North America, 1607–1754

Appendices: Mapping American Wests and Global Wests

Appendix A: The War for North America, 1607–1754

Wars for Empire King William’s War, 1689–1697 (New England and New York frontiers) Queen Anne’s War, 1702–1713 (New England and Carolina frontiers) War of Jenkin’s Ear, 1739–1743 (Georgia frontier) King George’s War, 1744–1748 (New England and New York frontiers)

Wars of Pacification/Resistance

Anglo-Indian Wars Anglo-Powhatan War, 1609–1610 (Virginia) Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622–1632 (Virginia) Pequot War, 1636–1637 (New England) Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644–1646 (Virginia) Susquehannock War, 1675–1677 (Chesapeake) King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War, 1675–1676 (Algonquians of New England) Tuscarora War, 1711–1715 (North Carolina) Yamasee War, 1715–1718 (South Carolina) Abenakis War, 1720–1725 (New England)

Dutch-Indian Wars Governor Kieft’s War, 1643–1645 (New York) Peach War, 1655 (New York) Esopus Wars, 1659–1663 (New York)

French-Indian Wars French and Iroquois (or Beaver) Wars, 1640–1701 (Great Lakes region) Chickasaw Wars, 1700–1740 (Illinois Country) Fox (or Mesquakie) Wars, 1701–1736 (present-day Wisconsin and Michigan)

Appendix B: The War for North America, 1754–1815

Wars for Empire French and Indian War, 1754–1763 (or the Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763) American-British War, 1775–1783 (or the American Revolution) American-Spanish War for West Florida, 1810–1813 American-Canadian War, 1812–1814 (or the War of 1812) American-Spanish War for East Florida, 1812–1814 (or the ‘Other War of 1812’)

Wars of Pacification/Resistance

Anglo-Indian Wars Cherokee War, 1759–1761 (Carolinas) Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763–1766 (Great Lakes, Ohio Country, Illinois Country)

Revolutionary Era Indian Wars Lord Dunmore’s War, 1774 (Upper Ohio Valley) Frontiersmen-Indians Wars, 1774–1783 (western and southern frontiers) Frontiersmen-Indian War, 1777–1781 (New York frontier)

American-Indian Wars Franklin-Chickamauga War, 1788–1794 (present-day east Tennessee) Creek Troubles, 1792–1793 (southern frontier) Ohio Indian War, 1790–1795 (Ohio Country) APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 109

Northwest Indian War, 1810–1813 (Northwest frontier) Tecumseh’s Rebellion, 1811–1813 (Great Lakes) Creek War, 1813–1815 (Southwest frontier)

Appendix C: The War for North America, 1815–1890

Wars for Empire American-Mexican War, 1846–1848 (or the Mexican-America War) America’s Western Empire: Slave or Free?, 1861–1865 (or the American Civil War)

Wars of Pacification/Resistance

American-Indian Wars Seminole Wars, 1818–1819, 1835–1842 (Florida) Black Hawk War, 1832 (Illinois and Michigan Territories) Rogue River War, 1851–1856 (southwestern Oregon) Yakima and Coeur D’Alene Wars, 1855–1858 (Washington Territory) The Minnesota Uprising, 1862 (eastern Minnesota) The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 (Colorado) Red Cloud’s War, 1866–1868 (Wyoming and Montana Territories) Hualapai War, 1865–1870 (Arizona Territory) Paiute Wars, 1866–1867 (southern Oregon) Modoc War, 1872–1873 (Oregon and California) Kiowa-Comanche War, 1869–1874 (West Texas) Red River War, 1874–1875 (Northern Plains) Great Sioux War, 1876–1880 (Black Hills/Powder River Country) Nez Perce War, 1877 (Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana) Ute War, 1877 (Colorado and Utah) Great Basin Wars, 1878–1879 (Idaho Territory) Victorio War, 1879–1880 (southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico) Geronimo and the Chiricahua War, 1881–1886 (northern Arizona) The Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890 (South Dakota) 110 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS

Appendix D: The Great Reversal—A Population History of the United States Area

1492 Indigenous population of about 5,000,000 Total 5,000,000 (100 percent Indian)

1600 Entire colonial population (Jamestown 1607, Quebec 1608, and Santa Fe 1609) of 700 Indigenous population of about 2,750,000 Total 2,750,700 (almost 100 percent Indian)

