Sustainable Development Goals Series

Series editors R. B. Singh, Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economy, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India Suraj Mal, Department of Geography, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India Michael E. Meadows, EGS, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa World leaders adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Providing in-depth knowledge, this series fosters comprehensive research on the global targets to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle climate change. Sustainability of Future Earth is currently a major concern for the global community ans has been a central theme for a number of major global initiatives viz. Health and Well-being in Changing Urban Environment, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, COP21, Habitat III and Future Earth Initiative. Perceiving the dire need for Sustainable Development, the United Nations and world leaders formulated the SDG targets as a comprehensive framework based on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The goals call for action by all countries, poor, rich and middle-income, to promote prosperity while protecting the planet earth and its life support system. For sustainability to be achieved, it is important to have inputs from all sectors, societies and stakeholders. Therefore, this series on the Sustainable Development Goals aims to provide a comprehensive platform to the scientific, teaching and research communities working on various global issues in the field of geography, earth sciences, environmental science, social sciences and human geosciences, in order to contribute knowledge towards the current 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Volumes in the Series are organized by the relevant goal, and guided by an expert international panel of advisors. Contributions are welcome from scientists, policy makers and researchers working in the field of any of the following goals:

No poverty Zero Hunger Good Health and Well-Being Quality Education Gender Equality Clean Water and Sanitation Affordable and Clean Energy Decent Work and Economic Growth Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Reduced Inequalities Sustainable Cities and Communities Responsible Consumption and Production Climate Action Life Below Water Life on Land Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Partnerships for the Goals

The theory, techniques and methods applied in the contributions will be benchmarks and guide researchers on the knowledge and understanding needed for future generations. The series welcomes case studies and good practices from diverse regions, and enhances the understanding at local and regional levels in order to contribute towards global sustainability.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15486 Ali Asgary Editor

Resettlement Challenges for Displaced Populations and Refugees Editor Ali Asgary Disaster & Emergency Management School of Administrative Studies Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies York University Toronto, ON, Canada

ISSN 2523-3084 ISSN 2523-3092 (electronic) Sustainable Development Goals Series ISBN 978-3-319-92497-7 ISBN 978-3-319-92498-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92498-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949606

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland –This book is dedicated to late Graham Saunders. Through decades, Graham provided a significant contribution to knowledge about resettlement challenges particularly around housing and sheltering for refugees and disaster displaced populations. He helped us better understand the complex links between recovery, resettlement, temporary sheltering and permanent housing reconstruction. As a frequent collaborator of the i-Rec (Information and Research for Reconstruction) community, Graham provided valuable support to i-Rec conferences, student competition, and the international online debates. In one of the i-Rec international online debates about the benefits and drawbacks of temporary housing, Graham rightly concluded that “the question that should be asked is not whether temporary housing hinders the recovery process, it is why support for recovery and reconstruction is not the default response, instead of the provision of temporary housing, and what are the institutional impediments within affected governments, donors and humanitarian agencies to make this the norm” (see his complete contribution here: https:// oddebates.com/first-debate/). Graham’s ideas transformed the way we see the role of humanitarian and development agencies in post-disaster and conflict contexts, demonstrating that the resettlement challenges are not technical but social and political ones. He had clever and original ideas to challenge young professionals and students interested in post-disaster and post-conflict recovery and reconstruction. To a group of architecture students he once said “I challenge you to provide a 50$ solution to sheltering, because….this is the budget we sometimes have.” He considered his duty to test new ideas and to challenge solutions based on misconceptions about humanitarian aid. He was always looking for empirical evidence and wanted policy to be based on knowledge obtained through rigorous research and thinking. A senior and respected leader at IFRC, Graham was generous—sharing time and resources with scholars and students (students and young professionals from developing countries benefitted from scholarships he gave through i-Rec events). We will miss his clever ideas, his sense of duty, and his engagement in reducing vulnerabilities and finding appropriate housing solutions to reduce people’s suffering after disasters and crisis. Preface

Annually a large number of people are displaced and uprooted from their homes, communities, and countries. These people are resettled in various places in diverse conditions and under different roles and regulations. Depending on the cause (e.g., disaster, conflict, or war) and context (e.g., developing or developed countries), displacement could be short, medium, or long term. According to the UNHCR, more than 65.6 million people were forcibly displaced in 2016. About 34.30% (22.5 million) of them are refugees. The rest are displaced due to natural and technological disaster events or as the results of climate change impacts. Resettlement of displaced populations is a challenging task for local, national, and international community. Provision of adequate and standard support for these people requires significant resources, planning, and operations at various levels. Many of the refugees and displaced populations may never be able to go back and rebuild and live in their original houses, communities, and businesses. Therefore, it is important that the recovery and reconstruction professionals, researchers, and policy makers examine how refugees and displaced populations can rebuild their life in new locations and recover from conflicts and disasters that have impacted their lives, livelihoods, and communities. As the title of this book Resettlement Challenges of Refugees and Displaced Populations suggests, there is an urgent need to better understand the multidi- mensionality and complexity of population displacement and the role that reconstruction and recovery knowledge and practice can play in this regard. There is a great connection between forced population displacement and sustainable development. On the one hand, it can be argued that population displacement is rooted in unsustainable social, political, and economic pro- cesses, and on the other hand population displacement, if not managed prop- erly, could exacerbate unsustainability. While, vulnerability, poverty, hunger, insecurity, inequality, lack of access to health, education, sanitation, and infrastructure push people to displace, displacement, though it may provide short- term security, it may not guarantee a better life for refugees and displaced populations. In other words, it can be argued that an important measurable outcome of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be seen in the total number of displaced populations and refugees. It is expected that as international community attempts to achieve the SDGs, we should see less displaced population and refugees. Similarly, it is expected that by adhering to SDGs, refugees and displaced populations live in settlements that have better quali- ties of life compared to previous years.

