2002 Medals and Awards

RIP RAPP micromorphology. An example of this ing force behind the recently co-edited work is the book Soils and book Earth Sciences and Archaeology, ARCHAEOLOGICAL Micromorphology in Archaeology, a comprehensive volume that presents a GEOLOGY which Paul co-authored with his long- wide array of subjects that are relevant time collaborators Marie-Agnes Courty to geoarchaeology. It is also noteworthy AWARD and Richard MacPhail. This book is the that Paul is currently writing a book standard reference for the topic and will (with R.I. MacPhail) entitled Practical Presented to Paul Goldberg soon appear in a long-awaited second and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. As edition. Paul also published dozens of indicated by the title, this book will articles dealing with this topic, ranging transcend descriptive geoarchaeology, from very focused, site-specific studies an approach that is sorely needed. to review articles. He published papers One of the more remarkable in several of the proceedings volumes aspects of Paul’s work is his global per- of the International Working Meeting spective. He has enthusiastically ap- on Soil Micromorphology, but more plied his methods and talents through- importantly (for the archaeological out the world, working on most community), he published various continents. His research at major sites overviews in volumes aimed at the ar- in North America, including Hell Gap, chaeological audience, such as the 1995 Meadowcroft, Wilson-Leonard, and volume on Archaeological Sediments many others, has helped expand the ap- and Soils. Hence, Paul has made a plication of geoarchaeology and strong effort to develop a technological broaden the appreciation of the earth bridge between the geoscience and ar- sciences among the archaeological Paul Goldberg chaeological communities. community. And his current research at Paul is also one of the leading Zhoukoudian, China, is shedding new Citation by Rolfe D. Mandel and practitioners of geoarchaeology at the light on one of the most famous and Vance T. Holliday macromorphological level more famil- significant archaeological and hominid It is a great pleasure and honor iar to most of us.. He is widely known sites in the world. for his work on the stratigraphy and pa- to introduce our friend and colleague, Paul has also gained great re- leoenvironments of the Middle East at Paul Goldberg, for the presentation of spect for his remarkable teaching skills both site-specific and regional levels. the 2002 GSA Rip Rapp Award. Few and, moreover, his willingness to train He has been a principal figure in the in- merit such recognition, and Paul is one others who are interested in applica- vestigation of some of the most impor- of them. tions of micromorphology. Despite his tant Pleistocene cave and rockshelter teaching and research load and many Paul’s involvement in geoar- sites in the region, beginning with his other commitments, Paul often devotes chaeology spans more than 35 years. work at Tabun and more recently with considerable time to students and pro- Throughout his academic career, Paul his involvement at Kebara and fessionals who travel to Boston has practiced and promoted geoarchae- Hayonim. For example, his contribu- University for the opportunity to sit ology on a full-time basis; it is not a tions to the dating and history of site down with him at the microscope. Few secondary interest to him. He has been formation processes at Kebara helped people are as generous with their time a key player in the discipline and un- to establish the site as one of the most and effort as Paul! doubtedly will continue to have a significant Upper Pleistocene localities strong influence on its direction. in the Old World. His broader papers on Beyond his contributions in Paul’s most significant contri- regional paleoenvironments in the the realm of research, publication, and bution to geoarchaeology, indeed to the Middle East also establish him as one teaching, Paul performed a significant broader field of archaeology, is his of the leading authorities on the subject. service to the geoarchaeological com- munity during his tenure as Chair of the work on soil micromorphology as a tool Although many of Paul’s pub- AG Division (2001), and as Editor-in- in archaeological research. Paul is one lications focus on micromorphology Chief of Geoarchaeology: An of the world’s leading experts on the and/or paleoenvironments, he has also International Journal. In our view and subject, and he is certainly the most been involved in works that are broad that of many colleagues, he did an out- prolific and best-known practitioners in in scope. For example, he was the driv-

P. 14 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

standing job of transforming I took a more geomorphologi- some weird viewpoints about how I ap- Geoarchaeology by aggressively bring- cal view of archaeological geology proach things and I admire them for ing in a more substantive and a broader when I moved to the Institute of their tolerance, especially to my topical and geographic array of papers. Archaeology, Hebrew University in the Geoarchaeology co-editor. Paul is currently Co-Editor of early 1970s. It is there that I was im- Finally, my colleague, pal and Geoarchaeology, and he continues to mersed in and surrounded by archaeol- solid source of inspiration for thirty play an important role in promoting the ogy, geology, and a bunch of smart pre- years has been my “older brother,” Joe journal. historians. I spent many days in the O’Brien, a.k.a., Ofer Bar-Yosef. From field with Na’ama Goren, Nigel In sum, Paul Goldberg is an the time I arrived as a green Post-Doc at Goring-Morris, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Uri international scholar of the highest cal- Hebrew University, to the ad hoc visits Baruch, and Tom Levy, and I came to iber known throughout the world’s at Harvard, it’s been energizing to hang appreciate the variety of sites, how they geoarchaeological community and out and, especially, to mumble and articulated with past landscapes and en- much of its archaeological community kvetch in Hebrew. vironments, and how my comrades for his considerable energy, talents, and thought about and excavated them. At To all these (and uncited) contributions. We believe his efforts re- this time fuzzy notions of micromor- friends and colleagues I am really flect the spirit and the standards of the phology from graduate school were grateful for your help in getting me here award he is receiving, and that both the fleshed out, and I realized how impor- today, and I thank you. Geological Society of America and past tant were microstratigraphy and micro- award recipients should be proud to morphology in figuring out how ar- recognize him in this way. chaeological sites form. In the mid 1980s my target be- Response by Paul Goldberg gan to shift from landscape to micro- morphology, specifically aiming at It is a great honor to be chosen Kebara Cave. There I got to work with for this year’s award, and I am sincerely French colleagues who not only ele- appreciative to be chosen by the vated the level of my Franco-babble but Society. As 60s product , I tend to take who exposed me to different ways of a holistic view of things, and inasmuch thinking about and doing prehistory. it is I who is receiving the award, I can- Collaboration with the late geologist, not admit to having earned it by myself. Henri Laville was both inspiring and The knowledge or insights I have ob- fun, and interaction with prehistorian tained during the 30+ years of doing Liliane Meignen has often forced me archaeological geology has been possi- think more clearly. The same is true of ble only through interactions with ar- more than a decade’s interaction with chaeologists and geologists, some Steve Weiner (Weizmann Institute). His good, some bad. I would like to thank rigorous approach has forced me to some of the good collaborators, al- raise my geoarchaeological bar. though because of space limitations, I cannot thank them all. Back in the United States, I spent the 90s developing micromor- One of the most influential phology with Marie-Agnès Courty and persons during my graduate studies was Rich Macphail who squeeze out palaeo- Henry Wright at Michigan. In a reading climates and human activities from course he pointed out that it would be stones and sediments. At the same time wonderful if we could find the means to I expanded my interaction and horizons recognize individual surfaces in archae- with North American sites and col- ological deposits and infer specific ac- leagues, and they exposed me to differ- tivities associated with them. This com- ent kinds of geoarchaeological ap- ment would plant the seeds for my proaches. Vance Holliday, Rolfe Mandel, enthusiasm for micromorphology that I Reid Ferring, Boyce Driskell, and Mike would develop later. Collins would all admit that I have

The Geological Society of America P. 15 2002 Medals and Awards

GILBERT H. low rank western U.S. coals (Powder petrographic classifications that are rec- River Basin, Big George, Wind River, ognized by other coal geologists through- CADY AWARD and others), already having extensive ex- out the world and by the American Presented to perience with Appalachian Basin coals. Society for Testing and Materials. In ad- As his experience expanded, he was of- dition to the coal petrographic standardi- Ronald W. Stanton ten asked to study coals, carbonaceous zation, Ron had started to create stan- shales, and petroleum source rocks from dards and unified methods to measure the many different deposits around the volume of coalbed gas and conduct coal world. This wide breadth of experience resource assessments for ASTM. One of allowed Ron to create standardized meth- Ron’s last research projects involved ods that are now current practice, such as coalbed methane desorption and carbon coal pellet etching, vitrinite reflectance dioxide absorption in low rank coals. methodologies, and coal bed sampling This innovative research led to a whole techniques. Ron and colleagues were new mind set on the ability of low rank able to identify and characterize new coals to act as sequesters of carbon diox- crypto-macerals as a direct result of the ide. Ron’s research showed that some etching research. Ron correlated certain low rank coals can absorb 7 to 10 times crypto-maceral occurrences with higher the amount of CO2 previously thought levels of coalbed methane occurrence in able by bituminous coals. specific coals. His broad focus on global Ronald W. Stanton coals of all ranks, as well as the charac- Ron’s advice was sought after terization of new macerals, allowed Ron by a whole cadre of organic scientists Citation by Brenda S. Pierce to correlate many of the petrographic because of his multidisciplinary ap- proach to coal science. His broad, yet in- The Gilbert H. Cady Award is components to other coal characteristics, depth, understanding of so many facets presented, posthumously, this year to such as quality parameters. of coal geology made him an invaluable Ronald W. Stanton in recognition of his Ron also had vast experience in resource to co-workers at many different many outstanding achievements in the the entire spectrum of basic and applied research institutions. In addition to his field of coal geology. Ron contributed research. Throughout his career, he took scientific contributions, Ron mentored significantly to our practical knowledge basic research on coal origin, compo- a whole generation of coal geologists, of coal composition, the nature of coal nents, and characterization and applied it who now work at research institutions all macerals, and the formation of coal. Ron in the real world of coal mining and uti- over the world. Collectively, this group shaped many aspects of current coal lization. He worked with geologists and has defined current coal petrographic petrologic research and created innova- engineers at coal mines, power plants, standards. tive approaches to coal characterization. cleaning laboratories, other research fa- Although Ron’s best-known contribu- cilities, universities, and state geological Ron was certainly an individual tions were in the fields of coal petrology surveys to ensure that his research results who made outstanding contributions to and petrography, he also developed new were valid and usable. One of Ron’s ba- many facets of the field of coal geology. techniques for prediction of coal quality sic research concepts that had immediate Ron contributed to coal geochemistry, characteristics, coalbed methane occur- applicable results was the concept of coal mineralogy, quality, formation and ori- rence, and carbon sequestration potential. bed facies, which basically changed the gin, coalification, and of course coal His interest and research touched on all way in which many coal scientists study characterization, as well as helped create aspects of coal geology, from a coal’s in- a coal bed. Coal bed facies are vertically an environment that fostered multidisci- ception in the peat mire, through diagen- distinct, laterally continuous subunits plinary coal research as a mentor, esis and coalification, to mining, utiliza- within the coal. By studying the facies, teacher, and manager of coal research at tion, and combustion. rather than the bed as a whole, coal qual- many different research organizations. Ron Stanton is certainly an outstanding Ron’s work on coals and other ity, washability characteristics, and recipient of the Gilbert H. Cady Award. organic materials from all over the world chemistry are more quantifiable and in and of all different ranks allowed him to many instances predictable. compare and contrast components from a Ron analyzed coal components wide variety of host materials. Ron was throughout his career and his observations one of the first to petrographically study led to significant modifications of coal