1700 Entire colonial population of about 280,000 (combining Europeans and Africans) English colonies: about 250,000 (of whom 30,000 Africans); French and Spanish colonies: about 30,000 Indigenous population of about 1,400,000 Total 1,680,000 (about 85 percent Indian/about 15 percent non-Indian)

1800 Entire colonial population of about 5,600,000 (combining Europeans and Africans) Former English colonies: about 5,300,000 (of whom about 1,000,000 Africans); French and Spanish colonies: about 300,000 Indigenous population of about 600,000 Total 6,200,000 (about 90 percent non-Indian/about 10 percent Indian)

1890 (The Closing of the Frontier) Entire colonial population of about 62,650,000 (of whom about 7,500,000 African descent) Indigenous population of about 228,000 Total 62,900,000 (about 99.6 percent non-Indian/about 0.4 percent Indian) APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 111

Appendix E: Alternative Solutions to the Indian Problem—Indian Policy in Colonial and Early America

Proposed Solution: Outright Killing Contemporary View: ‘extirpative war’/‘extermination’/‘nits make lice’/ scalp bounties Master Narrative View: the ‘Indian wars’, 1607–1890 Mainstream Scholarly View: ‘individual, distinct incidents’/‘military encounters’/‘battles’ Post-Exceptionalist View: a ‘single overarching campaign’/‘genocide in the name of war’

Proposed Solution: Forced Dispossession Contemporary View: ‘acquiring’ ‘vacant’, ‘unused’ lands for ‘settlement’ Master Narrative View: the ‘treaty system’, 1796–1871 Mainstream Scholarly View: ‘Indian land cessions’/‘land sale’/‘land purchase’ Post-Exceptionalist View: a ‘license for empire’/massive ‘theft’ of land and resources

Proposed Solution: Forced Displacement Contemporary View: an ‘alternative to extermination’ Master Narrative View: Indian ‘removal’ of the 1830s and 1840s Mainstream Scholarly View: a ‘giant bulldozer’/part of a ‘larger culture of removal’ Post-Exceptionalist View: ‘permanent separation’/‘ethnic cleansing’/ ‘death marches’

Proposed Solution: Forced Concentration Contemporary View: an ‘alternative to extinction’ Master Narrative View: the federal reservation system, 1850s–1870s Mainstream Scholarly View: a ‘civilization program’/‘factories of cultural transformation’ Post-Exceptionalist View: ‘concentration camps’

Proposed Solution: Forced Assimilation Contemporary Views: a ‘humanitarian alternative’/a ‘policy of humanity’ 112 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS

Master Narrative View: a ‘policy of Americanization’, aimed at accultura- tion/assimilation Mainstream Scholarly View: ‘residential boarding schools’ Post-Exceptionalist View: a ‘policy of cultural genocide’/a ‘weapon of war’

Appendix F: American Philippines, 1898–1946

Wars for Empire American-Spanish War, 1898 (or the Spanish-America War)

Wars of Pacification/Resistance

American-Indian Wars Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 Wars against ‘uncivilized tribes’ (especially Muslim Moros) 1899–1935

Colonial Methods Genocide in the name of war Outright killing of non-combatants (shooting and naval bombardment) Water Cure (aka Water Boarding today) Executions of disarmed prisoners and suspected collaborators Re-concentration policy (policed, fenced-in detention camps) Deliberate scorched-earth policy (burning villages, destroying crops and livestock)

Geopolitical Outcome The Philippines: American colony, 1898–1946

Demographic Outcome 250,000–400,000 Filipino non-combatant deaths (some estimates as high as 800,000)

Appendix G: Japanese Colonial Empire, 1869–1919

Wars for Empire Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895 Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 113

Settler Colonial Violence Everyday violence as a means of population control

Colonial Methods Forced dispossession (Hokkaido) Military force to quell resistance (1919) Soldier, police, and vigilante violence (1923)

Geopolitical Outcome Japanese incorporation of Hokkaido, 1869 Taiwan (Formosa): Japanese colony, 1895–1945 Korea: Japanese colony, 1910–1945

Demographic Outcome Ainu indigenous population on Hokkaido reduced from 66,000 to 18,000 (1821–1901) 6000–7000 civilian deaths, suppression of Korean independence demon- strations (1919) 6000 Korean civilians killed (out of a local population of 20,000) by soldier, police, and vigilante violence in Tokyo-Yokohama area (1923)

Appendix H: German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919

Wars for Empire Danish-Prussian War, 1864 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871

