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Pp 17.6 WRAG Reversing Racial Segregation in U.S. Cities: Making a Magic Strategy Mindy Thompson Fullilove, MD, Hon AIA The New School George Engel, 1980 Dr. Alexander Leighton’s endpoints of the social integration continuum Disintegration Integration • Few and weak leaders • Small number of strong leaders • Small, fractured • Large networks that can pass networks information • Differing sentiments • Shared sentiments • Concern for self, “I” • Commitment to collective good, • Higher rates of illness “WE” and social pathology • Rates of illness comparatively • Illness more difficult to low manage • Management facilitated All data from: Watkins, 2000 Destabilization of Harlem, New York *for year 1953 †Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis Year Key Events Population Housing Labor Force Two- Infant Mortality Units Participation Parent (rate per 1000 births) Families Harlem Manhattan Harlem Manhattan 1950 Urban 264,000 1,960,101 69,962 61% 72% 40* 30* renewal 1960 Loss of 232,792 1,698,281 87,380 63% 65% 49 33 industry 1970 Planned 182,779 1,539,233 73,703 54% 58% 40 22 shrinkage 1980 AIDS and 121,898 1,428,285 63,570 43% 22% 26 14 crack era 1990 MDR TB† 115,413 1,487,536 54,090 49% 16% 29 11 All data from: Watkins, 2000 Destabilization of Harlem, New York *for year 1953 †Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis Year Key Events Population Housing Labor Force Two- Infant Mortality Units Participation Parent (rate per 1000 births) Families Harlem Manhattan Harlem Manhattan 1950 Urban 264,000 1,960,101 69,962 61% 72% 40* 30* renewal 1960 Loss of 232,792 1,698,281 87,380 63% 65% 49 33 industry 1970 Planned 182,779 1,539,233 73,703 54% 58% 40 22 shrinkage 1980 AIDS and 121,898 1,428,285 63,570 43% 22% 26 14 crack era 1990 MDR TB† 115,413 1,487,536 54,090 49% 16% 29 11 All data from: Watkins, 2000 Destabilization of Harlem, New York *for year 1953 †Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis Year Key Events Population Housing Labor Force Two- Infant Mortality Units Participation Parent (rate per 1000 births) Families Harlem Manhattan Harlem Manhattan 1950 Urban 264,000 1,960,101 69,962 61% 72% 40* 30* renewal 1960 Loss of 232,792 1,698,281 87,380 63% 65% 49 33 industry 1970 Planned 182,779 1,539,233 73,703 54% 58% 40 22 shrinkage 1980 AIDS and 121,898 1,428,285 63,570 43% 22% 26 14 crack era 1990 MDR TB† 115,413 1,487,536 54,090 49% 16% 29 11 All data from: Watkins, 2000 Destabilization of Harlem, New York *for year 1953 †Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis Year Key Events Population Housing Labor Force Two- Infant Mortality Units Participation Parent (rate per 1000 births) Families Harlem Manhattan Harlem Manhattan 1950 Urban 264,000 1,960,101 69,962 61% 72% 40* 30* renewal 1960 Loss of 232,792 1,698,281 87,380 63% 65% 49 33 industry 1970 Planned 182,779 1,539,233 73,703 54% 58% 40 22 shrinkage 1980 AIDS and 121,898 1,428,285 63,570 43% 22% 26 14 crack era 1990 MDR TB† 115,413 1,487,536 54,090 49% 16% 29 11 Urban renewal Stage-State Model MODEL of Community Collapse Deindustrialization confusion Planned shrinkage disorder Gentrification non-sense COLLECTION Band getting ready to march in the Hill District. Urban renewal demolishing the Lower Hill. The loss of physical infrastructure. Photo taken about 1940 by Charles Harris Photo taken about 1960 by Charles Harris Photo taken about 1998 by Mindy Fullilove “The closeness of the houses created a “Neighbors were no longer people you “When [Shanika] was a child, ‘everybody strong sense of community and shared shared your life with because you knew cared about everybody back then. Now public life, and the inhabitants of a their families, their churches, their work, everybody’s for their self. Now it’s just - I’m particular block knew each other well and and if they treated their neighbors well over scared for my boys now. Because it’s watched out for each other’s children.. time; neighbors now were often strangers horrible now...You don’t see kids outside ‘We knew each other, the neighbors knew next door who were tied to the ‘little block,’ anymore just to play...’” us, they’d look out for us, it’s much and no attachment to its inhabitants.” different than it is now... we weren’t afraid From Eva-Maria Simms, in Humanistic Psychologist, 2008 of anything.’” Simms, Period 1 Simms, Period 2 Simms, Period 3 1930 - 1960 1960 - 1980 1980 - 2004 Urban renewal and other city, People also lost jobs as industry left. Drugs became the state, and federal policies tore the new employer and the new solace. The government ignored neighborhood apart. epidemics of addiction, but started mass incarceration. “Stand by me” “What’s going on?” ”Fuck the police” “For a long time, I have been trying to mobilize our leaders so that the cities, where our money and brainpower are concentrated, innovate for better functioning. What is the problem we must solve? It is the fracture that exists between