P. 16 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

E.B. BURWELL, conduct of war has changed since the We come from varied back- early 1990s suggests that future mili- grounds in the geology profession but JR., AWARD tary endeavors will be carried out on a we share a passion for and a history of local, rather than regional or continen- involvement in military geology that Presented to Tom Eastler, tal, basis, and that those involved, al- dates back many, many years. Paul, our Paul Fisher, and Don Percious though using weapons of the most mod- elder statesman and former Chief ern technology, will use the subsurface Geologist with the Corp of Engineers,

Tom Eastler Paul Fisher Don Percious

for camouflage, protection; supply, with his extensive background in mili- Citation by Judy Ehlen weapon, and ammunition storage; and tary design and construction, Don with subsistence to the maximum extent pos- his longstanding work in the Military I am truly honored to be the sible. Application of the methodologies Geology branch of the U.S. Geological citationist for the 2002 Burwell Award. described in their Role of Geology in Survey, and I, with my life’s work of I have known Tom and Paul for about Assessing Vulnerability of Underground detecting and documenting under- 30 years, and Don for almost 10, and I Fortification to Conventional Weapons ground facilities (UGFs) and educating am well aware of their commitment to Attack is thus essential to our national the military about their significance military geology and to our nation. As well being. It thus gives me the greatest worldwide, naturally gravitated toward geologists, Tom, Paul, and Don have pleasure to present the 2002 Burwell a most rewarding professional associa- different backgrounds and specialities, Award to Tom Eastler, Don Percious, tion when we synergistically combined which makes their combined expertise and Paul Fisher. our knowledge and experience in at- as exhibited by their paper unique. This tacking the problem of determining the combination has enabled them to de- vulnerability of UGFs to conventional velop a characterization methodology Response by Tom Eastler weapons attack. to predict the geotechnical properties of remote underground facilities that are Youth and brevity are not It occurred to us that the only of crucial concern to our nation’s well strange bedfellows. As the youngest, way to exploit potential vulnerabilities being. This expertise was gained as a and occasionally the most brief, of the of underground facilities was to know result of careers in the military and as three of us, I find myself drafted by my the geotechnical characteristics of the civil servants. For Don and Paul work colleagues to give one short acceptance terrain encompassing such facilities. In is continuing into retirement, and I’m speech on behalf of us all. the early 1990’s we all found ourselves sure Tom will follow in their footsteps. working for several Department of We accept the 2002 E. B. No award could possibly be more Defense (DoD) agencies involved in Burwell, Jr. Award with gratitude and timely with respect to the current mili- the detection and characterization of humility. It is truly an honor to receive tary activities in Afghanistan, which UGFs. Paul and Don were performing this award for excellence in engineering have made very clear the critical need geotechnical characterization studies geology in the name of the first Chief to understand the geology of tunnels for a great many UGFs worldwide. I Geologist for the Corps of Engineers and other underground facilities, be was involved in the detection and char- and one of the greatest engineering ge- they natural or man made. The way the acterization of enemy facilities, the de- ologists of our time.

The Geological Society of America P. 17 2002 Medals and Awards

sign and testing of analog facilities, and the education of various DoD elements on the importance of geology in target- ing and defeating such facilities. At this time the construction of UGFs for military purposes was pro- liferating, and a number of potentially hostile countries were constructing UGFs, which could be used for many purposes including the manufacture and storage of weapons of mass destruction. With some very effective unconven- tional attack options no longer available to us since the end of the cold war, hos- tile UGFs would have to be held at risk primarily with conventional weapons, not a trivial task. Geotechnical charac- terization was now to become the key to developing the best attack options since the brute force approach was no longer a player. Although the results of our re- search efforts in UGF characterization have been disseminated in classified documents going back as far as 1977, we felt that it was time to share our joint endeavors in an unclassified mode, hence the publication of our pa- per. The threat to our Nation’s security arising from the use of UGFs in poten- tially hostile countries is very real. We hope that our contributions have helped to reduce that threat. We never expected to be the recipients of such a prestigious award for our work. We are very gratified for having been chosen, however, and we are pleased to have been able to share our work with our engineering geology colleagues.

P. 18 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

GEORGE P. continental rift. These images have ties, secured Texas State money and de- changed the way we think about how veloped the instrument. Four hundred WOOLLARD rifting processes are distributed through of these now reside at UTEP, with an- AWARD the crust and upper mantle. other four hundred at IRIS. These in- struments are known in the community From the backyard of Randy’s as the Texans; which is both an hon- Presented to G. Randy Keller Jr. house, which is sited on a mountain- orific and ironic, as the Texan instru- side, you can look out westward across ments are diminutive, being about a the Rio Grand rift. In the early morning tenth the size and weight of the instru- the peaks in the distance look remark- ments we had been using. ably like islands at sea. The comparison between the sea and desert has been For a significant part of his ca- made many times before, of course, but reer, 17 years, Randy chaired the here it is apt also on a personal level. Department of Geological Sciences at The famous oceanographer Maurice the University of Texas at El Paso. As Ewing believed in geophysical explo- chairman he was the overseer of a ration. He kept the Lamont research building reconstruction and a building ship at sea and kept its geophysical in- addition; UTEP has a beautiful Earth struments constantly in operation . Science facility. While chair Randy set Similarly Randy keeps his instruments, an absolute standard for modern hiring his students, and his staff in the desert practices in Geoscience Departments. collecting all types of geophysical data He has also directed more than 20 G. Randy Keller Jr. that are used to address questions re- Ph.D. and 50 M.S. thesis projects, and lated to the tectonics of the Rio Grande published some 200 papers. Citation by Alan Levander rift, the evolution of the North Congratulations Randy! American continent, and El Paso re- The George P. Woollard gional groundwater resources and Award is given to an individual who has waste disposal issues. contributed in an outstanding manner to Response by G. Randy Keller Jr. geology through the application of prin- Randy makes use of all avail- To say the least, I am ex- cipals and techniques of geophysics. able geologic and geophysical data tremely pleased to be this year’s recipi- when approaching a tectonic problem. It’s a pleasure to be asked to ent of the George P. Woollard Award. I For decades Randy has been industri- deliver the citation for this year’s recip- am particularly gratified to see my ously investigating his own backyard, if ient G. Randy Keller, as Randy and I name added to a list of awardees that by that description you include not only have collaborated for the past 7 years includes many distinguished geophysi- the Rio Grande Rift but also the on a number of seismic investigations cists, and I am fortunate that many of Colorado Plateau, the Southern Rocky in the Western U.S. them have been valued colleagues and Mountains, much of the Western U. S., mentors. Above all, it is nice to receive Randy particularly integrates Texas, and Oklahoma. At this stage of this award at a joint gathering of the geologic and geophysical data in stud- his career, without having lost interest Structure and Tectonics and Geophysics ies of large scale tectonic systems. in North America, he is involved in a Divisions in the presence of many Randy has spent a significant fraction variety of experiments in Eastern friends and colleagues who have often of his career studying the crust and up- Europe. served as geologic tutors. per mantle of continental rifts in Africa, Although the Woollard Award first in Kenya and now in Ethiopia, in As the years have passed, I makes no mention of professional serv- Asia at Lake Baikal, and in North have found myself more and more mo- ice, it would be difficult to give a cita- America, in the mid-continent and in tivated by the search for answers to im- tion for Randy that didn’t include his the Rio Grande rift, where he lives. portant geologic questions of all scales. work for the community. Randy was one of the U.S. principal in- Although it is at bit daunting to work si- vestigators of the KRISP experiment in When the active source seis- multaneously on the lithospheric evolu- the east African rift, which provided the mology community needed a new light- tion of the Rocky Mountains and the first modern seismic images of the weight portable instrument, Randy put magmatic processes at work in the East crustal and upper mantle structure of a together a coalition of Texas universi- African rift while helping select a site

The Geological Society of America P. 19 2002 Medals and Awards

for a brine disposal well linked to a ma- entist today. It is a privilege to be in- jor desalinization plant, it is also invig- volved in such an interesting and chal- orating and challenging. Thus, receiv- lenging endeavor and to work with so ing an award, whose purpose is to many excellent students. Peer review “recognize outstanding contributions to and collegial support have given me a geology through the application of the chance to do things that I never principals and techniques of geo- dreamed possible, and I am very thank- physics,” means a great deal to me. ful of this and for this award. The establishment of this Thank You All. award almost twenty years ago was a forward looking step, because in recent years, we have seen an evolution of our science with an ever increasing empha- sis on integrated studies. This trend is primarily due to our joint recognition that the questions we are seeking to an- swer, in both the basic and applied sci- ence domains, require us to collaborate and use every tool available. The many collaborative tectonic research efforts represented at this meeting attest to this development. It has been both my pleasure and privilege to participate in several such studies, and my students and I have learned a great deal from our colleagues and experiences during these endeavors. It is, of course, important to use an opportunity such as this to thank those who have made it possible for me to be standing here accepting this award. I have been around long enough that this is indeed a long list, and I am happy to say that it includes many of my students and international col- leagues. I only have time to say that I particularly appreciate the openness, cooperation, and support of the individ- uals, organizations, and institutions working and located in the Rio Grande rift / southern Rocky Mountain region. From the first day I arrived in El Paso, I have felt welcome and part of a group that understands the importance of co- operation and collaboration to achieve important scientific goals. It was essentially by accident that I was introduced to the geo- sciences, but I want to say that I con- sider myself very lucky to be a geosci-