Wars of Pacification/Resistance Herero-Nama War (German South-West Africa), 1904–1907 Maji-Maji War (German East Africa), 1905–1907

Colonial Methods Genocide in the name of war (Vernichtungskrieg, or annihilation war) Outright killing of non-combatants and disarmed prisoners of war Forced concentration (Konzentrationslager, or concentration camp) 114 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS

Destruction of indigene villages and fields, confiscation of livestock and food provisions Deliberate starvation and dehydration; colonizer-induced famine

Geopolitical Outcome German South-West Africa (GSWA): German colony, 1884–1919 German East Africa (GEA): German colony, 1885–1919

Demographic Outcome GSWA: 60,000 Herero deaths (out of 80,000 population) and 10,000 Nama deaths (out of population of 20,000) GEA: Between 200,000 and 300,000 Africa deaths

Appendix I: Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945

Wars for Empire Japanese invasion and occupation of Manchuria, 1931–1945 Japanese invasion and occupation of China, 1937–1945 Japanese invasion and occupation of Southeast Asia and South Pacific, 1941–1945

Wars of Pacification/Resistance

Japanese-Indigene Wars Guerilla resistance to Japanese invasion and occupation

Colonial Methods Genocide in the name of war Outright killing of non-combatants and disarmed prisoners of war Enslavement of non-Japanese women to provide sexual services to Japanese troops Enslavement of Asian male forced laborers Orgies of rape, murder, and mutilation

Geopolitical Outcome Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945 APPENDICES: MAPPING AMERICAN WESTS AND GLOBAL WESTS 115

Demographic Outcome Death of some 2,600,000 unarmed Chinese civilians Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 disarmed POWs killed Death of about 1,000,000 forced laborers

Appendix J: Nazi-German Lebensraum Empire, 1939–1945

Wars for Empire Nazi-German invasion and occupation of Poland, 1939–1945 Nazi-German invasion and occupation of western Soviet Union, 1941–1945

Wars of Pacification/Resistance

German-Russian Indian Wars Partisan resistance to Nazi invasion and occupation, 1941–1945

Colonial Methods Genocide in the name of war Outright killing of non-combatants (open-air shootings, anti-partisan or reprisal massacres) Outright killing of disarmed POWs and urban dwellers (starvation and neglect) Deliberate scorched-earth policy (burning villages, destroying crops and livestock) Forced deportation, forced concentration, and forced assimilation Death marches

Non-colonial Methods Industrial killing via gassing at specially built extermination centers

Geopolitical Outcome Hitler’s Lebensraum Empire in Eastern Europe, 1939–1945

Demographic Outcome 12–14,000,000 non-combatant deaths (6,000,000 Jewish and 6–8,000,000 non-Jewish) Bibliography

This bibliography lists the major works (i.e., books, book chapters, journal articles, anthologies, and theses and dissertations) that I have used for this project. To assist the reader, it is divided into separate topics that corre- spond to my book’s historiographies, themes, and geographies.

North American Historiographies Aron, Stephen. ‘Frontiers, Borderlands, Wests’. In American History Now, edited for the American Historical Association by Eric Foner and Lisa McGirr, 261–284. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2011. Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Barr, Julianna. ‘Beyond the “Atlantic World”: Early American History as Viewed from the West’. OAH Magazine of History 25, no. 1 (2011): 13–18. Bender, Thomas. ‘Introduction: Historians, the Nation, and the Plenitude of Narratives’. In Rethinking American History in A Global Age, edited by Thomas Bender, 1–21. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. Bender, Thomas. A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006a. Blackhawk, Ned. ‘American Indians and the Study of U.S. History’. In American History Now, edited for the American Historical Association by Eric Foner and Lisa McGirr, 376–399. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2011a. Blackhawk, Ned. ‘Currents in North American Indian Historiography’. Western Historical Quarterly 42, no. 3 (2011b): 319–324.

