLIANCE 90/THE GREENS: Party Program and Principles Preamble 7 I. Our values 7 Ecology is sustainability 8 Freedom is realised through self-determination 8 Extending equitability 9 Democracy is the basis 10 The touchstone of our values: Human rights and non-violence 11 II. Challenges in a changing world 12 III. Where we come from – who we are 16 IV. Twelve for 2020 17 Towards the ecological age 18 I. The fundamental principles of our environmental policy 19 II. Sustainable development as a principle for action 20 III. Economical use of resources and the efficiency revolution 21 IV. Ecology and lifestyle 22 V. New energy – from the fossil and nuclear age to the solar future 22 A key project: Towards the solar age 24 Sustainable development in towns and local areas 25 VI. Environmentally-friendly traffic systems 27 A key project: Ecologically mobile 29 1 The future is green. VII. Nature and landscape conservancy 30 VIII. Animals need rights 31 IX. A global perspective for the environment and development 32 Towards an ecological and social market economy 34 I. The foundations of our economic policy 35 A key project: The future of a united Germany 38 II. Market economy and regulative policy 39 A key project: Transparency for consumers 40 III. Ecological fiscal reform 40 IV. Consumer protection 41 V. The knowledge economy 41 VI. Regional economies 42 A key project: A new form of agriculture 43 VII. A sustainable fiscal policy 45 VIII.
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Processes in the Mediterranean
    Electoral Processes Electoral processes in the Mediterranean This chapter provides information on jority party if it does not manage to Gorazd Drevensek the results of the presidential and leg- obtain an absolute majority in the (New Slovenia Christian Appendices islative elections held between July Chamber. People’s Party, Christian Democrat) 0.9 - 2002 and June 2003. Jure Jurèek Cekuta 0.5 - Parties % Seats Participation: 71.3 % (1st round); 65.2 % (2nd round). Monaco Nationalist Party (PN, conservative) 51.8 35 Legislative elections 2003 Malta Labour Party (MLP, social democrat) 47.5 30 9th February 2003 Bosnia and Herzegovina Med. Previous elections: 1st and 8th Februa- Democratic Alternative (AD, ecologist) 0.7 - ry 1998 Federal parliamentary republic that Parliamentary monarchy with unicam- Participation: 96.2 %. became independent from Yugoslavia eral legislative: the National Council. in 1991, and is formed by two enti- The twenty-four seats of the chamber ties: the Bosnia and Herzegovina Fed- Slovenia are elected for a five-year term; sixteen eration, known as the Croat-Muslim Presidential elections by simple majority and eight through Federation, and the Srpska Republic. 302-303 proportional representation. The voters go to the polls to elect the 10th November 2002 Presidency and the forty-two mem- Previous elections: 24th November bers of the Chamber of Representa- Parties % Seats 1997 tives. Simultaneously, the two entities Union for Monaco (UPM) 58.5 21 Parliamentary republic that became elect their own legislative bodies and National Union for the Future of Monaco (UNAM) independent from Yugoslavia in 1991. the Srpska Republic elects its Presi- Union for the Monegasque Two rounds of elections are held to dent and Vice-President.
    [Show full text]
  • Proces-Verbaal Van Een Stembureau 1 / 65
    il O Model N 10-1 - Proces-verbaal van een stembureau 1 / 65 Model N 10-1 Proces-verbaal van een stembureau De verkiezing van de leden van Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2021 op woensdag 17 maart 2021 Gemeente Helmond Kieskring 18 Waarom een proces-verbaal? Elk stembureau maakt bij een verkiezing een proces-verbaal op. Met het proces-verbaal legt het stembureau verantwoording af over het verloop van de stemming en over de telling van de stemmen. Op basis van de processen-verbaal wordt de uitslag van de verkiezing vastgesteld. Vul het proces-verbaal daarom altijd juist en volledig in. Na de stemming mogen kiezers het proces-verbaal inzien. Zo kunnen zij nagaan of de stemming en de telling van de stemmen correct verlopen zijn. Wie vullen het proces-verbaal in en ondertekenen het? Alle stembureauleden zijn verantwoordelijk voor het correct en volledig invullen van het proces-verbaal. Na afloop van de telling van de stemmen ondertekenen alle stembureauleden die op dat moment aanwezig zijn het proces-verbaal. Dat zijn in elk geval de voorzitter van het stembureau en minimaal twee andere stembureauleden. 1. Locatie en openingstijden stembureau A Als het stembureau een nummer heeft, vermeld dan het nummer 104 B Op welke datum vond de stemming plaats? tot : l Datum 17-03-2021 van %iO ‘Zj \ l LCL Ö uur. C Waar vond de stemming plaats? Openingstijden voor kiezers Adres of omschrijving locatie van tot VALKENNEST (BETHLEHEMKERK), Sperwerstraat (ing Valkstraat) 2, 5702 PJ Helmond uur D Op welke datum vond de telling plaats? l'l - O V ^ van 1 ^ I ^ tot \ | i üi s- Datum uur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Low Countries. Jaargang 11
    The Low Countries. Jaargang 11 bron The Low Countries. Jaargang 11. Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem 2003 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_low001200301_01/colofon.php © 2011 dbnl i.s.m. 10 Always the Same H2O Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands hovers above the water, with a little help from her subjects, during the floods in Gelderland, 1926. Photo courtesy of Spaarnestad Fotoarchief. Luigem (West Flanders), 28 September 1918. Photo by Antony / © SOFAM Belgium 2003. The Low Countries. Jaargang 11 11 Foreword ριστον μν δωρ - Water is best. (Pindar) Water. There's too much of it, or too little. It's too salty, or too sweet. It wells up from the ground, carves itself a way through the land, and then it's called a river or a stream. It descends from the heavens in a variety of forms - as dew or hail, to mention just the extremes. And then, of course, there is the all-encompassing water which we call the sea, and which reminds us of the beginning of all things. The English once labelled the Netherlands across the North Sea ‘this indigested vomit of the sea’. But the Dutch went to work on that vomit, systematically and stubbornly: ‘... their tireless hands manufactured this land, / drained it and trained it and planed it and planned’ (James Brockway). As God's subcontractors they gradually became experts in living apart together. Look carefully at the first photo. The water has struck again. We're talking 1926. Gelderland. The small, stocky woman visiting the stricken province is Queen Wilhelmina. Without turning a hair she allows herself to be carried over the waters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Charter and Constitution of the Australian Greens May 2020 Charter
    The Charter and Constitution of the Australian Greens May 2020 Charter .......................................................................................................................................................................3 Basis of The Charter ..............................................................................................................................................3 Ecology ..................................................................................................................................................................3 Democracy.............................................................................................................................................................3 Social Justice .........................................................................................................................................................3 Peace ....................................................................................................................................................................3 An Ecologically Sustainable Economy ....................................................................................................................4 Meaningful Work ....................................................................................................................................................4 Culture ...................................................................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]