High Temperature Chlorine Corrosion as a Result of Incineration of Contaminated Fuel - Reasons, Mechanisms and Solutions -

Dr.-Ing. Ragnar Warnecke, GKS, Schweinfurt Dipl. Phys. Christian Deuerling, GKS, Schweinfurt Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Haider, Univ. Augsburg, Augsburg Prof. Dr. Siegried Horn, Univ. Augsburg, Augsburg Dr. Jürgen Maguhn, GSF, Neuherberg Dipl.-Ing. Volker Müller, GKS, Schweinfurt Dipl. Chem. Hermann Nordsieck, BIfA, Augsburg Dipl. Phys. Barbara Waldmann, Univ. Augsburg, Augsburg Prof. Dr. Ralf Zimmermann, GSF, Neuherberg

BIfA GmbH Dieses Projekt wird vom Bayerischen Staatsministerium für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz im Rahmen der EU-Strukturförderung für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) finanziert Content

1. Principles

2. Fuel, combustion chamber and boiler

3. Processes at the Corrosion Boundary Layer

4. Measurements against HTC-Corrosion

5. Summary

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 2 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) 1. Principles GKS – Waste-to-Energy Plant

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 3 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Flow Chart of GKS GmbH

CHPP Steam Parameters: WtE Steam Parameters:

Kohle-Frischdampf Müll-Frischdampf 115 bars;110bar /525535°C °C 65 bars; 43562bar/425 °C°C

DE 11 DE 12 DE 13 Kohle über DE 1 DE 2 Müll über Müll Müll Müll Bandwaage Kohle Kohle Kranwaage KoBw MüKw

Kohle- Kohle- Müll- Müll- Müll- Kessel Kessel Kessel Kessel Kessel 1 2 11 12 13

110bar/525°C TSWP

62bar/425°C

FD-K FD-K TG 1 FD-M TG 2 FD-M TG 1 TG 2

17 MWel 12 MWel Strom- EK-Turbine G GD-Turbine G Eigenbedarf TG 1 TG 2 0,4 kV Gen 1 Gen 2 TG 2 TG 2

6 kV

5-6bar Gegendruckdampf 6 kV Nutz- Wärme VE-Wassernachspeisung Kondensation Nutzwärme 140°C Turb- Kühlturm Wärme- an 20 kV 20 kV Kond Eigenbedarf FW-Kunden

65°C S 1 S 2

Stromeinspeisung ins öffentliche Netz

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 4 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Extended Corrosion Diagram

Extended Corrosion Diagram [Warnecke, 2003]

500

Indifferent Corrosion Area 450 v ≈ 5 m/s ] °C SH 3 400 Corrosion Full Extended Corrosion Area Area

350 SH 2 Low Corrosion Tube TemperatureTube [ Area

300 v ≈ 10 - 15 m/s SH 1

250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Flue Gas Temperature [°C] v = Flue Gas Velocity

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 5 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) HTC-Corrosion

H2O- / Tubeside Red Layer: Green Layer: Mainly Cl and Mainly S and Fe (FeS ) Fe (FeCl2) 2 Thickness: Thickness: ~ 100 – 250 μm ~ 100 – 200 μm

Blue Layer: Mainly O und Fe (Fe2O3 ) Thickness: ~ 800 – 1200 μm Alkali- and Earth- alkali chlorides Alkali- and Earth- alkali sulfates Deposits-/ Flue gas side

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 6 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Problem Solving - Strategies

Problem-Solving „HTC-Corrosion“

„Organisational“ „Technical“- Solution Solution

„Tube-Material“- „Process“- Solution Solution Description of Attack

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 7 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) 2. Fuel, combustion chamber and boiler

Process Know-how

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 8 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Global Release of Minor Components

Waste Bottom ash Boiler ash Fly ash Scrub. Res. Emissions

GKS 1.000,000 250,000 7,000 7,000 20,000 0,010 [kg/Mg] Vehlow 1.000,000 250,000 3,000 12,000 11,000 0,050 [kg/Mg] transfer factor (to residue)

Element Waste Bottom ash Boiler ash Fly ash Scrub. Res. Emissions

Concentration Concentration [kg element / kg element waste content] [mg element / kg waste] S 4000 1,000 0,350 0,020 0,250 0,350 0,030 Cl 7000 1,000 0,100 0,003 0,100 0,800 0,005 Pb 700 1,000 0,670 0,010 0,300 0,010 0,010 Zn 1300 1,000 0,615 0,017 0,392 0,000 0,000 K 5000 1,000 0,750 0,024 0,120 0,000 0,001 Na 8000 1,000 0,938 0,008 0,030 0,000 0,000 Ca 26000 1,000 0,942 0,011 0,044 0,000 0,000