Cayton, Andrew R.L. ‘Writing North American History’. Journal of the Early Republic 22, no. 1 (2002): 105–111. Deverell, William. ‘Western Vistas: Historiography 1971 to Today’. Western Historical Quarterly 42, no. 3 (2011): 355–360. Froner, Eric and Lisa McGirr, eds. American History Now, American Historical Association, rev. ed. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2011. Greene, Jack P. and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Hoxie, Frederick E. ‘Introduction’. In The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History, edited by Frederick E. Hoxie, 1–14. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016a. Limerick, Patricia Nelson, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds. Trails: Toward a New Western History. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1991. Mapp, Paul W. ‘Atlantic, Western, and Continental Early America’. In The World of Colonial America: An Atlantic Handbook, ed. Ignacio Gallup-Diaz, 321–338. Abingdon: Routledge, 2018. Miller, Susan A. and James Riding In, eds. Native Historians Write Back: Decolonizing American Indian History. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 2011. O’Neill, Colleen. ‘Commentaries on the Past and Future of Western History: Multiple Strands of Inquiry in a (Still) Contested Field’. Western Historical Quarterly 42, no. 3 (2011): 287–288. Porter, Joy. ‘Imaging Indians: Differing Perspectives on Native American History’. In The State of U.S. History, edited by Melvyn Stokes, 347–366. Oxford: Berg, 2002. Rodgers, Daniel T. ‘Exceptionalism’. In Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past, edited by Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood, 21–40. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Rodgers, Daniel T. ‘American Exceptionalism Revisited’. Raritan 24, no. 2 (2004): 21–47. Saunt, Claudio. ‘Go West: Mapping Early American Historiography’. William and Mary Quarterly 65, no. 4 (2008): 745–778. Tyrrell, Ian. ‘American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History’. The American Historical Review 96, no. 4 (1991): 1031–1055. Usner, Jr., Daniel H. ‘Borderlands’. In A Companion to Colonial America, edited by Daniel Vickers, 408–424. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2006. Wood, Peter H. ‘From Atlantic History to a Continental Approach’. In Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal, edited by Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, 279–298. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. BIBLIOGRAPHY 119

Imperialism, Colonialism, Genocide Adas, Michael. ‘From Settler Colony to Global Hegemon: Integrating the Exceptionalist Narrative of the American Experience into World History’. American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (2001): 1692–1720. Bloxham, Donald, and A. Dirk Moses, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Cavanagh, Edward, and Lorenzo Veracini, eds. The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017. Day, David. Conquest: How Societies Overwhelm Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Elkins, Caroline, and Susan Pedersen, eds. Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005. Finzsch, Norbert. ‘“The aborigines … were never annihilated, and still they are becoming extinct”: Settler Imperialism and Genocide in Nineteenth-Century America and Australia’. In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, edited by A. Dirk Moses, 253–270. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008. Hinton, Alexander Laban, Thomas La Pointe, and Douglas Irvin-Erickson, eds. Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014. Iadicola, Peter. ‘The Centrality of the Empire Concept in the Study of State Crime and Violence’. In State Crime in the Global Age, edited by William J. Chambliss, Raymond Michalowski, and Ronald C. Kramer, 31–44. Devon: Willan Publishing, 2010. Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, 3rd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017. Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. Kramer, Paul A. Review Essay, ‘Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World’. The American Historical Review 116, no. 5 (2011): 1348–1391. Lemarchand, René, ed. Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. Lemkin, Raphael. ‘Genocide as a Crime under International Law’. The American Journal of International Law 41, no. 1 (1947): 145–151. Maier, Charles S. Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Moses, A. Dirk. ‘Empire, Colony, Genocide: Keywords and the Philosophy of History’. In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, edited by A. Dirk Moses, 3–54. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008. 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Osterhammel, Jürgen. Colonialism: A Theoretical Introduction. Translated by Shelley L. Frish. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener and Kingston Ian Randle Publishers, 1997. Pitkänen, Pekka. ‘Pentateuch-Joshua: A Settler Colonial Document of a Supplanting Society’. Settler Colonial Studies 4, no. 3 (2014): 245–276. Rosenberg, Sheri P. ‘Genocide is a Process, Not an Event’. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 7, no. 1 (2012): 16–23. Shaw, Martin. What is Genocide? 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015. Stone, Dan, ed. The Historiography of Genocide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Veracini, Lorenzo. Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Weitz, Eric D. A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003. Wolfe, Patrick. Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of an Ethnographic Event. London: Cassell, 1999. Wolfe, Patrick. ‘Structure and Event: Settler Colonialism, Time and the Question of Genocide’. In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, edited by A. Dirk Moses, 102–132. New York: Berghahn Books, 2008. Woolford, Andrew, Jeff Benvenuto, and Alexander Laban Hinton, eds. Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014.

