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North America, 1607–1754

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North America, 1607–1754 APPENDICES: MaPPING AMERICaN WEStS aND GLOBaL WEStS APPENDIX A: THE WaR FOR NORtH AMERICa, 1607–1754 Wars for Empire King William’s War, 1689–1697 (New England and New York frontiers) Queen Anne’s War, 1702–1713 (New England and Carolina frontiers) War of Jenkin’s Ear, 1739–1743 (Georgia frontier) King George’s War, 1744–1748 (New England and New York frontiers) Wars of Pacification/Resistance Anglo-Indian Wars Anglo-Powhatan War, 1609–1610 (Virginia) Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622–1632 (Virginia) Pequot War, 1636–1637 (New England) Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644–1646 (Virginia) Susquehannock War, 1675–1677 (Chesapeake) King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War, 1675–1676 (Algonquians of New England) Tuscarora War, 1711–1715 (North Carolina) Yamasee War, 1715–1718 (South Carolina) Abenakis War, 1720–1725 (New England) © The Author(s) 2019 107 C. P. Kakel III, A Post-Exceptionalist Perspective on Early American History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21305-3 108 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS Dutch-Indian Wars Governor Kieft’s War, 1643–1645 (New York) Peach War, 1655 (New York) Esopus Wars, 1659–1663 (New York) French-Indian Wars French and Iroquois (or Beaver) Wars, 1640–1701 (Great Lakes region) Chickasaw Wars, 1700–1740 (Illinois Country) Fox (or Mesquakie) Wars, 1701–1736 (present-day Wisconsin and Michigan) APPENDIX B: THE WaR FOR NORtH AMERICa, 1754–1815 Wars for Empire French and Indian War, 1754–1763 (or the Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763) American-British War, 1775–1783 (or the American Revolution) American-Spanish War for West Florida, 1810–1813 American-Canadian War, 1812–1814 (or the War of 1812) American-Spanish War for East Florida, 1812–1814 (or the ‘Other War of 1812’) Wars of Pacification/Resistance Anglo-Indian Wars Cherokee War, 1759–1761 (Carolinas) Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763–1766 (Great Lakes, Ohio Country, Illinois Country) Revolutionary Era Indian Wars Lord Dunmore’s War, 1774 (Upper Ohio Valley) Frontiersmen-Indians Wars, 1774–1783 (western and southern frontiers) Frontiersmen-Indian War, 1777–1781 (New York frontier) American-Indian Wars Franklin-Chickamauga War, 1788–1794 (present-day east Tennessee) Creek Troubles, 1792–1793 (southern frontier) Ohio Indian War, 1790–1795 (Ohio Country) APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 109 Northwest Indian War, 1810–1813 (Northwest frontier) Tecumseh’s Rebellion, 1811–1813 (Great Lakes) Creek War, 1813–1815 (Southwest frontier) APPENDIX C: THE WaR FOR NORtH AMERICa, 1815–1890 Wars for Empire American-Mexican War, 1846–1848 (or the Mexican-America War) America’s Western Empire: Slave or Free?, 1861–1865 (or the American Civil War) Wars of Pacification/Resistance American-Indian Wars Seminole Wars, 1818–1819, 1835–1842 (Florida) Black Hawk War, 1832 (Illinois and Michigan Territories) Rogue River War, 1851–1856 (southwestern Oregon) Yakima and Coeur D’Alene Wars, 1855–1858 (Washington Territory) The Minnesota Uprising, 1862 (eastern Minnesota) The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 (Colorado) Red Cloud’s War, 1866–1868 (Wyoming and Montana Territories) Hualapai War, 1865–1870 (Arizona Territory) Paiute Wars, 1866–1867 (southern Oregon) Modoc War, 1872–1873 (Oregon and California) Kiowa-Comanche War, 1869–1874 (West Texas) Red River War, 1874–1875 (Northern Plains) Great Sioux War, 1876–1880 (Black Hills/Powder River Country) Nez Perce War, 1877 (Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana) Ute War, 1877 (Colorado and Utah) Great Basin Wars, 1878–1879 (Idaho Territory) Victorio War, 1879–1880 (southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico) Geronimo and the Chiricahua War, 1881–1886 (northern Arizona) The Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890 (South Dakota) 110 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS APPENDIX D: THE GREat REVERSaL—A POPULatION HIStORY OF tHE UNItED StatES AREa 1492 Indigenous population of about 5,000,000 Total 5,000,000 (100 percent Indian) 1600 Entire colonial population (Jamestown 1607, Quebec 1608, and Santa Fe 1609) of 700 Indigenous population of about 2,750,000 Total 2,750,700 (almost 100 percent Indian) 1700 Entire colonial population of about 280,000 (combining Europeans and Africans) English colonies: about 250,000 (of whom 30,000 Africans); French and Spanish colonies: about 30,000 Indigenous population of about 1,400,000 Total 1,680,000 (about 85 percent Indian/about 15 percent non-Indian) 1800 Entire colonial population of about 5,600,000 (combining Europeans and Africans) Former English colonies: about 5,300,000 (of whom about 1,000,000 Africans); French and Spanish colonies: about 300,000 Indigenous population of about 600,000 Total 6,200,000 (about 90 percent