the wealthy neighborhoods and the others… “But paradoxically, if we want to improve life in those neighborhoods, we can’t just treat the neighborhoods… we must treat the whole city. We must eliminate the fracture.” Michel Cantal-Dupart Colloque Triville, 1993 What is a ”magic strategy?” Human ecologists Rodrick Wallace and Deborah Wallace have argued that “magic strategies” – multi- system, multi-scale health promotions – fit best with the basic biology of people and offer the most hope for the future. These are interventions that address the large-scale social inequalities and injustices, are sensitive to local culture, and include the voices of all the people. From: Homebody Came to Orange, by Ernest Thompson and Mindy Thompson Fullilove http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/ sites/default/files/styles/resource_ima ges/public/resources/2016CHRmodel.j pg?itok=RHMD1jfY http://streetsense.org/article/zoning-protest-midcity- brookland-manor-one-dc-grandfamilies/#.WNvPExLyto6 Jamestown, 1619 Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Mother Jones, 1890 Oxford OH, 1964 Baltimore, 2015 First conference on 1865 1881 July 25 – U.S. health officials 1606 1650 1652 1718 The Louisiana Purchase 1820 1822 1832 1848 Women’s Rights 1886 1758 1781 1846 Black codes are passed by 1920 1968 admit that African-Americans 1977 King James establishes The 1705 British government subsidized 1754 The Missouri Compromise The Philadelphia Female Anti- at Seneca Falls Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the final group of his tribe, 1916 1917 1959 May 6 – President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act Connecticut legalizes slavery. Massachusetts requires all Articles of Confederation adopted January 7, 1822 - The first The Wilmot Proviso, introduced by Southern states, drastically Haymarket Uprising was the aftermath March 16 – Vietnam War: My Lai were used as guinea pigs in the Virginia Company of London. Massachusetts makes the shipment of convicts Jefferson doubled the size of the nation by bans slavery north of the Slavery Society was founded Convention. 1875 The 369th Infantry Regiment, July 15 – Steel strike of 1959: of 1960 into law. It established federal inspection of local voter Jimmy Carter succeeds Gerald Ford as the 1609 The war was a conflict still fugitive from the reservation, and surrenders to Tuskegee Study of Untreated 1754 - 1763: The 1849 black and Indian servants to group of freed American slaves Democratic representative David Wilmot of a bombing that took place at a labor 1896 1924 massacre: American troops kill 1984 1770 restricting the rights of newly a highly decorated unit of registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who marriage and sexual relations purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France on this date in 1833. This was Harriet Tubman escapes from The Civil Rights Act, giving equal rights to Margaret Sanger, eventual founder New York grants women the right to The immigration act of 1924 Labor union strike in the U.S. steel 1965 39th President of the United States and in his British Colonization in North (Transportation Act of 1718) southern boundary of Missouri. 1947 1653 between British forces 1803 United States troops at Fort Buford, Montana. Syphilis in the Negro Male. French Indian War 1964 receive military training settle a black colony known as demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, Jackie Robinson breaks color scores of civilians. 1999 of Pennsylvania, attempts to ban slavery freed slaves. Plessy v. Ferguson: This landmark Supreme Court entirely African-American obstructed someone’s attempt to register to vote. 2010 in 1803-thus extending the western frontier from of Planned Parenthood, opens vote. industry. The union eventually April 4 – U.S. President Ronald 2012 2018 2019 2020 America begins (Jamestown) Casor Suit- first ruling in between blacks and whites an abolitionist group that also slavery and becomes one of the blacks in jury duty and accommodation, is limited immigrants into the January 20 – L yndon B. Johnson first day in office pardons Vietnam War draft 1652 (1754-1763) is won by in North America and the Republic of Liberia when in territory gained in the Mexican War. at Haymarket Square[2] in Chicago. It decision holds that racial segregation is constitutional, soldiers, returns from World barrier in baseball 1960 January 8 – In his first State of Seattle World Trade Organization The Boston Massacre occurs as a mob harasses the Appalachians across the Mississippi. retained a contract clause which Reagan calls for an international #BlackLivesMatter was created 1607 Thirteen Colonies stating illegal. Cherokee Indian tribes championed racial and sexual most effective and celebrated passed by the United States Congress. America’s first birth-control clinic in US through a quota system is sworn in for his own full term as evaders.
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