American Wests Alvarez, Alex. Native American and the Question of Genocide. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. Anderson, Fred, and Andrew Cayton. The Dominion of War: Empire and Liberty in North America 1500–2000. New York: Viking Penguin, 2005. Anderson, Gary Clayton. Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820–1875. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. Anderson, Gary Clayton. Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. Aron, Stephen. The American West: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Bailyn, Bernard. The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675. New York: Vintage Books, 2013. Bauer, Jr., William J. ‘California’. In The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History, edited by Frederick E. Hoxie, 275–299. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. BIBLIOGRAPHY 121

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A American-Mexican War (1846–1848), Adams-Onis Treaty Line (1819), 63 aka Mexican-American War/US Afghanistan, 102 War Against Mexico, 51, 53, 66 Aggressive war, xv, 73, 76, 88, 90 American Philippines, 8, 69–73 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 69 American settler colonialism, 2, American-British War (1775–1783), 20n45, 65, 105 aka American War of American settler state, 33, 37, 38, 40, Independence/American 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 51–57, 59, Revolution, 30, 32, 32n16, 34, 60, 62, 64n81, 65, 65n90, 66, 41, 42, 44, 45 100, 104, 105 American-Canadian War, 33 American War in the Philippines American Civil War (1861–1865), (1899–1902), aka American- 49, 53 Philippine War, 72, 73, 102 American exceptionalism, ix, 2, 7, American West, aka ‘the West, xiii, 100, 102 xviii, xix, 9, 10, 33, 36, 38, 42, American Indians, xvii, 3, 3n8, 48, 49n6, 57, 62, 70n13, 71, 79, 4, 6, 7n20, 20n45, 22, 26, 91, 94, 100n3, 101 31–33, 32n16, 38, 39, 44, America’s first way of war, 20, 21, 49, 51, 53, 53–54n22, 54, 38, 51 56, 56n38, 57, 61n64, 65n90, Amherst, Jeffrey, 39 70, 71, 73, 77, 79, 82, 94n47, Anglo-American settler-colonial 97, 101 supplanting society, 7, 40, 44, 101

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Anglo-American supplanting project, D 45, 102 Danish-Prussian War (1864), 77 Araki Sadao, 85 Dawes Act (1887), 55, 56, 61 Arendt, Hannah, 96 See also General Allotment Act Argentina, 100 (1887) Asia-Pacific War (1931–1945), Dawes, Henry L., 55, 71 88, 89n29 Day, David, xviii, 6, 6n19, 7 Australia, 93, 100, 100n3 Depopulation, 7, 8, 20–23, 26, Austro-Prussian War (1866), 77 37–41, 44, 57–62, 101 Dernburg, Bernhard, 79 Disease, xvi, 12, 13, 17, 20, 20n45, B 22, 26, 37, 39, 40, 56, 57, Baltic States, 92n39 59, 60, 72, 72n24, 74, 76, Bell, James F., 72 80, 101, 102 Bender, Thomas, 1 Dispossession, 7, 8, 15–19, 24, Bismarck, Otto von, 77, 102 34–37, 40, 42, 49, 53–56, Bouquet, Henry, 39 60, 63, 101, 105 Brazil, 100 Doctrine of Discovery, 16 The British, xix, 13, 15n19, 25, 26, The Dutch, 7, 13, 15, 15n19, 16, 31, 32n16, 33, 34, 38, 41, 18, 25 43–45, 48, 51, 66, 73, 85, 94n45 British Canada, 33, 41, 51, 66, 101 British colonial America, aka British E North America, ix, 13, 19, 21, Early America, ix, 2–10, 21, 24, 49n6, 23–26, 32, 35 100–105 British Proclamation Line (1763), 41 Empire, xvi, xix, 2, 5, 5n13, 6, 12–27, 31–33, 35, 37, 38, 43, 48–51, 49n6, 55, 69, 69n6, 70, 73, C 75–77, 81, 82, 84, 84n3, 88–90, Canada, 34, 93, 100, 100n3, 104 92, 93, 96, 97, 101–105 Capron, Horace, 74 England, 12, 14, 25, 30 Cohen, Stanley, 104 See also The English Colonialism, ix, xv, xviii, xviiin15, 2, 5, The English, 5, 7, 13n11, 14–20, 5n14, 7, 12, 20, 20n45, 22, 23, 21n52, 23–25, 35, 43, 74, 100 26, 42, 44, 48, 55, 57, 61n64, 65, English/British North America, 78, 82, 94n45, 95, 101, 102, 105 13, 19, 23 Conquest, xvi, xviii, 7–9, 13–16, 19, English/British settler colonialism, 22 20n45, 23, 26, 31–34, 38, English/British settler-colonial 49–53, 63, 66, 68, 77, 81, 88, supplanting society, 20, 22–24 89, 91, 94, 97, 100–102 Ethnic cleansing, xvi, 54n22, 58, 103 Crawford, William, 36 Extirpative war, 21, 23, 26, 38, 39 Crosby, Alfred W., 23 Ezochi, aka Hokkaido, 73 INDEX 135