P. 20 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

HISTORY He gradually expanded his duality of In all of his work, Dennis interests, which has made him unique Dean is one of the most thorough and OF among historians of geology. rigorous scholars active in the history of geology. He single-mindedly pursues GEOLOGY Over the years, Dennis has re- relevant source materials, and has made searched and written increasingly about a number of important factual discover- AWARD the history of geology, and his work has ies in the process. Dennis subjects his gained much authority. His efforts have material to the strictest scrutiny before Presented to Dennis Dean culminated with outstanding scientific he draws his often novel conclusions. biographies of James Hutton published With his unique background, he is able in 1992 and Gideon Mantell published to analyze subtleties of linguistic ex- in 1999, which are now the definitive pression and to see interdisciplinary re- references for these two important fig- lationships between science and the hu- ures. Dennis made a coup in his manities that would go unnoticed by serendipitous discovery of a rich store most of us. I am honored to present of Mantell resources in New Zealand, Dennis Dean for the History Division’s where one of Gideon’s sons had emi- 2002 Award. grated, but I leave it for him to tell that story. Those two books alone would Response by Dennis Dean justify our award for Dennis Dean, but Thank you, Bob, my friend he also has published important articles and mentor, for nominating me to re- about the history of geology in such ceive the same History of Geology Dennis Dean journals as Isis, Annals of Science, Award that has in the past been pre- Modern Geology, and the Journal of sented to so many worthy scholars. If Geological (now Geoscience) Citation by R.H. Dott Jr. any among us still doubts the appropri- Education . These have concerned not ateness of its going to a humanist like I first met our awardee in 1965 only Hutton and Mantell, but also myself, I hope that he or she will ready when a Ph.D. candidate in English liter- Erasmus Darwin, Playfair, Lyell, my books. ature named Dennis Dean showed up in Hitchcock, Mallet, Benjamin Franklin, the first class that I taught on the history and William MacLure. He has pub- Though reading has always of geology. I may well have gained lished important essays about Sir been one of my greatest pleasures in more from our classroom experiences Walter Scott and the neptunist-vulcanist life, I began to collect rocks even ear- than he, for Dennis introduced me to a dispute; Tennyson and geology; the lier, before I could read. In 1941, when wealth of 19th Century literary allu- controversy between Muir and Whitney my family was living in northern sions to geology. One example that par- about the origin of Yosemite Valley; the Illinois (not far from where I live now), ticularly delighted me, and which he age of the earth controversy; and the my mother and two of her sisters took later published, was how Edward San Francisco Earthquake of 1906. He my older brother and me on a lengthy Hitchcock’s celebrated Connecticut has contributed to symposium volumes car trip through Canada and New Valley trackways inspired Henry and encyclopedias, notably 14 entries England. We stopped at a place called Wadsworth Longfellow’s famous pas- for the new Dictionary of National the desert of Maine, at which colorful sage “Footprints on the sands of time” Biography. For the 1997 Hutton-Lyell sands were exposed. While there my from the Psalm of Life (published in bicentenary, Dennis edited an aug- aunt Bea saw how fascinated I was with 1838). Dennis’ Master’s thesis at mented reprint edition of James some of the pegmatite minerals on sale Stanford had been about Emerson and Hutton’s v. III of Theory of the Earth - in the gift shop and bought a few speci- Geology, and when he joined my class, the long lost volume, which was first mens for me, on of which I still have. he was working on his Ph.D. disserta- published in 1899. He is presently the My rock collection began on that date tion about Geology and the British General Editor for a History of Earth and has continued ever since—for more Romantic Poets. After graduate school, Sciences reprint series and frequently than sixty years. Dennis joined the humanities faculty of participates in both national and inter- Having started at age three, I the University of Wisconsin at national conferences on the history of had plenty of time to expand my origi- Parkside, where he taught for 25 years. geology.

The Geological Society of America P. 21 2002 Medals and Awards

nal interest in rocks to include fossils, and greatly underrated British discov- artifacts, and geological and cultural erer of dinosaurs. It took me several history. I discovered the history of sci- months to figure out who that someone ence as a graduate student at Stanford, had to be. Eventually, I returned to New but only through private reading (in Zealand for a more extended stay of March 1961). A book called The nine weeks, funded by the National History of Science and the New Science Foundation—this with a doc- Humanism, by George Sarton, showed torate in English literature—and the me how I could put the scientific and book itself (my third) took twenty-two humanistic sides of my mind together. I years in all. My current book-length began to write literary term papers em- project has to do with Charles Lyell and phasizing the cultural influence of sci- won’t, I hope, take as long. ence, and later did a Master’s thesis on Thank you very much. Emerson and geology (1962), explain- ing that writer’s numerous allusions to earth science. Following two years in the army, I returned to graduate school at Wisconsin, where I was the first ever to pair a doctoral program in English with a minor in the history of science. As part of that unique curriculum, I under- took three credits of work with Bob Dott, who was then the same “peach of a fellow” (as someone assured me) that he still is today. My dissertation topic, as he mentioned, was “Geology and the British Romantic Poets”—in other words, the literary contemporaries of Hutton, Playfair, and the early Lyell. In 1977, while on my way home from a Senior Fulbright lecture- ship in Korea, I stopped off in Wellington, New Zealand, to see four letters by Mary Shelley, wife of the poet and the author of Frankenstein; I knew two of the letters to be unpublished. All four were to Gideon Mantell, of whom I had heard by reason of my work on Emerson and the American Journal of Science. But I was entirely unprepared for the previously unknown riches of the Alexander Turnbull Library’s su- perb Mantell collection. Revising my schedule of the spot, I spent four days—as much time as I could spare— researching two essays, one on Mary Shelley and Gideon Mantell, the other on the Mantell collection itself. Someone, I was convinced, really ought to write a biography of the fascinating

P. 22 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

O.E. MEINZER of his age (and I can say this because I geochemical, and biogeochemical am a gray beard too!), but because of processes at the ground water-surface AWARD his profound influence to the science. water interface. Prior to these models, hydrologists, ecologist, and geologists Tom’s winning the Meinzer Presented to Thomas C. Winter oversimplified descriptions of lake Award has not been his first recogni- groundwater interaction in ways that tion. He received the Dept. of Interior often led to scientific and regulatory Superior Service Award in 1981, the misinterpretations and errors. American Water Resources Association Boggess Award for Best Paper in 1981, The second two papers cited three USGS special achievement by the committee are Winter’s, “The awards, and Dept. Interior Meritorious vulnerability of wetlands to climate Service Award and Distinguished change: A hydrologic landscape per- Service Awards. He won the National spective,” published in the Journal of Ground Water Association’s M. King the American Water Resources Hubbert Science Award in 1999, and Association, and Winter’s “The concept the Society of Wetland Scientist’s of hydrologic landscapes,” published in Lifetime Achievement Award this year, 2002 in the Journal of the American 2002. Tom is on a well-earned roll. Water Resources Association. These contributions stem from Tom’s recent Specifically, why did Tom win Thomas C. Winter interest in how wetlands and lakes the Meinzer Award? The Meinzer evolve and fit into climatic and geo- Committee cited several of Tom’s re- morphic landscapes. Wetlands and Citation by Donald I. Siegel cent papers out of his large body of lakes occur in their many variations and work. Two of these papers, This year’s O.E. Meinzer forms because of changes and differ- “Groundwater and Surface water—a Award is presented to Tom Winter of ences in regional and local geomor- single resource,” by Winter, J.W. the U.S. Geological Survey. The phology and climate. This fundamental Harvey, O.L. Franke, and W. M Alley, Meinzer award was established in 1965 concept somehow got lost in many reg- published as USGS Circular 1139, and to recognize significant contributions ulatory schemes for wetland and lake Winter, “Relation of streams, lakes and that an individual has made in hydroge- classifications, which usually center on wetlands to groundwater flow systems,” ology or some closely related field dur- derivative ecological or descriptive fac- published in the Hydrogeology Journal, ing the past five years. To this end, I am tors. The two cited papers have re- include outstanding syntheses of his simply delighted to be asked by Tom to ceived a great deal of press and discus- theoretical modeling experiments and be his citationist. I first met Tom in sion throughout both the academic and subsequent field studies to test the 1972 when I enrolled at the University regulatory wetland hydrology and ecol- model results. More than 30,000 copies of Minnesota. Tom, then the Assistant ogy communities. I predict that the ele- of the Circular have been distributed to District Chief of the USGS in St. Paul, gance of the papers will lead to much date. Tom—why, oh why, didn’t you was in the throws of completing his better regulatory understanding of how publish it with Elsevier? Just think of own Ph.D. dissertation under the same hydrology controls wetland and lakes, the royalties! advisor, Olaf Pfannkuch. Tom’s bibli- and perhaps even a simpler and more ography now is a profound record of Both these paper directly de- scientifically robust formalization of achievement spanning decades of fo- scend from Tom’s first, and arguably wetland classifications used in regula- cused research to try and understand the seminal, contribution to modern lake tory and legal practice. complexities of surface-water and hydrogeology: “Numerical Simulation Finally, I would like to com- groundwater interaction in literally of the Interaction of Lakes and Ground ment to one other paper that Tom wrote every hydrogeologic setting, from hu- Water,” published in 1976 as USGS that changed paradigm. Calculating wa- mid to dry climates, granular to fracture Professional Paper 1001. The results in ter balances is routinely done in hydrol- driven flow systems, from tiny potholes this paper and Tom’s subsequent 3-D, ogy. These calculations are essential to to large swamps. Tom was doing multi- non-steady state, and unsaturated/satu- evaluate water and geochemical cycling disciplinary research decades before it rated flow models provide the intellec- in lakes and wetlands. In 1981, Winter became fashionable. Indeed, Tom is tual foundation for modern multidisci- showed in his review article, known to many as the “father of lake- plinary research on physical, groundwater interaction,” not because “Uncertainties in estimating the water

The Geological Society of America P. 23 2002 Medals and Awards

balance of lakes” published in the Response by Thomas C. Winter water flow systems. And, in fact, there Water Resources Bulletin, that errors in was, because with the help of Dick I thank my GSA colleagues for many measured components of lake Cooley (USGS) in the early 1980s, I this great honor. I have a photo of water balances are often profound and, ran numerical experiments of variably- Meinzer and his USGS colleagues, consequently, estimating a component saturated flow, which indicated that taken in 1932, in my office. That photo of a water budget by residual often has wells needed to be placed very near sur- is a continuing inspiration to live up to little meaning. Tom’s paper was partic- face water in order to fully understand the standards that he set. Many individ- ularly significant because lake manage- the interaction of ground water and sur- uals who followed Meinzer influenced ment projects greatly depend upon ac- face water. This insight led to a massive me during my career, but in this limited curate water budgets. If water budget redesign of our field installations. To space I can name only a few individuals errors are neglected, management proj- this day we continue to learn of the in- who were either great thinkers, selfless ects can be doomed to failure. This pa- tertwined roles of landform, geology, colleagues, or both. per won Tom the W.R. Boggess Award and climate on the interaction of ground and he tells me that he’s sent out over When I was a student in the water and surface water. 2,000 reprints of the paper. late 1950s, a USGS hydrologist told me With respect to the data record that if I became a ground-water hydrol- Tom has stayed throughout his itself, it is impossible to obtain a contin- ogist, I would spend the rest of my life career with the USGS, where in the uous record at four field sites over a 25- running pumping tests to determine National Research Program he con- year period without help. And for that transmissibility and storage values, and ceived, organized, promoted and re- help I thank Don Rosenberry, Jim plotting time-drawdown and distance- ceived long-term funding for his lake LaBaugh, Don Buso, Dennis Merk, drawdown curves to predict aquifer and wetlands research. As part of this Dallas Hudson, and personnel of the performance. I thought ‘there has to be program, Tom linked with academic, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research more to this hydrology business than state, and other researchers in one of the Center. that’. And, in fact, there was, because in most successful long-term collabora- the early 1960s, Joe Tóth (Alberta A few others that must be ac- tions around. Tom’s success, beyond his Research Council) published his papers knowledged are; Herb Wright and Olaf intellect, stems from his being one of on ground-water flow systems. To me, Pfannkuch (my academic mentors), the most generous, self-effacing, and ground-water flow systems were the Gene Likens and George Swanson congenial scientists I know. Working link that held the hydrologic world to- (who invited me to work at their field with him simply is a pleasure. I can say gether. Through ground-water flow sys- sites), Bob Maclay (an unusually self- this with some assurance. In the mid- tems, one could make sense of the dis- less project chief), and managers of the 1970’s I was the USGS district hydrolo- tribution of chemical constituents in USGS National Research Program (Joe gist who organized most of the field ground water, movement of contami- Upson, John Bredehoeft, Roger Wolff, work at Williams Lake (MN), where nants, and the role of ground water in and Mary Jo Baedecker), who provided Tom field tested the results of his initial affecting the physical and chemical the atmosphere and funding for me to theoretical numerical modeling experi- characteristics of surface water. The pursue my research. ments on lake-groundwater interaction. concept of ground-water flow systems There, under my astute supervision, a was the framework upon which I set up driller planted 100+ feet of drill stem, my research project on the hydrology of stabilizer and bit forever into the lakes and wetlands. ground. When Tom heard about it, he laughed, and told me a story how he, in Following several years of nu- another aborted drilling operation, merical modeling of the interaction of wound up glaciating an important ground water with lakes, I established Minnesota highway with continual ice a field sites in different parts of the U.S. winter, much to the consternation of lo- to see if the real world agreed with the- cals, the State, and the USGS which ory. After several years of field activity had to foot the bill to fix the problem. at those sites, it was clear that there was They kept him anyway, which has been more to understanding the interaction to all our benefit. of ground water and surface water than knowing only the big picture of the in- Tom, my hearty congratula- teraction of surface water with ground- tions on winning the Meinzer Award!

