WORLD "TAR 1~WO STlIDIES ASSOCIATION (formerly American Committee on the History ofthe Second World War)
Mark P. l'arilIo. Chai""an Jona:han Berhow Dl:pat1menlofHi«ory E1izavcla Zbeganioa 208 Eisenhower Hall Associare Editors KaDsas State University Dct>artment ofHistory Manhattan, Knnsas 66506-1002 208' Eisenhower HnJl 785-532-0374 Kansas Stale Univemty rax 785-532-7004 Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1002 parlllo@,' Earnest R. May Harvard University Annotated Web Guide 67 Dennis Showalter (''''lorado Coliege by Mark Parillo and Jonathan Berhow GeItW'd L, Weinben: in Uoiversitv of North Carow Recently Published Articies Engfuh atCb.peJ Hill on World War II 83 TullU ap;r;.ng 1003 Selected TItles from an Electronic Compilation Jetl':-lj' eL"lCk. by Jonathan Berhow and Elizaveta Zheganina U.S. Arm" e;.",ler of _ MiliwyHistory William H. Cunliffe Natioo.11 Archives IlI1d Recently Publisbed and Reprinted Books RccolUs Administration in English on '\Todd War H 92 EdwardJ. L.rea Department 'JfDefeose Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation Waldo Heinrich.. lJniymjty of Nebraska by Jonathan Berhow David Kabo Grear Neck, New Yorlc Dissertations on World '''ar II in English 110 Agnes Perersoo Hoover Institution RG.lIJJd H. Spe.:tcr George W""biDgtOD Vniversity Earl Ziemke Univel'loity ofGeorgia General Information Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period ofWorld War II in all its aspects," the World War Two Studies Association, whose original name was the American Committee on the History ofthe Second World War, is a private organization supported by the dues and donations ofits members. It is affiliated with the American Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History ofthe Second World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Gennany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, and the Vatican. The Newsletter The WWTSA issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the Library ofCongress. Back issues ofthe Newsletter are available from the Institute for Military History and 20th Century Studies, 221 Eisenhower Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1002. Please send infonnation for the Newsletter to: Mark Parillo Tel.: (785) 532-0374 Department ofHistory Fax: (785) 532-7004 Kansas State University E-mail: [email protected] 221 Eisenhower Hall Manhattan, KS 66506·1002 Annual Membership Dues Membership is open to all who are interested in the era of the Second World War. Annual membership dues of$15.00 are payable at the beginning ofeach calendar year. Students with U.S. addresses may, iftheir circumstances require it, pay annual dues of $5.00 for up to six years. There is no surcharge for members abroad, but it is requested that dues be remitted directly to the secretary ofthe WWTSA (not through an agency or subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is mailed in bulk rates within the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign addresses unless special arrangements are made to cover the cost ofainnail postage. Spring & Fall 2007 3 The German History of World War n (Volume VII) A Review Article by Donald S. Detwiler Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, and DetlefVogel, The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943-1944/5, translated by Derry Cook-Radmore, Francis~a Ganrie, Ewald Osers, Barry Smerin, and Barbara Wilson, translation editor, Derry Cook Radmore. Volume VII of Germany and the Second World War, edited by the Militarges~hi~htli~hesFors~hungsamt(Resear~h Institute for Military History), Potsdam, Germany. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. xxxvi & 892 pp., with 16 diagrams, 56 maps (including front and ba~k endpapers), 26 tables, notes on the authors and on the translation, a list of abbreviations, a glossary of foreign terms, a bibliography, and an index of persons (ISBN 0-19-822889-9, $250.00).1 The seventh volume ofthe Oxford University Press translation ofthe projected ten-volume history ofGermany and World War II from the German Defense Ministry's Research Institute for Military History has three segments: an extensive account ofthe air war in Europe in 1943 and 1944; a shorter study ofthe war in the West during the same period, focusing on the Allied invasion ofEurope and the ensuing campaign through the Battle ofthe Bulge; and a concise monograph on the war in the Pacific from 1943 through its conclusion and aftermath.2 Part I, "The Strategi~ Air War in Europe and Air Defen~e of the Rei~h, 1943-1944" (pp. 7 458, with 488 footnotes), by Horst Boog, is the sequel to Part IV ofthe sixth volume of Germany and the Second World War, Boog's 160-page monograph on "The Anglo-American Strategic Air War over Europe and German Air Defence," covering prewar preparations and the course ofthe air war over Europe to the end of 1942.3 In his study that comprises over half the seventh volume in the series, Boog provides a meticulous, thorougWy documented account ofthe Allied bombing offensive against Germany from early 1943 to mid-l944, a detailed account of German air defense during the same period, and a somewhat shorter but no less thorough account ofthe German attempts to retaliate in 1944 by the resumption ofbombing and the use ofthe V-I cruise missile and the V-2 ballistic rocket. Boog begins his narrative with the agreement reached at the Anglo-American summit conference in Casablanca in January 1943 regarding a combined strategic bombing offensive against Germany. "The main bombing targets were, depending on 'meteorological and tactical feasibility,' to be -- in the following order -- the German U-boat yards, the aircraft industry, the transport system, the fuel-producing installations, and other targets in the war industry." But there was also concurrence on "the importance of daylight attacks wherever possible against targets unsuited to night raids, to continuous pressure on the morale ofthe civilian population, and to the need to inflict heavy losses on the German fighter defences and thus draw fighter resources away from Russia and the Mediterranean." The agreement represented a fundamental commitment to the common effort, but a very loosely defined one. Because ofdifferences between the two sides, "divergent views were accommodated within the general concept, and a great many questions were deliberately left unanswered.,,4 4 Spring & Fall 2007 In the sixth volume, Boog recounted the emergence during 1942 ofthe fundamental difference between the American commitment to precision bombing ofstrategic targets by daylight and the British practice ofmassive area bombing at night.5 This difference was reflected in the POINTBLANK Directive of 10 June 1943, the formal order to the US gth Air Force (based in Britain) and the RAP Bomber Command. This directive, Boog writes, "was an invitation to the Americans to give proof ofthe effectiveness oftheir 'daylight precision raids' (which were in practice the area bombing ofselected industrial targets and their immediate surroundings), and a license to [Bomber Command's Air Chief Marshall Sir Arthur] Harris to carry on with the indiscriminate area bombing ofGerman industrial cities by night. The British did not go along with [US Army Air Forces commander] Gen. [Henry H.] Arnold's attempts to give bomber operations a tight and unified overall command; they were afraid that with the growing material superiority ofthe Americans they would lose their independence in the air war. Though the thus loosely controlled bombing war was meant to be only the necessary preliminary stage leading up to an invasion, both [US gth Air Force commander] Gen. Carl A. Spaatz and Harris were secretly quite sure in their own minds that before then they could, each in their own way, bring about the fall ofGermany by bombing and without a land offensive; one reason for the latter's belief was the widespread aversion in Britain to a repeat of the bloody trench warfare ofthe First World War, together with memories ofthe defeat in France in 1940.,,6 During the early months of 1943, the US gth Air Force was not yet in a position to launch major attacks against Germany. The build-up of its heavy bomber force ofB-17 Flying Fortresses in England was delayed in part by "having to send a great many new aircraft and trained aircrew to the Mediterranean front, as the battles in North Africa were taking longer than originally ex pected. The average daily operational strength ofthe gth Air Force in February was thus only 74 aircraft."? But the RAP Bomber Command, by the beginning of 1943, had been strengthened in terms ofthe quantity as well as the quality ofits aircraft, including the four-engine Avro Lancaster heavy bomberS and the very fast twin-engine de Havilland Mosquito.9 Moreover, Bomber Command's effectiveness in conducting night raids had been substantially enhanced by the application of steadily refined air-navigation systems, such as OBOE,10 the ground-mapping radar system known as H2S,11 and bomb-targeting techniques, using sophisticated flares. 12 The Casablanca agreement having assigned the German U-boat yards in the Bay ofBiscay the highest priority for the combined strategic air offensive, RAP Bomber Command launched a series ofthirteen attacks between mid-January and the beginning of April 1943 on the submarine bases at Lorient and St.-Nazaire, in which an average ofover 200 bombers per raid dropped a total of over 7,000 tons ofbombs on the massive, hardened submarine pens without inflicting serious damage. Admiral Karl Donitz was reported to have observed that "all that happened was that surrounding towns were destroyed." So far as Air Chief Marshal Harris was concerned, Boog writes, it was "a 'hopeless misuse ofairpower' and a distraction from the main target of Germany, where he now had the technical means ofwaging a successful bombing war.,,13 As the first phase of that war, Harris conducted a series ofraids from March through July 1943 on the Rhineland and Ruhr regions of western Germany, beginning with a major attack, on Friday night, 5 March 1943, on Essen, the home ofthe Krupp armaments works. The raid, Boog writes, "was extremely successful~ The first OBOE-equipped Mosquito reached Essen at 205gh, two minutes early, and released its marker flares blind. It was followed at intervals ofa few minutes, until shortly after 2130h, by other OBOE Mosquitos ofg (pathfinder) Group, who did the Spring & Fall 2007 5 e same. These blind markers were backed up by 21 heavy bombers who more or less simulta e neously dropped green flares inside the target area already marked out in red. Then came, partly overlapping, three waves of mainly heavy bombers which dropped a total of 1,014.8 t of bombs, over half of them (524.4 t) incendiaries, which [the RAP Chief of Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir -e Charles] Portal termed 'the main weapon for lasting destruction'. A third of the HE [high explosive] bombs were fitted with delayed-action fuses, so as to hinder the work of the fire- . a fighting services. Out of442 aircraft, 367 arrived over the target; 61, including three OBOE Mosquitos, had to abort; 14 bombers (a relatively small total) were lost, while 38 more were damaged. Only 153 bombers managed to place their bomb-load within a 3-mile (c. 5 km) radius oftheir aiming- point. By 2140h the raid was over. The Krupp works and city suffered severe 'al devastation, with about 0.6 sq. Ian ofthe built-up area totally destroyed; in about a further 1.8 sq. us Ian the bombs damaged or destroyed three-quarters ofthe buildings. This was the first major _ up success against a previously hard-to-hit target.,,14 Essen was hit even harder the following week, retly but three nights later, an attack on Nuremberg, beyond the range ofthe OBOE navigational :the system, was unsuccessful: "The bombs fell widely scattered, and only by chance fell on some of the suburbs and factories.,,15 The most frequently attacked city by the RAP during spring 1943, Duisburg, at the confluence ofthe Ruhr with the Rhine, "withstood four raids [during March and April] relatively well, but then suffered much destruction during the fifth and final one on 12/13 May. The OBOE marking was extremely precise, so that around 85 per cent ofall bombs fell 'or within 3 miles ofthe aiming_point.,,16 .to When he concluded his campaign ofover forty raids against Aachen, Bochum, Cologne, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, Frankfurt, Oberhausen, Wuppertal, and other cities in the Rhineland 74 and Ruhr area in July1943, "Harris believed," Boog writes, that "he had reduced the region to ill chaos, reduced German arms production to a considerable degree, and shattered the morale of the population; and indeed a far greater effect had been obtained against Essen with only 5.6 per cent of his forces (3,261 aircraft) with 138 losses than had been achieved in 1942 with 10 per cent (or 3,724 bombers) and 201 losses. But this effect -- while it was indeed felt in, say, the aero-engine crankshaft sector -- was much less than Bomber Command assumed. Only four to six weeks of industrial output were lost, as the dispersal of industrial concerns such as Rheinmetall-Borsig of Diisseldorfhad already begun. The cost to Bomber Command of43 major raids was, however, considerable: about 18,500 bomber sorties were made, with a total loss of 872 (4.7 per cent) of the aircraft, with their crew-members numbering some 6,000, and a further 2,126 aircraft sustained sometimes irreparable damage.... The main weapon of this bomber offensive, OBOE, had however proved its worth, and despite the high losses the total fleet of bombers was actually increased, from 663 in March 1943 to 776 in July."I7 Moreover, by July 1943, Bomber Command was receiving a thousand fresh aircrew members weekly, over a third ofthe pilots coming from Commonwealth countries.I8 When the bombing campaign led to concern in Britain and serious questions in Parliament about the impact on the civilian population and the destruction ofcultural treasures, Deputy Prime Minister Clement R. Attlee stated in the House of Commons on 28 May 1943, Boog writes, "that no 'indiscriminate bombing' was taking place. Only militarily relevant targets were being at tacked -- a statement that was greeted with applause"; and half a year later, ''the air minister, Lord Archibald Sinclair, told members who had voiced their doubts about the British bombing war ... that the government's policy on this had not altered." But periodically the issue was brought up again, and when it was, "... Sinclair or government spokesmen in the House trod 6 Spring & Fall 2007 very carefully in answering the question ofexactly what was being targeted; often only half the truth or an outright lie was told when refuge could not be sought in equivocation and ambiguity.,,19 The head of Bomber Command, who "believed in victory won by air power alone,,,20 did not approve ofthis semi-apologetic stance. "Whatever else he may be accused of," writes Boog, "Harris was more honest. In order to avoid his crews getting the feeling they were having to do something ofwhich the Air Ministry was ashamed, he called on the ministry in October 1943 to say unambiguously that 'the aim ofthe bombing offensive was to destroy German cities, kill German workers, and make civilized life in Germany impossible.' Harris refused to take the hypocritical attitude of claiming that the bombing of cities was not necessarily a direct attack on civilians.',21 Bomber Command's next major bombing offensive, following the campaign against cities in western Germany in spring 1943, was Operation GOMORRAH, a devastating series of attacks on Hamburg in late July and early August 1943. Shortly before the beginning ofthe operation, Prof. Henry Tizard, scientific advisor to RAF ChiefofStaffPortal and Prime Minister Churchill, expressed his misgivings about the planned attack on Hamburg, writing, according to Boog, that "its harbour could be useful to useful to Britain after the war. It would be better, he said, not to destroy Hamburg, because occupied Germany could be administered better from there than from Berlin ...." Responding on Churchill's behalf, Portal stressed the importance of Hamburg as an industrial center and added that ''the control ofGermany after the war would anyway be ensured only by weak thou~ mobile land forces but primarily by air power; and for that there was no need of big cities." 2 Operation GOMORRAH began on Saturday evening, 24 July 1943, as a 75-mi1e-long stream of 791 bombers took off from 42 airfields in England with 14,451 tons ofhigh-explosive bombs and 1,020 tons ofincendiaries. The target was the center ofthe city. 10,289 civilians were killed. For the first time in the war, the British dropped WINDOW, many thousands of strips ofmetal foil that produced a cloudy image on radar screens, severely handicapping radar-equipped German night fighters as well as the targeting mechanisms ofthe heavy anti-aircraft guns defending the city. The German flak batteries could do nothing but put up a random barrage, firing more than 50,000 shells that brought down only three bombers. More were shot down by German night fighters, but the total losses during the raid amounted to only 1.5 per cent, the smallest proportion suffered in a major raid up to that time.23 The smoke was so thick over Hamburg that the American raid scheduled for the next day was postponed several hours and the RAF raid planned for that night was diverted to Essen. On the afternoon of Sunday, 25 June, 100 heavy bombers ofthe U.S. Eighth Air Force set out to attack the Blohm und VoB U-boat yard and the Klockner aero-engine works in Hamburg, but flak and smoke clouds prevented accurate bombing, so that damage was limited to the harbor and other industrial quarters. 15 B-17 Flying Fortresses were shot down, mostly by German fighters. The th next day, Monday the 26 , 54 B-17s hit the Howaldt shipyard and a large Hamburg power station, killing 156 civilians and losing two aircraft. Meanwhile, the RAF, which had kept Hamburg on alert through nuisance raids by Mosquitos on Sunday and Monday nights, the 25th th th and 26 , returned in force on Tuesday night, the 27 , to deliver one ofthe most devastating blows ofthe war. 729 heavy bombers dropped 2,326 tons ofbombs, over halfofthem incendiaries. "After barely half-an-hour," writes Boog, "a fire storm of hurricane force, ofa kind never before seen in air warfare, was raging through the closely packed and densely populated Spring & Fall 2007 7 residential areas. It covered an area of some 12 square kilometers.... The fIres ... combined with the unusually high atmospheric pressure to create an 'air chimney' that caused a powerful up-current over Hamburg. People burned to death in the hurricane ofheat, or were suffocated in their air-raid shelters .... That one night claimed more than 18,000 lives.,,24 After waiting for the smoke over Hamburg to dissipate, Harris sent Bomber Command back for a th third major strike on Thursday night, the 29 , in which 699 bombers dropped over 2,300 tons of bombs, more than half incendiaries, killing almost 10,000 more people. The final large-scale ily attack ofthe operation was on Tuesday night, 3 August, "but this time heavy thunderstorms broke up the attack, with the result that only 51 ofthe 740 bombers that took offwere able to drop their bomb-loads within the 3-mile zone round the aiming_point.,,25 In the four major raids ofOperation GOMORRAH, during which 8,344 tons ofbombs, halfofthem incendiaries, had been dropped on Hamburg, Bomber Command lost 97 bombers and 552 aircrew. The impact on f. Hamburg was enormous. Boog writes that "a total of242,202, or 43.8 per cent, ofall dwellings were destroyed or made uninhabitable; there were 900,000 homeless. To this day the number of dead is still uncertain, and varies with different authors between 30,000 and 50,000. According to the fIgures in the Reich statistics office on 9 March 1945 there were 41,450 killed between 24 m July and 3 August 1943. Subsequently a fIgure of42,600 was taken as a basis. In all, the casualties in Hamburg over this period were equivalent to around 80 per cent ofthe number of British civilians killed by the German air offensive in England from August 1940 to May 1941. The British authorities, who otherwise tended rather to exaggeration, underestimated the total deaths to a remarkable degree; they put them at between 12,000 to 15,000, and protested at allegedly exaggerated fIgures in the Swiss and Swedish press.,,26 th On Tuesday night, August 17 , two weeks after the conclusion ofthe devastating series of cd. attacks on Hamburg, Bomber Command attacked Peenemiinde on the Baltic Island ofUsedom near the mouths ofthe Peene and Oder rivers, where German V-weapons were being developed and produced. Because ofthe importance ofthe target, the raid was carried out on a moonlit l night, providing visibility that contributed to the accuracy ofthe bombing, but also to the loss of 40 aircraft, 6.7% ofthe attacking force of 596. Less than a week later, on Monday night, August rd 23 , Bomber Command launched an attack with 727 aircraft on Berlin, but because the Pathfinders were unable to identify the center ofthe city with their H2S radar, they mistakenly marked an area in the southern outskirts ofthe city, with the consequence that many ofthe bombs fell in open country. The German air defenses were quite effective; Bomber Command suffered its heaviest loss in one night so far in the war, with 56 aircraft, almost 8 per cent ofthe attacking force, having been brought down by German flak and night fighters. Targeting with th H2S radar was more successful in the raid on Sunday night, September 5 , on Mannheim th Ludwigshafen. On Monday night, October 4 , Frankfurt am Main suffered its first heavy raid of th the war. And on Friday night, October 8 , the center of Hannover was devastated, while some 27 nd 1,200 were killed and well over 3,000 injured. On the night ofFriday, October 22 , 444 RAF bombers attacked Kassel. Most bomb loads were dropped within 800 meters ofthe aiming point, the city center. "The result," Boog writes, "was the worst disaster for any German city since Hamburg and until almost the end ofthe war. Almost 6,000 people were killed .- 2.65 per cent of the 226,000 inhabitants, proportionally 0.2 per cent more than in the four raids on Hamburg. About 3,600 were injured, and more than 8,000 suffered damage to their eyes from the smoke and heat. Around 62 per cent ofthe population -- 123,800 persons -- were made homeless. The historic town centre was wiped out.... With a 'social index' (reflecting the degree of ._---- ...-.._------~_. 8 Spring & Fall 2007 destruction) of 164.1, Kassel was far ahead ofHamburg with 'only' 115.4; Bomber Command could cross it off its list oftargets.,,28 One reason for the high death toll, according to Boog, was that ''the German ARP [air-raid protection] authorities made a fatal mistake: they did not realize that the delayed-action bombs exploding here and there had nothing directly to do with the air raid itself, and were meant only to interfere with the fIre-fighting later on. So the all-clear was not sounded until the bomber stream was already a couple ofhundred miles away, by which time the fires started in the historic old town by the numerous incendiaries had taken a firm hold and developed into a Hamburg-style fire storm. The inhabitants, still sitting in their cellars, were trapped ... and died amid the smoke and flames. Had the all-clear been given promptly, they would have been able to leave their shelters in time.,,29 During the first half of 1943, while Bomber Command was conducting its campaign of area bombing of German cities at night, American daytime precision-bombing operations were directed primarily against German submarines and their bases; however, from 17 January through 22 June 1943, the 8th Air Force did conduct eighteen daylight raids over Germany, dispatching between 63 and 235 aircraft, dropping a total of some 3,700 tons ofbombs, and losing 117 heavy bombers (6 per cent) and over 1,100 aircrew. These losses were deemed acceptable, in part because of"an almost tenfold overestimate of German fighter losses" and a tendency to overestimate the effectiveness ofthe bombing raids themselves; in the case ofan attack on 18 March 1943 on the German U-boat yard at Vegesack, for example, "the yard was not in fact put out ofaction for a year, nor were seven U-boats destroyed or damagedt -- the commissioning ofjust one U-boat was merely delayed by 14 weeks." And on 17 April, when 97 8th Air Force bombers, flying for the first time over Germany in the "combat box" formation, attacked the Focke-Wulf aircraft works in Bremen, 52 German fighters were estimated to have been shot down, rather than the correct figure of five.3° In the summer of 1943 the rate oflosses suffered by the 8th Air Force sharply increased, once it began conducting unescorted daylight attacks deeper in Germany than it had flown during the first halfofthe year. Ten "blitz week" raids in late July cost 105 B-17 Flying Fortresses; particularly heavy losses were sustained during the attack on an aircraft plant at Oschersleben th southwest ofMagdeburg on Wednesday, July 28 , during which 40 per cent ofthe attacking bombers were brought down. "For the first time," writes Boog, ''the German fighters fired 21-cm air-to-air rockets from beyond the range ofthe bombers' guns ...." The toll would almost certainly been higher still had the Germans fighters pursuing the returning bombers not been confronted, near the Dutch border, by American P-47 Thunderbolt fighters fitted with drop-tanks that had extended their range sufficiently to enable them to escort the bombers on the last segment oftheir return flight. 31 After the Allies captured air bases in North Africa in 1943, a second front was opened in the air war against the Third Reich. At the beginning ofAugust, bombers from the U.S. 9th Air Force, then based in the Mediterranean, were dispatched to attack the Romanian oil refineries at Ploi~ti. However, as Boog writes, ''the German radio monitoring service had been listening to the practising near Benghazi [in Libya] from the outset, and knew the date and route ofthe attack in plenty oftime so that defensive measures, including smokescreens, could be prepared. Ofthe 177 bombers that took offon 1 August 1943, 154 reached the target area; but because ofthe unexpectedly heavy flak, the camouflaging, and navigational and other tactical errors they were not always able to destroy their intended targets.... The bombing brought a halt to around 42 Spring & Fall 2007 9 per cent of Ploie~ti refinery production for four to six weeks; the actual consequences were not, .as however, all that great, since all the plants were networked and in any case an equivalent spare :alize capacity was still lying unused.... On their flight back to base the bombers were again mauled by Gennan and Bulgarian fighters; a total of 54 B-24s were lost, with 532 aircrew. Only 92 aircraft reached Benghazi, 19 landed at Allied airfields in the eastern Mediterranean or on Malta, time seven crashed in Turkey, and three ditched in the Mediterranean, thus putting even the losses of land the 8th Air Force in the shade.,,32 Little over two weeks later, the 8th Air Force suffered even more severe losses in a two-pronged th attack on Tuesday, August 17 , on Gennan fighter-production facilities at Regensburg and on the ball-bearing plants at Schweinfurt. The targets were severely damaged, but at the cost of60 of over 300 bombers that took part in the mission, while 175 were damaged, eleven so badly that they were scrapped. The Americans estimated that they had shot down 288 German fighters, but the actual figure was 27. Moreover, the impact ofthis Schweinfurt raid on the Gennan anns industry turned out to be relatively minor because, Boog writes, "substitute supplies began to be ordered from Sweden and Switzerland, temporary bottlenecks were overcome by the ball bearings being carried from production to assembly in rucksacks, there was a changeover to a making simpler bearings, and it was soon discovered that the firms still had enough ball-bearings th "of each type stockpiled.,,33 Two months later, on Thursday, October 14 , in view ofrepair work observed at Schweinfurt, 8th Air Force launched a major follow-up raid by 320 bombers that proved even more costly than the August raid. Once the PA7 escorts turned back near Aachen, 97 the bombers were attacked in what, according to Boog, was "the biggest air battle over Europe so far." Only 288 bombers reached Schweinfurt, and there were further losses on the return flight. Sixty bombers were lost during the mission, five more crash-landed in England, and twelve were damaged beyond repair. As for the industrial impact of the raid, the Gennan manufacturers were once more able, as after the August attack, to draw on their six- to twelve-month stockpiles of ball-bearings. By fall 1943, moreover, Gennan aircraft production was being switched from bombers to fighters, which needed far fewer ball bearings. In conclusion, Boog observes, '"the Gennan ball-bearing industry could ... not be brought low by air raids, if only because ofthe ~peedy countenneasures that thwarted the Allies' plans to strike a fatal blow at Gennan "armaments. At the end ofthe war there were more ball-bearings than ever before.,,34 Following the costly October raid on Schweinfurt, the 8th Air Force suspended operations that involved sending its bombers beyond the limited range of the fighter escorts, deferring deeper penetration attacks until the delivery of sufficient long-range fighters (especially P-51 Mustangs) to escort the bombers to the heart ofGennany and back. This meant, Boog writes, that "only RAF Bomber Command was capable, under cover ofdarkness, ofattacking the fighter manufacturing plants in central and eastern Gennany ....,,35 But Harris was "so certain ... in his beliefthat the war could be won by strategic area bombing alone" that he was unequivocally opposed to any diversion from what he saw as Bomber Command's primary mission, the destruction of Gennan cities by carpet bombing.36 In late fall 1943, Allied intelligence estimated that as of 1 May 1944, the planned date ofthe invasion ofNonnandy, the likely strength ofthe Gennan fighter force would be 2,850 planes, rather than the 650 previously reckoned on. Thereupon the RAP's Deputy Chief ofAir StaffNonnan Bottomley wrote to Harris on th December 17 " expressing the hope," as recounted by Boog, "that he would soon give orders for a raid on Schweinfurt. Harris refused this three days later, in strongly emotional tenns .... An operation like this made no sense, the target was too hard to find, the town was so strongly 10 Spring & Fall 2007 defended that six or seven raids would be needed, and success would be doubtful. If the target was really so important, then the Americans should attack it again. What was more, the Germans would in any case by then have foiled such attacks by relocating their industrial plant. He went on to list other bomber operations that at the time had been seen as decisive, such as the attacks on the railways, the Mohne dam, the molybdenum mine at Knaben in Norway and synthetic fuel works in western Germany, the marshalling yards at Modena in Italy, and the Ploi~ti oil refineries. None ofthese had hindered the Germans from launching further major offensives in the east. It had all been in vain. He scoffed at 'panacea targets' like these, and even ifthey were acting in good faith had no time for the 'panacea-mongers' who he felt saw themselves as infallible.,,37 In November 1943 Harris launched what he called the "Battle of Berlin," a series oflarge-scale raids on the German capital, which was not only the seat ofgovernment, but also a very important industrial center. Harris told Churchill, Boog writes, that "once these [raids] were over Berlin would, ... ifthe Americans came in on it, 'be wrecked from end to end', setting the seal on Germany's downfall. It would mean losing 400-500 bombers, but Germany would lose the war.,,38 The series of 16 raids from 18 November 1943 to 24 March 1944, during which some 30,000 tons ofbombs (about half of them incendiaries) were dropped, involved 9,105 bomber sorties; 493 bombers were shot down, 849 damaged, and 2,983 aircrew killed. "These figures were more or less what Harris had calculated," Boog writes, "but the hopes that had been coupled with them had not been met.,,39 Moreover, in British society, Bomber Command's attacks on Berlin "again raised the question of the legality and inhumanity ofsuch operations. While the government succeeded in preventing as far as possible any public statements, or indeed protests, on the subject, it could still be spoken about in parliament," Boog concludes his report on the debate that took place in Westminster with an account of the role ofan Anglican prelate in the House of Lords: "The most notice was aroused by the way George Bell, the bishop of Chichester, urged that even in a war one could not forget the suffering ofone's fellow human-beings on the other side. During a trip to Sweden he had been told by two German pastors and members ofthe resistance to Hitler ofthe appalling effects the bombing ofGerman cities was having on the civilian population, and learned from other eyewitnesses of the horrors ofthe air war in Lubeck, Rostock, Cologne, and Hamburg. He was angered by the public statements ofChurchill and his government that always spoke only of military and economic targets. He wrote letters to the government, and planned protest demonstrations. With the wartime emergency regulations in force these could be banned, and his letters to the press censored. Only in the Upper House, of which he was a member, could he speak freely, and on 9 February 1944 he demanded from the Churchill government a public response to his complaint about the indiscriminate bombing by the RAF. Everyone must by now be aware, he said, ofhow far the destruction ofEuropean culture had already gone. Did one want to destroy the rest? Those in charge must surely know that the factories were in general built outside the German city centres with their historic monuments. Hitler was a barbarian: but this did not mean one must take his barbaric deeds as a model. After Bell had described the extend of the destruction and suffering in Hamburg, he quoted from the Swedish Svenska Dagbladet newspaper how the British with their massive bombing raids on Berlin had achieved what Hitler had still failed to do with his decrees and regulations: they had aroused the fury ofthe majority ofthe German people.... Bell's closing words were that the Allies were fighting, as the liberators ofEurope, for something that was greater than might -- for justice; and this had to be Spring & Fall 2007 11 more important than force.... Bell's attack had no immediate effect, any more than did a protest in the journal News Review on 23 March 1944 by 26 leading personalities -- including Benjamin Britten -- against the 'Attack on Humanity':,40 th III One week later, on Thursday night, March 30 , as a kind ofpostlude to the Battle ofBerlin, Harris launched a major raid on Nuremberg, as the home ofthe National Socialist Party Congresses an important political center. It turned out to be a total failure; wind and cloud conditions caused the target marking to go awry, so that the overwhelming majority ofthe bombs fell in open country. But the cost ofdelivering them was greater than on any of the recent raids on Berlin. The German night fighters used new radar interception equipment that the British could not block, and "German bombers dropped flares along the bomber stream's path, to be seen by all the night fighters. Out of795 RAF bombers," Boog writes, "95 were destroyed immediately, and a further 12 damaged to the point ofwrite-off. This put the loss rate at 11.8 per cent, and on top ofthis around 70 aircraft were damaged. It was the heaviest blow Bomber Command had ever suffered. It was 'more than a setback -- it was a defeat' .',41 Meanwhile, in February 1944, the U.S. 8th Air Force, based in Britain and augmented by a strong force oflong-range fighter escorts, and the 15th Air Force, based in Southern Italy, launched a series ofattacks on the German Air Force and aircraft industry, targeting production facilities in Schweinfurt, Augsburg, Stuttgart, and Leipzig. In the course ofthe "Big Week," as this offensive came to be known, the Americans flew more than 3,800 heavy bomber sorties (dropping over 13,000 tons ofbombs) and 3,673 escorting fighter sorties. Losses amounted to 266 bombers (ca. of 6 percent) and 28 fighters (0.8 percent) together with 2,600 aircrew. As for German losses, Boog as writes, "in February 1944 the Luftwaffe lost around 510 fighters in the air and 1,000 on the ground, as well as 366 pilots killed, wounded, or missing; these were increasingly hard to re place, whereas the Americans had no shortage offighter pilots.,,42 German aircraft production dropped in February 1944 compared to January, but in March it substantially increased, and "by July even reached 4,219, the highest monthly output figure ofthe whole war.',43 But the planes were useless without fuel and pilots, and ''the bombing ofthe synthetic fuel plants producing the bulk of aviation spirit supplies that began on 12 May quickly led to a serious curtailment ofpilot training .... In July a great many new fighters had to stay on the ground for lack offuel.44 A significant change in American tactics in the winter of 1943-44, Boog observes, was that "so called precision bombing gave way to saturation, area, or carpet bombing whenever there was no view ofthe ground. 