F H Federal treaty system, 36, 53 Hart, Alfred Bushnell, 70 See also Indian-American treaties Haushofer, Karl, 69, 75, 84, 85, 87, Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 60 91, 97 France, 12, 14, 23, 30, 32, 77, 84 Henry, Patrick, 36 See also The French Herero-Nama War (1904–1907), 80 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), 77 Hess, Rudolph, 91 Franklin, Benjamin, 36, 41 Hietala, Thomas, 50 The French, xix, 7, 13, 15, 16, 21n52, Hitler, Adolf, 75n36, 91–94, 91n36, 22, 22n61, 23, 26, 31, 38, 44, 94n45, 94n47, 96, 97 45, 48, 51, 85 wars for living space, 93 French and Indian War (1754–1763), Hokkaido, 73, 74, 74n30, 76 30, 32, 34, 41, 44, 45 Holland aka Netherlands, 77 See also Seven Years’ War See also The Dutch (1756–1763) Homestead Act (1862), 55 Frontier thesis, Frederick Jackson Houston, Sam, 51 Turner’s, 4, 78 Hughes, Robert, 72 Hull, William, 41

G General Allotment Act (1887), 55, 61 I Genocidal warfare, 26, 38, 39, 45, 80 Iadicola, Peter, 103 Genocide, ix, xvi–xviii, xvin7, xviin11, Imperialism, ix, xvi, xvii, 5, 7, 48, 5–7, 5n15, 7n20, 20n45, 21, 84n3, 87, 96, 102, 103 21n50, 38, 39, 54n22, 58, Indian-American treaties, 19, 55 61n64, 62, 65n90, 80, 81, 95, Indian Country, xiii, xvii, 17, 57, 103 96, 100, 102–105 Indian North America, 12 George III, King, 41 Indian removal, 40, 45, 58, 59, German colonial Africa, 8, 80, 81 59n48, 61, 74 German Colonial Empire, 77–81 Indian Removal Act, 58, 59 German East Africa (GEA), 79, 80, 82 Indian reservations, 55, 60, 79, 94n47 The Germans, 18, 25, 53, 68, 69, 73, Indian residential schools, 61 75–82, 84, 84n3, 87, 90–97, 102 Indian Wars, ix, xvii, xviiin15, 7–10, German South-West Africa (GSWA), 14, 15, 22, 26, 30, 33, 34, 37, 78–82, 102 38, 40, 51–53, 58, 59, 66, Germany, 68, 77–81, 84, 85, 90–92, 68–82, 84–97, 102, 103, 103n8 92n39 Indigenous North America, 12, 13 See also The Germans Indigenous peoples, xviii, 7, 13, 14, Great Britain aka Britain, 13n11, 14, 18, 20, 27, 30–32, 35, 37–39, 32, 33, 35, 36, 43, 65, 77, 84 44, 54, 60, 65, 79, 80, 97, 100, See also The British 102–105 Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Iraq, 102 Sphere, 88, 97 Ireland, 14, 100 Greenberg, Amy, 54 Ishiwara Kanji, 90 136 INDEX

