Colonization: a Permanent Habitat for the Colonization of Mars

COLONIZATION

A PERMANENT HABITAT FOR THE COLONIZATION OF MARS

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master in Engineering Science (Research) in Mechanical Engineering

BY MATTHEW HENDER

THE UNIVERSITY OF AD ELAIDE SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR S – DR. GERALD SCHNEIDER & COLIN HANSEN

A u g u s t 2 0 0 9 315°E (45°W) 320°E (40°W) 325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W) 340°E (20°W) 345°E (15°W) 350°E (10°W) 355°E (5°W) 360°E (0°W) 0° 0° HYDRAOTES CHAOS . llis Dia-Cau Va vi Ra . Camiling Aromatum Chaos . Rypin Chimbote . Mega . IANI MERIDIANI PLANUM* . v Wicklow Windfall Zulanka Pinglo . . Oglala Tuskegee . Bamba . CHAOS . Bahn . Locana. . Tarata . Spry Manti Balboa ARABIA Huancayo . AUREUM . Groves . Vaals . . Conches _ . Sitka Berseba . Kaid . Chinju Lachute . Manah Rakke CHAOS . Stobs . Byske -5° . Airy-0 . -5° Butte. Azusa Kong Timbuktu . Quorn Airy

. Creel . Innsbruck XANTHE Wink TERRA TERRA A . Kholm M . Daet S A Ganges .Sfax . Paks H Batoka C Chasma . Rincon I Arsinoes . Glide R P AURORAE CHAOS A Chaos C I S E R M R I N A E R R F G A I T I A R -10° -10° M Pyrrhae

C H A O S S Chaos E L L A V MARGARITIFER

Eos Mensa*

EOS CHASMA Beer -15° -15°

alles V L o i r e

Osuga Eos TERRA Chaos

V a

Jones l l e

s Vinogradov -20° Lorica Polotsk -20° s Sigli . Kimry . Lebu Valle S Kansk . Shambe . . Longa . Gagra am rda a A Glazov . ra Gatico L alles a Himera Peta d . V V o . Aspen a . Grójec n . Nitro l l . Campos e V Guir . Loto s Paraná Golden a . Echt l - . Galu l . Manzi . e Kirsanov . Yegros Bentong s Circle . Bend . Chapais . Singa . Va Honda lles . Kita . Gori . Sibu Buta lles . Goba a Cartago . Thule . Karshi Globe V . Ely Murgoo . . . Balta . Kagul Dingo Cluny Falun . Deba Bogra . Cheb . .

. . Boru . Oltis Newcomb Alga . Irbit Seminole Bigbee Revda Chekalin Inta Kasimov Kantang . Fastov .Crewe ra -25° . . Nepa . va -25°

s No i

. Calbe l Bar Dison

l . . _ Timaru a . Kuba

. Noma . . Romny V Omura Flat S Sandila . Rana Ruby a a . Cobalt t . . Lar . m Navan o Tak. Blitta l .Plum a Holden C r Bison . . Jal . . Kirs a Edam V Ostrov a Gardo . Tura .Nan ll e s Er Kashira yth Kaj Pabo . Voo rae . Lamas . a F . o Livny . ssa Mila N . Kanab Nardo Harad Tiwi . . Sangar i r , g V a a R l l l Va s . i u Say s li n l lli a a V s S . Eads ur i ind o a b V z all U es

NOACHIS TERRA Luki -30° -30° 315°E (45°W) 320°E (40°W) 325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W) 340°E (20°W) 345°E (15°W) 350°E (10°W) 355°E (5°W) 360°E (0°W)

Elevations above 9000 meters -8200 Minimum found only on the larger volcanos. 21229 Maximum 0 5000 7000 9000 1000 3000 -9000 -7000 -5000 -3000 -1000 11000 13000 15000 17000 19000 21000 Elevation in meters 0°E (360°W) 5°E (355°W) 10°E (350°W) 15°E (345°W) 20°E (340°W) 25°E (335°W) 30°E (330°W) 35°E (325°W) 40°E (320°W) 45°E (315°W) 0° 0° Teisserenc de Bort

Schiaparelli

Brazos

-5° -5° . Airy-0 V Airy alles

B V

ra a

les zo TERRA s

Pollack

Dawes

-10° -10°

Mädler

Evro s Va llis

M o s a V -15° a -15° ll is SABAEA NOACHIS Flaugergues Denning Wislicenus Bouguer

-20° Lambert -20°

Bakhuysen Scopulus

us l Newcomb TERRA pu

Sco

-25° -25°

la arybdi h

Scyl C

-30° -30° 0°E (360°W) 5°E (355°W) 10°E (350°W) 15°E (345°W) 20°E (340°W) 25°E (335°W) 30°E (330°W) 35°E (325°W) 40°E (320°W) 45°E (315°W)

Elevations above 9000 meters -8200 Minimum found only on the larger volcanos. 21229 Maximum 0 5000 7000 9000 1000 3000 -9000 -7000 -5000 -3000 -1000 11000 13000 15000 17000 19000 21000 Elevation in meters 45°E (315°W) 50°E (310°W) 55°E (305°W) 60°E (300°W) 65°E (295°W) 70°E (290°W) 75°E (285°W) 80°E (280°W) 85°E (275°W) 90°E (270°W) 0° . 0° Teisserenc de Bort Schroeter

is l l

o Fournier r Oenotria a

-5° N -5°

T Y R R H E N A TERRA Verlaine Jarry- Liris -10° Desloges . -10°

Valles Scopulu s Briault

Valles Tisia

HUYGENS

-15° -15°

-20° -20°

Millochau

SABAEA T E R R A

Schaeberle -25° -25°

Suzhi . Isil Niesten . Terby Kasabi

-30° -30° 45°E (315°W) 50°E (310°W) 55°E (305°W) 60°E (300°W) 65°E (295°W) 70°E (290°W) 75°E (285°W) 80°E (280°W) 85°E (275°W) 90°E (270°W)