P. 24 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

G.K. GILBERT intense. In the early 1970s, while on the those models systematically to a wide staff at Bellcomm, Jim played a key role range of volcanic features on the planets. AWARD in the study of potential Apollo landing From the conditions favoring explosive sites, the geological training of the volcanism to those favoring plutonism, Presented to James W. Head III Apollo astronauts, and the planning of from the formation of domes to that of their traverses while on the lunar surface, rilles, from an assessment of time-de- contributing enormously to maximizing pendent volcanic flux to an explanation the scientific return from the Apollo mis- for chemical variations among lunar vol- sions. In the three decades that he has canic samples, Jim and Lionel have been on the faculty of Brown University, matched theory and observation to gain Jim has been a guest investigator or a insight into volcanic landforms on every member of a science or instrument team terrestrial planet and several of the on at least 10 missions that collectively Galilean satellites. In explaining suc- have orbited (or will orbit) every planet cinctly one of the reasons for the success from Mercury to Jupiter. of their highly productive collaboration, Wilson writes that Jim “is a powerhouse Trained in stratigraphy as a graduate stu- of constructive ideas.” dent focused on Appalachian geology, Jim followed in the scientific footsteps of The planet about which Jim has written G. K. Gilbert. The first extraterrestrial more papers than any other is Venus, and James W. Head III body to which Jim applied his classical the largest source of fuel for his creative training was the Moon, where his earliest Cytherean fires was the Magellan mis- emphasis was on the nature of lunar sion. Even more than a decade prior to Citation by Sean C. Solomon craters and impact basins and on the Magellan’s arrival at Venus, Jim made The G. K. Gilbert Award is presented an- styles and history of lunar volcanism. It the most of the data from the Pioneer nually for outstanding contributions to was because he was a leading authority Venus Orbiter, the images from the the solution of fundamental problems in on the structure and evolution of lunar Venera landers and orbiters, and Earth- planetary geology. There have been few, mare basins that he and I began a collab- based radar images of ever-improving if any, whose professional work exempli- oration, about 25 years ago, on the his- resolution to develop and test hypotheses fies this description in greater breadth tory of volcanism in and lithospheric for Venus’s geological workings. During than this year’s awardee. Jim Head is the loading by mascon maria. In an early the heady days when the stream of new recipient of the 2002 G. K. Gilbert Award conversation in Jim’s office on mare data from Magellan gushed the strongest, for his many scientific publications ad- basin dimensions, we discovered that his Jim led the analysis of mission observa- dressing a wide range of geological prob- dimensions were systematically twice tions of volcanic landforms. His interests lems on the planets and satellites of our those of mine. We quickly realized that were much broader in scope, however, solar system, for his sustained efforts in we were approaching this simple ques- and his stratigraphic roots gave him the undergraduate education and graduate re- tion from complementary perspectives. tools to synthesize observations and hone search supervision in planetary geology, For Jim — whose perceptions are based his ideas for how the Venus surface and for his leadership role in fostering in- strongly on sensory input — the size evolved on both regional and planetary ternational communication on planetary metric was basin diameter, whereas for scales. The global geological history that exploration. me the immediate application of mathe- Jim and several colleagues have devel- matical models led me to think in terms oped is not without controversy, but it is Jim Head is the author or coauthor of ap- of basin radius. An appreciation of our the most clearly espoused and most proximately 300 papers in books and ref- distinct approaches has helped to sustain broadly developed among competing ereed journals. A scientist of prodigious our collaboration through more than 30 scenarios, and it is the benchmark against energy and sweeping curiosity, his publi- papers. which all others are measured. cations treat most of the large solar sys- tem objects with solid surfaces. His prin- Another, even more prolific collaboration cipal source of inspiration has been the has produced some of Jim’s most widely regular stream of new data from plane- cited work. With Lionel Wilson of tary missions, and his personal involve- Lancaster University, Head developed ment in those missions has been enor- quantitative models for the ascent, erup- mously varied and characteristically tion, and fate of magma, and he applied

The Geological Society of America P. 25 2002 Medals and Awards

In the last five years, the Mars Global ates of Brown University over the past sions. As a guest investigator on the Surveyor (MGS) mission and particu- quarter century. Venera 15/16 orbital missions, which ob- larly the Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter tained the first high-resolution radar im- At the graduate level, Jim has supervised (MOLA) experiment have given Jim a ages of much of the northern hemisphere more than three dozen master’s theses phenomenally rich source of information. of Venus, Jim played an important role in and two dozen Ph.D. theses. Rumor has Like the proverbial kid in the candy store, making these images available to western it that Jim can be a challenging taskmas- Jim has seen clues in the MOLA data scientists. It is perhaps under-appreciated ter. Nonetheless, he provides his students that touch on the full spectrum of geolog- that it was the arrival of Venera 15/16 with countless avenues for fieldwork, in- ical processes that shape planetary sur- data in the U.S. that provided key argu- volvement in spacecraft missions, and in- faces. From volcanic eruption mecha- ments to persuade NASA to improve the teraction with the larger scientific com- nisms to large-scale deformation radar image resolution planned for the munity, and I have watched with patterns, from glacial processes to polar Magellan mission that would fly 6 years appreciation as he encourages his stu- cap evolution, from fluvial and hydrolog- later. dents to make the most of those opportu- ical processes to testing ideas for ancient nities. More important than mere num- G. K. Gilbert, were he alive today, would Martian oceans, Jim and his students bers has been that an overwhelming be fascinated with Jim Head’s scientific have wrung new geological insights from majority of Jim’s students have gone on contributions and would soundly applaud the latest data wherever they’ve looked. to productive careers in planetary sci- Jim’s achievements in education and in- Whereas most of us are usually hard ence. Many are now in positions of lead- ternational scientific cooperation. It is my pressed to keep up with the new findings ership where they are helping to chart the honor and great pleasure to introduce the from a single spacecraft mission, future directions of our field. recipient of this year’s G. K. Gilbert throughout the operation of MGS Jim Award. On the international level, Jim has done has been in the thick of mission opera- probably more than any other individual tions and data analysis for the Galileo to promote scientific communication and mission to Jupiter and its geologically Response by James W. Head III collaboration between the planetary geol- fascinating satellites. Jim and his students ogy communities in Russia and the west. Thank you Sean for your very compli- and colleagues have developed novel tec- At the height of the Cold War era, when mentary citation. It is a tremendous tonic models for the origin of surface fea- there were no ties between NASA and honor to have my name associated with tures of Europa and Ganymede and have the Soviet space agency, Jim guided the that of G. K. Gilbert and with the many tested ideas for magmatic and volcanic establishment of a formal agreement be- outstanding previous Gilbert Award win- processes on Io. They have weighed in tween Brown University and the ners. We are very very definitely shaped strongly on the nature of the icy litho- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and by the times in which we live, the set- sphere of Europa, its thickness, and the Analytical Chemistry in Moscow. The tings in which we work, and the people possibility of an underlying ocean, argu- Brown-Vernadsky microsymposia, held that our personal trajectories intersect. ing on the basis of photogeology, chemi- twice per year since 1985, have provided This was of course true for G. K. Gilbert cal remote sensing, and physical models a forum for Russian, American, and himself, who was born in 1843. The 75 that convection within a thick ice layer European scientists to hold discussions years of his lifetime span the Heroic Age can account for most of Europa’s surface and interact on collaborative research ef- of American Geology. Names like James features. forts. The continuation of these meetings Hall, James Dwight Dana, John Wesley In the area of planetary geological educa- after the break-up of the Soviet Union Powell, T. C. Chamberlin, William tion, Jim Head’s contributions are with- has permitted Russian planetary scien- Morris Davis, and of course, G. K. out equal. At the undergraduate level, tists to travel and carry out research in the Gilbert himself. Gilbert contributed a Jim’s introductory “Geo 5” class (cur- west at a time when the levels of govern- much more quantitative approach to the rently titled Mars, Moon, and the Earth) ment support for science in Russia have interpretation of geology than his con- each fall draws enthusiastic enrollments been far from generous. temporaries, who were largely natural- that have averaged 200 students per year. ists. His treatises on the Henry Jim’s international diplomatic efforts also Extending back to the mid-1970s, this Mountains of Utah and the shorelines of facilitated an exchange of mission scien- class now has as many as 5000 alumni. Lake Bonneville are testimonials to care- tific data that benefited the planetary geo- To put this astounding number into some ful observations and application of quan- logical communities in both the west and perspective, Jim Head has single-hand- titative approaches to understanding geo- the east. Jim brought some of the first edly introduced planetary geological logical and geodynamical processes. data to the west from Venera lander mis- thinking to more than 20% of the gradu-

P. 26 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

A mere 40 years after the death of G. K. field observations and mapping and how spacecraft flyby gravity assist. An en- Gilbert, a revolution occurred that com- to avoid rattlesnakes. Totally enamored counter with Leo altered your trajectory pletely changed the context for geo- with the field, and with the power of geo- in powerful but subtle ways. I can re- sciences. This of course was the space logical mapping in solving important member coming into his office, babbling age. You often hear terms like the “dawn” problems, I spent the next three summers to him excitedly about something that I of an age, but for most of us in America, mapping in the Appalachians and trying thought that I had just figured out, and the space age arrived much more like a to decipher the tectonic code. These were having him join in my excitement and of- lightning bolt. The launch of Sputnik in incredible times for me; at Washington fering me encouragement to follow up on 1957 by the Soviet Union was that light- and Lee, a small liberal arts institution, I this new idea. Only some time later did it ning bolt. It was instantaneous, it was was treated as much as a colleague pon- dawn on me that what I had reported to very bright to the point of being blinding, dering important scientific problems, as I him as a new insight that week, was in it got everyone’s attention, and it reset was as a student learning the basics. fact pretty much what he had been trying virtually all circuits in our society. It liter- to explain to me the week before, but that One day I remember hearing a ally galvanized America. A mere 12 I hadn’t understood at the time. Leo pa- rustling noise out in the hall, and this years after the Soviet Union placed the tiently taught me how to think, while let- usually meant that some new maps or first artificial satellite in Earth orbit, hu- ting me think that I had discovered how posters had arrived in the mail, and that mans were walking on the Moon. Twelve to do it myself. Ed Spencer was busy tacking them up on years! In my own personal life, this event the wall. So I rushed out to help him, and Tim Mutch was different: an explorer, a and its aftermath were pivotal. I was in hopefully to see a geologic map of a new dreamer, a teacher. Tim was a very tall, the right place, at the right time! part of the world that I hadn’t thought lanky guy; some said he literally always I remember exactly where I was when I about before. I pushed the map to the had his head in the clouds. In retrospect, I heard about Sputnik. I then listened to wall while Ed finished putting the tacks believe that his height actually meant that Radio Moscow on my short-wave radio in and with my nose to the wall, it slowly he could see the horizon much better than to get details, and learned that I could dawned on me that this was not a normal everyone else. For example, three of us send them my address and get the times geological map. It was Shoemaker and graduate students took an Advanced Sputnik would pass over my home and Hackman’s engineering geological map Stratigraphy Seminar from Tim just be- the frequency on which it broadcast. I re- of the Moon. The seeds were sown! Ed fore graduation: In the middle of a lec- member the day I got the letter from the Spencer and Sam Kozak, who was now ture, Tim went silent, wandered over to Soviet Union. I came home from school, teaching at Washington and Lee, encour- the window, gazed out the window for a found the letter from Moscow covered aged me to apply to graduate school. I few long minutes, and then turned with amazing Soviet space stamps, and got accepted at several schools, including around and said, “You know, there are my Aunt standing next to the table giving Brown University, where Sam Kozak had just no fundamental problems left in me a death ray stare! This was also the gotten his Master’s degree. With their en- Earth stratigraphy.” Here we were, just a day that I learned that my Aunt didn’t re- couragement, I accepted the offer from year before finishing graduate school, ally work for the “State Department” at Brown. It was a good decision. and our advisor tells us there are no fun- all, but actually worked for the CIA! damental problems left in the field! Unbeknownst to me, the massive Following high school I went on to infusion of NSF funding that resulted Well, of course we soon learned that Washington and Lee University. I had to from Sputnik was drastically changing what he meant was that the real intellec- take a science course freshman year and I graduate education. Brown had hired a tual challenges were in extraterrestrial took geology because it had labs “out- lot of new young faculty. I got to work stratigraphy and in deciphering and side”. I quickly fell under the spell of Ed with Bill Chapple, Dave Harkrider, defining the geologic history of the Spencer and his interest in Appalachian Bruno Giletti, Dick Yund, John Imbrie, Moon and planets. Needless to say, Tim structural geology. Through Ed, I spent and Rob Matthews. I worked with Tim Mutch went on to a distinguished career the summer of my freshman year in Mutch and Leo Laporte on Appalachian in that field, really helping to define it Montana as a field assistant to a young shallow marine sedimentary environ- with his books on the Moon and Mars. PhD student, Sam Kozak, mapping the ments. We used an understanding of re- And indeed, two of the three people in Precambrian geology of the Madison cent sedimentary environments as a clue that class, myself and Steve Saunders, Mountains. Ed said I would come back to paleoenvironmental stratigraphy and also went on to careers in that field. from that summer in Montana either lov- as keys to depositional basin evolution. Thanks Tim, for a definite mid-course ing Geology or hating it. I loved it! In modification of my trajectory. Interacting with Leo Laporte was like a Montana, Sam taught me the rigors of

The Geological Society of America P. 27 2002 Medals and Awards

But it wasn’t immediately obvious to me rooms working with highly motivated as- the outcrop evidence, but instead of the that I was on this new trajectory. During tronauts; thanks to Dave Scott, John hammer or lens cap for scale, Tom had my last year at Brown, Tim went off on Young and Jack Schmitt in particular, for inserted a slide rule. One day Tom and I sabbatical to Flagstaff to work with Gene taking us along for the ride and sharing pondered about what our students would Shoemaker, and I was left to ponder what their experiences with us. Mission opera- do if they were witness to an impact to do after graduate school. Interviews tions while the astronauts were on the event. Tom envisioned MIT students with oil companies, small colleges, and Moon: I owe special thanks to Gordon backing away from the impact point so on were on the agenda. But one day I Swann and Bill Muehlberger for letting while busily mentally calculating ballis- picked up a book called “The College me play a role in the Apollo Lunar Field tic trajectories of individual ejecta Placement Annual”, which listed em- Geology Team. It was an incredible time! blocks, and moving from side to side to ployment opportunities in various fields The United States was going to the avoid them. I envisioned Brown students for that year, 1967. I looked up geology Moon, and my mentors had steered me to as knowing that most impact ejecta de- in the index, and began to turn to the ap- the right place at the right time, so that I posits obey a -3 ejecta thickness decay propriate pages. The first one was a full- could become involved. law, then turning 180 degrees from the page ad with only a picture of the Moon impact point, and running as fast as they Following the Apollo Program, Tim with the words superposed “Our Job is to could! Mutch helped to bring me back to Brown Think our way to the Moon and Back” as an Assistant Professor Research, Lionel Wilson, a physicist by training, and in small print at the bottom, “For where I have more or less remained since taught me the importance of the physical more information, call this number.” that time. Tim’s confidence in me and the continuum of natural processes. As geol- How could you NOT call that number! tolerance and tutelage from my former ogists, we tend to classify and pigeonhole Well, I did, and it turned out to be the professors are greatly appreciated. Tim, rocks and features so that we can bring Apollo Program at NASA Headquarters. ever the explorer, went on to Viking and order out of chaos. But sometimes these The good news? I got the job! The bad Mars, then to be NASAAssociate schemes become ends in themselves, and news? I had no idea what I was doing! Administrator for Space Science, and to paraphrase Doris Lessing, they form And indeed, that was the way it was. sadly to perish in a climbing accident in prisons we choose to live within. But in There was a job to be done, we were his beloved Himalayas. My major goal working with Lionel, I learned that dis- sending humans to the Moon and return- became to continue Tim’s legacy of tinctive eruption styles such as strombo- ing them safely. No one had any direct teaching and research at the university- lian, hawaiian, plinian, and vulcanian, experience in doing it, and we made it up college that is Brown. were not unique, but were points along a as we went along. I spent five wonderful physical continuum. Furthermore, there In the last 25 years the field of planetary years at NASA Headquarters was as much to learn about what you geoscience has enjoyed a host of success- (Bellcomm) during the Apollo Program. don’t see in nature along this physical ful missions and we all have been lucky There was landing site selection: continuum, as there is from what you do to reap the rewards from this data acqui- Learning planetary geologic mapping see. For example, basaltic plinian erup- sition and data analysis. These data have from the amazing people at the USGS: tions sound like an oxymoron to many made comparative planetology a reality Gene Shoemaker, Don Wilhelms, Mike geologists on Earth, but this style is likely and have resulted in stunning new in- Carr, Jack McCauley, and many others. to dominate on Mars. My collaboration sights into planetary history and themes Working with Farouk El Baz and Noel with Lionel was considerably helped of evolution. During this time I had the Hinners. Trying to optimize multiple and early on when Lionel presented me with opportunity to interact with many indi- often competing scientific goals and ob- a copy of the “British-American viduals who also altered my professional jectives. Working with a diversity of peo- Dictionary”: it is real and it is thick! And trajectory. ple from many different disciplines; cos- in one of the most intellectually stimulat- mic ray physicists like Bob Walker, Tom McGetchin, who was then a profes- ing aspects of my life, Lionel and I spend geochronologists like Jerry Wasserburg, sor at MIT, taught me the power of the at least as much time pondering how our petrologists and geochemists like John spherical cow; the application of simple different backgrounds bring us to the Wood and Paul Gast, engineers like Jack equations to seemingly complex geologi- conclusions we ultimately reach, as we Sevier, flight controllers like Chris Craft cal processes to gain insight, and to re- do thinking about the conclusions them- and Gene Kranz, managers like Bob veal further questions that could be tested selves. Gilruth, Rocco Petrone and George Low. with new field observations. From time Sean Solomon taught me how to apply Astronaut crew training: The amazing to time in Tom’s slide presentations key geological observations to test geo- hours in the field, labs and briefing would appear the obligatory picture of physical models and paradigms, and the

P. 28 The Geological Society of America 2002 Medals and Awards

scientific synergism that can result from which I could only answer: “Beats the the combination of geological and geo- heck out of me! I don’t even know how physical perspectives. At a recent work- you say what you hear in your head!” shop, a geophysicist colleague of ours Needless to say, if the Gilbert award was was describing approaches to modelling given for providing coherent answers to the lithospheric structure and evolution questions from girls under 12 years of of Australia. The geophysicist started by age, you wouldn’t be seeing me up here saying: “OK, the first thing I did was to today. subtract off all the geological noise.” The And finally, one of my most important geologists in the audience responded mid-course corrections, meeting Anne with a howl! “Hey, that’s us!” But Sean Cote. Anne is an artist and her creativity has taught me not to take this as a griev- and artistic perspective on both life and ous personal insult! It is easy to get lost the natural world have opened whole in the geological “noise”. It is important new universes, which we explore to- to have simplified geophysical models. gether. Thanks Anne, thanks Sean, and But Sean’s path is one of true scientific thanks to my students and colleagues synergism. What are the most relevant who have made this G. K. Gilbert award and critical geological observations? possible. How do they challenge geophysical models? How can we reconstruct a com- bined geological and geophysical model that makes predictions that can be tested further with new data? Thanks Sean for your tolerance of my simple geophysical questions and thanks for your laser-like geological queries that have consistently served to sharpen my thinking. Alexander (Sasha) Basilevsky introduced me to the world of the Soviet Union and Russia, paved the way for me to partici- pate in Soviet planetary missions, and to- gether we have been able to explore the wonders of the geological history of Venus. Sasha and his colleagues have considerably enhanced my appreciation of culture and history and, ironically, through their intelligent and penetrating questions, have taught me that American culture is not an oxymoron. I want to acknowledge the very impor- tant role my family has played in my life. Thanks to Liz and our two daughters, Melissa and Carol. Melissa and Carol tolerated my incessant attempts to intro- duce them to the natural world and to the power of listening and observations. They also tolerated the complete inability of their Dad, a rocket scientist, to answer many of the simplest of their queries. I remember Carol asking “Dad, how do you hear what you say in your head?” To

The Geological Society of America P. 29 2002 Medals and Awards

KIRK BRYAN response of the earth to surface nudation. Mark Brandon is a structural processes, especially loading and un- geologist who concentrates on the study AWARD loading due to erosion and deposition. of ancient and modern convergent oro- The field covers a broad range of scales gens, but has broadened the scope of Presented to Mark T. Brandon and scientific problems, some of which structural geology to include use of fis- and Frank J. Pazzaglia have been recognized by prior awards sion tracks and helium analysis to ex- from both this division and the amine denudation, not only in the Structural Geology and Tectonics Olympics but also in the Alps and more Division. For example, aspects of pale- recently New Zealand and Kamchatka. oseismology—the study of prehistoric His comfort with geomorphologists ex- earthquakes—have been recognized in tends beyond the collaboration honored the 2000 Kirk Bryan Award to Brian in this award; he has also lent his statis- Atwater and Eileen Hemphill-Haley for tical expertise to Bill Bull in analyzing their work on recurrence intervals for lichen dating of earthquake-generated great Cascadia earthquakes from de- rockfall events. tailed stratigraphic analysis of buried It is not surprising, therefore, marsh deposits in Washington and in that two such broadly based earth scien- the 1994 Best Paper Award of the SGT tists would work together to evaluate Division to Rolando Armijo, Paul the record of uplift and denudation in Tapponnier, and Han Tonglin for their the Olympic Mountains of Washington. study of Late Cenozoic right-lateral Their collaboration began when Frank Mark T. Brandon strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet. joined Mark at Yale as a post-doc after The link between tectonism and land- finishing his Ph.D. at Penn State in scape evolution has been highlighted in Citation by Peter L.K. Knuepfer 1993. This initial collaboration led to the 1967 Kirk Bryan Award to Clyde some papers presented at national meet- It is a great pleasure to intro- Wahrhaftig for his work on the stepped ings. Frank then joined the faculty at duce the paper and authors voted the topography in the southern Sierra the University of New Mexico (a tie to Kirk Bryan Award winners, Frank J. Nevada and the 1997 Best Paper Award Kirk Bryan!), where he and his students Pazzaglia of Lehigh University and from SGT to Peter Molnar, Philip continued studies of river terraces in the Mark T. Brandon of Yale University for England, and Joseph Martinod for their western Olympics. Meanwhile, Mark their paper, A fluvial record of long- analysis of the relationship between up- continued work on geochronology in term steady-state uplift and erosion lift of the Tibetan Plateau and the the Olympics with his students and across the Cascadia forearc high, west- Indian Monsoon. The connection be- other colleagues. Their collaboration ern Washington State, published in tween rivers and tectonism was part of has continued to the present, with the 2001 in the American Journal of the message in John Hack’s paper on paper honored here and other papers in Science, v. 301, p. 385-431. This paper longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia press or planned. provides a veritable “how-to” for care- and Maryland. ful study and use of river terraces as a As I’ve already indicated, the This year’s Kirk Bryan Award tool in understanding orogenic evolu- paper by Pazzaglia and Brandon that honors a paper that is a direct collabora- tion, topics very close to my own inter- we honor tonight marks a major contri- tion between a geomorphologist and a ests. Before I discuss the paper and its bution to combining geomorphic and tectonicist/structural geologist. Frank authors, however, I’d like to place the tectonic studies into a coherent whole. Pazzaglia is a geomorphologist who has work in a broader context. The authors summarize the geomorphic ranged beyond the traditional bounds of and stratigraphic relationships that have Tectonic geomorphology can modern geomorphology in his studies allowed them to correlate river terraces be viewed as a marriage between the of rivers and landscape evolution, as along the Clearwater River in western disciplines of tectonics and geomor- shown in his earlier studies of the Washington and to tie terrace develop- phology. Tectonic geomorphologists Cenozoic evolution of the Appalachians ment and preservation into eustatically seek to understand the response of land- by combining study of rivers and ter- controlled base level changes and com- scapes—rivers, hillslopes, mountains— races—essentially the erosional pare the resulting geomorphically in- to tectonic deformation while also ex- record—with the offshore depositional ferred incision rates to denudation rates amining the dynamic and tectonic record to reconstruct Appalachian de- inferred from fission-track studies. This

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is careful and thorough work, though in tion of the edge of the marine terrace In summary, Pazzaglia and itself it is no more innovative than (even as the original shoreline morphol- Brandon have written a clear, well rea- many other studies of terrace sequences ogy has been translated toward the soned paper that comprehensively doc- on rivers, even studies that correctly ocean by tectonically driven horizontal uments the tectonic signal that can be recognize the interplay of tectonics and movement of the landscape). This can obtained from a careful study of river climate in river-terrace development, as result in an apparent uplift of the ma- and marine terraces. They have cor- these authors have done. rine terrace, as the shoreline that was rected most of the errors that are com- present at the time of terrace formation monly made in this kind of study—par- There are, however, three as- has migrated oceanward and been ticularly the assumption that vertical pects of the paper that are particularly eroded away, leaving the cover-bed incision equals uplift rate—and have innovative, and thus make the paper de- stratigraphy that was originally inland provided a template for future studies serving of the Kirk Bryan Award. Two (and deposited above sea level) now at of river response to rapid tectonic uplift of these deal with how Frank and Mark the coast. Again, they provide a far and shortening. This paper will be a key consider the response of the landscape more elegant explanation than I have reference not only in the field of tec- to tectonic shortening (and thus how to here. tonic geomorphology, but also among interpret the spatial distribution of flu- those geoscientists interested in moun- vial and marine terraces). They are the The third aspect of the paper tain-building and the evolution of first authors (in my experience) to ac- deserving of special mention is the ef- mountain landscapes in tectonically ac- count for the lateral translation of a fort the authors make to compare the tive regions. river terrace surface that occurs in an uplift rates they infer from (corrected) orogen when the rocks and land surface incision rates with the uplift/denudation are being moved horizontally by com- profile obtained previously from fis- Response by Mark T. Brandon pression. Previous workers have used sion-track dating. They use the similar- terrace elevations above a river in a 1D ity of rates between these two tech- I am honored to receive the sense to estimate vertical incision rates, niques to conclude that the orogen has Kirk Bryan Award. It gives me even and generally they assume that vertical reached a steady state between influx greater pleasure to share this award incision rates equal uplift rates. from tectonic accretion and outflux with Frank Pazzaglia, who taught me Pazzaglia and Brandon correctly recog- from erosion. While this conclusion is what rivers can tell us about the evolu- nize that if the mountains/rocks of the consistent with the data, it is not re- tion of tectonically active landscapes. Olympic Peninsula are actually moving quired, as the uncertainties in denuda- In the fall of 1991, I attended a GSA westward relative to the Pacific Ocean tion rates are large. Nonetheless, this field trip in the Transverse Range, lead coastline, vertical incision of the melding of geomorphology and by Ed Keller and Bob Yeats, to learn Clearwater River will result in aban- geochronology has been attempted how geomorphology might be used to doning a terrace long profile that is elsewhere, but never combined as suc- measure uplift in the Olympic moving horizontally toward the west. cessfully as here. Mountains. On that trip, I immediately Thus terrace incision is a 2D problem, hit it off with a young geomorphologist Comments from others about as elevation of the terrace above the who was finishing his Ph.D. on fluvial the paper include that it integrates a re- river is not exclusively a matter of ver- incision and uplift in the northern markable range of geomorphic and tec- tical uplift and incision but of that com- Appalachians. Frank joined us that tonic research, with the use of geomor- bined horizontal and vertical translation summer for a backpacking trip in the phic features to investigate the 2D of the land surface due to tectonic Olympics to collected samples for fis- nature of the orogen as an original and shortening. They provide a simple yet sion-track dating. We spent the whole creative approach consistent with the elegant means of calculating the ex- time in long conversations about all stature of the Kirk Bryan award. pected results of shortening on apparent things tectonic and geomorphic. Frank Another reader emphasizes how well river incision (if shortening rates are was also quick to realize that the the authors have integrated the center- known). Clearwater drainage would be ideal for piece of a river-terrace study with neo- a study of strath incision, given that it The second point is related. tectonics, glacial geology, geochronol- was the only major drainage that had They recognize that if a marine terrace ogy, and sea-level change, coupling all not been affected by late Pleistocene and its original shoreline are being of this with innovative modeling and an glaciation. translated horizontally, then subsequent exceptionally well written and pro- coastal erosion during sea-level high- fusely illustrated text. In the fall, Frank submitted a stands will produce a landward transla- proposal to NSF, and was awarded a

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two-year Earth Sciences Postdoctoral The ultimate breakthrough came when Olympics over the years. To all, includ- Research Fellowship. He was also of- we figured out how the outwash stratig- ing the many individuals not mentioned fered a faculty position at University of raphy at the mouth of the river was tied above, I thank you very much for your New Mexico, but arranged a delay so to eustatic sea level. This result pro- collaboration and friendship. I am that he could spend at least one year at vided good age control for the upstream grateful to my colleagues at Yale. I have Yale. In the summers of 1993 and 1994, fluvial stratigraphy, which was used to profited greatly from the fine intellec- Frank produced the first detailed maps constrain the ages of the underlying tual environment there. The long his- of the straths and terrace fill sequences straths. tory of accomplishments in the depart- in the Clearwater. His year at Yale was ment, both in research and in With rates we learned that the intense. We spent most of the time try- undergraduate and graduate education, incision rates along the river were rela- ing to reconcile our very different expe- have driven me to make more of my tively steady over the last 150 k.y., and riences with deformation, uplift, fluvial talents, as they are. Even with this also matched the long-term erosion incision, and terrace formation. We also award, I was surprised to learn that rates indicated by fission-track and He spent considerable time discussing the Kirk Bryan got his Ph.D. from our de- apatite dating. Mary Roden-Tice, John interplay between tectonics, climate, partment in 1920. Garver and I had already proposed that and erosion at the regional scale. That the Olympics sector of the Cascadia I am very lucky to have a laid the ground work for a paper on up- wedge has been in a flux steady state wonderful family, with my wife Susan lift and erosion of the Appalachians, since about 14 Ma, but to see steadiness Monsen and my son Alec. Their love published in 1996. on the 100 k.y. time scale was very sur- and support have long helped to moder- Frank’s student Tony Garcia prising. ate the ups and downs that come with mapped fluvial stratigraphy in the an academic life. Discussions with Sean Willett Dosewallips drainage in the eastern started us to think about the implica- I would like to finish with a Olympics, but the record there was tions of horizontal displacements on comment. Several years ago, the NSF much shorter and more complicated be- our geomorphic results. We gradually Earth Science Postdoctoral Research cause of recent glaciation. Frank’s stu- came to realize that the entire landscape Fellowship program was quietly dis- dent Karl Wegmann refined the fluvial was “surfing” into the west coast. continued. I was surprised because it stratigraphy in the Clearwater during Horizontal motion is fastest at the coast, provided a unique opportunity for the summers of 1997 and 1998. Karl’s but decelerates farther inland. The de- newly minted Ph.D. students to chart very nice work on the Holocene fluvial celeration is due to horizontal shorten- their own direction for postdoctoral re- history of the Clearwater just came out ing, in the direction of convergence, search. Those who succeeded got per- in GSA Bulletin. and accounts for the landward increase sonal recognition for their talents, ini- Frank and I would agree that in uplift rates across the western tiative, and research ideas. I know that writing our Clearwater paper was both Olympics. Work on thermal-kinematic Frank profited greatly from his fellow- an exciting and a miserable experience. modeling with Geoff Batt, Mary ship experience. I hope that the We knew that at its core, the strath inci- Roden-Tice, and Ken Farley also pro- Division of Earth Sciences at NSF will sion record in the Clearwater would vided important support for this conclu- consider reinstating this program. provide a fundamental control on long- sion. term uplift across the Olympics. We Differences in our back- also knew that the pattern of uplift was grounds caused Frank and me to spend very different from that indicated by a lot of time debating the reliability of modern geodetic studies. The reason using strath incision as a measure of was simple. Geodetic measurements rock uplift in the Clearwater. Thus the record both the preseismic elastic de- broad scope of the paper reflects our formation, plus the long-term perma- need to come to terms with some of the nent deformation. The strath incision core ideas in tectonic geomorphology. rates were averaging uplift over a much We are thankful to American Journal of longer time scale, so the elastic defor- Science for providing the space needed mation associated with the earthquake to dip deeply into these issues. cycle was averaged out. We struggled for a very long time to figure out how I have been lucky to work to estimate the ages of strath formation. with a great group of people in the

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thrill to see that the broader community was completing his Ph.D. at the of Quaternary Geologist and University of Washington and is now an Geomorphologists recognize the now associate professor at Idaho State. maturing field of tectonic geomorphol- Glenn and I spent several summers to- ogy. And in selecting a paper co-au- gether and it is his glacial stratigraphy thored by someone traditionally trained and descriptions of the coastal expo- as a geomorphologist and another tradi- sures that anchors much of what we tionally trained as a structural geologist, know about the Clearwater terrace ages. I think it speaks well to the good things Likewise, I am thankful for the cooper- that can happen when the walls be- ation and numerous field discussions tween disciplines are kept low. with members of the State of Frank J. Pazzaglia Washington DNR, namely Wendy The paper that you have cho- Gerstel and Bill Lingley. And I would sen to honor tonight reflects the work like to acknowledge the support and co- and consideration of many of you who Response by Frank J. Pazzaglia operation of the National Park Service, are not listed as authors, but neverthe- the Quinault Nation, and Rayonier Inc. There are not words to de- less, deserve recognition. So it is fitting scribe my surprise when I learned that and proper to use this opportunity to The paper benefited greatly the Clearwater terrace paper was nomi- recognize the efforts of that broader from extensive reviews spanning sev- nated, let alone awarded the Kirk Bryan community. First and foremost, I’d like eral years as Mark and I wrote, rewrote, Award. It means a great deal to me to to thank my co-author Mark Brandon. revised, rewrote, and rewrote again. I have this paper recognized by this divi- This paper was such a complete team am so thankful that length of time be- sion. I have come to call most of you effort that it is only through his grace tween the first draft and final publica- colleagues and a large number of you and character that my name appears tion was not a criteria in the award se- friends; it is a fine gesture of mutual re- first. Mark has been my closest profes- lection process. I’d like to recognize spect we have for one another in nomi- sional colleague and a good friend for Harvey Kelsey, Brian Atwater, Kelin nating and making this award every over ten years. I do not assume full re- Whipple, Bill Bull, and most important, year. It helps us maintain a link with the sponsibility for when Mark starts Peter Knuepfer, who graciously pro- long list of outstanding geomorpholo- speaking like a geomorphologist, but vided the final advice and push that gists upon which the foundation of our our collaboration has certainly forced made the manuscript publishable. science is built. The award carries spe- me to rethink my traditional training! Financial support over the years was cial meaning for me because I have al- The geomorphic foundation of what provided by the National Science ways felt a certain connection to Kirk Mark and I tried to accomplish in the Foundation and I’d like to thank the Bryan and his work. Kirk Bryan was Olympics is an outgrowth of that train- Tectonics Program and the unknown re- the second graduate from the ing that I received from Steve Wells, viewers of my proposal to work in the Department of Geology at the Les McFadden, and Tom Gardner, three Olympics for their support. My re- University of New Mexico. I have had of the finest process geomorphologists search continues in the Olympics with the honor and privilege of studying ge- and citizens in our discipline. the support of my current department at omorphology in that department as both Lehigh University and new collabora- I have been blessed to have a student and as an assistant professor. tors including Eric McDonald and John mentored 11 outstanding graduate stu- There is no finer place and no finer Gosse as we attack the very compli- dents, two in the Olympics who were group of faculty colleagues for a young cated world of soils and cosmogenic among the finest young men any pro- geomorphologist to learn how to be- exposure ages in the temperate rain for- fessor could have ever hoped to advise. come a scientist. I consider myself est setting. Tony Garcia worked on the eastern side lucky to call Charles Stearns a friend. of the peninsula, and Karl Wegmann Last, in selecting this paper for Charlie was one of Kirk Bryan’s last worked in the Clearwater basin itself. the Kirk Bryan Award, you have, in a students working in New Mexico, and Karl’s remapping of my initial work very direct way, recognized the efforts inspired by him, I continue to work was instrumental in getting the fluvial of individuals whose names never with my New Mexican colleagues on stratigraphy correct for the Clearwater makes it to the list of authors. I’m the Tuerto Gravels and geology in the drainage. Along with these students, I speaking specifically of my wife Hagan Basin, both long-time research have had a long-standing relationship Kristen, who for many consecutive projects of Kirk Bryan. It is a great with Glenn Thackray who at that time summers was home in Albuquerque,

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with three very young children, alone and with no support while I was enjoy- ing myself grandly in the Olympics be- ing a field geologist. Rarely is there recognition and almost never are there awards for those at home that give us field geologists the freedom and oppor- tunity to do what we do. This award recognizes the support and sacrifice of my wife and I sincerely thank you on her behalf for that. This concludes my comments, thank you again very much for your recognition of this paper.

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LAURENCE L. Cambrian history, and his persistent ad- and Creation Science advocates, is typi- vocacy of the importance of paleontol- cal of Pete’s lack of pretension and his SLOSS AWARD ogy to stratigraphy have benefited sedi- respect for all people. mentary geology in fundamental ways; In the last few years Pete has Presented to in particular, the analysis of problems helped organize symposia dealing with Allison R. “Pete” Palmer related to international stratigraphic issues relating to Sustainability and correlation and paleogeography, and to Ecological Footprints. Many of us are the Laurentian subdivisions of the reluctant to dive into these issues, since Cambrian System. they embrace all the messiness of poli- Pete’s colleagues span the ge- tics, morality, and economics. Pete’s ographic extent of the globe, and his willingness to foster discussion of the genuine enthusiasm for people allow future of human resource use grow him to count among his friends scores from his dedicated, optimistic values of international geologists. and personality. Beyond the Cambrian, Pete’s In terms of lifetime contribu- most well-known and most lasting con- tions that rise to those of the magnitude tribution has been the shepherding of of Larry Sloss, Pete Palmer is among a the DNAG volumes, which represent select few. The publication numbers, thousands of pages of collaborative documented by Nigel Hughes in his Allison R. “Pete” Palmer summaries of the geology of North presentation of the Paleontology America, and which are the most ambi- Society Medal to Pete in 1999, are over tious publishing endeavor ever under- 137 refereed articles, including 9 major Citation by Paul Karl Link taken by the Geological Society of monographs, and over 2,200 printed America. pages. But, as Nigel pointed, out, there Pete Palmer’s lifetime contri- is a wonderful humanist looming be- bution to Geoscience, and to GSA is ex- With incredible patience, per- hind those numbers. traordinary. His career is now in its 6th sistence and energy, Pete tracked each decade and Pete is as full of energy, volume and sometimes each paper in I feel honored to have been in- ideas, and optimism as he was when he each volume, established personal con- spired, early in my career, by Pete, who began the Decade of North American tact with hundreds of authors, and faith- I first met in the Flinders Ranges in Geology project, over 20 years ago. At fully and tirelessly ‘herded cats’, not South Australia in 1976. I know that that point, in 1980, Pete had finished a just during the 1980’s which was to be many people in the present audience full-length geological career already, ‘the decade’, but through the 1990’s feel exactly the same way about him. I with 15 years with the USGS and 14 and even into the 21st century. The final am delighted to be able to present the years at SUNY Stony Brook. geologic map compilation of North L.L. Sloss Award to Allison R. “Pete” America is on display at this meeting. Palmer. Pete got his B.S. at Penn State Reminiscent of the EverReady Bunny, in 1946, which is before many of us Pete’s energy was tireless. But more were born, and before most of our stu- important were his undying faith in the Response by Allison R. “Pete” Palmer dents’ parents were born! final product, and the personal interest Mr. Chairman, members of the His Ph.D. is from Charlie Bell in and commitment to the co-authors. award Selection Committee, Ladies and and the University of Minnesota in Further, Pete was instrumental in the Gentlemen. Mercifully for you, GSA 1950, where he began a life-long fasci- fund-raising for the project, without has given me only 500 words for my re- nation with trilobites, and with the which it would not have started. sponse. Larry was a good friend and I Cambrian. Pete’s publications on In addition to his Institute for hope he would be pleased with your se- Cambrian paleontology are classics, Cambrian Studies, which is a globally lection. I know Charlie Bell would be and form the basis for much of what we used resource, Pete has recently be- pleased. My professional life has re- know about the Cambrian of the Great come involved with GSA initiatives in volved around the Cambrian System, Basin. Pete’s concepts of Cambrian fa- Geoscience Education and Geology and except for the 12-year diversion to help cies belts, trilobite evolution and the Public Policy. To take the time to deal bring to fruition the DNAG Project for significance of extinction events in with teachers, and the general public, GSA. Even though I classify myself as