non-Indian/about 10 percent Indian) 1890 (The Closing of the Frontier) Entire colonial population of about 62,650,000 (of whom about 7,500,000 African descent) Indigenous population of about 228,000 Total 62,900,000 (about 99.6 percent non-Indian/about 0.4 percent Indian) APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 111 APPENDIX E: ALtERNatIVE SOLUtIONS tO tHE INDIaN PROBLEM—INDIaN POLICY IN COLONIaL aND EaRLY AMERICa Proposed Solution: Outright Killing Contemporary View: ‘extirpative war’/‘extermination’/‘nits make lice’/ scalp bounties Master Narrative View: the ‘Indian wars’, 1607–1890 Mainstream Scholarly View: ‘individual, distinct incidents’/‘military encounters’/‘battles’ Post-Exceptionalist View: a ‘single overarching campaign’/‘genocide in the name of war’ Proposed Solution: Forced Dispossession Contemporary View: ‘acquiring’ ‘vacant’, ‘unused’ lands for ‘settlement’ Master Narrative View: the ‘treaty system’, 1796–1871 Mainstream Scholarly View: ‘Indian land cessions’/‘land sale’/‘land purchase’ Post-Exceptionalist View: a ‘license for empire’/massive ‘theft’ of land and resources Proposed Solution: Forced Displacement Contemporary View: an ‘alternative to extermination’ Master Narrative View: Indian ‘removal’ of the 1830s and 1840s Mainstream Scholarly View: a ‘giant bulldozer’/part of a ‘larger culture of removal’ Post-Exceptionalist View: ‘permanent separation’/‘ethnic cleansing’/ ‘death marches’ Proposed Solution: Forced Concentration Contemporary View: an ‘alternative to extinction’ Master Narrative View: the federal reservation system, 1850s–1870s Mainstream Scholarly View: a ‘civilization program’/‘factories of cultural transformation’ Post-Exceptionalist View: ‘concentration camps’ Proposed Solution: Forced Assimilation Contemporary Views: a ‘humanitarian alternative’/a ‘policy of humanity’ 112 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS Master Narrative View: a ‘policy of Americanization’, aimed at accultura- tion/assimilation Mainstream Scholarly View: ‘residential boarding schools’ Post-Exceptionalist View: a ‘policy of cultural genocide’/a ‘weapon of war’ APPENDIX F: AMERICaN PHILIPPINES, 1898–1946 Wars for Empire American-Spanish War, 1898 (or the Spanish-America War) Wars of Pacification/Resistance American-Indian Wars Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 Wars against ‘uncivilized tribes’ (especially Muslim Moros) 1899–1935 Colonial Methods Genocide in the name of war Outright killing of non-combatants (shooting and naval bombardment) Water Cure (aka Water Boarding today) Executions of disarmed prisoners and suspected collaborators Re-concentration policy (policed, fenced-in detention camps) Deliberate scorched-earth policy (burning villages, destroying crops and livestock) Geopolitical Outcome The Philippines: American colony, 1898–1946 Demographic Outcome 250,000–400,000 Filipino non-combatant deaths (some estimates as high as 800,000) APPENDIX G: JaPaNESE COLONIaL EMPIRE, 1869–1919 Wars for Empire Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895 Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 113 Settler Colonial Violence Everyday violence as a means of population control Colonial Methods Forced dispossession (Hokkaido) Military force to quell resistance (1919) Soldier, police, and vigilante violence (1923) Geopolitical Outcome Japanese incorporation of Hokkaido, 1869 Taiwan (Formosa): Japanese colony, 1895–1945 Korea: Japanese colony, 1910–1945 Demographic Outcome Ainu indigenous population on Hokkaido reduced from 66,000 to 18,000 (1821–1901) 6000–7000 civilian deaths, suppression of Korean independence demon- strations (1919) 6000 Korean civilians killed (out of a local population of 20,000) by sol- dier, police, and vigilante violence in Tokyo-Yokohama area (1923) APPENDIX H: GERMaN COLONIaL EMPIRE, 1884–1919 Wars for Empire Danish-Prussian War, 1864 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871 Wars of Pacification/Resistance Herero-Nama War (German South-West Africa), 1904–1907 Maji-Maji War (German East Africa), 1905–1907 Colonial Methods Genocide in the name of war (Vernichtungskrieg, or annihilation war) Outright killing of non-combatants and disarmed prisoners of war Forced concentration (Konzentrationslager, or concentration camp) 114 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS Destruction of indigene villages and fields, confiscation of livestock and food provisions Deliberate starvation and dehydration; colonizer-induced famine Geopolitical Outcome German South-West Africa (GSWA): German colony, 1884–1919 German East Africa (GEA): German colony, 1885–1919 Demographic Outcome GSWA: 60,000 Herero deaths (out of 80,000 population) and 10,000 Nama deaths (out of population of 20,000) GEA: Between 200,000 and 300,000 Africa deaths APPENDIX I: JaPaNESE WaRtIME EMPIRE, 1931–1945 Wars for Empire Japanese invasion and occupation of Manchuria, 1931–1945 Japanese invasion and occupation of China, 1937–1945 Japanese
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