'Precision' bombing was already very inaccurate, since the formations dropped their bombs on a visual signal from the leading aircraft; the aiming-point was, however, always a factory or militarily relevant installation, and in this the Americans prided themselves on differing from the British with their area bombing ofcities. Yet in fact theirs was, even with a clear view, nothing other than a limited carpeting process, with only a third ofindividual bomb loads finding the target. ... Gen. Arnold, always concerned for the good name ofhis air force, especially with his own government and home population, told Gen. Spaatz to avoid using the term 'blind bombing' ... , so that no false impressions would be created among the public. Spaatz therefore employed instead more technical- and less ambiguous-sounding turns ofphrase such as 'overcast bombing technique' or 'bombing with navigational devices over clouds up to 20,000 feet' .',45 12 Spring & Fall 2007 Beginning in January 1944, writes Boog, "the growing number of heavy bombers and escort fighters ... available, together with ... new radar aids, led ... to a fundamental change in American attack tactics. It was now no longer necessary for self-defence purposes for the bombers to fly in tightly grouped and stacked formations of 54 bombers in a box measuring around 3,800 x 870 x 810 metres; and with more aircraft being lost to flak this had in any case become too dangerous. The fighters no longer needed, against their nature and their higher speed, to stick close to the bombers they were protecting; guarding these no longer took priority over shooting down enemy fighters.'.46 In a raid on 8 March 1944 on Erkner, the site of important ball-bearing factories southeast of Berlin, for example, 37 of 623 bombers were lost, but only 18 of 861 ofthe escorting fighters, while the Germans lost 87 fighters. 47 But the cost of the heavily escorted daylight bombing campaign over Germany during the first six months of 1944 was very high: 2,942 bombers and 3,025 fighters were lost during that halfyear.48 On 14 April 1944, in view of the impending invasion, Harris' Bomber Command and Spaatz strategic bombing forces were placed under the "direction" (not "command") ofthe Allied Supreme Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and they increasingly were used in missions directly supporting the invasion. But "Eisenhower was aware," writes Boog, "of the continuing value ofthe strategic bombing missions -- the 8th Air Force, for instance, was in its operations over Germany destroying hundreds of German fighters a month in the air and on the ground, so that sorties by the tactical bombers against airfields in France met with hardly any fighter opposition. On 17 April Eisenhower's directive on support by the strategic air units to the preparations for the landing went out to Spaatz and Harris. The top objective remained ... the continuing destruction and paralysing ofthe German military and economic and industrial system, together now with the destruction ofthe major transport arteries. Linked directly with this was the breaking of the Germans' power to resist in the air, through a successful pursuing of the combined bomber offensive. Spaatz's forces were to wear down the Luftwaffe, especially its fighter arm, and destroy the installations that supported it, and to sever the German railway links, in particular those to the intended beachhead. Beyond this, Spaatz was given free rein to attack important military and political targets in south-eastern Europe. Harris was, because ofthe lack of accuracy ofnight-time bombing, told to carry on with the destruction of German 'industry'; his operations were, however, to be arranged so as to supplement those ofthe American strategic bombers in that they as far as possible also struck at the Luftwaffe and the rail network. ... Tactical bombers [under British Air Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, commander (under Eisenhower) ofthe Allied Expeditionary Air Forces] had the task ofknocking out the V-weapon sites in northern France, ifnecessary calling on the strategic bombers to help in this.'.49 In the course of ''the nine weeks up to D-Day, British and American aircraft dropped, about half each, a total of 195,000 t ofbombs, losing 1,953 aircraft (1,251 ofthem American) and more than 12,000 aircrew in the process."so Immediately after D-Day, on 8 June, "Spaatz gave orders that for both his strategic air fleets [the 8th Air Force based in England and the 15th in Italy] the interdiction offuel supplies to the Wehnnacht was from now on to be their foremost task, an instruction that remained in force until the end ofthe war.... Since April 1944 the 15th Air Force had, with a loss of 350 aircraft, dropped a total of 13,469 t of bombs on oil targets around ... [ploi~ti]. In August oil output dropped to 10 per cent."Sl Spring & Fall 2007 13 Boog concludes his treatment ofthe Allied bombing offensive against Germany with a brief excursus on the Soviet strategic bombing war against Germany. Soviet bombers were primarily employed in connection with land operations, but "in response to a German air raid on Moscow on the night of21/2 July 1941, Soviet naval bombers over the period 7/8 August to 3/4 September flew a total of seven night raids ... mainly against Berlin; they dropped more than 30 t ofbombs there and on towns in north-east Germany, as well as ... leaflets with Stalin's speech of 3 July 1941.,,52 In 1941 altogether 549 aircraft were used against targets in Germany; in 1942, there were Soviet raids against Berlin on the nights of26 and 28 August and 9 September, with a total of212 aircraft; and in April 1943 there were raids on targets in East Prussia, ''with 920 aircraft dropping 700 t ofbombs, including one 11,000-pounder -- the heaviest Russian bomb of the war -- on Konigsberg (Kaliningrad)".53 In February 1944 the Soviet long-range bomber force flew three night raids on Helsinki, in which 1,980 aircraft bombed the city, to put pressure on the Finns to sue for peace, and in September ofthat year the Hungarian capital, Budapest, was subjected, with the same objective, to four nights ofraids by over a thousand bombers. In March and April 1945 Soviet bombers flew "raids against Konigsberg, Breslau, Danzig, and fmally Berlin. Taken all together, the bombing raids inside Germany carried out during the war, involving 7,158 bombers and 6,700 t ofbombs, were relatively insignificant at only 3.1 per cent ofall the bomber sorties made by the Soviet forces, and amounted to only around 0.5 per cent of the Anglo-American strategic sorties against German-occupied Europe and 0.21 per cent ofthe bombs they delivered. The use of Soviet long-range bombers against Reich territory had no effect worthy of note on the course ofthe war.,,54 The second part of Boog' s monograph, "DEFENDING GERMAN SKIES, PART OF THE OVERALL AIR WAR PROBLEM: FROM EARLY 1943 TO THE INVASION IN 1944," makes it clear that in terms ofthe allocation of war materiel and personnel resources, the air defense of Germany was a major ts theater of war. "In 1943," writes Boog, ''the Allies' strategic bomber fleets dropped 346,166 t of bombs on German-occupied territory -- 450 per cent more than they had in the year before. Of these, 177,263 t fell on Germany alone, compared to 45,000 t in 1942.... The number ofthose killed in air raids rose from about 6,800 in 1942 to around 100,000 in 1943, and that ofcivilians wounded from something over 24,000 to around 200,000. In Germany in 1943 approximately 173,000 buildings were destroyed, and 212,000 damaged.,,55 The escalation of the air war over Germany was largely due to the rapid growth in 1943 of the numbers ofAmerican aircraft, especially during the second halfofthe year, "from 1,671 in June to 4,242 in December, coupled with an average attack strength of 183 bombers in August and 506 in December.,,56 To counter this growing challenge, the German Air Force had available, in spring 1943, "only 40 per cent ofthe amount of fuel needed for training fighter pilots .... In fact, in March 1943 the night-fighter force was 51 short ofthe number offully operational crews experienced in blind flying needed to fly the 360 serviceable aircraft.... With the single-engined fighters there were only 1,187 fully operational pilots for an actual strength of 1,535 machines- meaning that some 350 fighters had to be flown by pilots with only limited operational training (assuming they all had even that).,,57 To many in the German population, it seemed as though the German interceptors appeared, if at all, only after a raid was over. "The American bombers were, it seemed, flying in peacetime display formation (a misinterpretation ofthe combat boxes and combat wings used as a self defence tactic) unhindered across the skies of Germany. This was what Hitler said to Goring, 14 Spring & Fall 2007 when, as 'spokesman for the German people', he summoned him on 5 October [1943] to receive a two-hour-long lecture on 'the importance ofdefending his people', and demanded that he, 'whatever the cost, stop the massive attacks by day' ."S8 As Boog recounts in detail, Goring held a series ofthree commanders' conferences within a week, passing on Hitler's pressure to his chiefsubordinates, and then comments that "the minutes ofthe Reich marshal's conferences show very little sign ofthe systematic approach to the various problems that is so evident in records ofmeetings ofsenior commanders in the British and American air forces. Instead we fmd a great many ad hoc decisions being taken, and matters ofopinion on even the tiniest detail being discussed when they should have been dealt with in subordinate bodies and certainly not by the commander-in-chiefofone ofthe armed services. Goring waffled his way through the meetings, with constant appeals to National Socialist beliefs and exhortations for fighting spirit, and with the muddled language he used betraying his poor grasp oftactical and technical matters and the extent to which he was trapped within his outdated experience offighting in the First World War."S9 The corollary ofGoring's appeals for fanatical attacks on the enemy was that his pilots were not fighting as they should. "The accumulation of... [his] insulting allegations against ... [them] led to a confrontation with the general ofthe fighter arm. When, during one conference, the Reich marshal called them 'pampered' and unworthy oftheir high decorations - they had been failures as early as the Battle ofBritain, where many oftheir commanders had 'faked their reports' to get their Knight's Crosses -- [the head ofthe Luftwaffe's fighter forces, General Adolf] Galland ripped his own Cross from his collar and slammed it down on the table in front ofa speechless Goring; he did not wear his war decorations again for the following six months, and other officers followed suit.,,60 With the heavy losses ofGerman fighters, the defense against the Allied bombing campaign fell increasingly to the anti-aircraft artillery, which in the Third Reich was part ofthe Air Force· rather than the Army. In the course ofthe year following the beginning ofAmerican daylight bombing operations against Germany in January 1943, the number ofheavy flak batteries, firing 88-, 105-, and 128-mm shells, doubled.61 "In November 1943," Boog writes, "the Luftwaffe personnel numbered around 3 million, ofwhich some 2.1 m. were troops, with 900,000 civilians and auxiliaries. The flak artillery, always the arm ofthe Luftwaffe with the greater number of personnel, numbered at this time more than 1 million troops together with auxiliary staff, in a ratio of2: 1.... These [auxiliaries] included male and female 'flak helpers', men from the Reich Labour Service (RAD), and Russian prisoners ofwar ... , together with Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians; Goring remarked that his flak batteries were like a meeting ofthe League of Nations.,,62 "The material demands ofthe flak artillery," Boog continues, "may be gauged from, inter alia, the fact that in the final year ofthe war around 800,000 men were employed in producing flak armaments, and one-third ofthe barrels produced in 1944 were for AA guns." The output offlak munitions rose from 74,711,000 rounds ofall calibres in 1941 to 190,099,000 in 1944.63 In terms ofthe effectiveness ofanti-aircraft artillery as opposed to fighters, "in the battle against the u.S. 8th Air Force the flak shot down only 239 aircraft between August 1942 and the end of 1943, whereas fighters accounted for 702.'.64 Despite this disparity the flak arm ofthe Luftwaffe continued to enjoy high priority in the allocation ofresources, on Hitler's direct orders, thanks to what his Luftwaffe adjutant, Nicolaus von Below, called his "flak-centred thinking.,,6S Spring & Fall 2007 15 Air defense against the impending invasion in the west was the responsibility of Air Fleet 3 under Field Marshal Hugo Sperrle. According to advance planning, he was to "use his fighters to achieve air superiority in the army's area ofoperation -- that is, above the invasion zone; his fighters and fighter-bombers were to attack enemy ships and troops on the beaches during daylight hours, and his bombers by night.,,66 But to carry out these missions, Air Fleet 3 had on D-Day "only 319 serviceable aircraft, around 100 ofthem fighters. Facing them were around 12,800 Allied aircraft of all types, of which 6,000-7,000 were fully serviceable; they were thus outnumbered 20 to 1. Reinforcements were flown in from Germany, but were shot down at an average rate of over three dozen daily; by 2 July the total lost was 1,040. Then, "in July," writes Boog, "Hitler inflicted a fresh haemorrhage on the fighter force by ordering the dispatch to the west ofa further 800 aircraft from the home defence's reserve .... The fighters moved forward s straight into a German retreat; for the 25 of the enemy's aircraft they managed to shoot down, more than 400 ofthem crashed on landing, blew up, or fell to the enemy -- a fiasco allover again.,,67 Under the subtitle "THE LUFTWAFFE AND AIR DEFENCE IN MID-1944: 1HE ME 262 'SHEET ANCHOR' ," Boog recounts the development ofthe German jet fighter and its modification so that it could also be deployed as a bomber. Galland, after his first flight with the Messerschmitt powered by twin turbojets on 22 May 1943, wrote that "flying it was 'as ifan angel were pushing' .,,68 At a demonstration of the Me 262 on 26 November 1943, when Hitler said that he wanted the new jet as a high-speed bomber, he was "assured, without contradiction from the Luftwaffe top brass present, that the machine could carry bombs, even though no start at all had been made on the technical modifications needed for thiS.,,69 Nor had they been made by the following spring, when Hitler asked Goring's deputy, Field Marshal Erhard Milch, "how many bombs the Me 262 could carry, and the latter replied, 'None, mein FUhrer, the Me 262 ... is being built exclusively as a fighter.' Hitler flew into a rage, furious that his order of six months before for a Blitzbomber had been ignored. During the heated exchange, Milch answered with 'Mein FUhrer, the smallest infant can see that this is a fighter, not a bomber aircraft! ",70 The conversion of the jet fighter into a fighter-bomber, which involved strengthening the aircraft's undercarriage, was promptly undertaken, and "on 17 June 1944, on Hitler's orders, the evocative name Sturmvogel (Storm-bird) hitherto planned for the Me 262 was changed to Blitzbomber.71 "Yet in June 1944," Boog writes, "development ofthe Me 262 was still not far enough advanced for it to be described as ready to go into service. The turbine rotors, with their guide vanes made from a brittle Tinidur alloy, were still not right. Blade fractures were common. During casting, up to 90 per cent ofthe blades produced were at first rejects. No more than 25-30 hours of working life could be guaranteed for the rotors. New hollow blades ... could not be expected before the autumn of 1944."72 Production ofthe Me 262 slowly began in May 1944 with eight aircraft, rising to 124 in December, though, due to various defects, only 75,ge,r cent ofthe 564 produced in 1944 passed the quartermaster-general's acceptance inspection. 3 Considering the problems with the development and production of the Me 262, Boog finds it "surprising that the myth is still widespread -- though not among professional historians -- that the Me 262 could have been introduced earlier in huge numbers if Hitler had not wanted to have it built as a high-speed bomber. From the production-engineering viewpoint this order could at that time have played no part at all, since the main problem was still with the turbines.... Hitler gets the blame for the Me 262 'coming too late', when it could have altered history in the skies over Germany. But ... the 16 Spring & Fall 2007 'miracle aircraft' could not have been built earlier in large numbers even without Hitler's interference, and with the small numbers available to frontline units right up to the end of the war it could not have brought any change to the bombing offensive over Germany.,,74 The third part ofBoog's monograph, entitled "ATIACK THE BEST FORM OF DEFENCE? GERMANY REACTS IN KIND TO THE ALLIED BOMBER OFFENSIVE," deals with the attempt by the Luftwaffe to resume strategic bombing ofBritain in 1944 and with the V-Weapon offensive. When the British began their heavy bombing ofHamburg in summer 1943, Hitler ordered reprisal raids on English· cities. Boog quotes him as saying that "'the decisive thing is this: the British will stop only if their cities are destroyed, nothing else ... I can win the war only ifI destroy more on the en emy's side than the enemy destroys on ours -- only if! myself make him feel the horrors ofwar. This has always been so, and it is the same in the air.' 'Terror is broken by terror,' he repeated several times at the midday situation conference on 25 July 1943. 'We must go over to counterattacks, everything else is nonsense'.,,75 "When the chiefofthe naval operations staff pointed out 'that Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and shipbuilding yards had a greater effect on the British and represented a more effective contribution to the war effort, especially the war at sea, than terror raids', GeneralllIans] Jeschonnek [the chiefofstaffofthe Luftwaffe] replied that the Luftwaffe realized this. However, he had a clear order from the FUhrer that a bomb had to be dropped on London every single night, ifat all possible, and that the terror raids must not stop, because the FUhrer wanted to remind the British again and again that they were suffering from the air war, while people in the United States continued to live undisturbed. It was therefore a political decision."76 Heavily engaged on the Russian front and in the Mediterranean, the German Air Force in 1943 "was for the time being in no position to resume a strategic bomber offensive [against England] worthy ofthe name. It had no four-engined bombers like the British Lancaster or the American B-17, no light high-altitude bombers like the Mosquito, and no specialized night bombers.,,77 With few exceptions, the raids on Britain in 1943 ''were no more than pinpricks .... Altogether only 2,298 t ofbombs were dropped on England during the whole of 1943 -- as much as a German town experienced on a single day, or one-hundredth of the bombs dropped that year by the British, or one-hundred-and-fiftieth ofthe bombs dropped by the Allies jointly on Germany and German-occupied Europe.,,78 By 20 January 1944, 524 bombers and fighter-bombers, 462 of them operational, were assembled for Operation STEINBOCK (Ibex), the retaliation offensive against England. Most ofthe planes were older models, but the force did include 46 new Heinkel (He 177) heavy bombers. The "Baby Blitz," as the British called the new offensive, began on the night of21 January 1944 with a large-scale attack on London, in which some 220 bombers in each oftwo waves ''were to drop a total of about 475 t of bombs Gust under 60 per cent ofthem incendiaries) .... The result for the Luftwaffe was shattering: only about half the bombs hit the British mainland and only just over 30 t fell on the British capital. The bombing raid carried out on London a week later, again in bad weather, was every bit as much of a failure. In the two nights 57 aircraft or nearly 8 per cent ofthe employed strength were lost; 101 crews had aborted the attack, mostly because oftechnical trouble. Hitler was beside hirnselfwhen he was informed ofthe outcome. He was particularly furious over the failure ofthe still not operationally reliable He 177 heavy bombers, ofwhich 12 were destroyed during the first week ofthe air offensive alone, with another four being lost through fire in their power units.... He was even more enraged by the British report that only some 30 bombers had penetrated as far as the London Spring & Fall 2007 17 urban area. Once more the bulk ofthe formations had failed to fmd the gigantic city of London."79 There were seven further bombings of London in February employing between 160 and 240 aircraft, and even though they had fewer losses and were somewhat more successful in hitting their targets than those in January, they clearly were having no impact, Boog writes, "apart perhaps from making the population nervous.... In March German losses increased, while results declined with a smaller number of aircraft employed. For the Londoners the 'Baby Blitz' ended on 18 April with a raid by 125 bombers. Only a little over 50 t ofbombs fell on Greater London. From then on the Luftwaffe confined itselfto more accessible ports, but the trend towards heavier losses and smaller attacking forces continued until the offensive was halted altogether on 29 May At the end ofthe offensive the entire force was down to 107 bombers and fighter-bombers Without impairing Allied preparations for the invasion in the least, they had in the end worn themselves out to such an extent that, when the invasion came, they were no longer capable of any significant counter-blows. But this did not yet signal the end ofthe Luftwaffe's offensive orientation. The bombers, no longer operational, were now replaced by unmanned jet-propelled bombs (V-I), supplemented by the V-2 rockets developed by the army."so In his account ofthe origins and development ofthe V-I and V-2 weapons, Boog writes that Hitler "evidently ... totally misunderstood the need for continuity ofresearch and development of such complicated and novel devices .... As late as 5 May 1942 he observed that the Peenemiinde people should stop inventing all kinds ofthings and instead concentrate on building rocket weapons. In spite ofthe first successful flight of... [the Army's] A-4 rocket [later re ferred to as the V-2] on 3 October 1942, it took some urging by armaments minister Speer for Hitler ... to sign the order for its serial production, on 22 December 1942."SI Meanwhile the Luftwaffe was forging ahead with the development of its jet-propelled flying bomb (later called the V-I). "On 26 May 1943," Boog continues, "a comparative test firing -- instigated by Milch in the hope ofpromoting the development ofthe flying bomb at the expense ofthe rockets - took place at Peenemiinde. While both flying-bomb launches failed, one oftwo rocket launches was successful. The outcome was that both projects were to be further pursued, but only the rocket was given top priority by Speer.,,82This was followed on 7 July 1943, six weeks after the test fuing, by a presentation for Hitler by General Walter Domberger, in charge ofthe rocket development program, together with Wernher von Braun, the technical director, that led the dictator -- "now intoxicated," as Boog writes, ''with the vision ofshortly destroying London with the long-range rocket, making Britain ready to surrender, and thereby safeguarding Germany's back for her war against the Soviet Union" -- to give "orders for 'whatever is needed in man power and material' to be made available for this 'war-deciding' rocket project." But delays in the production ofthe Army's rockets in spring 1944 and a series of successful launches ofthe Air Force's flying bomb led Hitler to give priority to the latter.s3 The first salvo of27 flying bombs was fued on the night of 15 June, by 18 June 500 V-I s had been launched, by 29 June,1000, and by 22 July, 5000.84 When the Allied advance, following the invasion, deprived the Germans ofthe launching sites from which the V-I s could reach England, the flying bombs were aimed at targets in Belgium, particularly the port city ofAntwerp, through which the Allies were supplied. From June 1944 to March 1945, a total of22,384 V-I s were fued, 11,892 aimed at Belgium and 10,492 at England, 18 Spring & Fall 2007 and ofthe latter 3,528 struck England, 2,419 ofthem falling on London. "Civilian losses in Britain caused by the V-I were 6,860 killed and 17,981 seriously wounded, as well as numerous pilots killed and several hundred aircraft lost. By August 1944 some 1,450,000 persons had left London. In Belgium there were 3,470 civilians killed, as well as 682 Allied soldiers."ss Meanwhile, the army's A-4 rocket, temporarily downgraded in favor ofthe Luftwaffe's flying bomb program in spring 1944, had found vigorous support in the aftermath ofthe unsuccessful attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, that was followed by Heinrich Himmler's appointment not only as commander-in-chiefofthe training army, but also chiefofarmy munitions. In the latter capacity, Himmler put SS-General Hans Kammler in charge ofthe army's rocket program, under whose aegis preparations were rushed to comply with Hitler's orders in late August to commence the rocket bombardment ofLondon and Paris, which began in September. Early in October, Hitler ordered that London and Antwerp should be targeted. "By the end of 1944," Boog writes, "a total of 1,561 V-2s had been fired, averaging 14 a day. Ofthese, 447 were aimed at London and 924 at Antwerp.... On 27 March the last rocket was fired against England ... as well as the last one against Antwerp." Overall, ofthe almost 6,000 V-2s built, just over 3,170 were launched, 1,403 against England and 1,664 against Belgium. Ofthose aimed at England, "only 1,115 came down there, and ofthe 1,359 rockets aimed at London only 517 reached the capital. The rest blew up elsewhere in the countryside, and 61 fell into the sea."S6 In assessing the impact on the war ofthe flying bomb and the rocket, Boog writes that "in military terms, using the V-weapons had as good as no effect ... ," but that "for the German r munitions industry the V-weapons fragmented the development ofresources, because the different armed services and their departments spent most oftheir time, insulated from one another, working on the same or similar projects, thereby diverting far too much material and specialized manpower from other programmes; the development ofrocket motors alone was pursued by seven ftrms, that ofmissiles by eight. In point offact, the A-4 [rocket program] at the beginning of 1944 tied up a workforce ofsome 200,000, about one-tenth ofthe total employed in aerial armaments, as well as 1,000 t ofaluminium a month - about 5 per cent ofthe monthly quota allocated to the Luftwaffe, and 10 per cent ofthe sheet aluminium, enough to build around 2,000 FW 190 ftghters."S7 Despite the investment in them, the impact ofthe V-weapons on England was not remotely comparable to that ofthe Allied bombing ofGermany. "Over the first ten months or so ofthe V-weapons offensive some 5,900 t ofhigh explosives fell on England, only slightly more than was dropped during a single raid on Dortmund on 12 March 1945. Over the eleven months from August 1940 to June 1941 the Luftwaffe dropped about ten times that quantity -- 53,395 t ofHE and incendiary bombs -- on England, while the Allies over a similar period ... [in] 1944/5 dropped 1,018,000 t on Germany.... One has to agree with [Heinz Dieter] Holsken, the historian ofthe V-weapons, when he says that there could be no question of a proportionate retaliation and that, in retrospect, the propagandistic abbreviation 'V', chosen to match the English 'V for Victory', might rather have stood not for Vergeltung (retaliation) but for Verzweijlung (despair)."sSBoog's uniquely authoritative and meticulously documented account ofthe air war in the seventh volume ofGermany and the Second World War ends in summer 1944 with the invasion ofNormandy. To judge by his communication on the Internet in April 2005 at Part II, "German and Allied Conduct of the War in the West" (pp. 459-702 with 720 footnotes), by Detlev Vogel, begins with parallel chapters on the German situation in occupied western and northern Europe up to mid-1943 and on the western Allies' war planning and build up in England during the same period. The third and fourth chapters deal with German defense measures against an amphibious invasion and Allied preparations for it. The fifth chapter is on Operation OVERLORD, the sixth on the landing in southern France, and the seventh on the battles on the western front from September 1944 to January 1945. After the German defeat ofFrance and the conclusion ofthe armistice of22 June 1940, the Germans occupied northern France and the Atlantic seaboard to the Spanish border, leaving the balance ofthe country under the Vichy regime of Marshal Henri petain. But when the Allies landed in North Africa on 7 and 8 November 1942, the Germans occupied the rest of France (except for a small zone in the southeast occupied by the Italians until after the fall ofMussolini). Although the Vichy government retained nominal sovereignty, the Germans steadily tightened political and military control ofall of France, in order, "as Ernst FreiheIT von Weizsacker, state secretary at the foreign ministry, put it ... [to] 'squeeze the country dry'.,,89 Exploitation had already begun after the fall of France, when "foodstuffs, raw materials, armaments, motor vehicles, money, and manpower began to be transferred to the Reich in large amounts," but "grew dramatically ... after the defeat at Stalingrad.,,90 The hardship this entailed gave impetus to the resistance movement that had begun to emerge not long after the defeat in summer 1940. "The Germans reacted relatively mildly to the first attacks -- with fines, curfews, and imprisonment -- but soon began shooting hostages. While the military commander for France, Otto von Stiilpnagel, who was relieved ofhis duties in February 1942, would have nothing to do with such reprisals, Hitler and the OKW increasingly backed the use of violence and brutality. The task was taken oVer by the 'senior SS and police leader' for France, appointed by Heinrich Rimmler in March ofthat year. The growing repression helped to bring about the unification ofthe initially disparate resistance groups in May 1943 .... In response to the proliferation ofattacks and sabotage, and the emergence ofreal trouble spots, the Germans took harsh measures.... With the cooperation ofFrench police and militia units, thousands were arrested, abducted, and murdered ... :,9I The situation in the other German-occupied countries of western and northern Europe was similar to that in France, where increasingly harsh repression "began to isolate those sections of 20 Spring & Fall 2007 the population that were prepared to collaborate. Above all, ... increasing demands for workers for the Reich led at first to criticism and soon -- especially in early 1943 -- to strikes, sabotage, and even revo1t.',92 Meanwhile, the prospect ofan amphibious invasion in the west gave the "decisive impetus to build a 'new western wall', later known as the Atlantic Wall, ... towards the end of 1941. With labour supplied by the Todt Organisation [that had been engaged in building the Autobahn network and fortifications on the Franco-German border], a total of 15,000 defence installations were to be built ... , and manned by some 300,000 troops." By February 1943, only 6,000 installations had been completed, and "as late as June 1944, some 160,000 labourers, mostly French, were still working on the unfinished fortifications.,,93 After a thorough, copiously annotated review of the background and preparations on the part of the Allies and their German adversaries for the impending invasion, Vogel inserts an excursus on the similarities and differences in the conduct ofthe war by the two sides.94 He points out that whereas the Allies gave the planned operation priority, "Hitler, despite various declarations of intent, never concentrated his military resources in the west. The immense pressure ofthe Soviet armies prevented any significant withdrawal ofGerman divisions from the eastern front." Moreover, "heavy losses in the east and the consequent assignment ofpriority to the needs of the army soon led to a reduction in the arming ofthe navy and Luftwaffe. As a result, the plans and measures for defence against a landing were mainly decided by army staffs and army commanders. Since the weakness of German naval and air forces in the west meant that an Allied invasion could probably no longer be prevented, the army officers banked everything on making the Atlantic Wall into a huge defensive bulwark.,,95 In his excursus, Vogel also points out that there were "major differences between the Allies and the Germans in terms ofmilitary planning and organization. On the Allied side there was a body ofexperts (the COSSAC [Chief ofStaff, Supreme Allied Commander] staff) that had years of experience oflanding operations, and a joint command authority (SHAEF [Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces]) that was able to take advantage ofall that groundwork. There was nothing comparable on the German side. In accordance with the long standing German tradition of multiple command structures, many people were responsible for many things, but no one person was responsible for everything."% Despite these and other important differences that he describes, Vogel points out that "an analysis of opposing structures reveals certain similarities. Both ... [commanding generals], Rundstedt and Eisenhower, had to contend with subordinates who, because oftheir military achievements, had a higher standing with their own propaganda organs -- and sometimes with those of the enemy -- than they themselves. The men in question were Rommel and Montgomery, who were also closer to their respective supreme commanders, Hitler and Churchill. This was bound to have a negative impact on relations with their immediate superiors, Rundstedt and Eisenhower, as well as on their work in the military high command. Standing, as they did, at the centre ofthings, it was no wonder that Montgomery and Rommel often thought they knew better than anyone else (Montgomery, in particular, made many American officers feel this, as well as his British subordinates). Both were increasingly unwilling to listen to other opinions or admit mistakes. All this boded no good for co-operation on future operations in western Europe.,,97 Spring & Fall 2007 21 Nowhere did this apply more clearly than in the case ofOperation MARKET-GARDEN in September 1944. The 21 st Army Group under Field Marshal Montgomery was stalled in Belgium. To achieve a breakthrough, airborne forces (in Operation MARKET) were to seize the bridges across the three branches ofthe Rhine delta in the Netherlands (the Maas, the Waal, and the Lower Rhine), as well as several canals, and to hold them until they could be reinforced by strong armored units advancing along the connecting roads (Operation GARDEN). Success in this undertaking would open the way to northern Germany for the 21 st Army Group. However, Vogel writes, "the operation did harbour some inherent risks. After all, Amhem, where the British I Airborne Division was to land, was more than 80 k:m away from the ... [British] bridgehead on the Meuse-ScheIdt canal, so it would take some time for [Lt. Gen. Brian] Horrocks's divisions to reach the town.',98 "Montgomery, like the SHAEF officers," Vogel writes, "presumably believed that the mass deployment ofairborne troops so far behind the front would shock their opponent and paralyse his ability to react for a long time. They also thought the German troops in the Netherlands would not put up much serious resistance. Obviously this was still the view when SHAEF learned from ULTRA [codebreaking] on 16 September -- a day before the operation began -- that the 9th SS-Panzer Division was positioned near Amhem and the 10th SS-Panzer Division was heading that way. Despite these reports, Montgomery stuck to his decision that the British 1st Airborne Division troops should be dropped at Arnhem.,,99 However, the presence ofthe two German armored divisions near the dropping zone was not first revealed by an electronic intelligence interception the day before the airborne assault, but considerably earlier, as reported in 1987 by the former chiefintelligence officer ofthe British Airborne Corps, Brian Urquhart (in accounts not mentioned by Vogel). In his memoirs and in an article in The New York Review ofBooks, Urquhart recounts that, about a week before the scheduled operation, he learned from a 21 st Army Group intelligence summary that elements of the 2nd SS Panzer Corps, and ofthe 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions were refitting in the Arnhem area. When he reported the danger that this represented to General F. A. M. Browning, the overall commander ofthe airborne operation, he was told that he "should not worry unduly, that the reports were probably wrong, and that in any case the German troops were refitting and not up to much fighting." But Urquhart was deeply concerned and therefore had oblique photographs ofthe dropping zone taken at a low altitude "by the acknowledged experts in this art, an RAF Spitfire Squadron stationed at Benson in Oxfordshire," and "the pictures when they arrived," he writes, "confirmed my worst fears. There were German tanks and armored vehicles parked under the trees within easy range ofthe 1st Airborne Division's main dropping zone. I rushed to General Browning with this new evidence, only to be treated once again as a nervous child suffering from a nightmare." Later the same day, Urquhart was visited by the division's chief doctor, who informed him that he was suffering from acute nervous strain and exhaustion and ordered him to go on sick leave. "When I asked him what would happen ifI refused," Urquhart writes, "he said, in his kindly way, that I would be arrested and court-martialed for disobeying orders." So on 15 September, two days before Operation MARKET GARDEN, Urquhart went on sick leave. "The operation which was to end the war in Western Europe," he wrote, turned out to be "an unmitigated disaster, almost certainly destroying all possibility of an early victory. It had . .. given the Germans a success on the eve oftheir total defeat, made a nightmare ofthe last months ofwar for the Dutch, and landed the British army in a riverine swamp for the winter. The casualties, both military and civilian, were appalling -- more than 17,000 Allied soldiers killed, wounded, or missing in nine days offighting, no possible reckoning ofcivilian casualties, and all for nothing or worse than nothing. Much ofthe town ofAmhem was destroyed, and after the 22 Spring & Fall 2007 battle the Germans forcibly evacuated the entire population for the remainder ofthe war. Small wonder that Prince Bernhard later remarked, 'My country can never again afford the luxury of another Montgomery success'.,,100 In the summary with which Detlev Vogel concludes his study ofthe war in the west to January 1945, he writes that "it was a great stroke ofluck for the Allies that in Eisenhower they had a supreme commander who was usually able to find a balance between the different interests ofhis staffs and senior officers. It was thanks to the American general's diplomatic astuteness that he always cooperated well with the western political leaders; as a result, he commanded great respect when it came to taking military decisions. Rundstedt [the German commander in the west] and his successors, however, were constantly confronted with direct intervention by Hitler and the OKW, which reached down to the lowest military level."lol Part III, "The War in the Pacific 1943-1945" (pp. 703-840, with 537 footnotes), by Gerhard Krebs, is a sequel to Part II ofthe sixth volume ofGermany and the Second World War, a study by Werner Rahn on the war in the Pacific to 1942. This contribution, which overlaps Rahn's, is not a comprehensive history ofthe last part ofthe war in Asia and the Pacific, but a very well informed account ofJapanese strategy and decision-making from 1942 to the end ofthe war by a leading German authority on twentieth-century Japan, particularly during the era of the war in Asia and the Pacific.102 "Since his appointment as commander-in-chief ofthe combined fleet in 1939," Krebs writes, "Admiral [Isoroku] Yamamoto had systematically assembled an entourage ofambitious middle ranking officers and had gradually taken over the task ofoperational planning from the naval general staff, though still theoretically under its orders. After the victory at Pearl Harbor he enjoyed such prestige that he was able at last to achieve his aim of becoming more or less free to do as he liked.... The very day after Pearl Harbor he set about making preparations for a landing operation ... [against Hawaii]." The first step would be to take Midway, some 2,000 km north-west of Hawaii, from which land-based air strikes could be launched. However, the army and navy chiefs ofstaff were united in opposing any move to take Hawaii; Yamamoto had expected opposition from the army but not the navy, which insisted that "pressure on Australia .. . be kept up, and preparations made to attack Ceylon." When Yamamoto finally presented the chief ofthe naval general staff, Admiral Osami Nagano, an ultimatum, threatening to resign if the Midway operation was not approved, ''Nagano decided to give Yamamoto a free hand to execute his plan." There was still opposition to it, but this was dispelled on 18 April 1942 by American air strikes on Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, and Kobe by carrier-based B-25 bombers. "The physical damage was negligible, but the psychological impact was enormous. Essentially, the raids represented a defeat for the Japanese navy. It had not managed to block the enemy fleet's advance, and it had assumed that the heavy B-25s could not take off from carriers. The operation showed how dangerous and effective Hawaii was as a base from which the US could use to deploy carrier formations wherever it chose.... The general staff promptly agreed to collaborate in operations against Midway and -- to protect the flank -- the Aleutian Islands, and planning started at once." In the decisive Battle of Midway, early in June, the Japanese lost four aircraft carriers while the Americans lost one. "Meanwhile," concludes Krebs, "the Imperial Navy had captured Kiska and Attu in the Aleutians, but that was small consolation.,,10 Spring & Fall 2007 23 Early in August 1942, two months after the defeat ofthe Japanese Navy at Midway, American forces landed on Guadalcanal in the British Solomon Islands east ofNew Guinea, which the Japanese, in their advance into the South Pacific, had invaded in May. Although the Americans were initially able to land without losses, the Japanese quickly began to bring in reinforcements, supported by major naval forces, including battleships and aircraft carriers. The costly struggle that ensued lasted until the implementation ofthe decision of31 December 1942, reluctantly approved by the emperor, to withdraw the last Japanese forces from the island. 1M When the Japanese two months later set out to move reinforcements to New Guinea, consolidating their position after the defeat at Guadalcanal, their convoy was attacked by American and Australian aircraft in the Battle ofthe Bismarck Sea, in the course ofwhich eight troop transports were sunk, together with four escorting destroyers. "With the destruction ofthese reinforcements," Krebs concludes, "the initiative in New Guinea passed definitively to the Americans.,,105 The fall ofSaipan, from which the Japanese home islands could be reached by American I bombers, was followed in mid-July 1944 by the resignation of General Hideki Tojo from the position ofprime minister that he had held since October 1941.106 His successor, Kuniaki Koiso, a retired general, established, as a replacement for the civil-military liaison conference, the supreme council for the direction ofthe war, a smaller body ofsix that included himself as prime minister, the foreign minister, the army and navy ministers, and the army and navy chiefs of staff. 107 Turning to Axis relations, Krebs writes that ''until the autumn of 1942 the strategic plans for Japanese-German-Italian cooperation looked quite promising. The aim was to establish a link through India, Iran, and Suez. The European Axis powers were to advance through Egypt or the Caucasus, and Japan was to mount an attack from Burma or across the Indian Ocean. However, joint German-Japanese operations never got beyond the planning stage. The German defeat in Egypt, the Allied landing in North Africa, and above all the disaster at Stalingrad put an end to all such dreams. Japan too found itselfon the defensive on Guadalcanal, in New Guinea, and at sea. Both partners solemnly promised to stick to the plans for a land link, but these declarations ofintent merely served the patently transparent purpose ofsaving them from having to confess to each other how weak they both were.,,108 The only other way to establish a territorial link would have been through the Soviet Union. Despite their neutrality pact with the USSR, the Japanese, as the Germans urged them, might have launched an attack against the Russians, but they were so heavily committed in China and in the Pacific that they had no forces available to fight in a new theater. They therefore proposed to the Germans that they end their war against Russia. "Even before the outbreak ofthe Pacific war, [Foreign Minister Shigenori] Togo had advised Germany shortly after he took office in October 1941 to conclude a separate peace with the USSR [and in so doing] he was supported by the army high command and some members ofthe navy."I09 The Japanese repeatedly broached the subject of a separate peace, offering to mediate between Germany and the Soviet Union. But when the Japanese ambassador to Moscow, Naotake Sato, approached Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov in September 1943 about receiving a Japanese delegation, Molotov refused, saying ''there was ... no question ofa peace agreement"; and when at the beginning ofOctober the Japanese ambassador to Germany, General Hiroshi Oshima, presented Japanese proposals for a separate German-Soviet peace, not only did Hitler and Ribbentrop reject them, but "Germany renewed its demand that Japan enter the war against the USSR, and even went so far as to suggest that Tokyo had given Moscow assurances that it would remain neutral. The Japanese re 24 Spring & Fall 2007 acted with fury." 11 0 The fact was that the Japanese scrupulously maintained their neutrality in the German-Soviet conflict, and that the Germans, as Krebs puts it, were "annoyed that Japan did not stop, or even substantially hinder, Allied convoys carrying supplies to the USSR, as they passed through the waters off the Kurile Islands."lll _ In opening his consideration of the deliberations ofthose in Japan who had misgivings about the course of the war and sought to end it, Krebs writes that "Japan's decision to go to war in 1941 had not been unanimous, nor had it been taken lightly. On the contrary, there had been repeated calls for caution and restraint from various quarters, notably elements in the foreign ministry, in the navy, at court, and in industry. Even in the army a number of senior officers had had misgivings, and those retired from active service were even more skeptical. The people who had warned against starting the war, and had tried to the very last minute to prevent it, were con cerned, once it had begun, to get a peace settlement as soon as possible instead offighting on to the bitter end.... The extraordinary thing was that the opposition groups were able to keep in touch with one another quite easily, and develop their ... plans with impunity. The dreaded secret police normally nipped any incipient resistance in the bud with the utmost ferocity, but prominent figures enjoyed a degree of immunity that would have been unthinkable in totalitarian states in Europe.,,112 Prominent among those seeking to end the war as soon as possible were the former prime minister, Prince Fumimaro Konoe, and the former ambassador to London, Shigeru Yoshida. "They were prepared to end it even ifJapan did not win, to avoid the risk ofa revolution that they feared might sweep away the imperial system. They gradually won over the most important court functionary, the lord keeper ofthe privy seal, [Koichi] Kido ... and constantly extended their influence, bringing in eminent people from various groups, including imperial princes such as Prince [Naruhiko] Higashikuni, a retired general, and Hirohito's brother Prince Takamatsu, a serving naval officer and a member ofthe naval general staff. Within the government, the foreign ministers, Shigenori Togo, and later Mamoru Shigemitsu, both showed the keenest interest in ending the war."I13 Shigemitsu, who became foreign minister in spring 1943, encouraged contact between his ministry and the general staff. In view ofconcern that Germany might seek a separate peace with the western powers, leaving Japan isolated, the general staff recommended a three-step program: a separate German-Soviet peace should be concluded with Japanese mediation; a separate peace should be concluded between China and Japan, following a reconciliation between the Japanese-sponsored regime in Nanking and the Chinese Nationalist regime in Chungking; and Germany, Italy, and Japan should conclude a peace agreement with the English-speaking powers. "This plan for a series ofpeace agreements remained in place," according to Krebs, "with only a few amendments, for almost two years. It did not bear fruit, essentially because, at this stage in the war, it was unrealistic. Neither Berlin, nor Moscow, nor Chungking showed any interest in the Japanese proposals. No attempt was made to contact the Allies until the spring of 1945, and even within the upper echelons ofthe Japanese civilian authorities and military high command there were so many disputes on so many subjects that it was impossible to reach the consensus required under that particular system ofgovernment.,,114 When the German armed forces capitulated on 8 May 1945, "Japan issued an official declaration ofits intent to continue the war regardless," writes Krebs, and ''the German ambassador was taken to task, and told that his country had broken its December 1941 agreement not to make a separate peace.,,115 Spring & Fall 2007 25 Ie Six weeks later, on 18 June, ''the supreme council for the direction ofthe war decided, despite t continued resistance from the army minister and both chiefs ofstaff, to approach the Allies through a neutral power, preferably the USSR, and make a peace offer subject to the condition that the imperial system be maintained. The plan was to sound out the Soviet Union by the beginning ofJuly, and then take steps to end the war as quickly as possible.,,1l6 When the e Japanese received no response regarding their request from the Soviet ambassador in Tokyo by early July, the emperor decided to convey the request for Russian mediation by a special envoy. Prince Konoe agreed to undertake the mission, and Ambassador Naotake Sato in Moscow was sent a message for Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informing him that the Japanese earnestly desired to end the war and wished to send Prince Konoe to Russia as a special envoy with a personal message from the emperor himself. Sato promptly sought an appointment with Molotov to confirm the necessary arrangements, but was informed that the Soviet foreign minister was about to leave the country (for the impending Potsdam conference) and would not be able to see him until his return. On 26 July the western Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration, calling for Japan's unconditional surrender. Although there was no reference to the retention ofthe monarchy, the Japanese were offered the prospect of fair treatment, and the future government was to be established in accordance with the will ofthe people. When Tokyo learned ofthe terms ofthe declaration through an Allied radio broadcast, the supreme council for the direction ofthe war and the cabinet "agreed to await the Soviet reply to the Japanese initiative before responding. It was also decided that the government should pass over the declaration in silence, and that the press should publish excerpts but without undue emphasis or editorial comment. The foreign minister was accordingly astonished to read in the papers next morning that the cabinet had decided to show its contempt by ignoring the declaration. It emerged, on inquiry, that the military had again put pressure on the prime minister the day before, and the press had simply printed what he had said at a press conference.,,117 Two days later, at Potsdam, Stalin informed Truman ofthe recent Japanese initiatives and Soviet responses, but said that the latest Japanese proposal "essentially ... contained nothing new, and would therefore be rejected." Truman thanked him for the information and ''told him that no official reply to the Allied ultimatum had as yet been received from Japan, but radio broadcasts just picked up from Tokyo suggested that it would be rejected out ofhand."u8 After Molotov returned to Moscow, Sato tried for several days to get an appointment with him. While he was waiting, on the morning of 6 August, the fIrst atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. The next day, Sato was told that Molotov would see him on the evening of8 August. "That evening Molotov received Ambassador Sato, as arranged, but before Sato could speak Molotov read out the Soviet declaration ofwar on Japan, and handed him a written copy. The reasons the USSR gave for taking this step were that Japan had supported 'Hitler's Germany' for many years, and above all that Japan's request for Soviet mediation was rendered null and void by its rejection ofthe Potsdam declaration. Also, the Soviet Union was fulfIlling its obligations to its allies, and thus helping to hasten the end ofthe war. The news was broadcast from Moscow a few hours later, and picked up by the Japanese foreign ministry just after midnight. [Foreign Minister Shigenori] Togo consulted his closest colleagues, and decided with their alff,eement to advise the emperor to accept the Potsdam declaration at once, without reservation." 19 26 Spring & Fall 2007 When the supreme council for the direction of the war met on the morning of9 August, it was immediately informed that the emperor wanted a decision to surrender and learned, in the course ofthe meeting, that a second atomic bomb had been dropped, on Nagasaki, and that "the Red Anny was encountering hardly any resistance from the Japanese in Manchuria." The prime minister (since April 1945), Admiral Kantaro Suzuki, the navy minister, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, and Foreign Minister Togo were inclined to accept the Potsdam declaration, but ''the chiefofthe army general staff, Gen. [Yoshijiro] Umezu, the chiefofthe naval general staff, Admiral [Soemu] Toyoda, and the army minister, [General Korechika] Anami, would accept the Allied ultimatum only on four conditions: the Japanese state must be preserved in its present form; war criminals must be tried by Japan in its own courts; the armed forces must be demobilized by Japanese officers; and the number ofAllied occupation troops must be subject to strict limits. The army minister, Anami, and the army chiefofstaff, Umezu, still preferred the idea offighting a last decisive battle on Japanese soil after the Allies had landed, and called for the traditional spirit ofJapan to be defended to the last drop ofblood." The meeting, adjourned for a cabinet meeting that afternoon, was "followed by a long series ofconsultations on way and means ofending the war, culminating in an imperial conference on 14 August. The battle-lines remained more or less unchanged, as the three 'hawks', that is, the army minister and the two chiefs of staff, blocked the decision to seek a peace settlement. To break the deadlock, Konoe and the former foreign minister, Shigemitsu, advised the emperor to issue an order stating that Japan agreed to surrender on one condition, that the kokutai [the emperor-system] remain intact. Hirohito agreed, and said he was prepared to hold an imperial conference for the purpose that very evening." At the conference that began shortly before midnight on Saturday, 9 August, the -, prime minister recommended accepting the Potsdam declaration, "as it did not contain any demand for a change in the emperor's constitutional position," and that the other three conditions supported by the army minister and chiefs of staffbe dropped. When they did not agree, Prime Minister Suzuki and the president ofthe privy council, Baron Kiichiro Hiranuma, finally asked the emperor to decide. "This was the first time in the history ofJapan that the emperor had been called upon to act as arbitrator. Hirohito said he was in favour of surrender, as he could not stand by and see his innocent people suffer any longer. To continue the war would destroy Japanese civilization, and would have a detrimental effect on the rest ofhumanity." The emperor's decision was accepted by the council and endorsed by the cabinet the same night. "Shortly thereafter the foreign ministry informed the Allies, through its diplomatic representatives in Sweden and Switzerland, ofJapans decision to accept the Potsdam declaration. It understood that the declaration contained no demands touching on his majesty's prerogatives as sovereign ruler, but it sought clarification on this point.,,120 In the response to the Japanese note of 10 August, the United States declared "its intention ofplacing the emperor and the Japanese government under the supreme commander ofthe Allied powers, and letting the final form ofgovernment be determined in accordance with the freely expressed will ofthe people."l2l When the foreign minister informed the emperor ofthe American response on 12 August, "he expressed the fear that kokutai ideologues would object to the phrase 'freely expressed will of the people' on the ground that it was blasphemous. His own department saw no reason to take exception to it. The emperor agreed, and said he was in favour ofaccepting it without reservations." However, there was not only resistance within the supreme council for the direction ofthe war, but also among a group ofmiddle-ranking army officers, including Anami's brother-in-law, who had turned to the army minister, demanding that he prevent the surrender and telling him that ifhe failed he should commit ritual suicide. Early on Sunday morning the th 13 , "Anami spoke to Kido, objecting to the idea ofaccepting the Allied terms, but the lord Spring & Fall 2007 27 keeper ofthe privy seal was not swayed, despite the danger of internal strife." Later that day, the supreme council for the direction ofthe war met again to consider the American note, but the deadlock was not broken; the prime minister, the foreign minister and the navy minister could not persuade the army minister and the army chiefs of staffto agree to the accept the Allied terms. During a break in the meeting, however, "the emperor, who had been apprised of Anami's approach to Kido, sununoned the two chiefs of staff, Umezu and Toyoda, and warned them not to Spl'11 b10 od unnecessarI'1 y, and not to 0 bstruct the peace negotiations... ,,122 th On Monday morning, August 14 , American planes dropped leaflets over Tokyo, stating that Japan had accepted the Potsdam declaration and informing the Japanese people ofthe American reply. "This meant," writes Krebs, "that the government could now no longer keep it secret, but it also increased the danger ofpublic revolt. Kido and Suzuki therefore urged the emperor to make a decision quickly, and persuaded him to convene a further imperial conference at 1030h, to be attended by the members ofthe supreme council for the direction of the war, their secretaries, all cabinet ministers, and the president ofthe privy council, Hiranuma." At the conference in the palace bunker, "the emperor said that, despite the unremitting opposition ofthe three military 'hawks', he had decided to end the war because Japan could no longer continue the conflict. He was firmly convinced, despite the ambiguous wording ofthe Allied demands, that the monarchy and the kokutai would be left intact. ... He proposed to address the nation in a radio broadcast, announcing that the Allied terms had been accepted -- a decision clearly taken on Kido's advice. He instructed the cabinet to endorse the decision to end the war and draft an edict for him to issue." Regarding Hirohito's statement, Krebs concludes: "The fact that the emperor was obliged to express his will twice, once in the night of 9 to 10 August and again on the morning of 14 August, shows that the political and mili~ leaders did not automatically owe him allegiance. However, his voice tipped the balance ....,,12 At 11 p.m. that evening, the foreign minister sent telegrams to his representative in Switzerland, for forwarding to America, Britain, China, and Russia, stating that Japan accepted the Potsdam declaration. The conditions on which the military had insisted were mentioned only as requests or suggestions. Meanwhile, that same night, the army officers who had demanded that Anami stop the surrender had pursued their plot. When they approached the commander of the imperial guard, General Takeshi Mori, and he refused to join them, two officers killed him. When the eastern district army stationed in the Tokyo area refused to join the mutiny, it was clear that it had failed. Two ofthe leaders took their own lives; the army minister, General Anami, did commit ritual suicide. 124 th In his speech broadcast the next day, August 15 , the "monarch told his subjects that he was resolved to endure the unendurable, though he avoided using the word 'defeat.' The Suzuki cabinet resigned. The lord keeper ofthe privy seal, in a break with tradition, did not approach the former prime ministers but only consulted the president ofthe privy council, Baron Hiranuma, about a successor. This time they agreed that an imperial cabinet was the only appropriate answer, and they settled on Prince Higashikuni as a candidate for the post of head of government. The emperor gave his consent, and after some hesitation, the prince accepted the post. This was the first time in the history ofJapan that a member ofthe imperial family had formed a cabinet and also, as a general, assumed temporary control of the army ministry." On the nd battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay on Saturday, September 2 , the act of surrender was signed on behalf of the Japanese government by Mamoru Shigemitsu, who had returned to the foreign ministry, and on behalfofthe high command by the chiefofthe army general staff, General Umezu. "To the astonishment ofthe Japanese," concludes Krebs, ''the speech given on that 28 Spring & Fall 2007 occasion by the commander-in-chiefofthe U.S. forces, MacArthur, was all about refonn and reconcl'1" tatton.,,125 In an epilogue, "LOOKING TO THE FUTURE: THE END OF THE PACIFIC WAR AND TIIE POST-WAR ORDER IN ASIA," Krebs writes that "the radical changes wrought by the Second World War were even more far-reaching in Asia than in Europe. Armed conflicts continued for much longer, revolutions swept away the old order, and decolonization brought white rule to an end. Japan, defeated, had to submit to occupation by the victorious American forces, under the supreme Allied commander, General MacArthur -- with token contingents from the Commonwealth countries, Australia, New Zealand, and India -- and was obliged to accept military tribunals and undergo a process ofdemocratization. The armed forces were constitutionally disbanded, and the country was formally required to refrain from the threat or use offorce. The monarchy was retained, but the emperor was to be no more than a 'symbol ofnational unity'.,,126 As mentioned at the outset, Part III ofGermany and the Second World War, Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943-1944/5, does not include a comprehensive history ofthe last years ofthe war in East Asia, even though one could certainly interpret that to be implied by the title of the volume. But the translated volume does not have the same title as the original. The full German title ofthe book published by the Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt in 2001 is Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Band 7: Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive -- Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 his 1944/45. Ifthe main title ofthe volume had been translated to read Germany " on the Defensive, rather than supplanting it with a translation ofthe Gennan subtitle, it would have been clear to readers that the purpose ofthe segment on the war in East Asia in this volume, like the segments by Werner Rahn on "Japan and the war in Europe" and "The War in the Pacific" in the foregoing volume,127 was to show the global dimension ofthe world war in which Gennany was engaged, together with its Axis ally in East Asia, elucidating the issues between them, particularly with regard to the Soviet Union, and indicating how the strategy ofthe Allies against Gennany was affected by their struggle against Japan in Asia and the Pacific. The contributions by Rahn and Krebs to the sixth and seventh volumes, respectively, ofGermany and the Second World War fulfill this purpose admirably. Notes 1. The first three volumes of the Oxford University Press translation of the series, reviewed in the fall 1996 issue of this newsletter, dealt with the background of the war and with its course through 1941, except for the campaign against the Soviet Union. This was covered, up to the winter of 1941-42, by the fourth volume that was reviewed in the fall 1999 issue. Those four volumes, carrying the account ofthe conflict to the time ofthe entry of the United States into the conflict, were followed by Vol. V, Part 1, a structural study, in historical context, of the organization and mobilization of the Gennan war economy through the winter of 1941-42. That volume was reviewed in the spring 2001 issue of this newsletter. Part II of Vol. V, on the economy to 1944/45, was reviewed in the spring 2004 issue. Vol. VI,which had appeared before the second part of the fifth volume and dealt with the global war (including the conflict in Asia) into 1943, was reviewed in the spring 2002 issue. Spring & Fall 2007 29 2. The German edition was published as Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Militiirgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Hrsg.), Band 7, Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive: Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45, by Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, and Detlef Vogel (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2001), 848 pp., with a list price of €49.80 (equivalent to $68.00 on 28 July 2007). The original edition having appeared in 2001, the bibliography of the translation does not cite relevant works that appeared later. 3. Germany and the Second World War, Vol. VI, The Global War, by Horst Boog et al. (Oxford: e Clarendon Press, 2001), pp. 467-628. This volume was reviewed in the Spring 2002 issue of this newsletter (No. 67). For detailed consideration of Part IV of that volume, "The Anglo-American Strategic Air war over Europe and German Air Defence," see pp. 18-20 of newsletter No. 67. 4. Ibid., Vol. VII, p. 10. 5. See, in ibid., Vol. VI, Boog's subchapters on "Indiscriminate Bombing: The Operations of Royal Air Force Bomber Command" (pp. 558-580) and "The Beginnings of Strategic Bombing by the Eighth US Air Force" (pp. 580-597). 6. Ibid., Vol. VII, pp. 14-15. 7. Ibid., p. 55. Only by the end of May 1943 were 300 available, the minimum number of bombers considered necessary to conduct a raid in box formation, providing optimal protection Co against interceptors (p. 56). 8. The RAF's Avro Lancaster, of which over 7000 were built during World War II, was comparable in size and weight to the USAAF's B-17 Flying Fortress, but having been designed primarily as a night bomber, it had a smaller crew, with fewer gunners to fight off German interceptors, since fewer interceptors were apt to be deployed against night bombers than bombers attacking by day. As a consequence of carrying fewer gunners, guns, and ammunition than the B-17, the Lancaster normally carried a heavier bomb load than its American counterpart (of which over 12,000 were built) with its crew of ten. (The Lancaster, with its crew of seven, carried a bombload comparable to that of the American B-29 Superfortress that was developed later in the war and not used in the European Theater.) For technical details and bibliography, see in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia the articles on "Avro Lancaster" 9. The twin-engine de Havilland Mosquito, with a plywood structure of spruce and balsa, was initially built as a fast bomber without defensive armament, as that would have substantially reduced its speed ( 10. "In the OBOE system, an aircraft was guided along a path at a fixed distance from a ground station with the aid of radio signals that it amplified and sent back (hence its German name of 'Bumerang'); the time interval needed for the return of the pulses indicated the aircraft's position. When a pilot kept on the planned course, he heard a constant tone -- similar to the sound of an oboe -- in his headphones. Ifhe strayed, short and long pulses (dots and dashes) told him to make corrections. The circle the aircraft was tracing passed close to one side of the target, since after release the bombs would travel on a tangent, that is to say outwards. Ifthe height and speed of the aircraft was known, all this could be calculated precisely.... A second ground station (called 'Mouse') sited around 160 km from the first (called 'Cat') was also able to calculate the course of the aircraft, and gave the signal to release the bombs when it reached the right point" (Germany and the Second World War, Vol. VII, p. 17). The OBOE system, which provided guidance for one plane at a time, was used by pathfinder aircraft (often the very fast, high-flying, two-motored plywood de Havilland Mosquito bomber) which marked the target by flares for the bomber force that followed. 11. In January 1943 only 23 aircraft were fitted with HzS, but by the following winter some 90% of RAP bombers carried it (ibid., p. 18). A brief account of its development and use during World War II (together with bibliographical references) is provided in the article in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia at 12. "In January 1943 ... came the first use of new target indicators (TIs); the attack on Berlin on " the 16/17th saw a ground marker triggered by barometric pressure to disintegrate in the air in a cascade of 60 coloured pyrotechnic candles, while that on DUsseldorf on the 31 sl featured sky . markers on parachutes" (Germany and the Second World War, Vol. VII, p. 18). 13. Ibid., p. 20. 14. Ibid., pp. 27-28. Boog points out that "Essen was, after Berlin, the second most heavily bombed city in Germany," as illustrated in Table 1.1.4, "Large-scale RAP raids on Essen, 1942 1945," showing 36 attacks, during the last of which, on 11 March 1945, 1,053 aircraft dropped 4,737 tons ofbombs (p. 26). 15. Ibid., p. 28. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid., p. 29. 18. Ibid., p. 45, where Boog cites Martin Middlebrook's The Battle of Hamburg: Allied Bomber Forces Against a German City in 1943 (Harmondsworth, 1984 [also New York: Scribner's, 1980, and a new paperback edition, Cassell's Military Classics, 2000]) as reporting that over half the new pilots from the Commonwealth came from Canada and a good third from Australia and New Zealand, and that there were also Norwegians, French, and Poles. 19. Ibid., pp. 32-33. 20. Ibid., p. 44. Spring & Fall 2007 31 21. Ibid., p. 33, where Boog in footnote 103 writes that Middlebrook "also confinns the government's deliberate misleading of the public as to the true character of the bombing war. Even the bomber crews, too, were taken in by it, and most of them learned no more about their targets than did the public" (The Battle ofHamburg, pp. 382-4, 387-90). 22. Ibid., pp. 45-46, where Boog points out that "408 out of a total of 1,131 V-boats had been built on Hamburg slipways, and in the production statistics of the Reichsgruppe Industrie the city took second place after Berlin ... ," and comments: "The belief that Germany could be kept in check from the air after the war, with minimal support from a small expeditionary ground force, is reminiscent ofthe 'air' or 'imperial' policing of colonial peoples in the inter-war years." 23. Ibid., p. 46. There had been serious misgivings about utilizing WINDOW because of concern that the Germans, once they saw its effectiveness, might themselves use it against British radar during air raids on England. But, as Boog explains on p. 44, several considerations led to the decision to begin employing it during the attack on Hamburg on the night of 24/25 July 1943. Among the most important was the fact that during the spring 1943 bombing campaign against the Rhineland and Ruhr regions, "around 36 per cent ofthe British bombers shot down had fallen prey to German night fighters equipped with radar." Consequently, "the chiefofAir Staff, Portal, felt that if WINDOW had already been used at the time 230 British bombers would still be flying." Moreover, "the relatively feeble response of the German bomber force to the invasion of Sicily [on 10 July 1943] brought the realization that it was by now too weak to mount large-scale la raids." Ironically, the Germans were in fact already aware of the potential danger posed by WINDOW. In Flak: German Anti-aircraft Defenses 1914-1945 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), Edward B. Westermann writes that "the German military had tested a similar device in the winter of 1942 in a series of trials over the Baltic Sea. These trials demonstrated that if the Allies employed foil strips (chaff) cut to half the length of the radar's operating frequency, ground-based radar would be 'badly affected.' ... The German military kept these y trials absolutely secret, going so far as to prohibit work on counter-measures for fear that such measures might leak out and alert the Allies to the jamming method. In turn, the Luftwaffe began to pursue countermeasures only after the devastating raids on Hamburg" (p.214). 24. Ibid., pp. 46-47. 25. Ibid., pp. 47-48. 26. Ibid., p. 50. 27. Ibid., p. 51. Details on the raids of 17 August on Peenemiinde and of 23 August on Berlin from the RAF Bomber Command Campaign Diary for that month are posted on the Internet by the Bomber Command Association at 28. Ibid. p. 52. A table on p. 54, "British and American air raids on Kassel," shows that Bomber od Command dispatched 528 bombers against the city on October 22 , that 444 of these reached Kassel and dropped 1,824 tons of bombs, and that 42 aircraft were lost. The table shows that Kassel was not attacked again by the RAP, but that there were fifteen American daytime air raids against the city between 19 April 1944 and 9 March 1945 (none matching and only two approaching the scale of the final RAP raid). Kassel was an important target because of its industries, including the Henschel works, a major manufacturer of tanks and artillery, and the Fieseler aircraft works that produced the Me 109 fighter, the Fi 156 "Storch" reconnaissance plane, and the V-I flying bomb, the world's first cruise missile (p. 52). 29. Ibid., p. 53. 30. Ibid., pp. 57-59. 31. Ibid., pp. 60-62, where Boog explains that when the P-47 Thunderbolts were fitted with 75 gallon steel drop tanks in July 1943, their range was extended to 540 km, and when the British 108-gallon tank. was introduced a month later, it gave the planes an operational radius of 600 km. However, this was not a sufficient range to provide fighter escorts to bombing missions much beyond the western borders of Germany. The picture changed with development and deployment, beginning in late 1943, of "the P-51 Mustang, which as a long-range escort fighter was to bring about a turning-point in the daylight bombing offensive." (With external drop tanks, the P-51 had the range to escort bombers all the way to Berlin and back.) 32. Ibid., pp. 63-64. 33. Ibid., pp. 64-66. 34. Ibid., pp. 74-75. 35. Ibid., p. 79. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid., p. 83. Some two months later, on a direct order from Portal, Harris did conduct a major raid on Schweinfurt, on the night of 24 February 1944, following a daytime attack by 8th Air Force bombers (with long-range fighter escorts). Boog observes that "this was the first ever complementary attack as part ofthis bomber offensive" (p. 85). 38. Ibid., pp. 88-89. 39. Ibid., pp. 89-90. 40. Ibid., pp. 94-97, citing Parliamentary Debates, House ofLords, cx:xx, cols. 737-55. 41. Ibid., pp. 97-98, where Boog cites Charles K. Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany 1939-1945, vol. II (London: HMSO, 1961), p. 193. 42. Ibid., pp. 114-16. "A symptom of the shorter and poorer-quality training of Germany's air force pilots is seen," Boog writes on p. 128, "in the number of aircraft losses involving no action Spring & Fall 2007 33 against the enemy, which was mostly higher than those lost in battle," and he illustrates the point with a table on p. 129, "Luftwaffe aircraft losses in fIrst half of 1944," showing that in each of the six months listed the loss due to "Enemy action" was exceeded by that due to "No enemy action." 43. Ibid., p. 117. 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid., p. 108. 46. Ibid., p. 107. 47. Ibid., p. 122. 48. Ibid., p. 128. According to the chart cited above in note 41, the Luftwaffe lost a total of 17,537 aircraft during the fIrst half of 1944,8,222 ofthem by enemy action. 49. Ibid., pp. 138-40. 50. Ibid., p. 143. 51. Ibid., p. 145. 52. Ibid., p. 154. 53. Ibid., pp. 154-57. 54. Ibid., pp. 157-58. 55. Ibid., p. 159. 56. Ibid., p. 160. 57. Ibid., pp. 162-63. 58. Ibid., p. 172. 59. Ibid., pp. 172-76. 60. Ibid., p. 177. 61. Ibid., pp. 216-17, with table on p. 217. The term flak is an acronym for Flieger-4bwehr Kanone, meaning anti-aircraft gun. 62. Ibid., pp. 224-25. 63. Ibid., pp. 225-26. 64. Ibid., p. 227. 34 Spring & Fall 2007 65. Ibid., p. 228. 66. Ibid., pp. 325-26. 67. Ibid., pp. 328-30. 68. Ibid., pp. 338-39. 69. Ibid., p. 340. 70. Ibid., p. 342. 71. Ibid., p. 343. 72. Ibid., pp. 344-45. 73. Ibid., p. 345. 74. Ibid. (where Boog cites Manfred Boehme, Jagdgeschwader 7: Die Chronik eines Me 262 Geschwaders 1944/45 [Stuttgart, 1983], translated by David Johnston as JG7: The World's First Jet Fighter Unit 1944/1945 [London, 1992], and Ralf Schabel, Die fllusion der Wunderwaffen. Die Rolle der Diisenjlugzeuge und Flugabwehrraketen in der Riistungspolitik des Dritten Reiches, Beitrage zur Militiirgeschichte, XXXV [Munich, 1994]). 75. Ibid., p. 375. 76. Ibid., p. 376. 77. Ibid., pp. 406-7. 78. Ibid., p. 408. 79. Ibid., pp. 416-17. 80. Ibid., pp. 418-420, with a table on p. 419 on the "Main German night raids on Britain, January - May 1944," giving, for each date, the target, the number of sorties, the number of monthly losses, the tonnage of bombs dropped, and the percentage on target. 81. Ibid., p. 421. 82. Ibid. The V-I flying bomb, powered with a pulse-jet engine, had an explosive payload of about 830 kg (ibid., p. 429); the V-2 was a ballistic surface-to-surface rocket with a high explosive warhead of 976 kg, with an impact velocity of about 3,500 kmfh, "releasing an energy equivalent to the simultaneous collision of 50 railway engines of 100 t each. As it had no proximity fuse, a hole about 7 metres deep was created by its impact; this, however, directed the pressure wave upwards and not sideways as with the slower-impact V-I, thereby causing less damage than the flying bomb. On the other hand, its supersonic speed meant there was no defence against it, resulting in a major element of surprise" (ibid., p. 438). Spring & Fall 2007 35 83. Ibid., pp. 421-23. 84. Ibid., pp. 432-33. 85. Ibid., pp. 438-39. 86. Ibid., pp. 440-44. 87. Ibid., pp. 454-55. 88. Ibid., p. 456, citing Heinz Dieter Holsken, Die V-Waffen: Entstehung, Propaganda, Kriegseinsatz, Studien zur Zeitgeschichte, XXVII (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1984). 89. Ibid., p. 465. 90. Ibid. 91. Ibid., pp. 466-67. sf 92. Ibid., p. 467 93. Ibid., pp. 470-71. 94. "Excursus: Allied and German Conduct ofthe War -- Similarities and Differences," ibid., pp. 581-84. 95. Ibid., p. 581. 96. Ibid., pp. 581-82. 97. Ibid., p. 583. 98. Ibid., pp. 663-65. 99. Ibid., p. 665. I' 100. Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Row, 1987; repr., Norton, 1991), pp. 72-75. Urquhart published essentially the same account as an article entitled "The Last Disaster of the War" in The New York Review ofBooks, vol. 34, No. 14 (September 24, 1987), 1974; paperback repr., 1999], that 'Market Garden' was the offspring of the ambition of Montgomery, who desperately wanted a British success to end the war. In fact Browning himself, in expressing his doubts about the wisdom and scope of the operation, had used the phrase which Ryan took as the title of his book." 101. Germany and the Second World War, Vol. VII, p. 701. 102. After spending many years in Japan, Dr. Krebs served on the staff of the Military History Research Institute in Potsdam, 1996-99, and then became a member of the faculty of the Free University of Berlin. His extensive bibliography (including many titles in English) is on the Free University's website at 103. Ibid., pp. 708-11. 104. Ibid., pp. 711-12. 105. Ibid., p.. 717. 106. Ibid., pp. 778-80. 107. Ibid., pp.780 and 810. 108. Ibid., p. 737, where Krebs refers the reader to the standard work on German-Japanese relations during the Second World War, Bernd Martin, Deutschland und Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Yom Angriff auf Pearl Harbor bis zur deutschen Kapitulation, Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Xl (Gottingen: Musterschmidt, 1969). 109. Ibid., pp. 737-38. 110. Ibid., pp. 744-45. 111. Ibid., p. 739. In his monograph on the Japanese ambassador to wartime Berlin, Hitler's Japanese Confidant: General Oshima Hiroshi and MAGIC Intelligence, 1941-1945 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), Carl Boyd writes that "nearly 50 percent of lend-lease shipments entered the Soviet Union via Siberia, much of it by air but also much of it by cargo ship over the Pacific route to eastern Siberian ports, especially Vladivostok. Japan did not blockade shipments to Soviet ports because the Soviet Union, although at war with Japan's ally, Germany, was neutral in the war between Japan and the United States.... However, Washington feared that Tokyo's policy might change and American vessels bound for Soviet ports would be intercepted whenever it suited Japan's convenience, so after the attack on Pearl Harbor, this awkward arrangement was modified. In a somewhat unreal contrivance 15 American ships were transferred under lead-lease to the Soviet flag in November and December 1942, 125 by mid 1945" (p. 93). 112. Ibid., p. 763. 113. Ibid., p. 765. Spring & Fall 2007 37 if 114. Ibid., p. 741. g 115. Ibid., p. 816. 116. Ibid., pp. 823-24. 117. Ibid., pp. 827-28. ce 118. Ibid., p. 828. ee 119. Ibid., pp. 828-29. 120. Ibid., pp. 829-30. 12L Ibid., p. 830. Herbert P. Bix, in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 2000; repr., Perennial, 2001), writes that to make Secretary of State Byrnes's reply of August 11 to Japan's first surrender offer "more palatable to Hirohito, the army leaders, and Hiranuma, Vice Foreign Minister Matsumoto Shinichi (after discussions with Togo), and Chief Cabinet Secretary Sakomizu resorted to mistranslation of several key works in the English text. In the operative sentence, 'From the moment of surrender, the authority ofthe Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers,' Matsumoto changed 'shall be subject to' [reizoku subeki] to read 'shall be circumscribed by' [seigen no shita ni okareru]" (pp. 518-19). Bix goes on to write that this "change may have helped the still deeply divided Hirohito to accept peace. The next day, August 12, Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. When Prince Asaka asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved, Hirohito replied 'of course'." 122. Ibid., pp. 830-32. 123. Ibid., pp. 832-33. 124. Ibid., p. 833. Regarding the mutiny, Bix writes that "an attempt by a small group of middle echelon officers in Tokyo to reject Byrnes's reply forced Hirohito to repeat his sacred decision on August 14. These last-minute coup attempts at the palace and at Atsugi air base did not amount to much and were aborted. Hirohito's decision of August 10 had totally demoralized the military bureaucrats at Imperial Headquarters and stripped them of the will to fight. Once Anny Chief of Staff Umezu had explained to his subordinates that the emperor "had lost all confidence in the military," those in favor of fighting to the finish abruptly gave up" (Hirohito and the }.,faking ofModern Japan, p. 519). 125. Ibid., pp. 833-34. 126. Ibid., p. 835. That Hirohito was retained as emperor was due, in no small part, to an assiduous campaign to deny his responsibility for the war. In 2000, Prof. Herbert P. Bix (SUNY Binghamton), in his study of Hirohito cited above (winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Circle Critics Award), documents conclusively that the emperor indeed played a far more active wartime role than affinned in the assiduously crafted postwar legend reflected in 38 Spring & Fall 2007 most histories of the war, though not in the work reviewed here. In his objective account, the original German edition of which was concluded and in production before the publication of Bix's magisterial work on Hirohito and his times, Krebs does not focus sharply on the role of the emperor, but definitely makes his active role as supreme warlord very clear, as well as his suppression of dissent, even within the imperial family. Writing of dissatisfaction with the Koiso cabinet, following the fall of Tojo in July 1944, for example, Krebs writes: "The army retained its strong position, and it was felt, particularly in the peace party, that the cabinet was unlikely to change direction. The peace party included Konoe, and also Hirohito's brother Prince Takamatsu, who was critical ofthe emperor because, on principle, he allowed only men in public office to express opinions and act . . . . His other brothers, Chichibu and Mikasa, were also in favour of seeking peace without delay, but the emperor would not allow them to approach him" (loc. cit., pp. 810-11). 127. Werner Rahn, "Japan and the War in Europe" (pp. 161-189), and Werner Rahn, "The War in the Pacific" (pp. 193-298), in Research Institute for Military History, ed., Germany and the Second World War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001), reviewed in the Spring 2002 issue (No. 67) of this newsletter (pp. 6-38). 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Van Dorn Street Davenport, IA 52806 Alexandria,VA 22304-2003 [email protected] [email protected]/ Woodrow Wilson Middle School, U.S. Army Center for Military History Moline, IL interests: French operations, 1939-40, interests: Nazi Germany, movies & U.S. Army propaganda, espionage 202-685-2709 563-391-7190 Lou Coatney James Craigmile 626 Western Ave. 81 0 Forest Hill Court Malcomb, IL 61455 Columbia, MO 65203 ELCOAT@hotmai/.com University of Missouri-Columbia Carl Sandburg College (emeritus) interests: Russian Front, PTe, North interests: German General Staff, Allied Africa, Norway, Ardennes and Axis aircraft 573-442-2679 Alan Cohen 5907 North 5th Road Conrad Crane Arlington, VA 22203-1012 4 Derbyshire Drive [email protected] Carlisile, PA 17013 conrad [email protected]/ JosephComps U.S. Army War College 10296 Harpers Ferry Court interests: strategic bombing, generalship Whitmore Lake, MI 48189 717-245-4080 [email protected] interests: Europe, naval, air, land Richard Crane Greensboro College Theodore Cook 815 West Market Street William Paterson University Greensboro, NC 27401 Department ofHistory [email protected] 300 Pompton Road Greensboro College Wayne, NJ 07470 interests: origins of war in Europe, [email protected]/paterson. edu appeasement, journalists interests: Japanese experience, 336-272-7102 strategy, home fronts Spring & Fall 2007 43 Prof. Diane Cypkin Charles Delzell 460 Neptune Avenue Apt 14R 640 Alta Vista Street #310 Brooklyn, NY 11224 SantaFe,NM [email protected] 87505-4106 Pace University Vanderbilt University (emertius) interests: Holocaust, WWII rhetoric, interests: Italy, resistance movements, Germany ETO, North Africa, Mediterranean 914-773-3529 505-984-2894 Dr. Robert Dallek Donald Detwiler 2138 Cathedral Avenue N.W. 201 Travelstead Lane Washington, DC 20008 Carbondale, IL 62901 [email protected] Boston University Henry deZeng IV interests: FDR & U.s. Foreign Policy 1156 Winged Foot Circle East 202-588-8963 Winter Springs, FL 32708-4202 Prof. Don Daudelin Edward Drea 2706 Ridge Road 10807 Ann Street Bloomington, IL 61704 Fairfax, VA 22030 Western Illinois University interests: Japan, signals intelligence interests: Pacific, home front 703-588-7897 Alan Davies Frank Edwards 4240 Parnell Rd. 121 Pennsylvania Ave. Marietta, GA 30062 California, PA 15419 London 1939-45 California University ofPA, (emeritus) interests: stalemate after D-Day, Bruce Dehart causes, strategy, tactics University ofNorth Carolina at 724-938-3440 Pembroke Department ofHistory Dr. Michael Edwards Pembroke, NC28372 847 Bungalow Ct., Lovver [email protected] New Orleans, LA 70119-3707 University ofNorth Carolina at [email protected] Pembroke Eisenhovver Center for American interests: Eastern Front, Allied grand Studies, Univ. Nevv Orleans strategy, Nazi racial policies, American 504-539-9560 offensives in PTO 910-521-6627 G. Thomas Edwards 1235 Alvarado Terrace Dr. Wilhelm Deist Walla Walla, WA 99362 Miltargeschichtliches Forschungsamt Whitman College Grunvvalderstr. 10-14 interests: home front, Pacific theater Freiburg, GERMANY 44 Spring & Fall 2007 Jim Ehrman John Flynn Norwich University 190 Virginia Avenue Department of History Sewanee, TN 37375 158 Hannon Drive [email protected] Northfield, VT 05663-1035 University ofthe South [email protected] interests: 1945 and occupation of interests: CBI, logistics, science & Germany, policies toward women technology 931-598-1234 785-565-9530 Gerald Forrette Helen Ely-Kaufman 6142 Arctic Way U.S. Anny Military History Institute Edina, MN 55436 22 Ashburn Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5008 Willard Frank, Jr. Old Dominion University Stanley Falk Department of History 2310 Kimbro Street Norfolk, VA 23508 Alexandria, VA 22307-1822 [email protected] [email protected] Old Dominion University interests: Pacific War, POWs, Japanese interests: origins, seapower Operations 757-683-3949 703-765-2426 Gary Friedman Thomas Fleming 5610 W. Atlantic Ave., #208 315 East 72nd Street Delray Beach, FL 33484 New York. NY interests: origins of war, war 10021-4674 termination, wartime diplomacy, TF6m37048@aolcom Russian Front, D-Day, Holocaust interests: U.S. domestic politics, Pacific War, German resistance to Hitler Arthur Funk 212-988-9160 3445 NW 30th Blvd Gainesville, FL 32605-2606 Glenn Flickinger layto~nk@aolcom 2051 Murdstone Rd University of Florida (emeritus) Pittsburgh, PA 15421 interests: U.S.-French relations [email protected] 352-375-0186 interests: U.S. Chiefs of Staff relations with British Chiefs of Staff, Pearl RobertFyne Harbor & isolationism, war in Europe Kean University from British point of view in 1939 Department ofEnglish 412-831-5816 Morris Avenue Union, NJ 07083 Roy Flint [email protected] PO Box 721 Kean University Valle Crucis, NC 28691 interests: film and propaganda 828-963-6115 732-636-8846 Spring & Fall 2007 45 John Lewis Gaddis Lawrence Gray Yale University Piazza Piero Puricelli 34 History Department Rome 149 ITALY 320 York Street lagray@tin. it New Haven, CT 06520-8324 John Cabot University interests: ass, Italy RobertGelwick 0039-06-5897783 1708 Berwick Lane Middletown, OH 45042-2907 Prof. Jeffrey Gunsburg Miami University (retired) Eilat College interests: Waffen-SS, European theater POB 1301 DN 1301 513-422-0446 Eilat 88112 ISRAEL [email protected] Dr. Allison Gilmore Eilat College 2842 Chapel Hill Dr. interests: defeat of West 1940, Lima, OH 45805 problems of land and air warfare In gilmore. [email protected] interwar era Ohio State University-Lima 8-6304555 interests: Pacific War, psychological warfare, paws Milton Gustafson 419-995-8204 2706 Shawn Ct. Ft. Washington, MD 20744-2566 Norman Goda [email protected] Ohio University National Archives, College Park Bentley Hall interests: State Department Department ofHistory 301-713-7230 Athens, OH 45701-2979 David Hall Grant Goodman 108 Holmar Drive PO Box 968 Brandon, MS 39047 Lawrence, KS 66044 [email protected] [email protected] Hinds Community College University ofKansas (Emeritus) interests: ETa, medicine, chaplains, interests: Japan, Philippines, S.E. Asia Eisenhower, Maj. Gen. Hawley, 65th 785-841-1066 Infantry DiVision, Austria 601-371-3511 John Gotzen 4422 Fieldgreen Road James Harlow Baltimore, MD 21236 110 Sycamore Circle interests: U.S. Army, NW Europe, all Stony Brook, NY 11790 aspects of intelligence [email protected] 410-256-7455 The Johns Hopkins University interests: naval operations, ground combat all theaters 631-312-1827 46 Spring & Fall 2007 Theodore Hamady Robin Higham 5802 Manchester PI, NW 2961 Nevada Street Washington, DC Manhattan, KS 66502 20011-2812 Kansas State University (emeritus) [email protected] interests: aviation & naval history interests: aviation 785-539-3668 Russell Hart Prof. Meredith Hindley Hawaii Pacific University American University 1188 Fort St. 4th Floor 321 C. Street S.E. Honolulu, HI 96813 Washington, DC 20003 [email protected] [email protected] Hawaii Pacific University interests: European history interests: Nazi Germany, Eastern Front, 202-547-4221 Wehrmacht, Holocaust, Allied military 808-544-1473 Wilfred Hines 712 E. Hamlet Street John Hatcher POBox 369 15736 Edgewood Drive Pinetops, NC 27864-0369 Dumfries, VA 22026-1730 interests: ETO [email protected] 252-827-2060 American University (emeritus) interests: German social & cultural Edward Homze 703-680-6535 5201 Cameron Court Lincoln, NE 68512 David Hein [email protected] 305 Grove Blvd University ofNebraska (retired) Frederick, MD 21701-4812 interests: Germany's economy, [email protected] Luftwaffe Hood College interests: Anglicanism & WWII Roger Horowitz 301-696-3435 Hagley Museum and Library PO Box 3630 Waldo Heinrichs Wilmington, DE 19807 20 Bayon Drive #7 South Hadley, MA Ira Houck, Jr. 01075-3332 37 Carleton Drive San Diego State University (emeritus) Pittsburgh, PAI5243-1335 interests: ending the Pacific War [email protected] 413-536-1216 interests: USMC, special forces, CIA, OSS R. Herzstein 412-471-1173 510 N. Trenholm Road Columbia, SC 29206-1602 Roger Hughes [email protected] 10106 Stilbite Avenue University of South Carolina Fountain Vly, CA 803-777-6266 92708-1012 Spring & Fall 2007 47 Alfred Hurley David Kahn 828 Skylark 120 Wooleys Lane Denton, TX 76205 Great Neck, NY 11023-2301 [email protected] [email protected] University ofNorth Texas interests: intelligence, cryptology interests: military aviation, military 510-487-7181 biography 940-383-4004 George Kelling 4223 Dauphine Drive Irwin Hyatt, Jr. San Antonio, TX 78218 1394 Vilenah Lane, N.E. [email protected] Atlanta, GA 30307 interests: British empire, esp. S.E. Asia, Emory College (emeritus) China & Mid-east interests: Pacific War, POWs 210-654-6085 404-727-6059 Thomas Kelly III Hisao Iwashima Sienna College 6-23-4 Okusawa History Department Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 125-0083 515 London Road JAPAN Loudonville, NY 12211 President, Allen International Jr. College [email protected] interests: intelligence & strategic 518-783-2595 decision-making, Ultra & Pacific War 03-3702-0396 Warren Kimball 2540 Otter Lane Prof. D. Clayton James Johns Island, SC 29455 Virginia Military Institute [email protected] Department of History and Politics Rutger's Univerersity-Newark (retired) Lexington, VA 24450-0304 interests: diplomatic history, FOR/Churchill Paul Joliet 843-768-3879 57 N. Main S1. S1. Bonaventure University Edward Kimmel Portville, NY 14770 15 Wood Road [email protected] Wilmington, DE 19806 St. Bonaventure University [email protected] interests: French-U.S. military relations Pearl Harbor 716-933-8820 302-655-5330 Mark Jones Mr. Ted KIuz 465 Buckland Hills Drive Air War College/DFI Apt. 34-223 325 Chennault Circle Manchester, CT 6042 Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6427 [email protected] [email protected] interests: naval history, Commonwealth interests: '42 battles, air war '43-44, forces, smaller European powers Casablanca & unconditional surrender 203-966-5612 334-953-8250 48 Spring & Fall 2007 Professor Thomas Knapp Prof. John Krebs, Jr. Loyola University Chicago 943 Janet Avenue Department of History Lancaster, PA 17601-5117 6525 N. Sheridan Road [email protected] Chicago, IL 60626 interests: Eastern front, high command [email protected] 717-393-8958 Loyola Chicago interests: ETO, Nazi Germany Eastern Lee Kress Front operations Rowan University 773-508-2216 History Department 201 Mullica Hill Road Dr. David Knatcal Glassboro, NJ 08028 14427 Sunburst Street lbkress@rowan. edu Panorama City, CA 91402 Rowan University interests: foreign volunteers for interests: home front Germany 856-256-4500 x3985 Richard Kohn Karl Larew 1520 Pinecrest Road 20 New Park Road Durham, NC 27705-5817 New Park, PA 17352 . [email protected] [email protected] University ofNorth Carolina-Chapel Towson University Hill interests: grand strategy, Battle of interests: strategy, civil-military France & Britain, Pearl Harbor, U.S. relations, strategy & policy, air power Army Signal Corps 919-419-0323 410-704-2915 Paul Koistinen Dr. Clayton Laurie 9016 Forbes Avenue 20415 Riverbend Sq. #202 North Hills, CA 91343-4008 Potomac Falls,VA 20165-4304 Cal State Northridge [email protected] interests: political economy of warfare National Reconnaissance Office 818-894-1318 interests: psychological warfare, ETO, OSS 703-808-6229 Arnold Krammer Loyd Lee Texas A&M University 27 Maple Avenue Department of History Highland, NY 12528 College Station, TX 77843-4236 [email protected] [email protected] interests: social history, personal Texas A&M University narratives interests: Third Reich social history, 845-691-8062 POWs, intolerance in U.S. 979-845-7108 Spring & Fall 2007 49 Melvyn Leffler Dave MacIsaac University ofVirginiaDepartment of 3411 Royal Carriage Drive History Montgomery AL 36116 Randall Hall [email protected] Charlottesville, VA 22901 interests: military aViation, policy & [email protected] strategy University ofVirginia 334-277-6160 804-924-4611 Benedict Maciuika Paul Lieber University of Connecticut 102 Meadow Court Department of History Bellevue, OH 44811 Storrs, CT 06269-2103 [email protected] interests: Eastern Front Bellevue Senior High School interests: ETO, Hitler's leadership, Czeslaw Madajczyk Eastern Front, Holocaust Polska Alcademia Nauk Instytut Historii 419-484-5070 Rynek Starego Miasta 29-31 Varsovi POLAND Prof. Franklin Littell POB10 James Madison Merio~ PA 19066-0010 Indiana University [email protected] Department ofHistory Richard Stockton College ofNJ Ballantine Hall 742 interests: Holocaust, Kirchenkampf, Bloomington, IN 47405-7103 occupation policy [email protected] 610-667-0265 Indiana University interests: comparative home fronts Glen Longacre 812-855-6241 2120 Willow Lakes Drive Plainfield, IL 60586 Wilbert Mahoney [email protected] 5203 Pleasure Cove Court National Archives, Great Lakes Region Alexandria, VA 22315-3920 interests: u.s. Army airborne [email protected] operations in ETO, U-Boats National Archives 773-948-9004 301-713-7250 Laurence Lyons Leonardo Malatesta 2231 Cedar Cove Court Via Tovari 2 Zugliano Reston VA 20191 Vicenza Cap. 36030 President, MVM Government Services ITALY interests: Maginot Line, fall of France, interests: operations in Africa; Italian science & engineering, Italian forces in French, Balkan & Russian campaign campaigns; Italian Social Republic 703-758-1850 50 Spring & Fall 2007 RobertMalick Frederic Messick 425 Mt. Rock Rd. 133 Crestwood Newville, PA 17241 Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858 [email protected] [email protected] Harrisburg Area Community College Central Michigan University (emeritus) interests: German military, Nazi party, interests: origins, diplomacy propaganda 717-776-5853 MiltonMeyer 239 South Madison #20 RobertMatson Pasadena, CA 91101-2841 Dept ofHistory [email protected] University ofPittsburg-Johnstown UCLA (retired) Johnstown, PA 15904 interests: OSS (general & C61), [email protected] Philippines, Pacific War interests: Northern Europe, economic 626-793-0327 warfare, film 814-269-2973 Prof. Christopher Meyers 3996 Mulberry Place Anthony Mauriello Valdosta, GA 31605 156 Viburnum Terrace Valdosta State University Red Bank, NJ 07701-6733 interests: ETO ground war; the Gl in interests: planning for invasion of Japan WWII 732-747-4511 Dr. David Michlovitz Ernest May 2611 Redcost Drive Harvard University Alexandria, VA 22303 Department of History [email protected] 201 Robinson Hall National Imagery and Mapping Agency Cambridge, MA 02138-3800 interests: naval, 10th Mtn. Division, unit histories, oral history Michael May 703-960-0478 Air Command & StaffCollege interests: airpower strategy, air warfare Kenneth Millard 2520 New Era Road #31 Lawrence McDonald Murphysboro, IL 62966 8108 Custer Road [email protected] Bethesda, MD 20814-1352 Southern Illinois University interests: military history, Holocaust, Isadore Mendel National Socialism 2470 Barth Dr 618-351-0493 Youngstown, OH 44505-2102 [email protected] interests: Holocaust, Germany, France, postwar occupation 330-759-0150 Spring & Fall 2007 51 Allan R. Millett John Musko National D-Day Museum 11211 Knauss Road 945 Magazine Street Bellevue, OH 44811 New Orleans, LA 70130 jmusk@hotmai/.com mil/ett. [email protected] Bellevue Senior High School University ofNew Orleans; National D 419-484-5070 Day Museum interests: Asian-Pacific War, USMC Sam Newland operations 21 Cheyenne Ct. 614-561-2336 Palm Coast, FL 32137-8966 Dr. Melissa Motes SelmerNorland 7270 Westchester Lane South 3310 N. Leisure World Blvd. #926 Mobile, AL 36695-4378 Silver Spring, MD 20906 UGAtrave/@ao/.com snor/and@ao/.com Baker High School, Mobile, AL interests: intelligence, Europe interests: home front, Holocaust, 301-598-5415 diplomacy, D-Day, women in WWII, European experience Thomas Nutter 12241 Belwyn Drive John Mountcastle St. Louis, MO 63146 US Army Center for Military History [email protected] 1099 14th Street NW interests: Eastern & Western Fronts, Washington, DC 20005-3402 German military history [email protected] 314-615-6272 interests: U.S. ops in ETa 202-761-5400 James Ogden, Jr. 301 Plum Point Road Donald Mrozek Huntingtown, MD 20639-8301 Kansas State University [email protected] Department of History interests: infantry replacements in ETa Manhattan, KS 66506-1002 410-535-3748 [email protected] interests: airpower, war in the Pacific & John Pape East Asia 1250 Oakwood Drive 785-532-6730 Arcadia, CA 91006 [email protected] Malcolm Muir interests: ETa, D-Day, Holocaust Virginia Military Institute 626-445-2741 Department of History Lexington, VA 24450 [email protected] interests: naval, USAAF, Pacific war 540-464-7447 52 Spring & Fal/2007 Mark Parillo Dr. Vladimir V. Pozniakov Kansas State University Russian Academy of Sciences Department of History Leninskii Prosp., 32A 208 Eisenhower Hall Moscow, 117334 RUSSIA Manhattan, KS 66506-1002 [email protected] Prof. Arnold Price interests: logistics, mobilization, Pacific Greenspring Village Unit CT114 theater 7412 Spring Village Drive 785-532-0374 Springfield, VA 22150 AHA (retired) Sally Parker interests: 055, German boundaries 12413 Stafford Lane 703-450-7202 Bowie, MD 20715-3129 University of Maryland Carl Raether 1205 Huntmaster Ct. Ken Pauwels McLean, VA 22102 25 Oakwood Drive US Department of State Chapel Hill, NC 27517 interests: U.S.-Italian relations [email protected] 703-356-7822 interests: Pacific War, codes, submarines, radar technology R. Raiber 919-929-8527 102 Sheffield Drive Hockessin, DE 19707-1701 Galen Perras [email protected] 813-2020 Jasmine Crescent University of Delaware Gloucester, KIJ8K5 CANADA 302-994-0445 Agnes Peterson Dr. Eugene Rasor 362 Yerba Buena Avenue POBox CC Los Altos, CA 94022 Emory,VA 24327-0969 [email protected] [email protected] Hoover Institution Emory College (emeritus) interests: Third Reich, opposition interests: naval history movements in ETO 276-944-3410 650-948-4312 Michael Rauer Mark Polelle 5815 Westchester St University of Findlay Alexandria, VA 1000 North Main Street 22310-1149 Findlay, OH 45840 [email protected] polel/[email protected] LTC U.S. Anny (retired) University of Findlay interests: occupation of Germany, 419-424-5954 postwar Austria, military police in WWII 703-971-5470 Spring & Fall 2007 53 Christopher Rein Peter Rollins 266 Candletree Circle R.R. 3 Box 80 Monument, CO 80132 Cleveland, OK 74020 [email protected] LTC Earl Reitan Oklahoma State University 1319 Chadwick Drive interests: USMC, films & movies Normal, IL 61761-1920 918-243-7637 [email protected] Illinois State University (emeritus) Hammond Rolph interests: ground warfare in ETO in 326 North Del Mar Avenue WWII (tactical level) San Gabriel, CA 91775-2924 309-452-1681 University of Southern California (retired) Dr. E. Bruce Reynolds interests: Pacific War, intelligence, San Jose State University wartime diplomacy Department of History 626-309-9827 One Washington Square San Jose, CA 95192-0117 Ron Rose [email protected] 4377 Carter Trail San Jose State University Boulder, CO 80301 interests: China & S.E. Asian theaters [email protected] 408-924-5523 interests: US Navy, U-Boats, Ultra, Enigma, Magic William Robinson 303-530-7404 112 Summit Point Court Chapin, SC 29036 Jennifer Rosenberg [email protected] P.O. Box 1763 U.S. Army (retired) Fair Oaks, CA 95628 interests: mobilization of the army, [email protected] planning of the invasion of Japan, interests: Holocaust, social history of demobilization of the army WWII 803-932-0064 Rodney Ross Jiirgen Rohwer 4308 Hillsdale Road Am Sonnenhang 49 Harrisburg, PA 17112 D-71384 Harrisburg Area Community College Weinstadt interests: prewar & WWII Philippines, GERMANY Hollywood films & WWII [email protected] 717-652-7237 Bibliothek fur Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart interests: naval war, intelligence history Dr. Mario Rossi 49-7151-68259 11 Quai Saint Michel FRANCE 54 Spring & Fall 2007 Paul Rossman Ephraim Schulman Quinsigamond Community College 1506 Slater St. #8 Dept. of History and Government Valdosta, GA 31602-3841 670 West Boylston St. [email protected] Worcester, MA 019606-2092 interests: Soviet-American relations, [email protected] origins of Cold War Quinsigamond Community College 229-244-5817 interests: resistance movements, war crimes Steven Schultz 508-854-4346 3725 Maidu Place Davis, CA 95616 Anne Rothfeld American Military University 2422 Dexter Avenue interests: air power, armor combat, Silver Spring, MD 20902 European theater [email protected] interests: history of medicine/NLM, Richard Schulze looted artworks, intelligence/espionage 3944 E. 26th Street 301-402-6134 Des Moines, IA 50317 [email protected] Timothy Saxon 515-281-5661 Dept. of History and Political Science 1971University Blvd Donal Sexton Liberty University 400 Flamingo Circle Lynchburg, VA 24502 Greeneville, 1N 37743-6126 [email protected] [email protected] Charleston Southern University Tusculwn College interests: Italian Campaign, German interests: intelligence, covert ops with weapons technology emphasis on deception 843-863-7133 423-636-7300 x295 Dr. John Sbrega SidneyShapiro 325 Butternut Drive 5513 Montgomery Street North Kingstown, RI 02852-6948 Chevy Chase, MD 20815 [email protected] c. Michael Schneider 202 W. Marshall Street Anne Sharp Wells Falls Church, VA 22046 526 Jackson Avenue [email protected] Lexington, VA 24450 Joumal of Military History and George Mary Anne Schofield C. Marshall Foundation 138 Kyn Lyn Road interests: high command, bibliography & Radnor, PA 19087 historiography mary. [email protected] Villanova University interests: women & war Spring & Fall 2007 55 DennisShowalter Daniel Spector Colorado College, Department of 1317 7th Ave. N.E. History Jacksonville, Al 30265 14 E. Cache La Poudre St. [email protected] Colorado Springs, CO 80903-3298 University of Alabama-Birmingham [email protected] interests: Pacific, SE Asia interests: Germany, technology 256-435-4798 719-389-6531 Flora Spencer Leonard Shurtleff 4405 Ridg St. Western Front Association Chevy Chase, MD 20815 6915 N.W. 49th Street 301-654-1382 Gainesville, FL 32653-1152 [email protected] John Steiger 352-379-3200 9701 Austin Drive Spring Valley, CA 91977 David Silbergeld S.D. Mesa Community College 21 Vandermark Avenue (emeritus) Mountain Top, PA 18707-9549 interests: Pacific theater, occupation of [email protected] Japan Luzerne County Community College 619-464-7000 interests: special operations 570-868-5813 George Stein 2300 Hemlock Lane BG John Sloan Vestal, NY 13850-2633 5218 Landgrave Land SUNY at Binghampton (emeritus) Springfield, VA 22151 607-785-6101 johns426@aoLcom interests: Russia, ETC, intelligence Donald Stevens 703-321-9072 Kings College Department of History 133 N. River Street Arthur Smith, Jr. Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711 32382 Ascension Road [email protected] Dana Point, CA 92629 interests: British-American Relations; [email protected] economic warfare 949-487-0688 570-208-5900 x5750 Ronald Spector Mark Stoler Elliott School ofInternational Relations University of Vermont George Washington University Department ofHistory 801 22nd St. N.W. Wheeler House Washington, DC 20052 133 S. Prospect Street [email protected] Burlington, VT 05405 George Washington University [email protected] interests: war with Japan, postwar interests: U.S. & Allied strategy & occupation in Asia, naval operations diplomacy, U.S. Joint Chiefs 202-994-6425 802-656-2948 56 Spring & Fall 2007 Amy Goodpaster Strebe Brian Wansink 2184 SE Nordlund Court 350 ComWest University of Illinois Hillsboro, OR 97123 Champaign, IL 61820-6980 [email protected] [email protected] interests: Soviet and American women University of Illinois army pilots 271-244-0208 503-430-1231 Dr. Gerhard Weinberg Edward Tannen 1416 Mount Willing Road 9155 Audubon Park Lane Efland,NC 27243-9646 Jacksonville, FL 32257-4948 [email protected] [email protected] interests: POWs in Nazi Germany Edward Westermann 904-733-0111 160 Williamson Way Milbrook, AL 36054 John Taylor [email protected] 5480 Wisconsin Ave. #508 School ofAir and Space Studies Chevy Chase, MD 20815 interests: air defenses, Luftwaffe, interests: home front, Europe, Far East Holocaust 334-953-2940 Jesse Taylor Jr. 78 Heatherbrook Donald Whitnah St. Louis, MO 63122 1215 Catherine Street [email protected] Cedar Falls, IA 50613-3535 interests: Pacific Campaigns, USMC University ofNortbem Iowa 314-965-4115 interests: U.S. & Austria (20th century), U.S. 20th century diplomacy Jonathan Utley & military 2042 North Freemont Street 319-266-5785 Chicago, IL 60614-4312 John Wickman Hubert van TuyU 315 Grant Street, Box 325 Augusta State University Enterprise, KS 67441 Department of History interests: DWight Eisenhower, ETO, Augusta, GA 30904-2200 WWII, military biography [email protected] 785-263-8430 interests: Eastern Front 706-737-1704 Theodore Wilson University of Kansas Jim Vondracek Department of History 385 Shandon Court 1445 Jayhawk Blvd Powell, OH 43065 Lawrence, KS 66045-2130 [email protected] Christin Walth University ofKansas 1 Merrimac St. #21 Training ofU.S. troops, coalition Newburyport, MA 01950 diplomacy [email protected] 785-864-9460 Spring & Fall 2007 57 RobertWolfe Janet Ziegler 602 Crestwood Drive 18333 Algiers Street Alexandria, VA 22302-2533 North Ridge, CA 91326-2001 [email protected] University of California National Archives (retired) interests: Germany, post-war Earl Ziemke occupation, archives 400 Brookwood Drive 703-548-3599 Athens, GA 30605-3810 University of Georgia Richard Wong 706-543-4735 15621 Gold Ring Way DenNood,~20855 Phyllis Zimmerman richard. [email protected] Ball State University interests: Pacific, Japanese Navy, Department ofHistory prewar Japanese diplomacy Muncie, IN 47306-0480 301-738-3724 James Zobel David Yelton MacArthur Memorial Archives 136 Stoneybrook Drive MacArthur Square Forest City, NC 28043 Norfolk, VA 23510 [email protected] macmem@norfolk. infi. net Gardner Webb University MacArthur Memorial Archives Germany, last year ofETO, militias interests: PTO 757-441-2965 58 Spring & Fall 2007 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Accessions & Openings October 1, 2006 - September 30, 2007 Compiledfrom official National Archives and Records Administration listings on http://www.archives.gov/research/accessions/listing.html. Part I. Washington, D.C. Area (Classification 65), 1936-78 (40 cubic feet); Background Investigations of A. Documents Applicants for Federal Employment, including Presidential and U.S. Court appointments, 1929-79 (32 cubic feet); General Records of the Department of and Investigations ofCivil Umest and the Treasury (Record Group 56) Disturbances-Racial Matters, 1957-78 111 cubicfeet (256 cubic feet). All of these accessions Accession consists ofunclassified files contain some classified material that is ofthe Treasury, 1941-96. Contact not available for research. Contact Archives II Reference. Archives II Reference. General Records of the Department of Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Justice (Record Group 60) Staff (Record Group 218) 2 cubicfeet 64 cubic feet Accession consists ofrecords relating to Accessions consist ofrecords of the Nazi War Crimes of World War II. International Joint Board/Committee Records unprocessed. Contact the files and agreements (ca. 1940-80) and Archives II Reference Staff, 301-837 operational planning and 3510. reconnaissance/surveillance programs files (ca. 1940-79). Records Records of the Federal Bureau of unprocessed. Contact the Archives II Investigation (Record Group 65) Reference Staff, 301-837-3510. 610 cubic feet Accessions consist ofrecords from the Records of the Department of following FBI Central Records Transportation: Maritime Classification System: Customs Laws Administration (Record Group 357) and Smuggling (Class 54) cases from 27 cubicfeet 1924-78 (0.25 cubic feet); Hatch Act Files from the Division of Ship Design (Class 101) cases from 1939-47 (0.75 and Engineering Services, Maritime cubic feet); Department ofEnergy Subsidy Board, relating to trial trip Applicant Background Investigations reports of new ships, 1939-81. Contact (Class 116) cases from 1946-79 (40 Archives II Reference. cubic feet); Civil Umest (Class 157) cases from 1957-78 (242 cubic feet); files relating to Espionage Violations Spring & Fall 2007 59 B. Special Media studies and reports, letters sent and letters received, construction estimates, Records of the Bureau of Ships lists ofconstruction materials and bills (Record Group 19) of sale, published brochures, and 248 cubic feet building dedication materials. Also This series, Ship Engineering Drawings, included are photographs showing the 194D---60, consists ofengineering progress ofconstruction, later damage to drawings for the construction and the interior ofthe building, and modification of U.S. Navy ships and is demonstrations of experiments. an accretion to the Hull Series. The drawings include hull structure, system Records of the Bureau of Aeronautics modernization, and booklets ofgeneral (Record Group 72) plans. The ships include hospital ships, 1,400 cubicfeet repair auxiliaries, small aircraft carriers This series, "Aircraft Plans, 1942-62," and LSDs. Materials opened and consists of engineering and technical processed. Accession NN3-181-06-002 drawings of aircraft construction from (A). the Naval Air Development Center (NADC). Materials opened and Records of the Office of the Chief of processed. Accession NC3-181-80 Naval Operations (Record Group 38) 002(H). 7.5 cubic feet This series, Operational Archives, Maps Records of the National Park Service and Charts, 1941-46, consists of (Record Group 79) strategic maps and photographic studies 72 cubic feet to plan operations in the European and The series "Accretion to the Numbered Pacific theaters during World War II. Drawing Series, 1940-92," consists of Materials opened and processed. manuscript, annotated, published, and Accession NN3-038-04-004. photoprocessed maps, plans, and drawings relating to the properties under Records of the U.S. Bureau of Mines the jurisdiction ofthe NPS National (Record Group 70) Capital Region and its predecessors. The 2 cubicfeet records include early maps of the city of This series, College Park and Avondale Washington as well as maps and plans of Metallurgy Research Center Drawings, specific parks, parkways, city squares, 1936-85, consists ofrecords relating to triangles, circles, recreational centers, the construction of the College Park playgrounds, and grounds around public Metallurgy Research Center, originally buildings, including general area plans, named the Eastern Experiment Station, topographic surveys, landscape in 1936 and 1937 and the later transfer development and planting diagrams, ofresearch and administrative operations property maps, lighting plans, street and .from this building to the Avondale trail plans, water and sewer plans, and Metallurgy Research Center from 1976 plans for a wide variety of structures. to 1978. Records relating to the College Documented structures and grounds Park facility, located on the University include the Washington Monument, the of Maryland campus, include floor Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials, the plans, site plans and maps ofthe area, White House, and Arlington National 60 Spring & Fall 2007 Cemetery. These plans were prepared by structures documented are headquarters several NPS offices, other Federal and administrative buildings; officer, agencies, and architectural and enlisted, and family housing; magazines, engineering or construction contractors. warehouses, motor pools, stables; Materials opened and processed. gymnasiums, theaters, golf courses, and Accession NN3-079-07-001. other recreational facilities. The drawings include elevations, plans, Records of the Office of Inter sections, and details relating to American Affairs (Record Group 229) construction: foundations, framing, and 7.76 cubicfeet; 7,370 items roofing, and some plumbing, electrical, This accession consists ofone series of and air conditioning systems. The black-and-white and color photographs drawings are oforiginal construction as that pictorially document the well as later additions and modifications. implementation ofthe Good Neighbor Also included are general maps and site Policy ofthe United States during World plans that show building arrangements, War II. The photographs cover a wide roadways, and runways. Accession variety ofsubjects taken in Latin NN3-338-99-007. American countries including I) basic economy including health, sanitation and Records of the United States Army the development ofnatural resources; 2) Military District ofWashington transportation and communication; 3) (Record Group 551) industrial, commercial, and financial 3 cubicfeet development; 4) rationing; 5) tourism; 6) This series consists of moving images of educational and cultural affairs; 7) and the Presidential funerals ofPresidents national defense. Photographs were Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. made in both rural and urban settings. Kennedy. The content includes extensive Photographs exist for most ofthe nations television news coverage ofthe events. in Latin America, including Bolivia, The series also contains audio recordings Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, reflecting the participation ofthe Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Military District ofWashington in Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, special events, including Presidential Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and ceremonies, visiting foreign dignitaries, Venezuela. Materials open and state funerals, honors and awards processed. Accession NN3-229-078-002. bestowed upon individuals and groups, and other such events. Also included in Records of U.S. Army Operational, the audio series is a copy ofGen. John 1. Tactical, and Support Organizations Pershing's farewell speech to the Army (World War n and Thereafter) in 1924. Accession NN3-338-83-31/32. (Record Group 338) 12 cubic feet (partial) This series, Accretion to Maps and Plans Part II. Regional Archives ofU.S. Army Facilities in Panama, 1911-93, consists of maps, drawings, Philadelphia-NARA's Mid Atlantic architectural and engineering plans of Region Contact archival operations, structures built by or for the U.S. Army 215-606-0100. in defense ofthe Panama Canal. The Spring & Fall 2007 61 Records of the Selective Service Oklahoma State Headquarters. System, World War I (Record Group Registration cards, classification ledgers, 163) and appeal dockets, 1940-74. 1 cubic foot Texas State Headquarters. Registration War Department. Office ofthe Provost cards, classification ledgers, and appeal Marshal General. Selective Service dockets, 1940-74. System. Pennsylvania State Headquarters. Docket Form 185 for Kansas City-NARA's Central Plains Allegheny County, PA, 1917-18. Region Contact archival operations, 816-268-8013. Chicago--NARA's Great Lakes Region Contact archival operations, Records of the Selective Service 773-948-9001. System (RG 147) 2,045 cubicfeet Records of the Office of the Chief of Des Moines, lA. Registration cards, Engineers (Record Group 77) Act of 1940, dates ofbirth 1922-40 and 200 cubicfeet 1941-57; classification records, Act of Chicago District Office, Chicago, 1940, dates of birth 1922-40 and 1941 Illinois. Maps, drawings, and 57; docket books, Act of 1940. photographs of civil and military Topeka, KS. Registration cards, Act of projects, 1878-1994. 1940, dates of birth 1922-40 and 1941 57; classification records, Act of 1940, Records of the Forest Service (Record dates ofbirth 1922-40 and 1941-57; Group 95) docket books, Act of 1940. 71 cubicfeet St. Paul, MN. Registration cards, Act Eastern Regional Office, Milwaukee, of 1940; classification records, Act of Wisconsin. Historic photograph 1940; docket books, Act of 1940. collection, ca. 188Q-ca. 1970. Special Jefferson City, MO. Registration cards, recreational designations files, 1976. Act of 1940, dates of birth 1922-40 and Timber reports, 1918-54; and others. 1941-57; classification records, dates of birth, 1922-40, and 1941-57; docket Fort Worth-NARA's Southwest books, Act of 1940. Region Contact archival operations, Lincoln NE. Registration cards, Act of 817-831-5620. 1940, dates ofbirth 1922-40 and 1941 57; classification records, Act of 1940, Records of the Selective Service dates ofbirth 1922-40 and 1941-57; System, 194~ (Record Group 147) docket books, Act of 1940. 2,905 cubicfeet. Records are restricted Omaha, NE. Registration cards, date of and require screening. birth 1922-40; classification records, Arkansas State Headquarters. date ofbirth, 1922-40. Registration cards, classification ledgers, Bismarck, ND. Registration cards, Act and appeal dockets, 1940-74. of 1940; classification records, Act of Louisiana State Headquarters. 1940; docket books, Act of 1940. Registration cards, classification ledgers, Records are restricted and require and appeal dockets, 1940-74. screernng. 62 Spring & Fall 2007 Denver-NARA's Rocky Mountain 10 cubic feet Region Contact archival operations, History and Archeology Records, 1936 303-407-5740. 92. Records are subject to the Freedom ofInfonnation Act under exemption 3. Records of the Selective Service System, 194~ (Record Group 147) Records of the Selective Service 817 cubicfeet System (Record Group 147) Selective Service System offices in 583 cubicfeet Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, North Alaska State Headquarters at Anchorage, Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Classification Records, Year ofBirth Wyoming. Classification and registration (YOB) 1922-57. records, 1940-75. Guam Headquarters at Agana, Classification Records, YOB 1924-57. General Records of the Department of Hawaii State Headquarters at Energy (Record Group 434) Honolulu, Classification Records, YOB 23 cubic feet 1922-57; Special Registration of 1950, Grand Junction (Colorado) Projects Medical, Dental, and Allied Specialists Office. Uranium mining and milling Classification Records, YOB 1901-32. contract case files, 1948-80. Idaho State Headquarters at Boise, Registration Cards, YOB 1897-1957 Laguna Niguel- NARA's Pacific and Classification Records, 1922-57. Region Contact archival operations, Montana State Headquarters at Helena, 949-360-2641 Classification Records, YOB 1922-30. Oregon State Headquarters at Portland, Records of the Selective Service Registration Cards, YOB 1922-57; System, 194~ (Record Group 147) Classification Records, 1922-30. 1,119 cubic feet Oregon State Headquarters at Salem, State ofArizona, Registration Cards, Classification Records, YOB 1922-57. Docket Books ofBoards ofAppeal, Washington State Headquarters at 1922-57. Seattle, Classification Records, YOB State of California (including Alpine, 1922-57. Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Washington State Headquarters at Mono, Orange, Riverside, San Tacoma, Classification Records, YOB Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis 1922-30; Alien Records, DSS Fonn Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura 306, 1940-47; Board of Appeal, Docket counties) Registration Cards, Docket Books, YOB 1922-30. Books ofBoards ofAppeal, 1922-57. Records may be screened for Privacy Materials. are privacy. restricted and Act. reqUITe screerung. San Francisco--NARA's Pacific Seattle-NARA's Pacific Alaska Region Contact archival operations, Region Contact archival operations, 650-238-3501 206-336-5115. Records of the U.S. Coast Guard Records of the National Park Service (Record Group 26) (Record Group 79) 50 cubicfeet Spring & Fall 2007 63 14th District, Hawaii. Captain ofthe Port Smith autograph letters, 1924 (donated files, 1937-42; and others. by the children ofJoseph Nicolleti); materials related to the B-17 named My Day after Eleanor Roosevelt's Part III. Presidential Libraries syndicated newspaper column (donated by Charles Bellfy); facsimiles of Herbert Hoover Library recently discovered documents related to Otto Frank, the father of Anne Frank The Hoover Library accessioned a five (donated by the YIVO Institute for foot accretion to the papers ofElliot Jewish Research); photographs and other Rosen, a scholar ofthe Hoover archival materials that were part of a Roosevelt transition. The library also personal collection ofFDR-related items accessioned four feet ofresearch files of (donated by Mrs. Helene Harris); and a Mordecai Lee, professor of previously unknown photograph and governmental affairs, University of original negative ofFranklin D. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, from his recently Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the published book, Institutionalizing Navy inspecting the U.S. Navy Base Congress and the Presidency: The U.S. Hospital #5 in Brest, France, August 20, Bureau ofEfficiency, 1916-33. 1918 (taken by Lt. Chester O. Tanner, USN Medical Corps and donated by Franklin D. Roosevelt Library John D. Tanner); a 1963 autographed letter from Harry S. Truman to Ben Notable archival acquisitions include the Holiber including a postscript in which papers, recordings, and research Truman takes credit for naming Eleanor materials of Curtis Roosevelt, the eldest Roosevelt "First Lady ofthe World grandson ofPresident and Mrs. while she was still with us," donated by Roosevelt; research files of Mordecai John Lieber; an accretion to the papers Lee related to the Office of Government ofCurtis Roosevelt, President and Mrs. Reports; an "Eyes for the Navy" Roosevelt's eldest grandson; certificate issued to J. W. Bridwell by correspondence and inscribed Assistant Secretary ofthe Navy Franklin photographs from Henry A. Wallace to Roosevelt; papers and memorabilia of Charles and Juanita Roos, 1931-50, Frederick C. Schneider, Jr., a member of including many letters written during the 240th Military Police Battalion FDR's first hundred days in office, stationed in Hyde Park during World purchased by the Franklin and Eleanor War II, donated by his widow Helen M. Roosevelt Institute from Scott Pugmire Schneider; an April 14, 1945, edition of of Sunland, CA, and donated to the the Calcutta (India) Statesman library; the papers of Philip S. Brown, an announcing the death ofFranklin D. official in the Resettlement and Farm Roosevelt, donated by Ross D. Security Administrations, donated by his Netherton; scrapbooks, photographs, and daughter Deborah Brown; a collection of other historical materials ofHelen 1920s and 1930s radical pampWets and Roosevelt Robinson, the daughter of newspapers donated by State University Franklin D. Roosevelt's half brother ofNew York at New Paltz Professor (donated by her granddaughter Nora David Krikun; an accretion to the papers Stark); Franklin D. Roosevelt and AI ofAdolf A. Berle, Jr., donated by his 64 Spring & Fall 2007 daughter Beatrice Berle Meyerson; and a photographs, and other items relating to l6mm Ectaehrome film ofFDR's Clagett's work in the War Crimes campaign trip to Pittsburgh, PA, October Division. This collection is closed 11, 1940, donated by Michael Kane. pending processing. The library acquired an accretion to the papers of Henry Harry S. Truman Library Reiff, a legal specialist in the Department of State (less than 1 linear The library acquired the papers ofNiles foot, ca. 1945-2006). The accretion W. Bond, a State Department official includes letters concerning the 1945 during the Truman administration (less United Nations Conference in San than one linear foot, ca. 1947-49). The Francisco, photographs, and newspaper papers include correspondence with the articles. This accretion remains closed Secretary of State, Secretary ofDefense, pending processing. The library acquired and Secretary ofthe Army regarding the the Papers ofDonald S. Dawson, withdrawal ofD.S. military forces from administrative assistant to the President Korea. This collection is closed pending from 1947 to 1953 (l4linear feet, ca. processing. The library acquired the 1930-2001), consisting of papers ofMay Southern Wallace, sister correspondence, memoranda, in-law ofHarry S. Truman (less than one handwritten notes, photographs, linear foot, ca. 194~76). The papers scrapbooks, reports, and other items include photographs, printed material, mostly relating to Dawson's association and scrapbooks concerning Margaret with the Harry S. Truman Library Truman and the Truman family. This Institute for National and International collection is closed pending processing. Affairs, and his relationship with his The library acquired the papers of wife, the film star Ilona Massey. This Martha Ann Swoyer, niece ofHarry S. collection is closed pending processing. Truman (less than one linear foot, ca. 1940-91). The papers include copies of The library has opened for research: the letters from Truman to Swoyer and other papers ofEarl D. Johnson, Assistant items. This collection is closed pending Secretary ofthe Anny from 1950 to processing. The library acquired the 1952 and Under Secretary of the Army papers ofAlonzo Hamby, historian and from 1952 to 1954, consisting of biographer ofHarry S. Truman (about correspondence, reports, newspaper 15 linearfeet, ca. 1945-95). The papers clippings, memorandums, photographs, include copies ofcorrespondence and and speeches primarily relating to newspaper clippings, research notes, Johnson's military career and his service manuscript drafts, and other items as an official in the Department ofthe mostly relating to Hamby's books, Army during the Truman and Beyond the New Deal and Man ofthe Eisenhower administrations, 7.5 linear People. This collection is closed pending feet, 1940-55; the papers ofRaphael W. processing. The library acquired the Green, consisting of correspondence, papers ofJohn Robertson Clagett, an photographs, memoranda, an annotated official in the War Crimes Division of calendar, and other materials relating the Judge Advocate General's Office primarily to Green's activities as (less than one linearfoot, ca. 1944-46). Secretary for the United States The papers include correspondence, Reparations Mission to survey Korea Spring & Fall 2007 65 and Manchuria (Northeast China) in 543); Andrew Goodpaster (OH-544); 1946, which was headed by Edwin W. Robert Hallman and James F. McCown Pauley, less than one linear foot, 1946 (OH-548); Bryce Harlow (OH-545); 47, 1981; the papers of Lyle Watts, Stewart E. McClure (OH-546); and Chiefofthe Forest Service, Department George Tames (OH-547). The library of Agriculture, 1943-52, consisting of received permission from Columbia correspondence, memoranda, University to change the restrictions on photographs, articles, and speeches Malcolm Moos OH-503 from PRRCQ to concerning Watts's career with the PRCQ. The library accessioned the John Forest Service and government forest Pendergrass collection of campaign policy, 3 linear feet, 1910-62; and materials, from larger posters, street approximately 1,400 pages ofrecently banners, and broadsides as well as declassified documents mostly World War II memorabilia, which pertaining to U.S. relations with Russia, includes a survival kit, Mother's flag, a Germany, and Japan from the Harry S. Nazi spoon with swatiska, and a Truman Papers (psychological Strategy collection ofGerman currency. An Board Files, President's Secretary's additional accession includes papers Files, Korean War File, and National from Robert Cutler and Abbott Security Council Files), the Papers of Washburn. Dean Acheson, and the Papers of Clark Clifford. Museum items accessioned include Barbara Eisenhower Foltz collection of photographic albums dating from 1924 Dwight D. Eisenhower Library to 2006, totaling 104 albums; and a collection of albums presented to DDE The library added more than 17,000 upon his retirement from the U.S. Army, pages to its holdings during the quarter dating from 1911 to 1952. from the accretions to the papers of Fred C. Scribner, Jr., and Abbott Washburn John F. Kennedy Library and the World War II Participants and Contemporaries collection. As part of its The library accessioned: an accretion to efforts documenting World War II, the the Personal Papers ofJohn Kenneth Eisenhower Library continued the Galbraith, economist, educator, author, nationwide solicitation ofpersonal professor of economics, Harvard papers, diaries, printed material, and University (1949-75), correspondence photographs ofveterans who served and writings, 40feet, closedpending overseas or on the home front. processing; an accretion to the Personal Manuscript items were received from Papers ofKay Halle, journalist, author, eight individuals this year. To date, the and Kennedy family friend, including archives section has collected some 83 management papers for the Kay Halle linear feet of material from 501 donors. estate, including inventories, registers, Ten oral histories were accessioned: tapes, books, and photographs, 2.25feet, Sherman Adams (OH-539); Ruth closed awaiting deed; Veterans Buchanan (OH-540); Jacqueline Administration Records, including Cochran (OH-541); Barbara Eisenhower copies ofNavy personnel files ofJohn F. (OH-542); John S. D. Eisenhower (OH Kennedy, Joseph P. Kennedy, and 66 Spring & Fall 2007 Robert F. Kennedy, 0.25 cubicfeet; and roommate ofJoseph P. Kennedy, Jr., three additions to the Miscellaneous crew lists, correspondence, and photos Manuscripts Collection, including the ofJPK, Jr, 0.250feet, open. papers ofMark A. Soden, navy pilot and Spring & Fall 2007 67 An Annotated Guide to World War II Websites by Mark Parillo and Jonathan Berhow [In the Spring & Fall 2006 Newsletter, a series ofwebsite reviews appeared under the same title as above. The explanatory remarks for that article are reprinted here as an introduction to the website reviews printed in this issue ofthe newsletter.] In the world of scholarship, the cumbersome chore. The problems boil Worldwide Web in the last decade has down to two: finding what is relevant to developed from an intriguing novelty to one's project among the dizzying an invaluable and often essential tool for multitude of websites out there and research and teaching. While the Internet assessing the reliability and value of is not about to replace the reference what one may fInd. The standard search library, archival collection, or classroom engines, such as the ubiquitous Google, instructor, it can enhance the help the web user with the fIrst task, but effectiveness of such traditional there are few aids or shortcuts for resources. tackling the second. The great anomaly ofthe Worldwide One response from scholars can be to Web is that its advantages for the ignore the Worldwide Web and continue researcher and teacher (flexibility of with tried and true methods, which after presentation, low cost, ease of use, all have worked for generations. This accessibility) are also the reasons for may be an attractive option for the many disadvantages that undercut its very among us who are technophobes or who usefulness. Building websites is now were not trained as researchers and relatively simple enough for virtually educators in the Internet age. In the anyone with a will to create one. The twenty-fIrst century, however, this puts Worldwide Web is flooded with sites on the scholar and teacher at a every conceivable topic. The sites vary disadvantage. The Web can substantially in usefulness, quality, and reliability. A stretch our research time and funding. Holocaust denier can construct a website And its misuse by our students, who are as easily as a serious scholar. So can venturing into cyberspace all the time gamers, re-enactors, modelers, and other regardless ofhow we may view it, is a hobbyists and buffs. Important threat to the effectiveness ofour contributions may be made by the teaching. It becomes harder for untrained amateur, but sifting the wheat historians to ignore the Web with each from the chaff-and the authentic from passing day. the intentionally or unintentionally altered-is sometimes difficult but An annotated guide to websites can be always time-consuming. ofnotable use in overcoming the disadvantages ofthe Web. Such "SurfIng the 'net" can be recreational, resources already exist, though many but for the serious scholar and teacher it suffer from limitations in the scope, is more often a frustrating and quality, or comprehensiveness oftheir 68 Spring & Fall 2007 website assessments. The Institute for http://www.k- Military History & 20th Century Studies state. edulhistory/institute/wwiisiteguide. at Kansas State University is launching html. The site is not yet open for use but an online annotated guide to Wodd War will soon be available. It will be II websites that is intended to be a continuously expanded and updated. reliable and easy-to-use reference for Some sample site assessments follow. scholars. The URL for the guide is Note: The terms used in the "categories" field have specific connotations, as described below. More than one term may be used. antiquarian: contains much technical data on equipment, weapons, uniforms, or other minutiae avocational: intended for gamers, re-enactors, modelers, etc. bibliographic: contains bibliographic listings, bibliographic essays, annotated bibliographies, book reviews, historiographic essays, or other such material educational: has resources for students and/or teachers experiential: intended to invite interaction from the site visitor, such as a site with a message board political: contains materials selected to support a political position or theory recreational: intended for the pure enjoyment of vicariously experiencing historical events (e.g.: might include stories, photographs, and video clips selected for interest rather than scholarly value; might also include actual games or other interactive features) reference: contains very basic information and/or links to other sites scholarly. intended for researchers who are purSUing scholarly projects *** * * Website Title: "World Wars: World War Two" URL: http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ Subject: General World War II. Category: Recreational Educational Experiential Author: The bbc.co.uk/history production team Table of Contents: Gathering Stonn Blitzkrieg Britain Alone Allies in Retreat The Tide Turns Axis in Retreat In-Depth: D-Day and Overlord EndGame Spring & Fall 2007 69 Reconstruction and Retribution Special Edition: The Secret War Nuremberg: The Nazis on Trial Description: "World Wars: World War Two" is part ofthe BBC's history website, which collectively is an engaging and massive effort ofsome 10,000 pages covering ancient, British, and recent history as well as the two world wars and the Cold War. Leaning toward the British involvement in the war, each topic listed above under "Table of Contents" is followed by a handful ofsubtopics in the form ofarticles, timelines, image galleries, videos, or games, with an icon preceding each entry to indicate which ofthese media is employed. Furthermore, each topic ends with "Fact Files" that provide synopses of various related aspects ofthe main topic (e.g. The "Gathering Storm" Fact Files contain the entries on the "Declaration of War on Germany," "Evacuation," and "Conscription Introduced.") The site provides several image galleries including Axis and Allied propaganda posters, the Royal Air Force, and aerial reconnaissance, and articles from contributors such as Duncan Anderson, Peter Hart, Richard Holmes, and Richard Overy. What makes this site such an excellent resource for educators and fun for students or enthusiasts is the high level of interactive content. The site boasts a very busy message board, interactive timelines like the "D-Day Clockwatch," audio files of speeches from Winston Churchill and interviews of British veterans, and animated campaign maps. Educationally, the site offers a "Practical History" component with articles, activities, quizzes, and sources of history where browsers are invited to "Chart the emergence of a British standing army," learn "How to Do History," or discover the "Historian's Role." Links: "World Wars: World War Two" offers few external links but organizes its internal links in a useful and navigable way. Links to other BBC history webpages appear on the main World War Two page and on the right hand column of pages exploring particular subjects as "Related Topics" and "Related Links" respectively. One highlight here is the "WW2 People's War: An archive ofWorld War Two memories - written by the public, gathered by BBC" containing 47,000 stories and 15,000 photographs. Last Updated: Unknown Technical Aspects: Nothing ofnote to report. Presentation Quality: The BBC's online effort is very well organized - a browser will not get lost five or six pages into this site despite its size. Its graphic presentation is subdued but inviting and attractive without being overwhelming or confusing. Readability and navigability are not sacrificed for looks. Reliability of Content: All articles and images are fully attributed. Audience: General public, students and educators 70 Spring & Fall 2007 Rating: * * * * * * * * * * Website Title: "Naval Historical Center: Preserving Legacies, Inspiring Sailors" URL: http://www.history.navy.mil/index.html Subject: World War II Naval History Category: Scholarly Avocational Recreational Reference Bibliographic Antiquarian Author: Naval Historical Center Table of Contents: New Items and Events New Items Events at the Center News from the NHC New Images Posted FAQ Online Resources The Navy Art Gallery Online Exhibits Naval Aviation Topics and Infonnation Guide to u.S. Naval History Organizations Library Online Reading Room Library Special Collections Operational Archives Online Documents Online Photograph Collection Ships' History Dictionary ofAmerican Naval Fighting Ships Traditions ofthe Naval Service Underwater Archaeology Publications Bibliographies By Sea, Air, and Land Dictionary ofAmerican Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume I Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 2 Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Spring & Fall 2007 71 History ofU.S. Naval Operations: Korea Naval Aviation Data from the book U.S. Naval Aviation, 1910-1995 Naval Aviation News Naval Historical Center Publications Officers ofthe Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-1900 Research and Collections Art Artifacts and Objects Aviation Deck Logs Navy Department Library Naval History from 1775 to 1920 Operational Archives Photography Ships Underwater Archaeology Navy Museums For Kids Chief Charlie's Science Experiments Petty Officer Pat's Games and Puzzles Jack Tar Jake's History Projects Sailor Sam's Family Fun For Fleet and Veterans Wars and Conflicts Opportunities at NRC Grants and Fellowships Internship Volunteer Visiting the NRC About US Search Description: The Naval Historical Center (NRC) "is the official history program ofthe Department of the Navy," and its website offers a considerable amount of bibliographic information, primary documents, articles, and other historical data probably most useful to researchers, serious enthusiasts, and college students: its "For Kids" Section is quite weak. What the site contains is self-explanatory using the navigation bar on the left side ofthe main page (see Table of Contents). For specific World War II content, a browser may want to start at "Wars and Conflicts" which will direct them to a page where it is possible to search "Naval History by Period: World War II, 1941-1945." As per the NRC's mission, most ofthe information available deals with the U.S. Navy, but some non-U.S. topics are covered as well (e.g. German submarines U-505, U-571, and U 1105). Of special note are the "Online Reading Room: Publications, Documents, and Subject Presentations," where many original documents, articles, and Special Research History publications are organized chronologically, topically, and alphabetically by title, 72 Spring & Fall 2007 and the "Online Photograph Collection" that affords large, high-quality, downloadable images. Links: A few links are scattered throughout the site. Last Updated: 9 February 2007 Technical Aspects: Nothing of note to report. Presentation Quality: The NRC's website generally amounts to a utilitarian, unattractive listing of infonnation, which tends to hurt its useability and potential engagement for younger students. Its organization is slightly redundant but not problematic. Reliability of Content: The resources available at this site are well referenced and the bibliographic aspect ofthis site is one ofits high points. Audience: Researchers, enthusiasts, students. Rating: * * * ** * * * Website Title: "The Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings" URL: http://www.ibiblio. org/pha/pha/ Subject: Pearl Harbor Category: Scholarly Recreational Reference Political Experiential Author: Pearl Harbor History Associates, Inc. ("Keeping the record straight. Remembering Pearl Harbor.") Table of Contents: Pearl Harbor Attacked (http://pearlharborattacked.com/) Pearl Harbor Message Board USS Arizona Remembered Free Pearl Harbor Broshure Pearl Harbor Shop Pearl Harbor Links Spring & Fall 2007 73 Quiz Me Contact Us The Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings The Know Investigation The Roberts Commission The Hart Investigation The Army Pearl Harbor Board The Navy Court of Inquiry The Clarke Investigation The Hewitt Inquiry The Joint Congressional Committee (See also "Description") Description: A subset ofJewell's "World War II Resources" ("Primary source materials on the Web. Original documents regarding all aspects ofthe war."), "The Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings" (PHA) website is divided into two main and two secondary components. "Pearl Harbor Attacked" is a link to a site containing, among the other items listed above, a long list of links and an active message board. "The Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings" is the documentary foundation ofthis historical effort, where the nine investigations into the attacks are available as transcriptions that can be viewed online or downloaded as .zip files. To aid browsers, the first secondary component provides three "[s]uggested research path[s]" to help navigate the 25,OOO-page report, including an extensive "Listing ofAdditional Files" containing intelligence reports, Magic intercepts, policy documents, and photographs. The second links to other documents and photographs outside the purview ofthe Congressional Hearings. Though there is a political angle to PHA, in that all debates over the historical record contain a political element and Jewell is interested in quashing the FDR conspiracy angle of Pearl Harbor, the value and focus ofthe site is the documents provided. Links: "Pearl Barbor Links" accessible under "Pearl Harbor Attacked," via the main page or http://pearlharborattacked.com/. Last Updated: Unknown, but the message board is in current use. Technical Aspects: Nothing of note to report. Presentation Quality: PHA is relatively ugly site, its organization and presentation out ofdate. Most ofthe pages, with the exception of"Pearl Harbor Attacked," were created in 1996 and 1997. This does not, however, detract from the primary purpose of the site: accessing primary documents. Reliability of Content: The attribution ofdocuments at PHA is excellent, and the author even goes to pains to explain to readers the attention to the "faithful reproduction of the source documents" under the "Read This" link. Audience: General public, researchers, students. 74 Spring & Fall 2007 Rating: * * * * * * * * Website Title: "Anarchy Archives: An Online Research Center on the History and Theory ofAnarchism" URL: http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu!Anarchist_Archives/index.html and http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu!Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/Spanishcivilwar.html Subject: Anarchy and the Spanish Civil War Category: Recreational Educational Reference Bibliographic Author: Dana Ward, Professor of Political Studies at Pitzer College, with contributions from students at the Claremont Colleges. Table of Contents: The Cynosure Michael Bakunin William Godwin Emma Goldman Peter Kropotkin Errico Malatesta Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Max Stirner Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Bright but Lesser Lights Cold Off the Presses PampWets Periodicals Anarchist History Worldwide Movements First International Paris Commune Haymarket Massacre Spanish Civil War History Bibliography Buenaventura Durruti Graphics Spring & Fall 2007 75 Art and Anarchy Bibliography Timeline Description: "Anarchy Archives" presents one of the least addressed issues in World War II websites, with the exception of limited treatment offascism: ideology, in this case, anarchist ideology. The World War II-related content ofthis site is the "Spanish Civil War" component found under "Anarchist History" on the website's main page. Relevant information is shared through links to other websites in the "History" section (e.g. "Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives," "Essays on the Spanish Civil War," "Spanish Civil War Factbook"), a "Bibliography" with works listed from 1934 to 2006, a link to a webpage on Spanish anarchosyndicalist Buenaventura Durruti, and "Graphics" with photographs and copies ofposters from the war. The Spanish Civil War is not covered as comprehensively or as interactively as more general sites often afford their subjects, but what "Anarchy Archives" sets out to do it does well, and, unlike many other online history efforts, makes a genuine attempt at fostering disagreement and an objective perspective ofits topic through eleven critical essays by prominent figures (e.g. Joseph Conrad, Karl Marx, Joseph Stalin.) accessible under "Critics Comer" at the bottom of the main page. Links: Most of what is available from "Anarchy Archives" on the Spanish Civil War is off site with the bulk oflinks listed in the "History" section. Unfortunately, a few links are broken throughout the site. Last Updated: Unknown Technical Aspects: Nothing of note to report. Presentation Quality: "Anarchy Archives" is spartan but attractive and easily navigable. It is clearly the work ofan educator who knows how to make information accessible to students, and, although perhaps not a popular topic, the general public. Reliability ofContent: The reliability ofthe content ofthe linked webpages varies by site. The essays from "Critics Comer" are attributed to their authors, but the source or sources ofthe photographs are unknown. Audience: High school and college students, general public Rating: * * * * * * ** * Website Title: "Imperial Japanese Navy Page" URL: http://www.combinedjleet.com/kaigun.htm 76 Spring & Fall 2007 Subject: Japanese Navy Category: Avocational Recreational Educational Reference Bibliographic Experiential Antiquarian Author: Managing Editor: Jon Parshall. Major Contributors: Allyn Nevitt, Anthony Tully, Craig Burke, and Joao Paulo Juliao Matsuura. Table of Contents: Images and Data Images Mine Aircraft Carriers Battleships Heavy Cruisers Light Cruisers Destroyers Submarines From My Friends Photos and Video Caps Models Data Naval Guns Torpedoes Radar Japanese Warship Names Japanese Naval Officers Bibliography Economic Data and War Production Statistics Games Info Sources and Links What's New? Online Forums Tony Tully's Message Board j-aircraft.org UN Ship and Aircraft Message Board Other Cool Sites Mechanisms ofI.J.N. Warships in 3-D Special Features The World's Best Battleship: The Sequel! The Guns n' Annor Page! Spring & Fall 2007 77 Imperial Japanese Naval Aviation Sensuikan! [operational histories ofJapanese submarines] Kido Butai! [operational histories of Japanese aircraft carriers] Long Lancers! [operational histories ofJapanese destroyers] Junyokan! [operational histories of Japanese cruisers] Senkan! [operational histories of Japanese battleships] Tokusetsu Kansen! [operational histories ofJapanese auxiliaries and other ships] Mysteries and Untold Sagas of the Imperial Japanese Navy The Pacific War in Maps Kaiten Attack! Admiral Furashita's Fleet Articles of Interest Featured Book Description: Mainly a site for enthusiasts (garners, modelers, and the like), the "Imperial Japanese Navy Page" is a labor of love that is able to move past idiosyncratic antiquarianism. The "Images and Data" side of the site, apart from the obvious, features two frequently-trafficked message boards and an essay by Parshall, "Why Japan Really Lost the War" (found under both "Economic Data and War Production Statistics" and "How and Why" at the top ofthe main page), on the economic disparity between the United States and Japan that relies on Paul Kennedy and John Ellis's work. "Special Features" is primarily packed with articles and accompanying technical data, but "The Pacific War in Maps" combines interactive carnpaign maps of naval battles in the Pacific with accessible, descriptive text. It is this entertaining and engaging writing - and the evidence that Parshall enjoys his subject, has a sense ofhumor, and doesn't evince the possessive pettiness of so many rivet-counters - that could prove infectious for all students of history. Links: Close to one hundred links are provided for modeling, books, general naval and World War II sites, garnes, and related topics. None appear to be broken. Last Updated: 6 February 2007 Technical Aspects: Nothing of note to report. Presentation Quality: The organization and graphic quality ofthis website is unsophisticated, but this ends up being an advantage rather than a detraction as is sometimes the case. A handy navigation bar appears at the bottom ofeach page, and an introductory segment titled, "What can you do here, you ask?" makes the site very user friendly. Reliability of Content: Though not a "registered" historian, Parshall, who has an MBA, and other contributors back up their knowledge ofthe Japanese Imperial Navy with a partially annotated bibliography that includes several primary sources and scores of secondary ones. Parshall is also co-author (with Anthony Tully) of Shattered Sword: The Untold Story ofthe Battle ofMidway (Washington: Potomac, 2005). 78 Spring & Fall 2007 Audience: Enthusiasts, general public, students. Parshall admits to giving students priority in the "Feedback and Assistance" link, and students may be interested in the participatory aspect ofpopular history that this site offers. Rating: * * * * * ** * * Website Title: "Veterans ofthe Battle ofthe Bulge" URL: http://www.battleofthebulge. org/ Subject: U.S. Veterans of World War II. Category: Avocational Reference Experiential Author: Veterans ofthe Battle ofthe Bulge Table of Contents: Forum VBOB Officers VBOB Chapters 2002 Convention Bulge Certificate Quartermaster VBOB ConfRoom Reunions Picture Gallery Bugle Bugle WWII Musings Memebership Monuments Arlington Cern. Gen. Ord. 114 Links Div. Fact Sheets History - Taps Web Awards Description: "Veterans ofthe Battle ofthe Bulge" is a commemorative veterans' site of very limited utility to non-veterans ofthis battle. What little may be useful can be found under "WWII Musings," "Monuments," "Links," and "Div[isional] Fact Sheets." "WWII Spring & Fall 2007 79 Musings" is a bi-monthly publication put out by John Bowen from the VBOB's Maryland/D.C. chapter and is based on his research ofthe National Archives and Records Administration's Unit Records (1994 to 2003 editions are available on the site as .pdf files). Slightly more than a dozen photographs of stelae commemorating the battle and the Americans who fought there make up the "Monuments" section. The links, however, are many (see below), and of special note is the link to an audio documentary, "Prisoners of War: A Story of Four American Soldiers," from the Vermont Folklife Center Radio website. The "Picture Gallery" comprises just two photographs and the message board is "currently unavailable." There is really no historical treatment ofthe Battle ofthe Bulge provided by this site outside ofthe sparse information relayed through the "Div[isional] Fact Sheets." Links: "Veterans ofthe Battle ofthe Bulge" posts links to military units, miscellaneous World War II sites, monuments and memorials, and military re-enactors. Last Updated: 9 January 2007 Technical Aspects: Nothing ofnote to report. Presentation Quality: This site is neither well designed nor maintained. There are no navigational issues owing to the simplicity ofthe site. Reliability ofContent: There is no attribution for the images or for most ofthe text. Audience: Veterans Rating: * * * *** * Website Title: "The Rutgers Oral History Archives: World War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Cold War" URL: http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/ Subject: General World War II. Category: Scholarly Recreational Educational Reference Author: Rutgers Oral History Project staff. Sandra Stewart Holyoak, Director. Table of Contents: (See Description) 80 Spring & Fall 2007 Description: An excellent example ofwhat can be done in the way ofcommemorative oral history is "The Rutgers Oral History Archives." Starting with interviews ofalumni from the colleges of Rutgers and Douglass, the website is an effort to record and share the experiences ofU.S. service personnel and those on the home front during the major conflicts ofthe last halfofthe 20th Century. The product of this effort, which is now in excess of 400 oral histories, is viewable through the website's "Interviews" and "Documents" databases. Transcripts of interviews may be browsed by alphabetical index, class, conflict, branch, unit, or medals earned by the participants. Diaries, letters, photos, and memoirs ofthose interviewed are presented under "Documents." Additionally, this section contains the partially-completed digital archive ofthe "Barefoot Bulletin," a World War II-era newsletter based on the missives oftwenty-nine servicemen from Red Bank, New Jersey, and an alphabetical obituary ofRutgers alumni who died during World War II. Educators and researchers may find the discussion on oral history methodology under "About Us" infonnative, while, since the project is still in the making, qualified potential participants are invited to contribute their stories via a link on the website's homepage. Links: "The Rutgers Oral History Archives" offers a helpfully annotated list ofprimarily general World War II and oral history related links. Last Updated: Unknown Technical Aspects: Nothing ofnote to report. Presentation Quality: This unadorned website is simply presented and very easy to navigate. Though the homepage may appear too busy and confusing due to the use of multiple fonts and an unbalanced layout, most ofwhat browsers probably wish to access is not difficult to fmd and has been explained above. Reliability of Content: All interviews and related content are well catalogued and referenced by the extensive staffmembers who work on this project. Audience: Veterans, general public, researchers, educators, students. Rating: * * * * *** * * Website Title: "Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum" URL: http://wwwfdrlibrary.marist.edu! Subject: Franklin D. Roosevelt Category: Spring & Fall 2007 81 Scholarly Recreational Reference Experiential Author: The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. Website developed in collaboration with Marist College. Table of Contents: Research Education Museum Pare Lorentz Film Center Special Events New Deal Museum Store Staff Directory Site Index Links Search FAQs Description: "The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum," administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, produces a well-run and good looking website offering a digital archive ofonline documents, photographs, audio and video files, and a book catalogue. Especially impressive is the site's large database ofgenerally high quality online photographs ofnot just the Roosevelts, the Great Depression, and the New Deal, but also containing over 500 downloadable images of World War II that range from depictions oftraining camp maneuvers and war bond rallies, to combat and concentration camps. As with the rest ofwhat is available here, these are browsable and searchable by keyword. While this vast bank ofimages is valuable to a wide swath ofvisitors, perhaps ofmore use to the researcher, educator, and student are the "Research" and Education" categories. The "Research" page is user-friendly for both the novice (e.g. "How to Do Research at the Library," "How to Cite Materials," "Books about the Roosevelt Era," "Frequently Asked Questions about Franklin and Eleanor"), the professional (e.g. "Roosevelt Era Manuscript Collections at the Library" and at "Other Repositories," "Research Grants and Internships"), and for all parties concerned, with search engine links to finding aids, photos, and book collections. It is on the "Research" page that a browser will find the "View Selected Online Documents" link to thousands ofpages ofdigitized documents from FDR's White House safe, German and British diplomatic files, the Henry T. and John Hackett papers, Fireside Chats as well as audio file recordings ofthe President. Indeed, the strength ofthis website is how useful it can be to so broad an audience. 82 Spring & Fall 2007 As for "Education," this section is organized into sections "For the Student" and "For the Teacher." K-12 is designed more for elementary students: biographies ofthe President and First Lady and interactive content such as "Puzzles and Activities," historical information like the "Roosevelt Timeline," and fascinating trivia in the form of a facsimile ofFDR's prep-school report card: young and old alike, however, may want to give "The Roosevelt Rap" a miss. The "Education Programs" link on the illustration of the tree at the center ofthe "Education" main page describes the educational modules available through the FDR Library and Museum designed for elementary through college-age students, as well as teacher workshops of varying length Links: Most ofthe links offered relate to Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, plus there are close to a score more links involving "Other Connections," such as "Social Security History Page," "Tennessee Valley Authority," and "Yalta" from Yale Law School's Avalon Project. Last Updated: Unknown Technical Aspects: Nothing of note to report. Presentation Quality: If the information and other resources on the "Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum" website are potentially useful to a wide audience, it is certainly easily navigable by the same. Those responsible for the organization and presentation ofthis site succeeded famously in their efforts to create a very workable, user-friendly site. Especially in light ofthe volume ofdata managed, this was no easy task Reliability of Content: The documents and photos on this site have been painstakingly catalogued, as might be expected from a presidential library, as well as annotated for easy reference. Audience: Scholars, educators, students, general public Rating: * * * * * Spring & Fall 2007 83 Recent Articles in English on World War n Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation By Jonathan Berhow and Elizaveta Zheganina Algra, Gielt, Martin Elands, and Jan Rene Schoeman. "The Media and the Public Image of Dutch Veterans from World War II to Srebrenica." Armed Forces and Society 33(3) (2007): 396. Armstrong, Craig. "A Northern Community at War, 1939 - 1945: 'Tyneside Can Take It!'" Northern History 44(1) (2007): 133-52. Aschbacher, Charles. "Decoding Nazi Secrets." Mathematics and Computer Education 40(3) (2006): 257-58. Banerji, Shilpa. "Historians Question Record ofTuskegee Airmen." Diverse Issues in Higher Education 23(24) (2007): 18. Barnes, Trevor, and Matthew Farish. "Between Regions: Science, Militarism, and American Geography from World War to Cold War." The Annals ofthe Association ofAmerican Geographers 96(4) (2006): 807-26. Bauer, Markus. "Coming to Tenns with the Past: Romania." History Today 57(2) (2007): 21-23. Baxter, Christopher. "The Foreign Office and Post-War Planning for East Asia, 1944 45." Contemporary British History 21(2) (2007): 149-72. Beaumont, Joan. "Australian Citizenship and the Two World Wars." Australian Journal ofPolitics and History 53(2) (2007): 171-82. Beaumont, Joan. "Prisoners of War in the Second World War." Journal ofContemporary History 42(3) (2007): 535-44. Bian, Morris L. "How Crisis Shapes Change: New Perspectives on China's Political Economy during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937 -1945." History Compass 5(4) (2007). Bielakowski, Alexander. "General Hawkin's War: The Future ofthe Horse in the U.S. Cavalry." The Journal ofMilitary History 71(1) (2007): 127-38. Bird, Kai, and Svetlana Chervannaya. "The Mystery ofAles." American Scholar 76(3) (2007): 20-35. Bolton, Jonathan. "Mid-Tenn Autobiography and the Second World War." Journal of Modern Literature 30(1) (2006): 155-72. 84 Spring & Fall 2007 Borch, Fred L. "The 82nd Airborne's 'Jumping Jag': The Incredible Wartime Career of Nicholas E. Allen." Prologue: Quarterly ofthe National Archives and Records Administration 39(2) (2007): 18-25. Bosker, Maarten, and Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen and Marc Schramm. "Looking for Multiple Equilibria when Geography Matters: German City Growth and the WWII Shock." Journal ofUrban Economics 61(1) (2007): 152-69. Bowles, Brett. "llluminating the Dark Years: French Wartime Newsreels on DVD." Historical Journal ofFilm, Radio and Television 27(1) (2007): 119-25. Brinks, Jan Herman. "On Victors, Victims and Totalitarianism." Journal of Contemporary History 42(3) (2007): 545-54. Bryld, Claus. "'The Five Accursed Years': Danish Perception and Usage ofthe Period of the German Occupation, with a Wider view to Norway and Sweden." Scandinavian Journal ofHistory 31 (1) (2007): 86-115. Buell, Hal. "Iwo Jima." Naval History 21(2) (2007): 69-70. Bush, Ronald. "Art Versus the Descent ofthe Iconoclasts: Cultural Memory in Ezra Pound's Pisan Cantos." Modernism/Modernity 14(1) (2007): 71-95. Butler, Paul. "The Best Year ofHis Life." Beaver 87(1) (2007): 42-47. Capelotti, P. 1. "Rock in the Fuselage." Archaeology 59(6) (2006): 32. Carley, Michael Jabara. "Years of War in the East, 1939 - 45: A Review Article." Europe-Asia Studies 59(2) (2007): 331-52. Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. "The War on the Shopfloor." International Review ofSocial History 51(2006): 265. Chara, Paul, Jr., and Kathleen Chara. "Survivors ofa Kamikaze Attack: PTSD and Perceived Adjustment to Civilian Life." Psychological Reports 99(3) (2006): 971 80. Cohen, Boaz. "The Children's Voice: Postwar Collection ofTestimonies from Child Survivors ofthe Holocaust." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21(1) (2007): 73 95. Coleman, Peter, and Andrei Podolskij. "Identity, Loss, and Recovery in the Life Stories of Soviet World War II Veterans." The Gerontologist 47(1) (2007): 52-60. Spring & Fall 2007 85 Cumming, Anthony. "We'll Get By with a Little Help from Our Friends: The Battle of Britain and the Pilot in Anglo-American Relations 1940 - 1945." European Journal ofAmerican Culture 26(1) (2007): 11-26. Derksen, John. "A Costly But Influential Counterculture: A Review of Four Works on War-Time Pacifism." Journal ofMennonite Studies 25 (2007): 161-70. Douglas, R. M. "The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942." The Historical Journal 49(4) (2006): 1155-83. Dueck, Abe J. "Making a Case for Non-Combatant Service: B.B. Janz's Negotiations with the Government during World War II." Journal ofMennonite Studies 25 (2007): 107-24. Durr, Kenneth. "The 'New Industrial Philosophy': U.S. Corporate Recycling in World War II." Progress in Industrial Ecology 3(4) (2006): 361. Farrell, Brian P. "Mind and the Matter: The Practice of Military History with Reference to Britain and Southeast Asia." Journal ofAmerican History 93(4) (2007): 1146 50. Faye, Cathy. "Governing the Grapevine: The Study of Rumor during World War II." History ofPsychology 10(1) (2007): 1-21. Fielding, Raymond. "Tokyo, the Day the War Ended." Film & History 36(1) (2006): 71 73. Figal, Gerald. "Bones of Contention: The Geopolitics of 'Sacred Ground' in Postwar Okinawa." Diplomatic History 31(1) (2007): 81. Fogg, Shannon L. "Refugees and Indifference: The Effects of Shortages on Attitudes Towards Jews in France's Limousin Region during World War II." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21(1) (2007): 31-54. Folly, Martin. "Friends - ofa Kind: America and Its Allies in the Second World War." Journal ofAmerican Studies 40(3) (2006): 635. Ford, Douglas. "Strategic Culture, Intelligence Assessment, and the Conduct of the Pacific War: The British-Indian and Imperial Japanese Armies in Comparison, 1941-1945." War in History 14(1) (2007): 63-95. Foster, Stig. "Total War and Genocide: Reflections on the Second World War." Australian Journal ofPolitics and History 53(1) (2007): 68-83. 86 Spring & Fall 2007 Fuchs, Anne. "'Ehrlich, Du Lugst Wie Gedruckt': Giinter Grass's Autobiographical Confession and the Changing Territory of Germany's Memory Culture." German Life and Letters 60(2) (2007): 261-75. Gatrell, Peter. "Population Displacement in the Baltic Region in the Twentieth Century: From 'Refugee Studies' to Refugee History." Journal ofBaltic Studies 38(1) (2007): 43-60. Gershenhorn, Jerry. "Double V in North Carolina: The Carolina Times and the Struggle for Racial Equality during World War II." Journalism History 32(3) (2006): 156 67. Goebel, Stefan. "Beyond Discourse? Bodies and Memories of Two World Wars." Journal ofContemporary History 42(2) (2007): 377-85. Gross, Raphael. "Relegating Nazism to the Past: Expressions ofGerman Guilt in 1945 and Beyond." German History 25(2) (2007): 219-38. Grove, Eric J. "Out of their Depths? Britain's Problems with Carrier Warfare against the Japanese, 1941 - 1945." Mains'l Haul: A Journal ofPacific Maritime History 43(1-2) (2007): 28-35. Hadley, Gregory, and Oglethorpe, James. "Mackay's Betrayal: Solving the Mystery of the 'Sado Island Prisoner-of-War Massacre. '" Journal ofMilitary History 71 (2) (2007): 441-64. Halbrook, Stephen. "Nazism, the Second Amendment, and the NRA: A Reply to Professor Harcourt." Texas Review ofLaw & Politics 11(1) (2006): 113-31. Harder, Laureen. "One Photograph, Many Stories: A Mennonite Congregation's Diverse Response to War." Journal ofMennonite Studies 25 (2007): 137-44. Harrison, Simon. "Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: Transgressive Objects of Remembrance." Journal ofthe Royal Anthropological Institute 12(4) (2006): 817 36. Hart, Robert. "Women Doing Men's Work and Women Doing Women's Work: Female Work and Pay in British Wartime Engineering." Explorations in Economic History 44(1) (2007): 114-30. Hart, Russell A. "Representation, Reconstruction and Recollection: Recent Works on the Second World War." Contemporary European History 16(2) (2007): 247-57. Hein, Laura, and Akiko Takenaka. "Exhibiting World War II in Japan and the United States since 1995." Pacific Historical Review 76(1) (2007): 61-94. Spring & Fall 2007 87 Hill, Frederick H., George Venn, and Jan Boles. "They Also Served: A Soldier's Pacific Theater Album, World War II." Oregon Historical Quarterly 108(2) (2007): 294 316. Huff, Gregg. "Globalization, Immigration, and Lewisian Elastic Labor in Pre-World War II Southeast Asia." The Journal ofEconomic History 67(1) (2007): 33. Jonas, Manfred. "The Nuremberg Trials." The Journal ofAmerican History 93(3) (2006): 984-985. Kaivola-Bregenlwj, Annikki. "Women in the Way of War." Fabula 47(3/4) (2006): 231 40. Kawamura, Noriko. "Emperor Hirohito and Japan's Decision to Go to War with the United States." Diplomatic History 31(1) (2007): 51-79. Kehrt, Christian. '''Higher, Always Higher': Technology, the Military, and Aviation Medicine during the Age of the Two World Wars." Endeavor 30(4) (2006): 138 143. Kimble, James, and Lester Olson. "Visual Rhetoric Representing Rosie the Riveter: Myth and Misconception in J. Howard Miller's 'We Can Do It!' Poster." Rhetoric and Public Affairs 9(4) (2006): 533-563. Kolanovi, Nada Kisi. "The NDH's Relations with Southeast European Countries, Turkey and Japan, 1941-45." Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions 7(4) (2006): 473. Lamberti, MaIjorie. "German Antifascist Refugees in American and the Public Debate on 'What Should be Done with Germany after Hitler,' 1941 - 1945." Central European History 40(2) (2007): 279-305. Larson, George A. "Bridging the Rhine at Remagen." Military Heritage 9(1) (2007): 52 57. LaVo, Carl. "The Wahoo Discovered." Naval History 21(1) (2007): 52-58. Lilly, J. Robert. "Counterblast: Soldiers and Rape: The Other Band of Brothers." The Howard Journal ofCriminal Justice 46(1) (2007): 72. Lotchin, Robert. "Turning the Good War Bad? Historians and the World War II Urban Homefront." Journal ofUrban History 33(2) (2007): 171-82. Malloy, Sean L. "'The Rules ofCivi1ized Warfare': Scientists, Soldiers, Civilians, and American Nuclear Targeting, 1940 - 1945." Journal ofStrategic Studies 30(3) (2007): 475-512. 88 Spring & Fall 2007 Manelli, Gani. "Partisan Politics in World War n Albania: The Struggle for Power, 1939 1944." East European Quarterly 40(3) (2006): 333-48. Martinelli, Diana Knott, and Jeff Mucciarone. "New Deal Public Relations: A Glimpse into FDR Press Secretary Stephen Early's Work." Public Relations Review 33(1) (2007): 49-56. Masayasu, Hosaka, and Matsumoto Ken'ichi. "The Emperor, the War, and the Issue of Responsibility." Japan Echo 33(6) (2006): 52. Matsumura, Janice. "Unfaithful Wives and Dissolute Labourers: Moral Panic and the Mobilization ofWomen into the Japanese Workforce, 1931 - 45." Gender & History 19(1) (2007): 78-100. McCleary, John. "Airborne Weapons Accuracy: Topologists and the Applied Mathematics Panel." Mathematicallntelligencer 28(4) (2006): 17. McConkey, James. "Fear ofFalling." American Scholar 76(1) (2007): 78-88. Medoff, Rafael, Racelle R. Weinman, and Stephen J. Solarz. "Rescue Opportunities during the Holocaust: The Guest Editors Respond." Journal ofEcumenical Studies 42(1) (2007): 107-09. Meilinger, Phillip. "A History ofEffects-Based Air Operations." The Journal ofMilitary History 71(1) (2007): 139-67. Membery, York. "Stoking the Fire." History Today 57(1) (2007): 20-22. Mineau, Andre. "Himmler's Ethics of Duty: A Moral Approach to the Holocaust and to Germany's Impending Defeat." European Legacy 12(1) (2007): 55-73. Mizunaga, Masashi, and Kazuhiko Odaki. "Japan, 1936-1945: Fascism or Communism?" Society 44(2) (2007): 64. Morcom, Shaun. "The Second World War in Russia" Journal ofContemporary History 42(3)(2007): 525-33. Murray, Dufferin. "Prisoners of War: A Story of Four American Soldiers." Journal of American Folklore 120(475) (2007): 82-84. Naimark, Nonnan M. "War and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941-1945." Contemporary European History 16(2) (2007): 259-74. Spring & Fall 2007 89 Nel, Philip. "Children's Literature Goes to War: Dr. Seuss, P. D. Eastman, Munro Leaf, and the Private Snafu Films (1943 - 46)." Journal ofPopular Culture 40(3) (2007): 468-87. Nelson, Hank. "Kokoda: And Two National Histories." Journal ofPacific History 42(1) (2007): 73-88. Norton, Bill. "Elephantine but Silent: U.S. Army Cargo Glider Development. Part 1: Little Brother, Big Brother." American Aviation Historical Society Journal 52(2) (2007): 100-09. O'Brien, lIma Martinuzzi. "Citizenship, Rights and Emergency Powers in Second World War Australia." Australian Journal ofPolitics and History 53(2) (2007): 207-22. Ollerenshaw, Philip. "War, Industrial Mobilization and Society in Northern Ireland, 1939 - 1945." Contemporary European History 16(2) (2007): 169-97. Onken, Eva-Clarita. "The Baltic State and Moscow's 9 May Commemoration: Analyzing Memory Politics in Europe." Europe-Asia Studies 59(1) (2007): 23-46. Orgeron, Marsha. "Liberating Images? Samuel Fuller's Film ofFalkenau Concentration Camp." Film Quarterly 60(2) (2006): 38-47. Parsons, Peter. "Commander Chick Parsons and the Japanese." Bulletin ofthe American Historical Collection 35(1) (2007): 65-74. Patrias, Carmela. "Race, Employment Discrimination, and State Complicity in Wartime Canada, 1939 - 1945." Labour 59 (2007): 9-42. Pols, Hans. "Waking Up to Shell Shock: Psychiatry in the U.S. Military during World War II." Endeavor 30(4) (2006): 144-49. Ramirez, Catherine. "Saying 'Nothin"." Frontiers 27(3) (2006): 1-35. Reese, Roger R. "Motivations to Serve: The Soviet Soldier in the Second World War." Journal ofSlavic Military Studies 20(2) (2007): 263-82. Rodriquez, Elena A. "My 16-Day Tragic Diary." Bulletin ofthe American Historical Collection 35(1) (2007): 9-33. Rothberg, Michael. "Beyond Eichmann: Rethinking the Emergence ofHolocaust Memory." History and Theory 46(1) (2007): 74-81. Roodhouse, Mark. "Observing the 1940s." Twentieth Century British History 18(1) (2007): 134-39. 90 Spring & Fall 2007 Schotten, Peter. "Hannan Arendt's Eichmann Reconsidered." Modern Age 49(2) (2007): 139-47. Schroeder, David. "Theological Reflections ofa CO: Changing Peace Theology since World War II." Journal ofMennonite Studies 25 (2007): 183-93. Scott, Cord. "Written in Red, White, and Blue: A Comparison of Comic Book Propaganda from World War II and September 11." Journal ofPopular Culture 40(2) (2007): 325-43. Sides, Hampton. "The Trial of General Homma." American Heritage 58(1) (2007): 34 47. Smart, Judith. "The Politics ofConsumption: The Housewives' Association in Southeastern Australia before 1950." Journal ofWomen 's History 18(3) (2006): 13-40. Smith, David. "Official Responses to Juvenile Delinquency in Scotland during the Second World War." Twentieth Century British History 18(1) (2007): 78-105. Szacka, Barbara. "Polish Remembrance of World War II." International Journal ofSociology 36(4) (2006): 8-26. Tarnmes, Peter. "Jewish Immigrants in the Netherlands during the Nazi Occupation." Journal ofInterdisciplinary History 37(4) (2007): 543-62. Tanner, Stacy Lynn. "Progress and Sacrifice: Tampa Shipyard Workers in World War II." Florida Historical Quarterly 85(4) (2007): 422-54. Tighe, Carl. "Six, Franz Alfred: A Career in the Shadows." Journal ofEuropean Studies 37(1) (2007): 5-50. Tsuneo, Watanabe. "Who Bears What Blame?" Japan Echo 33(6) (2006): 44-51. Twomey, Christina '''In the Front Line'? Internment and Citizenship Entitlements in the Second World War." Australian Journal ofPolitics and History 53(2) (2007): 194-206. Welch, Steven R. "Securing the German Domestic Front in the Second World War: Prosecution of Subversion before the People's Court." Australian Journal of Politics and History 53(1) (2007): 44-56. Wernet, Mary Linn. "Making Waves: A Study ofthe First Women Midshipmen Class Officers." Minerva Journal ofWomen and War 1(1) (2007): 62-67. Winter, P. R. 1. "Churchill, British Intelligence, and the German Opposition Question." Spring & Fall 2007 91 War in History 14(1) (2007): 109-12. Woolford, Andrew, and Stefan Wolejszo. "Collecting on Moral Debts: Reparations for the Holocaust and Porajrnos." Law & Society Review 40(4) (2006): 871-901. Wubs, Ben. "Unilever's Struggle for Control: An Anglo-Dutch Multinational under German Occupation." Zeitschriftfur Unternehmensgeschichte 52(1) (2007): 57 84. Zuber, Terence. "The 'Schlieffen Plan' and German War Guilt." War in History 14(1) (2007): 96-108. 92 Spring & Fall 2007 Recent Books in English on World War II Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation By Jonathan Berhow Abramian, Eduard, and Antonio Mufioz. Forgotten Legion: Sonderverbunde Bergmann in World War IL 1941-1945. Bayside, NY: Europa, 2007. Adams, Simon, and Andy Crawford. World War II. New York: DK, 2007. Adelman, Jonathan. Hitler and His Allies in World War II. New York: Routledge, 2007. Adlam, Henry. On and Offthe Flight Deck: Reflections ofa Naval Fighter Pilot in World War II. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. Alden, John Doughty. United States and Allied Submarine Successes in the Pacific and Far East during World War II. Bloomington, IN: Craig R. McDonald, 2007. Aldgate, Anthony, and Jeffrey Richards. Britain Can Take It: British Cinema in the Second World War. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Aly, Gotz. Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State. New York: Metropolitan, 2007. Arthur, Max. Forgotten Voices o/the Second World War. London: Ebury, 2007. Asahina, Robert. Just Americans: How Japanese Americans Won a War at Home and Abroad: The Story ofthe 100th Battalionl442d Regimental Combat Team in World War II. New York: Gotham, 2007. Austin, Allan. From Concentration Camp to Campus: Japanese American Students and World War II. Urbana: University of Il1inois Press, 2007. Axelrod, Alan, and Jack Kingston. Encyclopedia ofWorld War II. New York: Facts on File, 2007. Bach, Steven. Leni: The Life and Work ofLeni Riefenstahl. New York: A. A. Knopf, 2007. Bachner, Evan. Men ofWorld War II: Fighting Men at Ease. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2007. Bando, Mark. 101st Airborne: The Screaming Eagles in World War II. St. Paul: Zenith, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 93 Bastable, Jonathan. Voicesfrom Stalingrad: Unique First-hand Accountsfrom World War II's Cruelest Battle. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 2007. Bearden, Bob. To D-Day and Back: Adventures with the 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment and Life as a World War II POW. St. Paul, MN: Zenith, 2007. Bearman, Marietta, and Charmian Brinson, Richard Dove, Anthony Grenville. Out of Austria: The Austrian Centre in London in World War II. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007. Bell, P. M. H. The Origins ofthe Second World War in Europe. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2007. Bellamy, Chris. Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War: A Modern History. London: Macmillan, 2007. Bellar, Susan Provost. Battling in the Pacific: Soldiering in World War II. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2007. Bennett, G. H. Destination Normandy: Three American Regiments on D-Day. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007. Berthon, Simon, and Joanna Potts. Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation ofWorld War II through the Eyes and Minds ofHitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. New York: Da Capo, 2007. Bielakowski, Alexander, and Raffaele Ruggeri. African American Troops in World War II. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Billings, Richard. Battleground Atlantic: How the Sinking ofa Single Japanese Submarine Assured the Outcome ofWorld War II. New York: NAL Caliber, 2007. Black, Jeremy. The Second World War. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007. .-=- Booker, Bryan. African Americans in the United States Army in World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. Bowman, Martin. Bomber Bases o/World War 2, 1st Air Division, 8th Air Force USAAF 1942-45: Flying Fortress Squadrons in Cambridgeshire, Bed/ordshire, Huntingdonshire, Essex, Hertfordshire and Northamptonshire. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. Bradford, George. German Early War Armored Fighting Vehicles. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. 94 Spring & Fall 2007 Bradford, George. Russian Armored Fighting Vehicles. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. Bradfrod, George. German Late War Armored Fighting Vehicles. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. Britton, Celia. France's Colonies and the Second World War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Brown, D. K. Atlantic Escorts: Ships, Weapons & Tactics in World War II. Bamsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2007. Bull, Stephen. World War II Jungle Warfare Tactics. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Burgan, Michael. America in World War II. Milwaukee: World Almanac Library, 2007. Burris, Marsha. Paradox ofProfessionalism: American Nurses in World War II. Eastborne, UK: Gardners, 2007. Capponi, Howard, and James Milton Sessions. James Milton Sessions: American World War II Artist and Premier Brush Reporter. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2007. Cawthorne, Nigel. Reaping the Whirlwind: The German and Japanese Experiences of World War II. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 2007. Ciment, James, and Russell Thaddeus. The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Cohen, Beth. Case Closed: Holocaust Survivors in Postwar America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007. Cole, Dermot. Cold Missions: The Us. Army Air Forces and Ladd Field in World War II. Fairbanks: Tanana-Yukon Historical Society, 2007. Coleman, Arthur, Hildy Neel, and Martin Gordon. Great Stories ofWorld War II: An Annotated Bibliography ofEyewitness War-related Books Written and Published between 1940 and 1946. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2007. Cooksley, Peter. The Home Front: Civilian Life in World War Two. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2007. Copp, J. T. The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade in World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. Crawford, Steve. The Us. Amy in World War II: The Stories behind the Photos. Washington, DC: Potomac, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 95 Crew, Thomas. Combat Loaded: Across the Pacific on the USS Tate. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007. Crooks, Sylvia. Homefront & Battlefront: Nelson B.C. in World War II. Vancouver: Granville Island, 2007. Culpepper, Marilyn Mayer. Never Will We Forget: Oral Histories o/World War II. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007. Daugherty, Leo. Allied Resupply Effort in the China-Burma-India Theater during World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. Davies, Norman. No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945. New York: Viking Adult, 2007 Davis, William. Sinking the Rising Sun: Dog Fighting & Dive Bombing in World War II: A Navy Fighter Pilot's Story. St. Paul, MN: Zenith, 2007. Deak, Istvan, and Jan Gross, Tony Judt. Europe on Trial: World War II and Its Aftermath. Princeton University Press, 2007. Denniston, Robin. Thirty Secret Years: A. G. Denniston's Work in Signals Intelligence, 1914-1944. Clifton-upon-Teme: Polperro Heritage, 2007. Docherty, Tom. No.7 Bomber Squadron RAF in World War II. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. Doherty, Richard, Robert Chapman, and Martin Windrow. The British Reconnaissance Corps in World War II. New York: Osprey 2007. Dolitsky, Alexander. Allies in Wartime: The Alaska-Siberia Airway during World War II. Juneau: Alaska-Siberia Research Center, 2007. Dom, Charles. American Education, Democracy, and the Second World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Douglas, W. A. B. A Blue Water Navy: The Official Operational History o/the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943-1945. Volume II, Part 2. St. Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell, 2007. Drury, Bob, and Thomas Calvin. Halsey's Typhoon: The True Story 0/a Fighting Admiral. an Epic Storm, and an Untold Rescue. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2007. Durflinger, Serge~. Fightingfrom Home: The Second World War in Verdun, 96 Spring & Fall 2007 Quebec. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007. Earhart, David. Certain Victory: Images ofWorld War II in the Japanese Media. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2007. Eby, Cecil. Hungary at War: Civilians and Soldiers in Worlds War II. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2007. Edwards, Owen Dudley. British Children's Fiction in the Second World War. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Farber, Harry. Memories ofWorld War II in the Russian Army. New York: iUniverse, 2007. Feller, Ray, and Steven Feller. Silent Witness: Civilian Camp Money ofWorld War II. Port Clinton, OH: BNR, 2007. Fisher, Jaimey. Disciplining Germany: Youth, Reeducation, and Reconstruction after the Second World War. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007. Fitzharris, Joseph. Patton's Fighting Bridge Builders: Company B, 1303rd Engineer General Service Regiment. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007. FoWin, Caroline. Finance Capitalism and Germany's Rise to Industrial Power. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Fox, Jo. Film Propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany: World War II Cinema. New York: Berg, 2007. Frank, Hans. German S-boats in Action in the Second World War. London: Chatham, 2007. Franks, Lucinda. My Father's Secret War: A Memoir. New York: Miramax, 2007. Freeman, Gregory. The Forgotten 500: The Untold Story ofthe Men Who Risked Allfor the Greatest Rescue Mission ofWorld War II. New York: Nal Caliber, 2007. Freeman-Cuerden, Caroline. Veterans' Voices: Coventry's Unsung Heroes ofthe Second World War. Oxford: ISIS, 2007. Friedman, Barbara. From the Battlefront to the Bridal Suite: Media Coverage ofBritish War Brides, 1942-1946. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007. Fry, Helen. The King's Most Loyal Enemy Aliens: Germans Who Fought for Britain in the Second World War. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 97 Funke, Teresa. Dancing in Combat Boots: And Other Stories ofAmerican Women in World War II. Fort Collins, co: Bailiwick, 2007. Garcia, Miguel, and Charlene Riggins. Forgotten Patriots: Voices ofWorld War II Mexican American Veterans ofSouthern California. Fullerton, CA: Center for Oral and Public History, California State University, Fullerton, 2007. Garvey, John. San Francisco in World War II. San Francisco: Arcadia, 2007. Gavin, James, Gayle Wurst, and Barbara Gavin Fauntleroy. The General and His Daughter: The Wartime Letters ofGeneral James M Gavin to His Daughter Barbara. New York: Fordham University Press, 2007. Getman, Abraham. Borders ofHope: A Teenager's Flightfor Life across World War II Europe. Bay Shore, NY: Rhythmo, 2007. Gibney, Frank. Senso: The Japanese Remember the Pacific War: Letters to the Editor of Asahi Shimbun. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2007. Glantz, David. Red Storm over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion ofRomania, Spring 1944. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2007. Gniewosz, Teresa Bisping. Noble Flight: A Family's Exodus and Survival during World War II. Portland, OR: CHRISCO Trading, 2007. Goodden, Henrietta. Camouflage and Art: Designfor Deception in World War 2. London: Unicorn, 2007. Goodpaster-Strebe, Amy. Flyingfor Her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots ofWorld War II. Westport, CN: Praeger Security International, 2007. *'Goodstein, Phil. From Soup Lines to the Front Lines: Denver during the Depression and World War II, 1927-1947. Denver: New Social, 2007. Gordin, Michael. Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. Gruhl, Werner. Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2007. Guard, Julie. Airborne: World War II Paratroopers in Combat. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Guinn, Gilbert Swnpter, and G. H. Bennett. British Naval Aviation in World War II: The Us. Navy and Anglo-American Relations. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007. 98 Spring & Fall 2007 Gur, David, and Eli Nester. Brothersfor Resistance and Rescue: The Underground Zionist Youth Movement in Hungary during World War II. New York: Gefen, 2007. Haining, Peter. The Banzai Hunters: The Forgotten Armada ofLittle Ships that Defeated the Japanese, 1944-45. London: Conway Maritime, 2007. Hama, Larry. The Battle ofIwo Jima: Guerilla Warfare in the Pacific. New York: Rosen, 2007. Hamann, Jack. On American Soil: How Justice became a Casualty ofWorld WarII. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007. Hammel, Eric. Guadalcanal: The Us. Marines in World War II: A Pictorial Tribute. Osceola, WI: Zenith, 2007. Hanle, Donald. Near Miss: The Army Air Forces' Guided Bomb Program in World War II. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2007. Hannon, Adla Shaker. Adventures ofa World War II Army Nurse. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2007. Haskew, Michael. Encyclopedia ofElite Forces in the Second World War: Paratroops, Commandos, Rangers, Waffen-SS. London: Amber, 2007. Havers, Richard. Here Is the News: The BBC and the Second World War. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2007. Hegarty, Marilyn. Victory Girls, Khaki-wackies, and Patriotutes: The Regulation of Female Sexuality during World War II. New York: New York University Press, 2007. Heimann, Judith. The Airmen and the Headhunters: A True Story ofLost Soldiers, Heroic Tribesmen and the Unlikeliest Rescue ofWorld War II. Orlando: Harcourt, 2007. Henderson, Bruce. Down to the Sea: An Epic Story ofNaval Disaster and Heroism in World War II. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Henry, Marilyn. Confronting the Perpetrators: A History ofthe Claims Conference. Portland: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007. Holland, James. The Face ofCourage: Coming ofAge in the Second World War. London: Harper, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 99 Holm, Tom. Code Talkers and Warriors: Native Americans and World War II. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. Holmes, Richard. The World at War: The Definitive Oral History ofthe Second World War. London: Ebury, 2007. Holzimmer, Kevin. General Walter Krueger: Unsung Hero ofthe Pacific War. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2007. Howell, Steve. World War II. Swindon, UK: Green Umbrella, 2007. Hudson, James. Victory Mail ofWorld War I: V-mail, the Funny Mail. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2007. Hyam, Ronald. Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918-1968. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Jackson, Ashley. The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. Jeffers, H. Paul. Onward We Charge: The Heroic Story ofDarby's Rangers in World War II. New York: NAL Caliber, 2007. Jobs, Richard Ivan. Riding the New Wave: Youth and the Rejuvenation ofFrance after the Second World War. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007. Johnson, F. B. Phantom Warrior: The Heroic True Story ofPvt. John McKinney's One man Stand against the Japanese in World War II. New York: Berkley Caliber, 2007. Johnston, Mark, and Carlos Chagas. The Australian Army in World War II. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2007. Jones, Kathryn. Journeys ofRemembrance: Memories ofthe Second World War in French and German Literature, 1960-1980. London: Modern Humanities Research Association and Maney, 2007. Jordan, David. The Timeline ofWorld War II: The Ultimate Guide to the Biggest Conflict ofthe Twentieth Century. San Diego: Thunder Bay, 2007. Kaufma.nn, J. E., and H. W. Kaufmann. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in arid War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. Keeling, Herbert _~oe Brian Oseman. Blood beneath His Boots: A Story ofWorld War Two. LOllGOn: na 2007. 100 Spring & Fall 2007 Kelly, Carol Adele. Voices ofMy Comrades: America's Reserve Officers Remember World War II. New York: Fordham University Press, 2007. Kershaw, Ian. Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940-1941. New York: Penguin, 2007. Keshen, Jeffrey. Saints, Sinners, and Soldiers: Canada's Second World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007. Kiester, Edwin. An Incomplete History ofWorld War II. London: Murdoch, 2007. Kirk, Tim. Nazi Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Knight, Katherine. Spuds, Spam and Eatingfor Victory: Rationing in the Second World War. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2007. Kowalski, Greg. Hamtramck: The World War II Years. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2007. Kremer, Roberta. Broken Threads: The Destruction ofthe Jewish Fashion Industry in Germany andAustria. Vancouver: Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre, 2007. Krowl, Michelle. The World War II Memorial: Honoring the Price ofFreedom. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning, 2007. LaGrandeur, Philip. We Flew, We Fell, We Lived: The Remarkable Reminiscences of Second World War Evaders andPrisoners ofWar. London: Grub Street, 2007. Lanckoronska, Karolina. Michelangelo in Ravensbruck: One Woman's War Against the Nazis. Cambridge: Da Capo, 2007. Lee, Walter Allen. One ofthe Crew: USS O'Bannon, World War II. Victoria, BC: Trafford, 2007. Lees, Lorraine. Yugoslav-Americans and National Security during World War II. Urbana: University of illinois Press, 2007. Leff, Murray. Lens ofan Infantryman: A World War II Memoir with Photographs from a Hidden Camera. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. Leonard, Thomas, and John Bratzel. Latin America during World War II. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Lepage, Jean-Denis. German Military Vehicles ofWorld War II: An illustrated Guide to Cars, Trucks, Half-Tracks, Motorcycles, Amphibious Vehicles and Others. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 101 Lewis, Adrian. The American Culture ofWar: The History ofu.s. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom. New York: Routledge, 2007. Lilly, J. Robert Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Litvin, Nikolai, and Stuart Britton. 800 Days on the Eastern Front: A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II. Lawrence: University Press ofKansas, 2007. Llewellyn-Jones, Malcolm. The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval StaffHistory. London: Routledge, 2007. Loeb, Louisa. Manitoba Permit Teachers ofWorld War II. Winnipeg: Hyperion, 2007. Lowry, Chag. The Original Patriots: Northern California Indian Veterans ofWorld War Two. Eureka, CA: C. Lowry, 2007. Lucas, Peter. The OSS in World War II Albania: Covert Operations and Collaboration with Communist Partisans. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. MacKay, Marina. Modernism and World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Madison, James. Slinging Doughnutsfor the Boys: An American Woman in World War II. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. Mangilli-Climpson, Massimo. Larkhill's Wartime Locators: The History ofTwelve Artillery Survey Regiments (RA and fA) in the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2007. Mansfield, Angus. Barney Barnfather: The Second World War Diary ofa Spitfire Pilot. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2007. Mares. Frank. Mission Accomplished: The Engaging Memoir ofa Czech Fighter Pilot Flyingfor Britain in World War Two. London: Grub Street, 2007. Masuda, Minoru, Hana Masuda, and Dianne Bridgman. Letters from the 442nd: The World War II Correspondence ofa Japanese American Medic. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007. McDougall, William, and Gary Topping. IfI Get Out Alive: World War II Letters and Diaries ofWilliam H McDougall, Jr. Salt Lake City: University ofUtah Press, 2007. McGeer, Eric. Valediction and Remembrance: Canadian Epitaphs ofthe Second World War. St. Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell, 2007. 102 Spring & Fall 2007 McLaurin. The Marines ofMontford Point: America's First Black Marines. Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2007. McManus, John. Alamo in the Ardennes: The Untold Story ofthe American Soldiers Who Made the Defense ofBastogne Possible. Hoboken: J. Wiley, 2007. Melton, Buckner. Sea Cobra: Admiral Halsey's Task Force and the Great Pacific Typhoon. Guilford, CT: Lyons, 2007. Miller, Caroline, and Mary Watson. Bracken Chronicle: World War II Letters, Volume 1. Brooksville, KY: Bracken County Historical Society, 2007. Miscamble, Wilson. From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Mitcham, Samuel. Rommel's Lieutenants: The Men Who Served the Desert Fox, France, i940. Westport, CN: Praeger Security International, 2007. Mitcham, Samuel. The Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions of World War II and Their Commanders. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. Morgan, Philip. The Fall ofMussolini: italy, the Italians, and the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Morrow, Thomas. For Love oftheir Country: Citizen Warriors' Personal Accounts of World War II. Kearney, NE: Morris, 2007. Moses, Sam. At All Costs: How a Crippled Ship and Two American Merchant Mariners Turned the Tide ofWorld War II. New York: Random House, 2007. Muldowney, Mary. The Second World War and Irish Women: An Oral History. Portland, OR: Irish Academic Press, 2007. Muller. Eric. American Inquisition: The Huntfor Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Nagl, John. Instructionsfor American Servicemen in Iraq during World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Nagorski, Andrew. The Greatest Battle: Stalin, Hitler, and the Desperate Struggle for Moscow that Changed the Course ofWorld War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. Nagorski, Tom. Miracles on the Water: The Heroic Survivors ofa World War II U-Boat Attack. New York: Hyperion, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 103 Nakasone, Edwin. The Nisei Soldier: Historical Essays on World War II and the Korean War. White Bear Lake,:MN: J-Press, 2007. Nance, Benjamin. An Archaeological Survey ofWorld War II Military Sites in Tennessee. Nashville: Dept. of Environment and Conservation, Division of Archaeology, 2007. Neville, Peter. Hitler and Appeasement: The British attempt to Prevent the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. Newark, Timothy. Mafia Allies: The True Story ofAmerica's Secret Alliance with the Mob in World War II. St. Paul: Zenith, 2007. Nicholson, Virginia. Singled Out: How Two Million Women Survived without Men after the First World War. New York: Viking, 2007. Niven, William John. The Buchenwald Child: Truth, Fiction, and Propaganda. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2007. Nunes, Bill. illinois in World War II. Glen Carbon, IL: B. Nunes, 2007. O'Farrell, Elizabeth Kinzer. WW II - A Navy Nurse Remembers. Tallahassee, FL: CyPress, 2007. Olson, Michael. Tales from a Tin Can: The USS Dale from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay. St. Paul: Zenith, 2007. Paldiel, Mordecai. Diplomat Heroes ofthe Holocaust. New York: Rabbi Arthur Schneier Center for International Affairs of Yeshiva University, 2007. Panayi, Panikos. Life and Death in a German Town: Osnabrii.ckfrom the Weimar Republic to World War II and Beyond. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007. Paris, Michael. Repicturing the Second World War: Representations in Film and Television. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Paterson, Miachael. Voices ofthe Code Breakers: Personal Accounts ofthe Secret Heroes ofWorld War II. Cincinnati: David & Charles, 2007. Paterson, Michael. The Secret War: The Inside Story ofthe Code Makers and Code Breakers ofWorld War II. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 2007. Pattinson, Juliette. Behind Enemy Lines: Gender, Passing and the Special Operation Execum'e in the Second World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007. 104 Spring & Fall 2007 Pavelec, Sterling Michael. The Jet Race and the Second World War. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007. Peden, George. Arms, Economics and British Strategy: From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pelzman-Kiek, Liliane. And No More Sorrow: The World War II Memoirs o/Sonja Kiek Rosenstein Cohen. Nashville, TN: Cold Tree, 2007. Pennington, Reina. Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2007. Perry, Mark. Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace. New York: Penguin, 2007. PieWer, Kurt. World War II. Westport, CN: Greenwood, 2007. Pletkovich, Tim. Civil War Fathers: Sons o/the Civil War in WW II. St. Petersburg, FL: Vandamere, 2007. Plowright, John. The Causes, Course and Outcomes o/World War Two. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. PoWman, Andre. Memories o/Smoke & Ashes: A World War II Story. London: Xlibris, 2007. Pottinger, Ron. A Soldier in the Cockpit: From Rifles to Typhoons in World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2007. Record, Jeffrey. The Specter 0/Munich: Reconsidering the Lessons 0/Appeasing Hitler. Washington, DC: Potomac, 2007. Reid, George. Speed's War: A Canadian Soldier's Memoir o/World War II. Royston, BC: Madrona, 2007. Reynolds, David. From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History o/the 1940s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Rickman, Gregg. Conquest and Redemption: A History 0/Jewish Assetsfrom the Holocaust. New BfWlSwick, NJ: Transaction, 2007. Rollings, Charles. Prisoner o/War: Voices o/Captivity during the Second World War. London: Ebury, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 105 Rose, Kenneth. Myth and the Greatest Generation: A Social History ofAmericans in World War II. New York: Routledge, 2007. Rottman, Gordon. FUBAR: Soldier Slang ofWorld War II. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Saxe, Robert Francis. Settling Down: World War II Veterans' Challenge to the Postwar Consensus. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Sayen, John. Us. Army Infantry Divisions, 1944-45. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Saylor, Thomas. Long Hard Road: American POWs during World War II. 81. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society, 2007. Scheffel, Charles. Crack! and Thump: With a Combat Infantry Officer in World War lI. Llano, TX.: Camroc, 2007. Schmidt, Amy, and Gudrun Loehrer. The Mauthausen Concentration Camp Complex: World War II and Postwar Records. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 2007. Schroer, Timothy. Recasting Race after World War II: Germans and Ajrican Americans in American-occupied Germany. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007. Schultz, Duane. Into the Fire: Ploesti: The Most Fateful Mission ofWorld War lI. Yardley, PA: 2007. Scott, Ralph. The Wilmington Shipyard: Welding a Fleetfor Victory in World War II. Charleston: History, 2007. Seaton, Philip. Japan's Contested War Memories: The "Memory Rifts" in Historical Consciousness ofWorld War II. New York: Routledge, 2007. Seki, Eiji. Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan, and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking ofthe SS Automedon in 1940. Folkestone: Global Oriental, 2007. Shandler, Nina. The Strange Case ofHellish Nell: The True Story ofHelen Duncan and the Witch Trial ofWorld War II. Cambridge: Da Capo, 2007. Short, Brian, and C. Watkins. The Front Line ofFreedom: British Farming in the Second World War. Exeter: British Agricultural History Society, 2007. Sidline, George. Somehow, We'll Survive: A Memoir: Life in Japan during World War II through the Eyes ofa Young Caucasian Boy. Portland, OR: Vera Vista, 2007. Silver, Mitch. In Secret Service. New York: Touchstone, 2007. 106 Spring & Fall 2007 Silverstone, Paul. The Navy ofWorld War /I, 1922-1947. New York: Routledge, 2007. Slier, Philip. Hidden Letters: A Glimpse ofHolland During World War II. New York: Star Bright, 2007. Sloan, Bill. The Ultimate Battle: Okinawa 1945, the Last Epic Struggle ofWorld War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. Smith, Hazel. The Changing Face ofthe Channel Islands Occupation: Record, Memory and Myth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Smith, Lyn. Young Voices: British Children Remember the Second World War. London: Viking, 2007. Smith, Peter Charles. Midway: Dauntless Victory: Re-examination ofAmerica's Greatest Victory ofWorld War II. Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2007. Springer, Joseph. Inferno: The Epic Lift and Death Struggle ofthe USS Franklin in World War II. St. Paul, MN: Zenith, 2007. Stafford, David. Endgame, 1945: The Missing Final Chapter ofWorld War II. New York: Little, Brown, 2007. Steege, Paul. Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946-1949. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Sterner, Douglas. Gofor Broke: The Nisei Warriors ofWorld War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield, UT: American Legacy Historical Press, 2007. Stevens, Janice. Stories ofService: Valley Veterans Remember World War II. Fresno, CA: Craven Street, 2007. Stevenson, William. Spymistress: The Lift ofVera Atkins, the Greatest Female Secret Agent ofWorld War II. New York: Arcade, 2007. Stille, Mark. Us. Navy Aircraft Carriers, 1942-45. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Stoddard, Eleanor. Fearless Presence. Baltimore: American Literary, 2007. Summerfield, Penny, and C. M. Peniston-Bird. Contesting Home Defence: Men, Women and the Home Guard in the Second World War. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 107 Surorov, Victor. The ChiefCulprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War ll. Dulles, VA: Potomac, 2007. Swanston, Alexander, and Malcolm Swanston. The Historical Atlas ofWorld War ll. Edison, NJ: Chartwell, 2007. Takeyama, Michio, and Richard Minear. The Scars ofWar: Tokyo during World War ll: Writings ofTakeyama Michio. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Taylor, William. Rescued by Mao: World War II, Wake Island, and My Remarkable Escape to Freedom across Mainland China. Sandy, UT: Silverleaf, 2007. Thiel, Hans, and Ivan Fehrenbach. The Wolves ofWorld War ll: An East Prussian Soldier's Memoir ofCombat and Captivity on the Eastern Front. Jefferson, NC: McFarlancL 2007. Thomas, Andrew. Royal Navy Aces ofWorld War 2. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. Thompson, Richard. Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War ll. Hoboken, NJ: WileY-lnterscience, 2007. Tolley, A. T. British Literary Periodicals ofWorld War II & Aftermath: A Critical History. Kemptville, Ont.: Golden Dog, 2007. Toman, Cynthia. An Officer and a Lady: Canadian Military Nursing and the Second World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007. Tooze, Adam. The Wages ofDestruction: The Making and Breaking ofthe Nazi Economy. New York: Viking, 2007. Trapp, Georg von. To the Last Salute: Memories ofan Austrian U-Boat Commander. Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 2007. Twomey, Christina. Australia's Forgotten Prisoners: Civilians Interned by the Japanese in World War Two. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Van Kavelaar, Paul. From Artillery to Air Corps: The World War II Memoir ofa Green Mountain Cannoneer Turned B-24 Radioman. Bennington, VT: Merriam, 2007. Van Tuyl, Jocelyn. Andre Gide and the Second World War: A Novelist's Occupation. Albany: State University ofNew York Press, 2007. Veronico, Nicholas. World War II Shipyards by the Bay. San Francisco: Arcadia, 2007. Victor, George. The Pearl Harbor Myth: Rethinking the Unthinkable. Washington, D.C.: Potomac, 2007. 108 Spring & Fall 2007 Wagner, Margaret, David Kennedy, Linda Barrett Osborne, Linda Barrett, et.al. The Library ofCongress World War II Companion. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. Warner, Jeff. Us. Naval Aviation Flying Clothing and Gear. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2007. Watt, Robert. A Tanlde's Travels: World War II Experiences ofa Former Member ofthe Royal Tank Regiment. West Sussex, UK: Woodfield, 2007. Weinberg, Gerhard, and Mark Peattie, et.al. World War II Chronicle. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, 2007. White, David, and Daniel Murphy, Donald Vaughn. The Everything World War II Book: From the Rise ofthe Third Reich to V-JDay - All the People, Places, Battles, and Key Events You Need to Know. Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2007. White, Steve. Pearl Harbor: A Day ofInfamy. New York: Rosen, 2007. White, Steve. The Battle ofMidway: The Destruction ofthe Japanese Fleet. New York: Rosen, 2007. Whittell, Giles. Spitfire Women ofWorld War II. London: Harper, 2007. Wiley, Ken. Lucky Thirteen: D-Days in the Pacific with the Us. Coast Guard in World War II. Philadelphia: Casemate, 2007. Willmott, H. P., Charles Messenger, Robin Cross, et. al. World War II. New York: DK,2007. Wills, Clair. That Neutral Island: A Cultural History ofIreland during the Second World War. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. Wilson, Joe. The 784th Tank Battalion in World War II: History ofan African American Armored Unit in Europe. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. Wing, Sandra Koa. Mass-Observation: Britain in the Second World War. London: Folio Society, 2007. Wistrich, Robert. Laboratoryfor World Destruction: Germans andJews in Central Europe. Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 2007. Wright, J. R. C. Germany and the Origins ofthe Second World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Wright, Matthew. Torpedo! Kiwis at Sea in World War II. Auckland, NZ: Random, 2007. Spring & Fall 2007 109 Wukovits, John. Eisenhower. Waterville, ME: Thorndike, 2007. Wylie, Neville. The Politics andStrategy ofClandestine War: Special Operation Executive, 1940-1946. New York: Routledge, 2007. Yeide, Harry, and Mark Stout. First to the Rhine: The 6th Army Group in World War II. St. Paul, MN: :MBI, 2007. Yenne, Bill. Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Foughtfor the United States in World War II. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2007. Young, William, and Nancy Young. Music ofthe World War II Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007. Youngblood, Denise. Russian War Films: On the Cinema Front, 1914-2005. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2007. 110 Spring & Fall 2007 Dissertations on World War II in English, 2001-2007 Selected Titles from an Electronic Compilation By Jonathan Berhow Adeli, Lisa M. "From Jasenovac to Yugoslavism: Ethnic Persecution in Croatia during World War II." The University ofArizona. 2004. 255 pp. Allport, Alan. "Demob: The Demobilization of British Servicemen at the End ofthe Second World War." University ofPennsylvania. 2007. 360 pp. Alvarez, Luis Alberto. "The Power of the Zoot: Race, Community, and Resistance in American Youth Culture, 1940-1945." The University of Texas at Austin. 2001. 340 pp. Arrowsmith, Emily. "Fair Enough? How Notions ofRace, Gender, and Soldiers' Rights Affected Dependents' Allowance Policies towards Canadian Aboriginal Families during World War II." Carleton University (Canada). 2006. 555 pp. Arthurs, Joshua William. "A Revolution in the Idea ofRome: Excavating Modernity in Fascist Italy." The University of Chicago. 2007. 376 pp. Atkins, Jacqueline Marx. "Wearing Propaganda: Civilian Textiles on the Japanese Home Front, 1931-1945 with Reference to Britain and the United States." The Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture. 2006. 498 pp. Auger, Martin F. "The Air Arsenal ofthe British Commonwealth: Aircraft Design and Development in Canada during the Second World War, 1939-45." University of Ottawa (Canada). 2006. 411 pp. Austin, Allan W. "From Concentration Camp to Campus: A History ofthe National Japanese American Student Relocation Council, 1942-1946." University of Cincinnati. 2001. 338 pp. Barkawi, Tarak Karim. "Battle and Culture: British Imperial Forces in Southeast Asia in the Second World War." University ofMinnesota. 2001. 302 pp. Bartholomew-Feis, Dixee Regan. "The Men on the Ground: The ass in Vietnam, 1944 1945." The Ohio State University. 2001. 422 pp. Basso, Matthew Lawrence. "Metal of Honor: Montana's World War II Homefront, Movies, and the Social Politics of White Male Anxiety." University of Minnesota. 2001. 352 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 111 Beckenbaugh, Lisa Lee. "Only the Strong Survived: Survival Rates among American Prisoners of War ofthe Japanese during World War II." University ofArkansas. 2002. 147 pp. Becker, Patti Clayton. "Up the Hill ofOpportunity: American Public Libraries and ALA during World War II." The University of Wisconsin - Madison. 2002. 417 pp. Bell, Amy Helen. "London Was Ours: Diaries and Memoirs ofthe London Blitz, 1940 1941." Queen's University at Kingston (Canada). 2002. 303 pp. Bell, Michael S. "The Worldview ofFranklin D. Roosevelt: France, Germany, and United States Involvement in World War II in Europe." University of Maryland, College Park. 2004. 448 pp. Bennett, Michael Todd. "Reel Relations: Culture, Diplomacy, and the Grand Alliance, 1939-1946." University ofGeorgia. 2001. 381 pp. Bielakowski, Alexander Magnus. "United States Army Cavalry Officers and the Issue of Mechanization, 1920-1942." Kansas State University. 2002. 228 pp. Blackstone, Robert C. "Democracy's Army: The American People and Selective Service in World War II." The University of Kansas. 2005. 296 pp. Boswell-Kurc, Lilise. "Olivier Messiaen's Religious War-time Works and Their Controversial Reception in France (1941-1946)." New York University. 2001. 515 pp. Bruscino, Thomas A., Jr. "The War and the Nation: World War II, the Army, and Ethnic America." Ohio University. 2005. 459 pp. Bullock, Steven Ray. "Vital Connections: Baseball and the American Military during World War II." The University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2001. 233 pp. Caccia, Ivana. "Managing the Canadian Mosaic: Dealing with Cultural Diversity during the WWII Years." University ofOttawa (Canada). 2006. 448 pp. Carter, Steven E. "The Mormons and the 1bird Reich, 1933-1946." University of Arkansas. 2003. 246 pp. Casey, Jay H. "Keep 'Em Laughin': The Work ofAmerican Soldier Cartoonists during the World Wars." University ofHouston. 2005. 304 pp. Chapman, Marilyn G. "Habitus and National Responses to the Jewish Genocide." State University of New York at Albany. 2001. 182 pp. 112 Spring & Fall 2007 Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan. "Accommodation and Resistance: A Polish County during the Second World War and Its Aftermath (1939-1947)." Colwnbia University. 2001. 598 pp. Clark, Charles P., Jr. "Modernity and Technological Adaptation in the United States Army, 1918-1945." The University ofAlabama. 2007.269 pp. Colborn-Roxworthy, Emily. "Home Front Spectacles: The Theatrical Strategies of Japanese-American Evacuation." Northwestern University. 2004. 411 pp. Connolly, Corvin J. "Marshal ofthe Royal Air Force Sir John Cotesworth Slessor and the Anglo-American Air Power Alliance, 1940-1945." Texas A&M University. 2001. 316 pp. Converse, Allan D. "Churchill's Armies at War: Morale and Combat Efficiency in the 50th (Northumbrian) and 9th Australian Divisions, 1939-1945." Brandeis University. 2007. 589 pp. Crager, Kelly Eugene. "Lone Star under the Rising Sun: Texas's 'Lost Battalion,' 2nd Battalion,·131 st Field Artillery Regiment, during World War n." University of North Texas. 2005. 286 pp. Davis, Edwin A. "How the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church in Houston, Texas between 1945-1954 Facilitated the Educational Development of Soldiers Returning from World War II: A Historical Analysis." University of Houston. 2004. 148 pp. Davis, Michael A. "Politics as Usual: Franklin Roosevelt, Thomas Dewey and the Wartime Presidential Campaign of 1944." University of Arkansas. 2005. 289 pp. DeGeorges, Thomas Patrick. "A Bitter Homecoming: Tunisian Veterans of the First and Second World Wars." Harvard University. 2006. 204 pp. Delaney, Douglas Edward. "The Soldiers' General: Bert Hoffineister as Military Commander." Royal Military College of Canada (Canada). 2003. 403 pp. d'Erizans, Alexander P. "The Strangeness of Home: German Loss and Search for Identity in Hanover, 1943-1948." University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2006. 297 pp. Dinmore, Eric Gordon. "A Small Island Nation Poor in Resources: Natural and Human Resource Anxiety in Trans-World War II Japan." Princeton University. 2006. 255 pp. Donegan, Kathleen Elizabeth. "The Concert Pianist in the United States during World War II, Pearl Harbor to Victory." The University of Texas at Austin. 2002.88 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 113 Drumright, William Wade. "A River for War, A Watershed to Change: The Tennessee Valley Authority during World War II." The University ofTennessee. 2005. 230 pp. Edele, Mark. "A 'Generation of Victors?' Soviet Second World War Veterans from Demobilization to Organization, 1941-1956." The University of Chicago. 2004. 634 pp. Ehlers, Robert S., Jr. "BDA: Anglo-American Air Intelligence, Bomb Damage Assessment, and the Bombing Campaigns against Germany, 1914-1945." The Ohio State University. 2005. 704 pp. Ehrman, James M. "Ways of War and the American Experience in the China-Burma India Theater, 1942-1945." Kansas State University. 2006.446 pp. Eldridge, Christopher Alan. "Electronic Eyes for the Allies: Anglo-American Cooperation on Radar Development during World War II." Lehigh University. 2001. 292 pp. Epstein, Jonathan Andrew. "Between France and Germany: The Formation of Belgian Defense Policy, 1932-1940." City University ofNew York. 2006. 386 pp. Escobedo, Elizabeth Rachel. "Mexican American Home Front: The Politics of Gender, Culture, and Community in World War II Los Angeles." University of Washington. 2004. 262 pp. Etheridge, Brian Craig. "Window and Wall: Berlin, the Third Reich, and the German Question in the United States, 1933-1999." The Ohio State University. 2002. 326 pp. Fels, Bradley Eugene. "That Poland Might Be Free: Polish-American and Polish Efforts to Gain American Support for Poland during the Second World War." University of Kansas. 2001. 390 pp. FitzGerald, Carolyn Michelle. "Routes through Exile and Memory: The War of Resistance (1937-45) and Displacement in Chinese art and Literature." University ofMichigan. 2007. 413 pp. Foray, Jennifer L. "The Kingdom Shall Rise Again: Dutch Resistance, Collaboration, and Imperial Planning in the German-occupied Netherlands." Columbia University. 2007.550 pp. Fortune, Gabrielle Ann. '''Mr. Jones' Wives': World War II War Brides of New Zealand Servicemen." The University ofAuckland (New Zealand). 2005. 365 pp. 114 Spring & Fall 2007 Francis, Timothy Lang. "Poseidon's Tribute: Maritime Vulnerability, Industrial Mobilization and the Allied Defeat ofthe U-boats, 1939-1945." University of Maryland, College Park. 2001. 263 pp. Freiwald, Eric William. "The Building and Training ofthe 4th Armored Division: 1941 1944." Temple University. 2001. 291 pp. Fullerton, Dan C. "Bright Prospects, Bleak: Realities: The United States Army's Interwar Modernization Program for the Coming ofthe Second World War." University of Kansas. 2007. 220 pp. Garbarini, Alexandra. "To 'Bear Witness Where Witness Needs to Be Borne': Diary Writing and the Holocaust, 1939-1945." University of California, Los Angeles. 2003. 336 pp. Gertjejanssen, Wendy Jo. "Victims, Heroes, Survivors: Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front during World War II." University ofMinnesota. 2004. 401 pp. Gialanella, Michael Dennis. "Exploring the Mind of War: The Testimony of Selected World War II Participants as Measured against Historical Scholarship." Drew University. 2004. 612 pp. Gueli, Cynthia. '''Girls on the Loose'? Women's Wartime Adventures in the Nation's Capital, 1941-1945." The American University. 2006. 239 pp. Guenther, Irene Viola. ''Nazi 'chic'? Fashioning Women in the Third Reich." The University ofTexas at Austin. 2001. 589 pp. Hale, Korcaighe Patricia "Irish Neutrality: The Myth and the Memory." Ohio University. 2002. 372 pp. Halladay, Laurel. "Doing Their Bit: Canada's Second World War Military Entertainers." University ofCalgary (Canada). 2007.337 pp. Hamilton, Thomas James. "'Padres under Fire': A Study of the Canadian Chaplain Services (Protestant and Roman Catholic) in the Second World War." University of Toronto (Canada). 2003. 474 pp. Hamner, Christopher. "Enduring Danger, Surviving Fear: Combat Experience and American Infantyrmen in the War for Independence, the Civil War, and the Second World War." The University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill. 2004. 252 pp. Hanle, Donald J. ''Near Miss: The Story ofthe Army Air Forces' Guided Bomb Program in World War II." The George Washington University. 2004.399 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 115 Hassan, Amina. "Rosie Re-riveted in Public Memory: A Rhetorical Study of WWII Shipyard Childcare in Richmond, California and the 1946-1957 Campaign to Preserve Public Supported Childcare." Ohio University. 2005. 254 pp. Hastak, Astrid. '''I Was Never One ofThose Frauleins': The Impact of Cultural Image on German War Brides in America." Purdue University. 2005.504 pp. Heberer, Patricia L. "'Exitus Heute in Hadamar': The Hadamar Facility and 'Euthanasia' in Nazi Germany." University of Maryland, College Park. 2001. 576 pp. Hecker, Judith Coddington. "From the Compliance to Resistance: The Turn ofthe Germany Military against Hitler and the Third Reich. A Course for Prospective Teachers ofGerman." State University ofNew York at Stony Brook. 2002. 303 pp. Hill, Richard Francis. "Pearl Harbor Month: Why the United States Went to War with Germany." Georgetown University. 2001. 426 pp. Hill, Roger H. "Memorializing Community Grief: Bedford, Virginia, and the National D Day Memorial." George Mason University. 2006. 357 pp. Hilton, Wesley Vincent. "The Blackest Canvas: United States Army Courts and the Trials of War Criminals in Post-World War II Europe." Texas Tech University. 2003. 500 pp. Hindley, Meredith. "Blockade before Bread: Allied Relief for Nazi Europe, 1939-1945." The American University. 2007. 479 pp. Hobbs, Tameka Bradley. "'Hitler Is Here': Lynching in Florida during the Era of World War II." The Florida State University. 2004. 263 pp. Hollander, Ethan J. "Implementing and Subverting the Final Solution in Nazi-occupied Europe." University of California, San Diego. 2006. 511 pp. Holwitt, Joel Ira. "'Execute against Japan': Freedom-of-the-Seas, the United States Navy, Fleet Submarines, and the U.S. Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Warfare, 1919 1941." The Ohio State University. 2005. 363 pp. Horiuchi, Carol Lynne. "Dislocations and Relocations: The Built Environments of Japanese American Internment." University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara. 2005. 30 Hoyt, . Elizabeth. "You Have a Date with a (Blonde) Bond: Women in 'orId War II Poster Art." The Johns Hopkins University. 2003. 238 pp. 116 Spring & Fall 2007 Huck, Brian Glen. "Confessions of the Church: The Political Lessons of the Third Reich for the Bruderrat ofthe Protestant Church in Gennany, 1945-1948." University of Pennsylvania. 2002. 232 pp. Huffman, Christopher William. "The Waffen-SS Soldier in World War II: Fanaticism, Everyday Life, and the New Military History." Georgia State University. 2005. 430 pp. Inagawa, Machiko. "Japanese American Experiences in Internment Camps during World War II as Represented by Children's and Adolescent Literature." The University of Arizona. 2007. 329 pp. Jack, Jordynn Marguerite. "Rhetorics ofTime: Women's Role in Wartime Science, 1939 1945." The Pennsylvania State University. 2005. 264 pp. James, Pamela Fielding. "Wartime on the Homefront: Women in New Mexico, 1939 1945." The University ofNew Mexico. 2001. 440 pp. Jaros, Bonita Nahoum. "Sounds of Survival and Regeneration: A Microstoria of the Holocaust, 1940-1945." The Claremont Graduate University. 2005. 351 pp. Johnson, Karl Ellis. "Black Philadelphia in Transition: The African-American Struggle on the Homefront during World War II and the Cold War Period, 1941-1963. Temple University. 2001. 362 pp. Jones, Halbert McNair, III. "'The War Has Brought Peace to Mexico': The Political Impact of Mexican Participation in World War II." Harvard University. 2006. 337 pp. Karlsgodt, Elizabeth Campbell. ''National Treasures: Cultural Heritage and the French State during the Second World War." New York University. 2002. 476 pp. Kim, Lili Meeyoung. "The Pursuit of Imperfect Justice: The Predicament ofKoreans and Korean Americans on the Homefront during World War II." The University of Rochester. 2001. 309 pp. Kimble, James Jerry. "Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds, Morale, and the United States Treasury's Domestic Propaganda Campaign, 1942-1945." University of Maryland, College Park. 2001. 337 pp. Kishimoto, Kyoko. "Race and History Wars in the 50th Anniversary ofthe End of World War II: A Comparative Analysis ofthe United States and Japanese Media." Bowling Green State University. 2001. 206 pp. Knaff, Donna B. "'This Girl in Slacks': Female Masculinity in the Popular Graphic Art of World War II." The University ofNew Mexico. 2006. 219 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 117 Kofler, Werner. "Rommel Reconsidered." Drew University. 2005. 259 pp. Kranjc, Gregor Joseph. "Between the Star and the Swastika: Slovene Collaboration and National Identity, 1941-1945." University of Toronto (Canada.) 2006. 423 pp. Kushner, Barak. "A Most Successful 'Failure': World War Two Japanese Propaganda." Princeton University. 2002. 400 pp. Kuykendall, John Edward. "'The Unknown War': Popular War Fiction for Juveniles and the Anglo-Gennan Conflict, 1939-1945." University of South Carolina. 2002. 298 pp. Laub, Thomas Johnston. "The Politics of Occupation: The Gennan Military Administration in France, 1940-1944." University of Virginia. 2003. 466 pp. Lazda, Mara Irene. "Gender and Totalitarianism: Soviet and Nazi Occupations of Latvia, 1940-1945." Indiana University. 2005. 316 pp. Lerseth, Roger G. "Unconditional Surrender: The Origins and Consequences of a Wartime Policy." Boston University. 2001. 710 pp. Ling, Katherine Anne. "'A Share of the Sacrifice': Newfoundland Servicewives in the Second World War." Memorial University ofNewfoundland (Canada). 2001. 331 pp. Luecke, Karen Hofer. '''What Shall Be Done When Victory Is Won?' The Cultural Foundations and Implications of the 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights." George Mason University. 2006. 295 pp. Lyon, Cherstin M. "Prisoners and Patriots: The 'Tusconian' Draft Resisters and Citizenship during World War II." The University of Arizona. 2006. 224 pp. Mann, Anastasia. "All for One, But Most for Some: Veteran Politics and the Shaping of the Welfare State during the World War II Era." Northwestern University. 2003. 441 pp. Manuel-Scott, Wendi N. "Soldiers of the Field: Jamaican Farm Workers in the United States during World War II." Howard University. 2003. 318 pp. Martin, Benjamin George. "A New Order for European Culture: The Gennan-Italian Axis and the Reordering of International Cultural Exchange, 1936-1943." Columbia University. 2006. 388 pp. 118 Spring & Fall 2007 Mason, Joseph Lawrence. "War and Peace, Environment and Society: Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, and the Second World War, 1940-1955." The University of Iowa. 2004. 243 pp. McMurray, Matthew Clay. "The British Union of Fascists, 1932-1940." City University ofNew York. 2001. 513 pp. Meadows, Richard Leon, Jr. "From Foreign Wars to Civil Wars to Gender Wars: The Franco-Prussian War, World War II, the Algerian War, and the Factual and Fictional Scapegoating of Women." Yale University. 2001. 514 pp. Mimura, Janis Anne. "Technocratic Visions ofEmpire: The Reform Bureaucrats in Wartime Japan." University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. 2002. 383 pp. Mitchener, Donald Keith. "The American Doctrine for the Use ofNaval Gunfire in Support ofAmphibious Landings: Myth vs. Reality in the Central Pacific of World War II." University ofNorth Texas. 2006. 387 pp. Molnar, Virag Eszter. "Modernity and Memory: The Politics ofArchitecture in Hungary and East Germany after the Second World War." Princeton University. 2005. 331 pp. Moore, Aaron Stephen. "The Technological Imaginary of Imperial Japan, 1931-1945." Cornell University. 2006. 371 pp. Moore, Aaron William. "The Peril ofSelf-discipline: Chinese Nationalist, Japanese, and American Servicemen Record the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1937 1945." Princeton University. 2006.350 pp. Morehouse, Maggi M. "Black Citizen Soldiers." University of California, Berkeley. 2001. 439 pp. Morrissey, ChristofNikolaus. "National Socialism and Dissent among the Ethnic Germans of Slovakia and Croatia, 1938-1945." University ofVirginia. 2006. 400 pp. Mott, Lucien. "Strategic Bombing Campaign during World War Two: Pinpoint vs. Area Bombing." St. John's University (New York). 2001. 122 pp. Murphy, Nuning Tassanee. "The Experiences of Surviving World War II: Memories, Attitudes, and Motivation in Engaging a World War." Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology. 2007. 69 pp. Murray, Stephen C. "War and Remembrance on Peleliu: Islander, Japanese, and American Memories ofa Battle in the Pacific War." University of California, Santa Barbara. 2006. 537 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 119 Naono, Akiko. "Embracing the Dead in the Bomb's Shadow: Journey through the Hiroshima Memoryscape." University of California, Santa Cruz. 2002.380 pp. Nichols, Michael Ray, Jr. "The Fortress and the Formidable Vessel: The Struggle for Dakar and the Richelieu in World War II." Texas Christian University. 2002. 259 pp. Nishiyama, Takashi. "Swords into Plowshares: Civilian Application of Wartime Military Technology in Modem Japan, 1945-1964." The Ohio State University. 2005. 260 pp. O'Donnell, Mary Ann. "The G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944 and the Creation ofAmerica's Modem Middle Class Society." St. John's University (New York). 2002. 111 pp. Okuda, Hiroko. "Memorializing World War II: Rhetoric of Japan's Public Memory, 1945-1995." Northwestern University. 2001. 259 pp. O'Neill, Teresa M. '''I Wanted to Do Something for the Country': Experiences of Military Nurses in World War II." University of Miami. 2003. 197 pp. Opalinski, Alexander John. "Diplomatic Compromise: General Wladyslaw Sikorski's Soviet Policy and the Alliance ofJuly 30, 1941 as a 'Third-Way' Alternative for Polish-Soviet Relations during the Second World War." University ofToronto (Canada). 2006. 270 pp. Ottman, Tod M. '''Government that Has both a Heart and a Head': The Growth ofNew York State Government during the World War II Era, 1930-1950." State University ofNew York at Albany. 2001. 276 pp. Owino, Meshack. '''For Your Tomorrow, We Gave Our Today': A History ofKenya African Soldiers in the Second World War." Rice University. 2004. 671 pp. Pacor, Andrea. "Natural Life, Manufactured Feelings: National Identity, Bio-Political Power and the Japanese American Internment." University ofKansas. 2007. 421 pp. Paehler, Katrin. "Espionage, Ideology, and Personal Politics: The Making and Unmaking ofa Nazi Foreign Intelligence Service." The American University. 2004. 523 pp. Palmer, Brandon. "Japan's Mobilization ofKoreans for War." University ofHawai'i. 2005. 301 pp. Penney, Matthew Tyler. '''Instruments ofNational Purpose': World War II and Southern Higher Education: Four Texas Universities as a Case Study." Rice University. 2007. 254 pp. 120 Spring & Fall 200: Petersen, Michael Brian. "Engineering Consent: Peenemfulde, National Socialism, and the V-2 Missile, 1924-1945." University ofMaryland, College Park. 2005. 451 pp. Peterson, Sarah Jo. "The Politics ofLand Use and Housing in World War II Michigan: Building Bombers and Communities." Yale University. 2002. 362 pp. Pfall, Ann Elizabeth. "Miss Yourlovin: Women in the Culture ofAmerican World War II Soldiers." Rutgers The State University ofNew Jersey, New Brunswick. 2001. 236 pp. Plating, John D. "Keeping China in the War: The Trans-Himalayan 'Hump' Airlift and Sino-United States Strategy in World War II." The Ohio State University. 2007. 397 pp. Powell, James Scott. "Learning Under Fire: A Combat Unit in the Southwest Pacific." Texas A&M University. 2006. 344 pp. Preuss, Gene B. "The Modernization ofTexas Public Schools: World War II and the Gilmer-Aiken Laws." Texas Tech University. 2004. 246 pp. Puckett, Dan J. "Hitler, Race, and Democracy in the Heart ofDixie: Alabamian Attitudes and Responses to the Issues ofNazi and Southern Racism, 1933-1946." Mississippi State University. 2005. 339 pp. Pursley, Sasha D. "The Motherland Calls: The 46th Taman' Guards Women's Aviation Unit in the Great Patriotic War." University of California, Santa Cruz. 2003. 140 pp. Rankin, Monica Ann. "iMexico, La Patria! Modernity, National Unity, and Propaganda during World War II." The University ofArizona 2004. 395 pp. Redfern, Erin Elisabeth. "The Neurosis ofNarrative: American Literature and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry during World War II." Northwestern University. 2003. 219 pp. Richardson, Stanley R. "American Radio Drama, 1941-1945: War, Propaganda, and Dramatic Method." Tufts University. 2003.251 pp. Roberts, Van Thomas. "Censorship and Propaganda in the Warner Brothers War Films of World War II, 1942-1945." Mississippi State University. 2006.356 pp. Rohlfs, Chris. "Essays Measuring Dollar-Fatality Tradeoffs and Other Human Costs of War in World War II and Vietnam." The University ofChicago. 2006. 171 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 121 Rybicki, Frank. "The Rhetorical Dimensions ofRadio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945." Duquesne University. 2004. 284 pp. Schmitz, John Eric. "Enemies among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation ofGerman, Italian, and Japanese Americans during the Second World War." The American University. 2007. 667 pp. Sheramy, Rona. "Defining Lessons: The Holocaust in American Jewish Education." Brandeis University. 2001. 177 pp. Shilcutt, Tracy McGlothlin. "First Link in the Life-chain: Infantry Combat Medics in Europe, 1944-1945." Texas Christian University. 2003. 298 pp. Smith, Irving, III. "The World War IT Veteran Advantage? A Lifetime Cross-sectional Study of Social Status Attainment." University ofMaryland, College Park. 2007. 332 pp. Snyder, David Raub. "The Prosecution and Punishment of Sex Offenders in the Wehrmacht, 1939-1945." The University ofNebraska, Lincoln. 2002.393 pp. Sparrow, James Terence. "Fighting over the American Soldier: Moral Economy and National Citizenship in World War II." Brown University. 2002. 413 pp. Spink, Christina D. "An Oral History Case Study on the Co-Construction ofSchooling at the Chefoo School and in Weihsien Internment Camp." Widener University. 2001. 187 pp. Steams, Thomas. "Camels in the Ukraine and Other Stories ofHollywood's Pro-Soviet Interlude, 1943-1945." University ofArkansas. 2005. 213 pp. Swann, Leslie M. "African American Women in the World War II Defense Industry." Temple University. 2004. 407 pp. Taitano, Melissa Marie Guerrero. "Archives and Collective Memory: A Case Study of Guam and the Internment ofChamorros in Manenggon during World War II." University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. 2007. 218 pp. Tassava, Christopher James. "Launching a Thousand Ships: Entrepreneurs, War Workers, and the State in American Shipbuilding, 1940-1945." Northwestern University. 2003. 552 pp. Tehan, William J., III. "Douglas MacArthur: An Administrative Biography." Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2002. 430 pp. 122 Spring & Fall 2007 Thompson, Antonio Scott. "Men in Gennan Uniform: Gennan Prisoners of War Held in the United States during World War II." University of Kentucky. 2006. 274 pp. Thompson, Jeanne Marie. "Creating a Dutch National Opera: Opera in the Netherlands during the German Occupation, 1940-1945." The University oflowa. 2005. 343 pp. Toman, Cynthia. '''Officers and Ladies': Canadian Nursing Sisters, Women's Work, and the Second World War." University of Ottawa (Canada). 2003. 450 pp. Torrie, Julia Suzanne. "For Their Own Good: Civilian Evacuations in Gennany and France, 1939-1945." Harvard University. 2002. 462 pp. Totani, Yuma. "The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: Historiography, Misunderstandings, and Revisions." University of California, Berkeley. 2005. 468 pp. Tucker, Erica L. "Conspiring with Memory: Remembering World War II in Post Communist Poland." The University of Wisconsin, Madison. 2005.360 pp. Ulbrich, David J. "Managing Marine Mobilization: Thomas Holcomb and the United States Marine Corps, 1936-1943." Temple University. 2007. 471 pp. Van Hook, Laurie West. "The Allies, the Axis, and the Serb-Croat Muddle, 1939-1945." University of Virginia. 2001. 339 pp. Wakelam, Randall Thomas. "Operational Research in RAF Bomber Command, 1941 1945." Wilfrid Laurier University (Canada). 2006. 389 pp. Watterson, Rodney Keith. "32 in '44: A Management and Environmental Study of Submarine Construction at Portsmouth Navy Yard during World War II." University ofNew Hampshire. 2007. 441 pp. Wertheimer, Andrew B. "Japanese American Community Libraries in America's Concentration Camps, 1942-1946." The University of Wisconsin, Madison. 2004. 264 pp. Wichhart, Stefanie Katharine. "Intervention: Britain, Egypt, and Iraq during World War II." The University of Texas at Austin. 2007. 440 pp. Wilford, Timothy. "Canada and the Far East Crisis in 1941: Intelligence, Strategy and the Coming of the Pacific War." University of Ottawa (Canada). 2005.399 pp. Winchell, Meghan Kate. "Good Food, Good Fun, and Good Girls: USO Hostesses and World War Two." The University of Arizona. 2003. 295 pp. Spring & Fall 2007 123 Woodfork, Jacqueline Cassandra. "Senegalese Soldiers in the Second World War: Loyalty and Identity Politics in the French Colonial Anny." The University of Texas at Austin. 2001. 369 pp. Woods, Louis Lee, II. "Messmen No More: African-American Sailors on the USS fason in World War II." Howard University. 2006. 237 pp. Wraight, Jamie L. '''Die Schlechte Seite': Holocaust Survivors' Perceptions ofRegioIl, Landscape, Space and Place in Auschwitz." The University of Toledo. 2004. 194 pp. Yamagishi, Takakazu. "World War II and the Health ofthe State: The Development of Health Insurance in Japan and the United States, 1931-1952." The Johns Hopkins University. 2007. 281 pp. Yamazaki, Jane Welton. "A Nation Apologizes: Japanese Apologies for World War II." Wayne State University. 2002. 331 pp.