Invoking Authority in the Chickasaw Nation, 1783–1795

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Invoking Authority in the Chickasaw Nation, 1783–1795 "To Treat with All Nations": Invoking Authority in the Chickasaw Nation, 1783–1795 Jason Herbert Ohio Valley History, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2018, pp. 27-44 (Article) Published by The Filson Historical Society and Cincinnati Museum Center For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689417 [ Access provided at 26 Sep 2021 02:59 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] “To Treat with All Nations” Invoking Authority in the Chickasaw Nation, 1783–1795 Jason Herbert gulayacabé was furious in the fall of 1796. Like many Chickasaws, he was stunned to learn of the recent treaty between the United States and Spain, which now jeopardized his nation’s sovereignty. The deal, Uwhich gave the Americans navigation rights to the Mississippi River and drew a new border along the 31st parallel, was the culmination of constant jockey- ing between the empires over land and trade routes in the Southeast since the American Revolution. However, the Treaty of San Lorenzo (also called Pinckney’s Treaty) was little different from other imperial pacts in that American Indians were not invited to the table. Nevertheless, the pact meant relations in Indian country were to be amended. At a meeting at San Fernando de las Barrancas (present-day Memphis), Ugulayacabé railed against his Spanish friends. “We see that our Father not only abandons us like small animals to the claws of tigers and the jaws of wolves.” The United States’ proclamations of friendship, he contin- ued, were like “the rattlesnake that caresses the squirrel in order to devour it.”1 Of course, not everyone shared Ugulayacabé’s frustrations. Piomingo, his main rival and the Americans’ staunchest ally, was thrilled. The Spanish decision to vacate Chickasaw territory also meant that Ugulayacabé’s support would dimin- ish, leaving Piomingo alone to determine Chickasaw foreign policy. It was a time of mixed feelings in the Chickasaw Nation, though its foreign policy was now in a fixed position to treat with a singular Euro-American power—the United States.2 The Chickasaws, like many other indigenous nations over the course of the eighteenth century, were much divided over which alliances were needed to ensure their continued survival. As a result, the leaders of the two factions, Piomingo and Ugulayacabé, often presented themselves as the heads of the nation while negotiating with their favored allies. Diplomats from both the United States and Spain understood that these were fictive representations but continued to treat with the Chickasaws as though the assertions were true—in hopes of strengthening their supporting factions, legitimizing their Native alliances, and obtaining favorable deals for land and market goods. To demonstrate the differing positions of Chickasaw leaders and how they made claims to political authority in the 1780s and 1790s, this article charts the evolution of those alliances via analyses of several key events in Chickasaw country: the Virginia-Chickasaw Treaty of 1783, the Mobile Treaty of 1784, the Hopewell SPRING 2018 27 “TO TREAT WITH ALL NATIONS” Treaty of 1786, Chickasaw wars against the Creeks and northern Indians, and finally, the 1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo. Analysis of these events dem- onstrates that Chickasaw claims to power throughout the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys were often linked to their long- distance connections to American and Spanish leadership. Further, I argue that in making legitimate, yet often oppos- ing assertions of political authority, men like Piomingo and Ugulayacabé actually worked to guarantee national sovereignty and thereby serve as an example of how Native peoples resisted rival nations—Euro- American and indigenous alike—in the late eighteenth century. The American Revolution (which was “Characteristick Chicasan head”, illustration from Bernard Romans’s A Concise Natural history of to Chickasaws a civil war between British East and West Florida (1775). colonies and their sovereign) brought new LIBRARY OF CONGRESS challenges to Chickasaws, and their lead- ers wrestled with how to combat them. By that time, three men had emerged as speakers for the Nation: Mingo Houma, the “king” of the Chickasaws, often spoke as the head of the tribe. Paya Mataha was head war chief, a man whose oratorical abilities superseded that of Mingo Houma and who, due to his status, largely dictated wartime diplomacy. A third man, James Colbert, was Scottish by birth but raised among the Chickasaws from childhood. He spoke their language fluently and produced over a half-dozen offspring with his three Chickasaw wives. Because he was a trader, his ability to redistribute gifts within the nation meant that while he lacked official rank, his voice carried much influence. The British had assumed the Chickasaws, who had long remained the steadiest