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 9 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Release of Chlorines

Waste

KClGas/Particle

HCl Chlorine[kg] Gas

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Primary Air Ash Grate position

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 10 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Relevance of Particles

2,500

2,263

Randbedingungen: T = 400 °C 2,000 p = 0,1 MPa t = 300 h 15 Mo 3 x O2 = 8 Vol.-% x CO2 = 0 Vol.-% 1,500 x H2O = 15 Vol.-% x N2 = Bilanzrest x SO2 = 200 mg/Nm3 x HCl = 2.000 mg/Nm3 xSalz = PbCl2-KCl-ZnCl2

1,000 Plant relevantPraxis Werte Values Korrosions-Geschwindigkeit in mm/1.000h in Korrosions-Geschwindigkeit 0,500 0,356 Corrosion velocity [mm/1000h] velocity Corrosion

0,015 0,017 0,000 no HCl,Ohne HCl, no ohne Particles Salz HCl,Mit no HCl, Particles ohne Salz no OhneHCl, HCl, Particles mit Salz HCl,Mit HCl, Particles mit Salz Versuchs-Bedingungen

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 11 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Examples for Coupling CFD and TEC

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 12 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE)

Boiler wall 300 °C Dilution- “Button hook” Air PTD Curved Inlet

Porous tube diluter Conden- Cyclone sation

Isokinet. Divider Cyclone Inlet- Drying nozzle

Ejector diluter Volume Dilution air Flow Ejector diluter Meas.

Raw gas Sampling Pump

Partikel analysis Gas analysis Analysis Mas.%: ELPI – Online (30nm-10µm)

APS - Online (800nm-20µm) 65 % Cyclone (>20µm) 25 % Inlet curve 10 %

Berner-Low pressure-Impactor (<62nm - 10µm)

10nm 100nm 1µm 10µm 100µm 1mm

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 13 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 14 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Discrepancy: Calculation - Measurement

Calculation with FactSage: Main species at 600°C Measurement, identified Species at 600 °C; 2. Pass

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

SiO2 SiO2 ZnAl2O4(s) ZnAl2O4(s) ZnCl2(g) ZnCl2(g) K2ZnCl4 K2ZnCl4 K3OCl K3OCl KCl(Mischph.) KCl(Mischph.) KCl(g) KCl(g) K, NaCl K, NaCl NaCl(Mischph.) NaCl(Mischph.) K2SO4(Mischph.) K2SO4(Mischph.) K3Na(SO4)2 K3Na(SO4)2 Na2SO4(Mischph.) Na2SO4(Mischph.) CaSO4(Mischph.) CaSO4(Mischph.) Ca5HO13P3(s) Ca5HO13P3(s) KAlSi2O6(s) KAlSi2O6(s) PbCl2(g) PbCl2(g) Fe2O3(s) Fe2O3(s) Mn2O3(s) Mn2O3(s) NiO(s) NiO(s) Mg2SiO4(s) Mg2SiO4(s) CrSO4(Mischph.) CrSO4(Mischph.) CrCl2(Mischph.) CrCl2(Mischph.) (CuCl)3(g) (CuCl)3(g) (CuO)(Fe2O3)(s2) (CuO)(Fe2O3)(s2) CaTiO3(s) CaTiO3(s) V2O5(s) V2O5(s) CuBr3(g) CuBr3(g) amorph amorph

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 15 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Normal Operation – Particle Distribution

Normaler Betriebszustand, Massenkonzentration, Z1-Z4 (Mittelwerte)

10

] 3

1

0.1

0.01

0.001 Massenkonzentration [g/m³]

0.0001Mass concentration [g/m 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 AerodynamicPartikelgröße particle [µm]diameter [µm]

Z1 Z1 Fitkurve Z2 Z2 Fitkurve Z3 Z3 Fitkurve Z4 Z4 Fitkurve Average of 3 - 8 Measurements

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 16 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Normal operation: Chemical Consistence of Particles <10µm

45% 45% <2,5 <2,5 40% 40% 1. Pass: 13,7m 2,5

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 17 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) (De-)Sulphidation

gas-phase: fine particles (< 0,2 µm): /2)

2 HCl SO2 Cl S 60 14

50 12

40 10 8 30 6 [Mol/kg]

[mMol/m³ STP] 20 4 10 2 Chemical equivalents (HCl; SO

0 Chemical equivalents (HCl; S /2) 0 1st 2nd BE 1st 2nd BE 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd pass pass pass pass pass pass pass pass pass pass 519 n2 519 n2 519 n2 519 n3 519 n3 519 n3 518 n1 518 n1 519 n2 519 n2 519 n3 519 n3

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 18 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Zug 1 Normal operation: 60% Zug 2 Zug 3 50% Kesselende Chemical Consistence of 40% 30% Particles >10µm 20% Massenanteil 10%

0% O Cl Si K Ca Zn Ti

14% ca. 50% Zug 1

12% ca. 20% Zug 2 Zug 3 10% Kesselende

8% - % 6% Massenanteil Mas. 4%

2%

0% O S Cl Al Si Na K Mg Ca Fe Zn (Pb) Ti

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 19 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Deposit Content in Mass-%

Combustion 1. Pass 2. Vertical Boiler Horizontal Boiler Chamber Pass 3. 4. 3. Pass Pass Pass 4. Pass Large Particles: Ca 20 % Right side On Above (Last-) (Last-) wall; middle refract refract Middle Super- Middle Super- K 2 % height ory ory height heater Eco height heater Eco Na 3 % 30,4 18,6 12,2 8,2 6,9 8,7 9,4 6,4 7,9 SiO2 S 3 % TiO 2,7 2,5 1,6 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,1 0,8 0,6 2 Cl 4 % Al2O3 9,6 7,2 5,1 3,5 3,2 3,7 3,2 2,5 2,3

Fe2O3 9,8 7,0 4,7 3,4 4,5 4,2 2,4 9,2 2,5 CaO 30,5 29,4 23,9 16,3 24,0 18,1 19,2 17,2 9,6 MgO 2,5 2,2 1,4 1,0 1,2 1,1 1,1 0,8 0,6

K2O 1,2 3,8 6,0 9,9 7,1 9,6 9,4 8,3 14,8

Na2O 1,9 3,4 3,6 6,2 4,7 6,3 6,4 6,1 9,8

SO3 3,1 15,5 22,4 34,4 36,1 29,5 33,9 34,5 35,4 Cl 0,7 1,7 4,8 3,6 2,3 3,9 3,6 5,0 4,0 ZnO 1,4 3,3 3,9 5,8 4,3 6,6 5,4 5,0 6,9 PbO 0,2 0,2 5,8 3,9 1,3 3,0 2,2 2,5 3,5

P2O5 3,1 3,1 1,9 1,1 1,3 1,2 0,9 0,8 0,9

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 20 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Deposition – Comparison of Mechanisms Abscheidegrad für ein Rohr

100% d = 37 mm u = 4,5 m/s

80% T = 600 °C ∆T = 125 °C

ηHaft = 100 % 60% Impaktion Muhr (Re=500) Impaktion Muhr (Re=50) 40% Impaktion Landahl (Re=10) Thermophorese Interception Potential 20% Interception viskos turb. Abscheidung

0% 1 10 100 1000 Impaction of large, Partikelgröße [µm] chlorine layered Particle Size particles

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 21 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Continuous-Endoscopy of a Superheater (Soot blowing every 8 h; Single Pictures) 0 h 2 h 8 h

1 d 6 d 28 d

34 d 63 d 91 d

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 22 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Net Deposits Formation

Belag Rohrwand „Alter“ Grundbelag DepositDeposits(als Ganzes) Tube Oldaus Deposit X Schichten Basis Anlagerung R = Online- (after x cycles) New Deposit Cleaning

nach R X

vor R X+1

nach R X+1

vor R X+2

nach R X+2

„ Abreinigung „Neuer“ Grundbelag NetNetto“ New -DepositNeu- Online „New“ Depositaus X+2 Schichten Basis bildung (after x+2 cycles) Cleaning

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 23 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Depositing at SH

Deposit Deposit Mass Thickness Net 7,5 kg/h 5 µm/h Tare Fly ash 10,5 kg/h 7 µm/h

Boiler ash 2./3. Pass 10,5 kg/h 7 µm/h Gross 28,5 kg/h 19 µm/h

Heat impact on sulphidation: •about 5 kW average heat transfer in the area of the last SH • about 1 % increase of local heat transfer at last SH • about 0,1 kW/m2 local heat transfer at last SH. Main Boundary Conditions for Calculations: • Average Porosity: 50 % • Pure Density: 2 kg/dm3 • Thickness of Deposits after 4.000 Oh: 20 mm • Heating Surface: 150 m2 • Availability: 7.600 h/a • Cyclus of Soot Blowing: 1-times/8hA

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 24 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) 3. Processes at Corrosion Boundary Layer

Process Know-how

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 25 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Corrosion Phases

1st Phase

2nd Phase

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 26 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Porosity of outer Deposits

0,74 0,80 0,72

0,70

0,60 0,49

0,50 0,44 - ]

0,40 Porosität [-] Porosität

0,30 0,15

Porosity [ Porosity 0,23

0,20

0,15 Maximalwert 0,10 0,05 Maximum

MittelwertAverage 0,00 0,00 E ges Minimalwert TotalE Porositygesamt Minimum OpenEE offen Porosityoffen * Mittelwerte je Probe E geschlossenE geschl. (Wiederholungsmessungen) Closed Porosity

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 27 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Corrosions Sensor

● Water cooled lance Ceramic rings ● Air cooed sensor head Air Inlet ● Electrical contacts for measurement

Material Probes

Water Fitting

Total Length ca. 3 m

Fittings for Thermocouples

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 28 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Comparison: Plant Tubes vs. Sensor Example: 3 months plant tubes: 3 months sensor rings:

Tube Tube FeaClb

FecSd

FeeOf

Alkali-Cl

Alkali-S

Identical Structure of Tube and Sensor!