vii viii Preface

This book is a selection of papers that were presented in the 8th i-Rec Conference that was held at York University on June 1–2, 2017. i-Rec is an international network focused on the study of reconstruction and recovery after conflicts and disasters1. i-Rec deals with information exchange between its members in order to contribute with knowledge related to building activi- ties in situations of crisis, particularly disasters in developing countries. It creates links between researchers, specialists, and policy makers in the field of post-disaster reconstruction, particularly in the areas of architecture, engineering and construction, urban planning, humanitarian aid, international development, and social sciences. i-Rec organizes an international conference every 2 years: Montreal (Canada), 2002; Coventry (UK), 2004; Florence (Italy), 2006; Christchurch (New Zealand), 2008; Ahmedabad (India), 2010; Ascona (Switzerland) 2013; and London (UK), 2015. One of the key goals of the 2017 i-Rec conference was to understand how disaster recovery and reconstruction knowledge and practice can contribute to the recovery and reconstruction of refugee and displaced populations. In particular, the conference aimed to push the boundaries of knowledge on recovery and reconstruction and develop new areas of inquiry that help to solve the complex problems and challenges of resettlement of forced displacement. This book contains a total of 16 papers divided into two main parts with and introductory paper. The first paper which serves as an introduction to the book is titled Sustainability, Design Futuring, and the Process of Shelter and Settlements. This paper, written by Liz Brogden, provides an insightful review of shelter literature as it relates to the sustainability and the “sustainable development” paradigm. The first part contains the papers that focus on various aspects and challenges of resettlement of refugees. Three papers are deal- ing with the resettlement challenges of Syria refugees which make up a significant portion of the global refugees in recent years in different contexts and from different perspectives. These papers look at resettlement of refugees in Canada and neighboring countries such as Lebanon and Jordan. These are followed by four more papers examining resettlement issues and challenges of refugees in Italy, Uganda, Myanmar, and Kenya. The second part consists of eight papers that are related to resettlement challenges of people affected and displaced by major disasters in the recent years. Two papers are dedicated to the 2003 Bam earthquake and two other cover different aspects of temporary and transitional shelters and settlements after the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disasters in Japan. Another paper examines the recovery and reconstruction process after the 2015 Earthquakes in Nepal using a build back better framework. This part also includes some special topics, particularly related to the effects of disasters on displaced workers and decision-making methods for selecting sustainable temporary shelters.

Toronto, ON, Canada Ali Asgary

1 i-Rec facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/iReconstruction/ i-Rec website: www.grif.umontreal.ca/i-Rec.htm Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the supports provided by York University’s Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM funded by Ontario Research Fund and NSERC), Disaster and Emergency Management Programs, and Centre for Refugee Studies. We also would like to thank i-Rec board members for giving the York University team to organize the 8th i-Rec Conference and publish its outcomes in this book. Special thanks to the scientific committee members including Professor David Alexander (UCL Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Dr. Hakan Arslan (Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey), Dr. Camillo Boano (The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Professor Roberto Bologna (College of Architecture, University of Florence, Florence, Italy), Dr. Lee Bosher (School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University, United Kingdom), Dr. Jennifer Duyne Barenstein (Centre for Research on Architecture, Society and the Built Environment (CASE), ETH Zurich, Faculty of Architecture, Switzerland), Dr. Estella Carpi, Postdoctoral Fellow (The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Professor. Colin Davidson (School of Architecture, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada), Professor David Etkin (Disaster & Emergency Management, York University, Toronto, Canada), Professor Alireza Fallahi (Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran-Iran), Dr. Mahmood Fayazi (School of Architecture, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada), Dr. Rohit Jigyasu (Research Centre for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan), Dr. Cassidy Johnson (Senior Lecturer, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Dr. Sneha Krishnan, (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, U.K.), Prof. Gonzalo Lizarralde (School of Architecture, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada), Professor. Susan McGrath (School of Social Work & Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada), Dr. Niru Nirupama (Disaster & Emergency Management, York University, Toronto, Canada), Dr. Mojtaba Rafieian (Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran), Dr. Adriano O Solis (School of Administrative Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada), Dr. Jason von Meding (School of Architecture and Built Environment,

ix x Acknowledgments

University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia), Professor Jianhong Wu (Canada Research Chair in Industrial & Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada). Finally, many thanks to Dr. Jenaro Nosedal-Sanchez, Alison Kingelin, Richard Karsseboom, Zhara Yazdizadeh, and Shichao Zhang who helped with organizing the conference. Contents