of British allies, would naturally come to their aid, along with the Cherokees, to check American and Spanish might in the region. But Cherokees attacked frontier settle- ments early in the war and in return suffered brutal counterattacks by rebel partisans. The Chickasaws were far more ambivalent about assisting their old allies. Paya Mataha’s pledge at Mobile in 1777 to continue their allegiance reassured the British; that only forty warriors accompanied him did not. Kathleen DuVal notes that his strategy to ensure Chickasaw independence was to assure the British of their support and then promptly do nothing at all. In spring of 1778, these plans were finally exposed, when Chickasaw warriors attempted a half-hearted blockade of the Mississippi River, which the Americans easily ran through. But in staying out of the fighting, Chickasaws also denied the plans of the Northern Indian Confederacy, which by then was the primary 28 OHIO VALLEY HISTORY JASON HERBERT advocate of a pan-Indian alliance against the Americans. This did not mean the con- federacy would acquiesce to the Americans, either. In 1779, Mingo Houma, Paya Mataha, and Mataha’s brother Tuskau Pautaupau responded to Virginian demands for alliance or destruction by telling them, “Take care that we don’t serve you as we have served the French before with all their Indians, send you back without your heads.” Despite a short-lived defense of Pensacola against the Spanish in 1781, the Chickasaws never played a large military role in the war, thanks in large part to the maneuvering of Paya Mataha.3 The close of the American Revolution meant the Chickasaw Nation again needed to address the changes in Euro-American power in North America. In July 1783, Chickasaw leadership gathered to meet at Tcukillissa. The men— Mingo Houma, Paya Mataha, Tuskau Pautaupau, Piomingo of Tchoukafala, and Piomingo of Christhautra—emerged from the meeting with a message to the newly formed United States of America. The letter followed traditional norms of Chickasaw diplomacy. The Chickasaw mingos opened by addressing the presi- dent of Congress as “Friend & Brother” and claiming this was the first time the Chickasaws had spoken with the new nation. This was patently untrue—the Americans had sent messages to them throughout the Revolutionary War—but by asserting this, the men provided an opening for new relations between the nations. The Chickasaws were clearly sad to note that their “great father the King of England” had called home his troops, diplomats, and merchants. In their place remained “our Brothers the Americans,” whom they wished would “take us by the hand, and Smoke with us at the great Fire, which we hope will never be extin- guished.” Notice here how the Chickasaws deliberately delineated the difference in kinship, which points to how they envisioned their new relationship. Whereas King George III had been a “great father,” that is, one who showers his children with affection via gifts and goods, the young republic was instead “our Brothers,” a status denoting equality between the peoples. The positions of signatures on the letter is important. Mingo Houma had called the meeting and was the first on the document. Paya Mataha, his people’s head war chief, followed next, before the other three men’s endorsement. This was a sign to the Americans of a united Chickasaw nation, led by Mingo Houma, with the support of Paya Mataha, Tuskau Pautaupau, and the two men titled Piomingo.4 The Chickasaws claimed to receive talks from many places—the new states of Georgia and Virginia, the Spanish Empire, and the Illinois Confederacy had all made overtures for trade—and asked for an American clarification on its posi- tion. Chief among their concerns were white settlers along the Cumberland River who had been surveying their lands and hunting grounds and might “forcibly take part of it from us.” They asked the head chief of the Grand Council to stop the encroachment so that peace might reign between them and reiterated their kinship ties as brothers with the Americans, “from whare and whome we are to be SPRING 2018 29 “TO TREAT WITH ALL NATIONS” supplyed with necessaries in the manner our great father supplied us.” They also repeated their desire to know with whom they should communicate, so that such a person might “rescue us from the darkness and confusion we are in.” They then turned to the elephant in the room—Spain. The men claimed they maintained a relationship with the Spanish only as an auxiliary trade source but preferred their American brothers’ support. Their young men had been advised to wait for their goods, they added, so that no blood, of white or red men, might be spilled.5 It is particularly important to see that in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolution, Chickasaw leadership—and the people it represented— was united in favor of a general peace in Indian country. Its endorsement of luminaries like Mingo Houma, Paya Mataha, Tuskau Pautaupau, and a rising war chief named Piomingo illustrates this point.
Recommended publications
  • Intimacy and Violence in New France: French and Indigenous Relations In
    Claiborne A. Skinner. The Upper Country: French Enterprise in the Colonial Great Lakes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. xiv + 202 pp. $25.00, paper, ISBN 978-0-8018-8838-0. Reviewed by Bryan Rindfleisch Published on H-Canada (November, 2011) Commissioned by Stephanie Bangarth (King's University College, UWO) Claiborne A. Skinner offers a concise synthe‐ and downturns that rendered any imperial plan‐ sis for the history of the “French Middle West,” or ning utterly useless and forced the French in New France, during the seventeenth and eigh‐ North America to rely on the everyday interac‐ teenth centuries. Largely aimed at diffusing the tions and relations forged with their Native Amer‐ “popular myths” surrounding French colonization ican neighbors as a means for stability in the ab‐ in the Great Lakes region that revolves around sence of support from the imperial metropolis.[1] the benevolent Jesuit missionary and heroic fur In fact, Skinner suggests that this intimacy be‐ trade trapper carving out a French empire in tween the French and Great Lakes Indians (the North America while enjoying harmonious rela‐ Huron, Ojibwe, Illiniwek, Ottawa, Potawatomi, tions with indigenous peoples, Skinner instead Fox, Saux, Menominee, etc.) proved to be the only posits the imperial designs of the French in Cana‐ sustainable feature of the French North American da and the Illinois country as violent and factious, empire, and that when this coalition disintegrated and a site of constant negotiation and conflict during the eighteenth century, so too did New with other Europeans, native populaces, and even France, largely as a product of intertribal Indian the varying factions of the French themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • 2) Economy, Business
    2) Economy, Business : The majority of tribes' economies rely on Casinos. There are a huge amount of Casinos in Oklahoma, more than in any other state in the USA. But they also rely on the soil resources, there are tribes who are very rich thanks to their oil resources. Natural resources After 1905 deposits of lead and zinc in the Tri-State Mining District made the Quapaws of Ottawa County some of the richest Indians of the USA. Zinc mines also left hazardous waste that still poisons parts of their lands. The Osages became known as the world's richest Indians because their “head right” system distributed the royalties from their “underground reservation” equally to the original allottees. The Osage's territory was full of oil. Gaming revenues The Chickasaw are today the richest tribe in Oklahoma thanks to their Casinos they make a lot of profit. On their website you can read : “From Bank2, Bedre Chocolates, KADA and KYKC radio stations and the McSwain Theatre to the 13 gaming centers, travel plazas and tobacco stores, the variety and prosperity of the Chickasaw Nation's businesses exemplifies the epitome of economic success!”. The Comanche Tribe derives revenue from four casinos. The Comanche Nation Casino in Lawton features a convention center and hotel and has a surface of 45,000 square feet. The others are the Red River Casino at Devol north of the Red River, and two small casinos : Comanche star casino east of Walters and Comanche Spur Casino near Elgin. Enlargements of the casinos are planned . There are smoke shops and convenience stores in the casinos.
    [Show full text]
  • King of Battle
    tI'1{1l1JOC 'Branch !J{istory Series KING OF BATTLE A BRANCH HISTORY OF THE U.S. ARMY'S FIELD ARTILLERY By Boyd L. Dastrup Office of the Command 9iistorian runited States !Jl.rmy rrraining and tIJoctrine Command ASS!STANT COMMANDANT US/\F/\S 11 MAR. 1992 ATTIN' II,., ..." (' '. 1\iIO.tIS ,")\,'/2tt Tech!lical librar fort SII), OK ~3503'031~ ..~ TRADOC Branch History Series KING OF BATTLE A BRANCH HISTORY OF THE U.S. ARMY'S FIELD ARTILLERY I t+ j f I by f f Boyd L. Dastrup Morris Swett T. n1 Property of' '1 seCh cal Library, USAFAS U.l• .1:ruy Office of the Command Historian United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia 1992 u.s. ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND General Frederick M. Franks, Jr.. Commander M~or General Donald M. Lionetti Chief of Staff Dr. Henry O. Malone, Jr. Chief Historian Mr. John L. Romjue Chief, Historical Studies and Publication TRADOC BRANCH HISTORY SERIES Henry O. Malone and John L. Romjue, General Editors TRADOC Branch Histories are historical studies that treat the Army branches for which TRADOC has Armywide proponent responsibility. They are intended to promote professional development of Army leaders and serve a wider audience as a reference source for information on the various branches. The series presents documented, con- cise narratives on the evolution of doctrine, organization, materiel, and training in the individual Army branches to support the Command's mission of preparing the army for war and charting its future. iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dastrup, Boyd L.
    [Show full text]
  • Tell Us About Your Name Anoatubby. There Must Be Some Meaning to That
    BILL AN O ATUBBY 2 JE: Tell us about your name Anoatubby. There must be some meaning to that. BA: Yes it is a warrior name within the Chickasaw Nation and it means “walk and kill.” JE: Do you know how far back it goes and where it originated? BA: Well, it’s difficult to say for sure but I do have an account where I had a relative that was with Davy Crockett, it was in his journal. They were working with Andrew Jackson and that we’re talking in the 1700s and early 1800s. JE: Tell us where you were born. BA: I was born in Dennison, Texas. Moved from Dennison, Texas, when I was just a baby, I guess you’d say, to Tishomingo, and that’s where I was raised. My dad, a full-blood Chickasaw, and the rest of the family moved to Dennison, obviously proud of my birth. He was there to work. He worked for Kraft Foods in Dennison, Texas. JE: About Tishomingo, that was the original capital for the Chickasaws? BA: That’s a historic capital. The Chickasaws moved into Indian Territory in the late 1830s. Tishomingo was the central part of the territory where the Chickasaws lived. JE: Tishomingo takes its name from? BA: It’s from a war chief, Chief Tishomingo. He was the last war chief of the Chickasaws. JE: Then let’s talk about your mother and where she was born and where she grew up. BA: My mother was Opal Mitchell Anoatubby. She was born in Greenville, Texas, and moved to Tishomingo when she was but a young girl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Madill Record
    Thursday, July 01 Friday, July 02 Saturday, July 03 Sunday, July 04 Monday, July 05 Tuesday, July 06 Wednesday, July 07 Early Deadline TThehe Madill Record will bbee cclosedlosed oonn JJulyuly 55,, 2021 in observobservanceance of IIndependencendependence DDay.ay. OOurur High Temp: 91 deadline will be FFriday,riday, High Temp: 85 High Temp: 87 High Temp: 87 High Temp: 87 High Temp: 87 High Temp: 87 Scattered AM AM Partly Cloudy Scattered Scattered Scattered JJulyuly 2, at 3:00 p.m. ThunderstormsTheThunderstorms MadillShowers RecordThunderstorms Thunderstorms Thunderstorms ‘In the Arms of Lake TTexoma’exoma’ Vol. 127 — Number 1 MMadill,adill, MMarshallarshall CCounty,ounty, OOKK 7734463446 — TThursday,hursday, JJuluulu 01,01, 22021021 1166 PagesPages iinn 2 SSectionsections — $$11 Citizen’s Primer on Oklahoma Criminal Procedure By Michael Haggerty This article will try to give a about a theft, neighbors stance, domestic abuse and probable cause (a reason- prosecutor will review it and rundown of Oklahoma crimi- report a domestic dispute, driving under the infl uence able belief that a person has decide what charges, if any, You’ve seen it on the news; nal procedure to help sort or police discover a crime are misdemeanors for the probably committed a crime) are to be fi led. The prosecutor a crime is reported, the police out these confusing issues. during a routine traffi c stop. fi rst offense, while they are to believe a felony has been can return the report back to have made an arrest and the It should be noted that this What happens next often felonies on the second and all committed, then he can arrest the police offi cer for further court system takes over.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 Lnstim D'hi,Stoire Du Temp
    WORLD "TAR 1~WO STlIDIES ASSOCIATION (formerly American Committee on the History ofthe Second World War) Mark P. l'arilIo. Chai""an Jona:han Berhow Dl:pat1menlofHi«ory E1izavcla Zbeganioa 208 Eisenhower Hall Associare Editors KaDsas State University Dct>artment ofHistory Manhattan, Knnsas 66506-1002 208' Eisenhower HnJl 785-532-0374 Kansas Stale Univemty rax 785-532-7004 Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1002 parlllo@,'<su.edu Archives: Permanent Directors InstitlJle for Military History and 20" Cent'lly Studies a,arie, F. Delzell 22 J Eisenhower F.all Vandcrbijt Fai"ersity NEWSLETTER Kansas State Uoiversit'j Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1002 Donald S. Detwiler ISSN 0885·-5668 Southern Ulinoi' Va,,,,,,,sity The WWT&« is a.fIi!iilI.etf witJr: at Ccrbomlale American Riston:a1 A."-'iociatioG 400 I" Street, SE. T.!rms expiring 100(, Washingtoo, D.C. 20003 http://www.theah2.or9 Call Boyd Old Dominio" Uaiversity Comite internationa: dlli.loire de la Deuxii:me G""",, Mondiale AI"".nde< CochrnIl Nos. 77 & 78 Spring & Fall 2007 lnstiM d'Hi,stoire du Temp. PreSeDt. Carli5te D2I"n!-:'ks, Pa (Centre nat.onal de I. recberche ,sci,,,,tifiqu', [CNRSJ) Roj' K. I'M' Ecole Normale S<rpeneure de Cach411 v"U. Crucis, N.C. 61, avenue du Pr.~j~'>Ut WiJso~ 94235 Cacllan Cedex, ::'C3nce Jolm Lewis Gaddis Yale Universit}' h<mtlJletor MUitary HL'mry and 10'" CenJury Sllldie" lIt Robin HiRbam Contents KaIUa.r Stare Universjly which su!'prt. Kansas Sl.ll1e Uni ....ersity the WWTSA's w-'bs;te ":1 the !nero.. at the following ~ljjrlrcs:;: (URL;: Richa.il E. Kaun www.k··stare.eDu/his.tD.-y/instltu..:..; (luive,.,,)' of North Carolw.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom and Unfreedom in the “Garden of America:”
    FREEDOM AND UNFREEDOM IN THE “GARDEN OF AMERICA:” SLAVERY AND ABOLITION IN NEW JERSEY, 1770-1857 by James J. Gigantino II (Under the Direction of Allan Kulikoff) ABSTRACT This dissertation examines abolition in New Jersey between 1770 and 1857. It argues that the American Revolution did not lead white New Jerseyans to abolish slavery. Instead, the Revolutionary War and the years following it reinforced the institution of slavery in the Garden State. This dissertation first focuses on the factors that led New Jersey to pass the Gradual Abolition Act of 1804, specifically the rise of Jeffersonian Republicanism and the influence of Quaker abolition activists and then examines the elongated abolition period which followed the enactment of gradual abolition, beginning with the role of the children born under the law, those who I call slaves for a term. The role these children played in early national America challenges our understandings of slavery and freedom. Instead of a quick abolition process, slaves and slaves for a term in New Jersey continued to serve their masters in significant numbers until the 1840s and then in smaller proportions until the eve of the Civil War. The existence of slavery in a free state challenges our understanding of the rise of capitalism in the early republic as well as the role the North played in debates over nationwide slavery issues beginning in the 1820s. This long-standing relationship to slavery helped prevent the formation of a strong abolitionist base in the 1830s and influenced Northern images of African Americans until the Civil War. Abolition in the North became very much a process, one of fits and starts which stretched from the Revolution to the Civil War and defined how Americans, white and black, understood their place in the new republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Agencies, Boards, & Commissions
    Agencies, Boards, & Commissions 228 229 Profiles of Agencies, Boards, and Commissions For information about boards or board members, contact the administrator. In the case of subordinate entities, unless a separate address and phone number are given, contact the main agency for information. For governor’s task forces, for example, contact the governor’s office; for legislative committees, contact the Legislative Service Bureau (405/521–4144). If the entity is not listed, consult the index, as it may be listed alphabetically beneath a par- ent entity. Personnel figures are provided by the agency. Interagency Mail availability is indicated by (IA). 2–1–1 Oklahoma Coordinating Council (56 O.S. § 3021) Formerly named the 2–1–1 Advisory Collaborative, Oklahoma www.211oklahoma.org Abstractors Board, Oklahoma (1 O.S. § 22) Re-created until July 1, 2019 Agency Code 022 (IA) www.abstract.ok.gov 2401 NW 23 Street, Suite 60B, Oklahoma City 73107 405/522–5019, fax 405/522–5503 Mission Statement The Oklahoma Abstractors Board regulates the abstracting industry and issues abstractor licenses, certificates of authority, and permits to construct abstract plants. Administration Glynda Reppond, Executive Director Personnel 2 unclassified History and Function The board consists of nine members, six of whom are in the abstracting industry, one real estate representative, one banking representative, and one attorney. All members are appointed by the governor and serve staggered four year terms. The board is responsible for promulgating rules, setting forth guidelines for agency operations, and governing the professional practices of the licensees. The entity is self-supporting through fees. Accountancy Board, Oklahoma (59 O.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Payamataha (Chickasaw)
    14 The Place and Its People Payamataha 15 Payamataha the Warrior The man who came to be known as Payamataha, meaning war leader or war prophet, grew up in the fortified Chickasaw towns during this era of escalating warfare. Chickasaw boys had nicknames and would acquire adult names only once they· showed their character and achievements. As a child, the boy who would become Payamataha saw his mother and aunts keep a watchful eye for enemies riding across the pl�in ,as they farmed or collected drinking water from wells near their town. Like most Chickasaw children, he would have en­ joyed bear bacon, the annual crop of strawbe�ries, and another Chick­ asaw favorite, a milkshake of hickory nut milk and sweet potatoes. He learned to play stickball (a game similar to lacross,e) on his town's ballfield. As he grew older, he learned to htint. Like other boys, he made his own deer decoy by carefully carving out the 'interior of a George Catlin, Ball-play of the Choctaw, 1840s. (Smithsonian American Art Mu­ deer's head, stretching the dried skin back over the frontal bone, and seum) scooping out the interior cartilage of the horns so that the decoy ment, t hey attacked th t would be light enough to carry easily and to maneuver like a puppet e pos - with arrows. In the melee, grapeshot from a French on his left hand, in imitation of a live deer's motions. Once close gun wounded Payamataha. According to James Adair, an Irish trader living h enough to the unsuspecting deer, a hidden partner would aim and wit the Chickasaws who heard the s tory on 7 their return, Payamatah shoot.
    [Show full text]
  • [Pennsylvania County Histories]
    'ioK.Z. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from This project is made possible by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Education through the Office of Commonwealth Libraries https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniacoun02unse MARK TWAIN’S senai® mok. E A TENTS: UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN. FRANCE. Juse 24TH, 1873. May i6th, 1877. May i8th, 1877. TRADE MARKS: UNITED states. GREAT BRITAIN. \ Registered No. 5,896.- Registered No. 15,979. DIRECTION^. Use but little moisture, and only on the gummed lines. Press the scrap on without wetting it. *. * _ • DANIEL SLOPE & COMPANY, NEW YORK. % $ t IND EX, IK DBX. D • I . 1 F' INDEX. »■ enrolled. Out of this material our im- ! mediate and complete organization of the j Reserve Corps was effected, i One of the first orders issued by the Com- mauding General enjoined on examining surgeons the rejection of all recruits who i did not fully meet the physical requirements of the regular army. This, together with the fact/that the standard of moral courage ! and the spirit of intelligent patriotism were i on a par with the physical excellence of the !men, accounts for the efficiency of the division in the discharge of every soldierly I duty. ®3,OOO,OOO for Military Purposes. The organization was effected in compli¬ Gallant Sons of the Keystone ance with Governor Curtin’s recommenda¬ tion to the Legislature, convened in extra State Who Were the session April 30, 1861, to “recruit and equip 1.5 l egiments exclusive of those called iuto First to March the service of the United States.” ---- May 15 a bill was passed authorizing a loan of 83,000,000, and empowering the Gov¬ ernor to carry out his recommendation.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Regime in Wisconsin. 1 the French Regime in Wisconsin — III
    Library of Congress The French regime in Wisconsin. 1 The French Regime in Wisconsin — III 1743: SIOUX INSTIGATE REBELLION; NEWS FROM ILLINOIS [Letter from the French minister1 to Beauharnois, dated May 31, 1743. MS. in Archives Coloniales, Paris; pressmark, “Amérique, serie B, Canada, vol. 76, fol. 100.”] 1 From 1723–49, the minister of the marine (which included the bureau of the colonies), was Jean Freédeéric Phelypeaux, Comte de Maurepas.— Ed. Versailles , May 31, 1743. Monsieur —The report you made me in 1741 respecting what had passed between the Scioux and Renard Savages2 having led me to suspect that both would seek to join together, I wrote you in my despatch of April 20th of last year to neglect nothing to prevent so dangerous a union. Such suspicions are only too fully justified. In fact I see by a letter from Monsieur de Bienville,3 dated February 4th last, that the Sieur de Bertet, major commanding at Illinois4 has informed him that the voyageurs who had arrived from Canada the previous autumn had reported to him that the Scioux, not content with having broken the peace they themselves had gone to ask of you, had also induced the Renards to join them in a fresh attempt against the French, and that the Sakis not wishing to take part in this league had wholly separated themselves from the other tribes. 1 2 See Wis. Hist. Colls., xvii, pp. 360–363.— Ed. 3 For a brief sketch of Bienville, see Ibid., p. 150, note 1.— Ed. 4 For this officer see Ibid., p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chickasaw Nation, Muscogee Creek Nation, Sac & Fox Nation, and Choctaw Nation Present
    The Chickasaw Nation, Muscogee Creek Nation, Sac & Fox Nation, and Choctaw Nation present NATIVE AMERICAN Language & Culture Newspapers for this educational program provided by: Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 List of Tribes in Oklahoma ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 The Chickasaw Nation ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5-8 Sac & Fox Nation ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9-13 Choctaw Nation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14-18
    [Show full text]