The Italians, 84, 84n3, 94n45 M Italy, 84, 85 Maji-Maji War (1905–1907), 80 See also The Italians Manifest Destiny, xix, 35, 50, 54, 54n23, 86, 92, 97, 100 Matsuoka Yo¯suke, 87, 88 J Metacom (King Philip), 16, 17 Jackson, Andrew, 41, 44, 51, 58 Mexico, xviii, 49, 51, 51n13, 62n65, Japanese Colonial Empire, 8, 73–76, 82 66, 101 Japanese Monroe Doctrine for Asia, Monroe Doctrine (1823), 69, 74, 75 86, 86n12, 88 Japanese Wartime Empire, 8, 85–90, 97 Morse, Jedidiah, 50 Jefferson, Thomas, 36, 40–42, 45, Moses, A. Dirk, 99 49–51 Jews, 65n90, 81, 95, 97 N National Socialist German Workers’ K Party (NSDAP), 90 Kanokogi Kazunobu, 75, 75n36 See also Nazis Konoe Fumimaro, 85, 87 Native North American West, 6 Korea, 69, 73–76 Nazi-German East European Empire, Korsch, Karl, 96 8, 90–97 Kramer, Paul A., 3 Nazis, 65n90, 81, 91, 95–97 Kuhn, Alexander, 78, 79 Neo-European Wests, 12–27 New Order in East Asia, 97 New Zealand, 100, 100n3 L North American continent, xviii, 2, 5, Lebensraum, 68, 69, 76, 78, 84, 89, 7, 8, 12, 20, 22, 27, 30, 33–35, 91–95, 94n45, 97, 101 39, 42, 48–53, 56, 75, 78, See also Living space 86n12, 100, 102 LeGendre, Charles, 74 North American West, 7, 8, 71, 74, Lemarchand, René, 103 94, 97 Lemkin, Raphael, xvi, 96 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 37, 38, Leutwein, Theodor, 79 42, 43 Living space, xvii, xviii, 6, 10, 24, 68, 76, 78, 82, 84–86, 91–93, 97, 101 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 66, 72, 102 O Long War for the West (1754–1815), Oregon Land Donation Act (1850), 55 30, 44, 48 Ostler, Jeffrey, 39, 54n23, 65n90 Lord Dunmore aka John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, 33 Louisiana Purchase (1803), 35, 40, P 43, 45 Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 55 Lowell, A. Lawrence, 70 Polk, James K., 51 INDEX 137

Pontiac, 34 Spain, 12, 14, 23, 30, 32, 69 Pontiac’s Rebellion, 34 See also The Spanish Post-exceptionalist history, ix, 3, 7 The Spanish, xix, 7, 13, 15n19, 16, Proclamation Line of 1763, 43–45 23, 26, 31, 33, 43, 48, 51, 62n65, 69, 70, 81, 100 Spanish-American War (1898), Q 71, 73, 81 Quebec Act (1744), 41, 45 Supplanting society, ix, xviii, 6–8, 6–7n19, 19, 20, 22, 35, 40, 42, 44, 57, 61, 97, 100, 101 R Race, xvii, 19, 50, 57, 71, 89n29, 90, 93, 97 T Ratzel, Friedrich, 68, 69, 77, 78, 82, Tachi Sakutaro, 86 84, 91 Taiwan (Formosa), 73–75 Repopulation, 7, 8, 23–26, 41–44, Takekoshi Yosaburo¯, 75 62–65, 101 Tecumseh, 34 Rodgers, Daniel T., 5 Tecumseh’s Rebellion, 34 Rohrbach, Paul, 79 Tokutomi Iichiro¯ (Tokutomi Soho¯), 74 Roosevelt, Theodore, 69, 73, 75 Trans-Appalachian West, 30–45, 48, Root, Elihu, 71 52, 63 Royal Proclamation (1763), 41 Trans-Mississippi West, 48–66 Ro¯ yama Masamichi, 87, 88 Treaty of Paris (1763), 41 Russia, 76, 92n39 Treaty of Paris (1783), 41, 43, 44 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Treaty of Versailles (1919), 90 73, 75 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 4, 8, 9, 10n25, 68–70, 78, 82, 88

S Settler colonialism, xviii, xviiin15, 2, 5, U 5n14, 7n19, 20n45, 22, 23, 26, United States (US), ix, 2, 12, 31, 51, 42, 44, 55, 57, 65, 68, 78, 82, 69, 84, 100 101, 105 Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 30–32, 38 V Sheridan, Philip, 52 Vietnam, 102 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 52, 52n15, 64, 72 Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), 73 W Slavs, 95 War for North America Smith, Jacob H., 70, 71 (1607–1890), 14, 21, South Africa, 100, 100n3 23, 27, 30, 31, 37, 38, Soviet Union, 93, 94n45, 95 49, 66, 101 138 INDEX

War of 1812 (1812–1814), Wolfe, Patrick, 19 aka, 33–35, 45 World War II, 2, 69n6, 81, 84n3, 93, See also American-Canadian War 95, 97, 103 Washington, George, xiii, 36, 41, 62n65, 64 Y Wiesel, Elie, 103 Yellow Bird, Michael, 105