Sustainability, Design Futuring, and the Process of Shelter and Settlements �� 1 Liz Brogden

Part I Resettlement Challenges of Refugees

Resettling Syrian Refugees in Canada: Challenges Faced by Nongovernmental Service Providers �� 17 Catherine Kenny and Aaida Mamuji Settlement Policies for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon and Jordan: An Analysis of the Benefits and Drawbacks of Organized Camps �� 29 Faten Kikano and Gonzalo Lizarralde A Landscape Perspective on the Impact of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon �� 41 Maria Gabriella Trovato From Emergency to Integration? The Spatial Controversy of Reception Centres in Italy �� 65 Gisella Calcagno and Roberto Bologna Disaster Vulnerability of Displaced People in Rakhine State, Myanmar �� 81 Thomas Johnson, Jason von Meding, Thayaparan Gajendran, and Giuseppe Forino A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Transformation: Transformative Adaption of Refugees in Nakivale Refugee Settlement �� 93 Oluwadunsin Ajulo, Jason von Meding, and Patrick Tang Multilevel Informality: Migration, Spatial Organization and Control in the Toi Market in Kibera (Nairobi) �� 105 Georgia Cardosi, Gonzalo Lizarralde, Susan N. Kibue, and Lisa Bornstein

xi xii Contents

Part II Resettlement Challenges of Disaster Displaced Populations

The Impact of Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction Policies on Different Beneficiary Groups: The Case of Bam, Iran �� 123 Mahmood Fayazi and Gonzalo Lizarralde Resettlement Challenges for Children After Disasters (Case Study): Bam City �� 141 Hedyeh Gamini and Hamid Amouzad Khalili Sheltering Status a Year After the Multiple Disaster in Fukushima �� 153 Kenji Koshiyama Urbanism of Emergency: Use and Adaptation of Public Open Spaces in Disaster-Induced Resettlement Sites �� 163 Sandra Carrasco and David O’Brien Community Participation to Build Back Better: Evidence from the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes �� 175 April Aryal, Suzanne Wilkinson, and Alice Chang-Richards Effects of Disasters on Displaced Workers �� 185 Alice Chang-Richards, Erica Seville, Suzanne Wilkinson, and Bernard Walker Analyzing Flood Fatalities in Vietnam Using Statistical Learning Approach and National Disaster Database �� 197 Chinh Luu and Jason von Meding Suitability of Different Decision-Making Methods Applied for Analysing Sustainable Post-disaster Temporary Housing �� 207 S. M. Amin Hosseini, Oriol Pons, and Albert de la Fuente

Index �� 221 Contributors

Oluwadunsin Ajulo University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia S. M. Amin Hosseini Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain April Aryal University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Roberto Bologna DIDA Department of Architecture, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy Lisa Bornstein The Canadian Disaster Resilience and Sustainable Reconstruction Research Alliance (Oeuvre durable), McGill University, Montréal, Canada Liz Brogden Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Gisella Calcagno DIDA Department of Architecture, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy Georgia Cardosi The Canadian Disaster Resilience and Sustainable Reconstruction Research Alliance (Oeuvre durable), The Fayolle-Magil Construction Research Chair in Architecture, the Built Environment and Sustainability, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada Sandra Carrasco University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Alice Chang-Richards University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Albert de la Fuente Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain Mahmood Fayazi The Institute of Disaster Managment and Reconstruction, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong and Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Giuseppe Forino University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Thayaparan Gajendran University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Hedyeh Gamini Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Thomas Johnson University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia

xiii xiv Contributors

Catherine Kenny York University, Toronto, Canada Hamid Amouzad Khalili University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Susan N. Kibue Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya Faten Kikano The Canadian Disaster Resilience and Sustainable Reconstruction Research Alliance (Oeuvre Durable), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada Kenji Koshiyama Faculty of Societal Safety Sciences, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan Gonzalo Lizarralde The Royal Society of Canada, Professeur École d’architecture, Université de Montréal, Titulaire de la Chaire Fayolle-Magil Construction en architecture, bâtiment et durabilité, Directeur du Groupe de recherche IF (grif) et OEuvre durable, Montreal, Canada Chinh Luu University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Aaida Mamuji York University, Toronto, Canada David O’Brien University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Oriol Pons Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain Erica Seville Resilient Organisations, Christchurch, New Zealand Patrick Tang University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Maria Gabriella Trovato American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Jason von Meding University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Bernard Walker University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Suzanne Wilkinson University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand