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Strategic Air Warfare Strategic Air Warfare An Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton Edited with an Introduction by Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan Office of Air Force History United States Air Force Washington, D.C., 1988 The Cover B-52 Stratofortress begins low-level penetration mission in this painting by Robert Benjamin. The B-52 has been one of the most visible instruments of American strategic air power since the mid-1950s. Courtesy USAF Art Collection Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Strategic air warfare. (USAF warrior studies) Bibliography: p. Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: D 301.96:st8/2 1. Bombing, Aerial-United States. 2. World War, 1939-1945-Aerial oper- ations, American. 3. Korean War, 1950-1953-Aerial operations, American. 4. Vietnamese Conflict, 1961-1975-Aerial operations, American. 5. United States. Air Force-History. 6. Generals-United States-Interviews. I. Le May, Curtis E. 11. Kohn, Richard H. 111. Harahan, Joseph P. IV. United States. Air Force. Office of Air Force History. V. Series UG703.277 1988 358.4'2'0973 88-600389 ISBN 0-912799-56-0 / Project Warrior Studies are published by the Office of Air Force History. The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the United States Air Force or the Department of Defense. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 iv Foreword Strategic Air Warfare is part of a continuing series of historical volumes produced by the Office of Air Force History in direct support of Project Warrior. Since its beginnings, in 1982, Project Warrior has captured the imagination of Air Force people around the world and reawakened a keener appreciation of our fundamental purpose as a Service: to deter war, but to be prepared to fight and win should deterrence fail. Military history helps provide a realistic perspective on warfare. Through the study of past events, we gain insight into the capabilities of armed forces and, most importantly, a sound knowledge of the policies, strategies, tactics, doctrine, leadership, and weapons that have produced success in battle. Each of us, in broadening our knowledge of air power’s past, helps to maintain the most effective Air Force possible, now and in the future. LARRY D. WELCH, General, USAF Chief of Staff V United States Air Force Historical Advisory Committee (As of August 1, 1988) Alfred D. Chandler Charles R. Hamm Harvard University Lieutenant General, USAF Superintendent, USAF Academy Anne Foreman Ralph E. Havens The General Counsel, USAF Lieutenant General, USAF Commander, Air University Norman A. Graebner John H. Morrow, Jr. The University of Virginia The University of Tennessee at Knoxville (Chairman) Dominick Graham Thomas M. Ryan, Jr. Royal Military College of Canada General, USAF (Retired) Ira D. Gruber Gerhard L. Weinberg Rice University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill vi Contents Page Foreword ......................................................................... v Introduction ...................................................................... 1 Strategic Air Warfare .......................................................... 19 Preparations for World War 11 ......................................... 19 World War II: Europe ................................................... 31 World War 11: The Pacific .............................................. 41 The Late 1940s ............................................................ 13 Korean War ................................................................ 86 SAC in the 1950s and Earb 1960s .................................... 90 The War in the Southeast Asia ......................................... 119 Leadership .................................................................. 130 Bibliography ..................................................................... 133 Index .............................................................................. 141 Illustrations Lt . Curtis E. LeMay ........................................................... 4 Cadet Leon W . Johnson ...................................................... 9 Lt . Col . David A . Burchinal ................................................. 12 Maj. Jack J . Catton ............................................................ 16 Brig . Gen . Haywood Hansel1 and Col. Curtis LeMay .................. 22 Schweinfurt in flames .......................................................... 23 Combat box formation of aircraft .................................... faces 26 Air Corps Tactical School students ......................................... 29 vii Page Procedure at I.P. for bomb run ...................................... faces 32 B-24 Liberators enter Ploesti ................................................. 38 Col . Leon Johnson presented with Medal of Honor ..................... 39 B-17s and fighter escort ...................................................... 42 German fighter disposition throughout war ................................ 46 Maj . Jack Catton and Gen . Haywood Hansel1 ........................... 49 Maj. Gen . Curtis LeMay and Brig. Gen . Roger Ramey ............... 50 Bombs loaded onto a B-29; B-29 in flight ............................... 56 Bombing on Tokyo ............................................................. 61 Maj. Jack Catton and combat crew on Saipan ........................... 64 Maj. Gen . Lauris Norstad, Gen . Henry Arnold. and Gen . George Marshall ....................................................................... 66 Brig . Gen . Leon W . Johnson ................................................. 75 Maj. Gen . Curtis E . LeMay .................................................. 77 Lt . Col . Jack J . Catton ....................................................... 80 Col . David A . Burchinal ...................................................... 81 B-29s drop bombs over target in Korea ................................... 89 Brig . Gen . 0. Ohman congratulates Col . David Burchinal and family ........................................................................... 98 Brig. Gen . Catton before a B-52 ............................................ 99 Launch of an Atlas ICBM ................................................... 103 B-50 refueling by a KB-29 tanker ......................................... 104 B-29 tanker refueling via the flying boom ................................ 105 B47............................................................................... 106 KC-135 tanker .................................................................. 107 President John Kennedy and Gen . Curtis LeMay ....................... 111 U-2 reconnaissance aircraft ................................................... 116 Soviet missile equipment in Cuba ........................................... 117 Gen . Curtis LeMay presents Distinguished Service Medal to Lt . Gen . David Burchinal ....................................................... 118 Gen . Curtis LeMay on a visit to Vietnam ................................ 122 B-52 stratofortresses bomb Ho Chi Minh Trail .......................... 126 viii USAF WARRIOR STUDIES Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan General Editors USAF Warrior Studies Air Superiority in World War 11 and Korea, edited by Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan, 1983 GPO Stock #008-070-0489-5 The Command of the Air, by Giulio Douhet, New Imprint, 1983 GPO Stock #008-070-050-1 Condensed Analysis of the Ninth Air Force in the European Theater of Operations, 1984 GPO Stock #008-070-0513-1 The Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and Air Power, by Richard P. Hallion, 1984 GPO Stock #008-070-0523-9 Over The Hump, by William H. Tunner, New Imprint, 1985 For distribution within the U.S. Department of Defense only Air Interdiction in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, edited by Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan, 1986 GPO Stock #008-070-00571-9 Air Leadership, edited by Wayne Thompson, 1986 GPO Stock #008-070-00580-81 The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan: A Memoir, by Haywood S. Hansell, Jr., 1986 GPO Stock #008-070-00583-2 The Organization and Lineage of the United States Air Force, by Charles Ravenstein, 1986 GPO Stock #008-070-00570-1 Makers of the United States Air Force, edited by John L. Frisbee, 1987 GPO Stock #008-07000593-0 General Kenney Reports, by George C. Kenney, New Imprint, 1987 For distribution within the U.S. Department of Defense only ULTRA and the Army Air Forces in World War 11, edited by Diane T. Putney, 1987 GPO Stock #008-070-00600-6 Introduction Early in June 1984 some thirty-five of the retired four-star generals of the United States Air Force gathered in Washington, D.C., for the annual Senior Statesmen Conference. Each year since the early 1960s the Air Force has invited its retired four-star generals to Washington. From that group in 1984, the Office of Air Force History invited four general officers-Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton-to participate in a group oral interview on the history of strategic air warfare. They accepted and on June 15, 1984, at Bolling Air Force Base, the four discussed for nearly three hours the development and evolution of strategic air warfare. Because the session ended without time for a discussion of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War, the four conferred again, this time by telephone, to discuss these and other issues not considered earlier.
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