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a paleontologist, my work has largely ous pieces, and possible peripheral peri- been in the context of biostratigraphy Gondwana terranes, throughout south- and regional stratigraphic synthesis. ern Eurasia. Western Alaska has un- The Cambrian is ideal for this sort of American terranes with strong Siberian integration because its fossil record is Cambrian affinities, and the Cambrian dominated by trilobites and thus has the of Oaxaca in southern Mexico is also potential to be handled by a single indi- clearly un-American. vidual. My interest in regional synthe- My interest in the integration sis was partly responsible for my third of biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy career with the DNAG Project at GSA, was nurtured as a graduate student by beginning in 1980. Larry Sloss was Charlie, and then I had the ultimate per- President at that time and helped make fect job as the Cambrian specialist for the decision to hire me. Subsequently the USGS, under the leadership of Pres he was one of my editors for the vol- Cloud. This permitted me to get famil- ume on the Sedimentary Cover of the iar with Cambrian rocks all over Craton in the U.S. He also created the Laurentia during the years when map- Sauk Sequence, which made eminent ping parties swarmed over the sense for anyone working in the lower Appalachians, the Rocky Mountains Paleozoic. and the Great Basin. I have also had the It’s been a great life so far, privilege of visiting most foreign thanks to Charlie Bell, Virgil Barnes, Cambrian successions as a member of Pres Cloud, and the numerous field ge- working groups of the Cambrian ologists here and abroad who were so Subcommission of the International generous with their mentoring and Stratigraphic Commission regarding knowledge. It has been the right half- stratotypes for the century to help resolve the Cambrian Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary and world. I thank you all for your ac- for international stages within the knowledgment of this with the honor of Cambrian System. the Sloss Award. It will have a special The Cambrian System is the place in the office of the Institute for key to unraveling much of the complex Cambrian Studies. story of the dance of the continents dur- ing Phanerozoic time. The Cambrian world consisted of five clear continen- tal or sub-continental entities, Gondwana, Baltica, Siberia, Avalonia and Laurentia. Each of these entities carried its own distinctive shallow-ma- rine trilobite fauna and/or a distinctive lithostratigraphy. I’ve had fun con- tributing to recognition of that geogra- phy and the fate of many of its pieces, which involved establishment of the pa- leogeographic significance of particular biofacies and lithofacies. Fragments of Laurentia are now found in northwest Scotland and the Argentine Precordillera. Avalonia is split between eastern North America and western Europe. Gondwana is represented by all the southern continents and by numer-

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STRUCTURAL most notable, where he combined struc- oration was nothing new to Wallace; he tural geology and careful geomorphol- had earlier worked on the North GEOLOGY ogy to work out the meaning of the Anatolian fault because of its similarity AND now-famous stream offsets across the to the San Andreas fault. fault. One locality became so associated Once, when he visited OSU to with him that it is now officially named TECTONICS give a talk, he pointed out that his major Wallace Creek. Wallace’s love affair specialty was paleoseismology,a word CAREER with the San Andreas fault culminated at that time unfamiliar to me. with the publication of a USGS Paleoseismology is the study of earth- CONTRIBUTION Professional Paper on the San Andreas quakes based on their expression in the fault after his retirement from the geologic record. This field, very much AWARD USGS. in vogue today, finally got geologists Presented to Robert E. Wallace In the 1960’s, Wallace began a back into the study of earthquakes be- project on the 1915 earthquake rupture cause 100 years of seismographic in Pleasant Valley, Nevada, one of the records are not enough to understand largest known earthquakes known on a the earthquake process, particularly re- continental normal fault. (Previous currence intervals, segment boundaries, work on this rupture had been done in and slip rates. (Does this make the geo- the 1930’s by a previous SGTD logical study of earthquake ruptures ac- awardee, Ben Page.) Wallace pioneered companying a recent event like Landers the careful mapping of surface features neoseismology?) followed by backhoe trenching, a proj- Wallace used his administra- ect that continues today after the publi- tive positions in the USGS as a bully cation of his professional paper on the pulpit to promote geological studies of Pleasant Valley earthquake. Wallace earthquakes, both within and outside recognized that the sequence of 20th the USGS. The mission and goals of the century earthquakes left an unruptured present-day National Earthquake segment of the Stillwater range-front Hazards Reduction Program were laid Robert E. Wallace fault between the 1954 Dixie Valley out by Wallace in a paper in 1960. trace and the 1915 Pleasant Valley Wallace convened a symposium at trace. This became known as the Citation by Robert Yeats AGU in 1983 entitled “Active Stillwater seismic gap. Wallace also Tectonics,” an attempt to bring together Prior to the 20th century, the recognized that the high degree of ac- structural geologists, geomorphologists, study of earthquakes was done by geol- tivity in this century was unusual be- Quaternary geochronologists, and geo- ogists: Gilbert, Lawson, McKay, Koto. cause recurrence intervals on earth- physicists (including geodesists) to see Then the seismograph was invented, quakes in this region was measured in where we were in establishing earth- and geologists fled the field! thousands of years. This led to the con- quake geology as a viable subdisci- Seismology came to mean the study of cept of earthquake clustering. earthquake waves using the seismo- pline. Wallace discarded the term neo- graph, and the physics of the earth- In the 1980’s, Wallace ex- tectonics and adopted a new term, quake process. This state of affairs con- tended his work to the Yinchuan graben active tectonics, the title of a book he tinued for nearly half a century. of north China, studying the normal edited that was published by the fault that ruptured the Great Wall of National Academy Press in 1986. This Although Levi Noble labored China in 1739. This was part of his in- book, which has had an enormous im- in a lonely vineyard in his studies of the terest in collaboration between pact on earthquake geological studies San Andreas fault, the first geologist to American scientists and those from worldwide, is commonly called the return to the study of earthquakes was elsewhere in the world, leading to a Wallace Volume because he saw it Bob Wallace, who, in his CalTech the- Penrose conference convened with Bill through from beginning to end. sis and GSA Bulletin article in the Bull in Winnemucca, Nevada, in 1983 However, Wallace is not listed as the 1940’s, began a long-term study of the (just before the Coalinga earthquake) editor, and no paper in the book has him San Andreas fault, particularly its 1857 and IGCP 206, Worldwide Comparison as an author! The paper written by him, trace. His work in the Carrizo Plains is of Major Active Faults. Foreign collab- “Overview and Recommendations,” is

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anonymous, characteristic of his own W.R., and Grantz, A., eds., Proceedings Survey Prof. Paper 1515, 283 p. modesty, yet it is the most important of Conference on Geologic Problems of (includes papers by Wallace entitled paper in the book because he shows the San Andreas fault system: Stanford “General Features,” “Geomorphic why active tectonics is so important to Univ. Pubs. Geol. Sci. 11:6-21. Expression,” and “Supplement: society. Additional Reading and Source Material.” The term active tectonics ____, 1968, Earthquake of August 19, would probably qualify as “strategic re- 1966, Varto area, eastern Turkey: search,” based on Wallace’s analysis, Seismol. Soc. America Bull. 58:47-102. Response by Robert E. Wallace yet, thanks to Wallace’s marching or- ders, NEHRP has included much fun- I am honored and extremely damental research on how the crust be- pleased to accept this award. I am also ____, 1970, Earthquake recurrence in- haves, and on the geology of the embarrassed because carrying out the tervals on the San Andreas fault: Geol. earthquake process. To quote from the studies that led to this involved such ex- Soc. America Bull. 81:2875-2890. anonymous “Overview and citing exploration, travel and adventure, Recommendations,” active tectonics indeed, so much fun, that I feel that I refers to “tectonic movements that are should in some way be paying back for ____, 1976, The Talas-Fergana fault, expected to occur within a future time my experiences. Kirghiz and Kazakh S.S.R.: Earthquake span of concern to society.” A congress- Information Bull. 8:4-13. The least I can do is to thank man would understand this definition, the U.S. Geological Survey, which was and so would my next door neighbor. my professional home for almost fifty A final comment about ____,1984, Fault scarps formed during years. Those were halcyon years at the Wallace’s qualifications regards his im- the earthquakes of October 2, 1915, USGS during which exploring for new pact on the geophysical community. Pleasant Valley, Nevada, and their tec- ideas was strongly encouraged. In con- Geophysicists have a jaundiced view of tonic implications: U.S. Geol. Survey trast, some later managers, who were geologists: we don’t do so well in Prof. Paper 1274-A. primarily administrators, apparently physics and math, and we are too quali- had no concept of how little we really tative in a field that demands numerical know about the workings of the earth. answers to questions such as how long B. Zhang, Y. Liao, S. Gao, R.E. Without a strong focus on re- until the next earthquake and how large Wallace, R.C. Bucknam, and T.C. search we cannot design measures that will it be? Wallace’s impact on the seis- Hanks, 1986, Fault scarps related to will help protect society against the rav- mological community is marked by his 1739 earthquake and seismicity of the ages of natural disasters such as earth- being awarded the Medal of the Yinchuan graben, Ningxia Huizu quakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and Seismological Society of America in Zizhiqu, China: Seismol. Soc. America landslides. Few fundamental ideas are 1989. The citation points to his “leader- Bull. 76:1253-1287 (Wallace wrote this available to help us cope with new and ship in geological research that have paper, but modestly refused to list him- complex environmental problems. linked the disciplines of seismology self as first author). Finding resources of minerals and wa- and geology and have emphasized the ter for the nation’s insatiable industrial simple truth that they are, indeed, one.” and domestic needs continues to require ____, 1987, Grouping and migration of entirely new approaches, concepts and surface faulting and variations in slip technology. Selected Publications rates on faults in the Great Basin province: Seismol. Soc. America Bull. Preston Cloud (Cloud, Preston, 1980, R.E. Wallace, 1949, Structure of a por- 77:868-876. The Improbable Bureaucracy: The tion of the San Andreas fault in south- United States Geological Survey, 1879- ern California: Geol. Soc. America 1979; Proceedings of American Bull. 60:781-806. ____, (ed., anonymous), 1986, Active Philosophical Society, Vol.124, no.3, Tectonics: Washington, National 1980.) wrote a history of the USGS to Academy Press, 266 p. celebrate its centennial in 1979. He re- ____, 1968, Notes on stream channels ferred to the USGS as “The Improbable offset by the San Andreas fault, southern ____, (ed.), 1990, The San Andreas Bureaucracy”, and expressed the orga- Coast Ranges, California, in Dickinson, fault system, California: U.S. Geol. nization’s long-term strength thus:

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“What I would stress is the importance to USGS distinction of the nonadminis- trative leadership that welled up and continues to well-up under the tradi- tional Survey policy of encouraging and rewarding individual initiative.” What an important observation about the management of scientific research that was. Those one hundred years were enormously productive years, and I am thankful to have been a part of the USGS during at least some of them. My wife, Trudy. provided constant moral support, and several times joined me in the adventures of exploration and dis- covery. In addition, thanks to The Geological Society of America and its Division of Structural Geology and Tectonics for granting today’s award to me.

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