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 29 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Thickness of Layers

Iron Oxid

Tube Reduction Layer ThicknessLayer [µm]

Iron Chorine

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 30 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Correlation: Tube reduction vs. Ceramic rings (a) free corrosion potential Ring 1: 15Mo3 Corr.-signal Ring 2: Inconel Ring 3: 15Mo3 Probe of 15Mo3 U

(b) power-voltage-line Ring 1: 15Mo3 Ring 2: Inconel Ring 3: 15Mo3 I

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 31 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Sensor data – systematic temperature variation

Corrosion conductance is depending exponentially on temperature

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 32 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Thermodynamic Considerations about Layer Structure

Stability of phase depending on chlorine- and oxygen partial pressure

Assumption: Oxygen partial pressure increases with increasing distance to tube wall

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 33 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) FeCl3(g) Reactions at boundary layers O , HCl, Cl • 2 2 15Mo3/FeCl2 : O2

2 FeCl3 + Fe → 3FeCl2

Cl2

FexOy+MClx+MSOy FexOy •FeCl2/FexOy: Cl2 FeCl3(g) Gas transport 4FeCl2 + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 4Cl2 FexOy FexOy + → 2FeCl2 Cl2 2Fe Cl3 Cl FeCl2 FeCl FeCl3 2 2+x Ion FeCl2 transport

•Fe O /Fe O : 2 3 3 4 15Mo3

4FeCl3 + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 6Cl2 (not complete + → + Metal chlorine 6FeCl3 4O2 2Fe3O4 9Cl2 Metal sulfate until now!)

2NaCl,2KCl,CaCl2 + 3SO2 + 3O2 → Na2SO4 , K2SO4 ,CaSO4 + 3Cl2

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 34 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) NextGenBioWaste EFRE-KORR Combustio n Chamber Distant Range Close-up Range calcination changes during flight approach to border fouling/tube outer layer active layer Stoke s FexOy 1200°C 1050°C 800°C 550°C barrier

Physics Chemistr Physics Chemistr Physics Chemistr y y y Diffusion grate

slag adhesio n transport to border particle fouling - analogy sulphation

STOP sulphation gas d. surfaced. agglomeration sedimentation "slag- condensation particle" coarse +++ ? ? Cl (-) X Impaction S (+) >500µm + combustibl coarse e (>20µ) STOP + middle Cl ? middle Cl – Impaction ? (1

small (<1µ) ++ org. anorg. + S / Cl S / Cl STOP condensable Cl – small (+) Cl – Thermophoresis ? ? matter (salts, S + z - Turbophoresis S + metals, etc.) corrosion of tube of corrosion 2 FeCl2 + [Cl]  2 FeCl3 +++ 2 FeCl3 + Fe  3 FeCl2 STOP Conden- no grate comb. sable chloride, gaseous vapor chamber (S/Cl) Salts ? pressure Fe2O3 + Fe  3 FeO [Cl]

HCl HCl + HCl yes yes HCl ++

grate system air system

SOx SOx - SOx yes yes SOx-- e.g.

plant Rest FeS, FeOx Rest O2 – (O2, yes yes O2, H2O, ... H2O -- H2O, ...)

1st pass 2nd pass 3rd pass Super heater

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 35 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) 4. Measurements: Chlorine Trap

Chlorine Trap

HWS

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 36 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) Crossover 2./3. Pass: Chlorine Trap Actual situation: Evaporiser grid; T=400°C

Nominal condition: T=150

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 37 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) HWS

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 38 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) HWS – Effect of Cleaning

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 39 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE) 5. Summary

 Main source of „bad guys“: combustion chamber  Boiler influences Gas/Aerosol within FG way  Quasi-continuous depositing  Chlorine layered large particles depositing by impaction  Interaction between flue gas and particles: sulphidation with release chlorine in the deposits  Chlorine trap shall catch chlorides before SH  Attack of chlorine should be modified by using process know-how or depositing protection layers

ICMCTF 2007, San Diego 40 BIfA GmbH This Project was co-financed by the Baverian Ministery for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection within the EU-Structural Support for Regional Development (EFRE)