Elevations above 9000 meters -8200 Minimum found only on the larger volcanos. 21229 Maximum 0 5000 7000 9000 1000 3000 -9000 -7000 -5000 -3000 -1000 11000 13000 15000 17000 19000 21000 Elevation in meters 90°E (270°W) 95°E (265°W) 100°E (260°W) 105°E (255°W) 110°E (250°W) 115°E (245°W) 120°E (240°W) 125°E (235°W) 130°E (230°W) 135°E (225°W) 0° 0° Escalante

L ic u

Palos V a l l T i in s

i s -5° -5°

Tag V us alles Knobel

TYRRHENA

-10° Briault -10°

TERRA

C C e e rb r e b r e u r s u s

D o D r Herschel o s r a -15° sa -15°

Ulya

Rayadurg HESPERIA TERRA Suata Loon

ia Espino -20° -20° Igol Kamativi Tala Hesper Dorsa Khurli CIMMERIA FossaeTYRRHENA T yrrh PATERA ena

D o r s Piyi Boulia . Chefu a

Tyrrhena Trinidad Sinop Arica Tyrrhena PLANUM Mons Faqu Baro -25° Kinkora -25° Kunes

a s Müller r o D

es Solano t a n ri o Wajir e p M s

Savich

a Bombala Bazas i Torup n o s u A

ea era P vus -30° Ca -30° 90°E (270°W) 95°E (265°W) 100°E (260°W) 105°E (255°W) 110°E (250°W) 115°E (245°W) 120°E (240°W) 125°E (235°W) 130°E (230°W) 135°E (225°W)

Elevations above 9000 meters -8200 Minimum found only on the larger volcanos. 21229 Maximum 0 1000 3000 5000 7000 9000 -9000 -7000 -5000 -3000 -1000 11000 13000 15000 17000 19000 21000 Elevation in meters -5° -30° -15° -25° 0° -10° -20° (180°W) (180°W) 180°E 180°E 180°E

s lu

u LUCUS

p PLANUM

i o

l V l

c lci a

S u

Galdakao*

pollinaris

s ona .

u r m

at i

r M d M a Thira ' New Plymouth* New a a

rt is Apollinaris Tholus Ta all Downe* s V . u .

r . rta s Ta pe Ru Apollinaris Patera Crivitz* (185°W) (185°W) Gusev . Zutphen* . 175°E Kayne 175°E

es up Zephyria Tholus Cavi R

Avernus Av nus er s s Avernus Cavi u e ri ll

u a

D V

D Mensae

r Zephyria

Colles

Avernus

r o

n r u D s e

v A (190°W) (190°W) de Vaucouleurs 170°E 170°E 170°E Reuyl (195°W) (195°W)

165°E 165°E 21000

Boeddicker Vallis 19000

21229 Maximum

17000

15000 13000

(200°W)

Al-Qahira 11000

160°E 160°E 160°E 160°E

9000

7000 5000

Elevations above 9000 meters above Elevations Hadley 3000

Elevation in meters Elevation found only on the larger volcanos. only on the larger found

1000

(205°W) (205°W) -1000

155°E 155°E 155°E 155°E -3000

Graff -5000

-7000 ELYSIUM PLANITIA -9000 -8200 Minimum (210°W) (210°W) 150°E 150°E 150°E Molesworth (215°W) (215°W) TERRA CIMMERIA 145°E 145°E (220°W) (220°W) Wien 140°E 140°E 140°E 140°E

AEOLIS MENSAE Lasswitz Gale (225°W) (225°W) 0° -5° -10° -15° -20° -25° -30° 135°E 135°E 135°E ° 0 20°W) 3 - (1

°E

240

-35

° 0 W) ° 4 - 5 2 1 (

°E 5 ° 23 5

- e °

) a - s

(130°W os °

5 F -

230°E

-6

Pickering e s

s ° u (135°W) v 5

e 6 H ) - a

° W ° ch 0

0 4 225°E 2

ku 2

o 1

(

° W)

° 5 5

2 2 1 (

k r

a l

C ia ia )

(140°W) E W ° ° 0 0

3 3 ar 2

(

220°E c I

)

E Koval'sky W ° ° n 5 5 e 2 3 s 2

(1 Na 21000

) 19000

E W

° ° 21229 Maximum

(145°W)

0 0

2 4 17000

2 1

(

215°E 15000

13000

E W)

° °

5 5 1 11000 4

an 2 1

(

Eudoxus l i 9000

ru T 7000

(150°W) 5000 210°E 210°E (150°W)

s Wright Elevations above 9000 meters above Elevations e Keeler 3000 210°E ll Elevation in meters Elevation

a volcanos. only on the larger found

V )

Hipparchus

r 1000

a e

F d 0

5°

i a

T -1000 L

155°

( l

TERRA

k -3000

)

d ip W -5000

SIRENUM E

1 (155°W)

2 -7000 (

Sirenum Fossae Sirenum

-9000

205°E

)

Ptolemaeus

°W °E

-8200 Minimum

Newton

)

170°

190°

(

(160°W)

)

200°E

°W

°E

1 (1

n rn

i Mariner

e s

p 0 H

o 1

° (

1 i

C 5

6 (165°W)

195°E 195°E

Chaos y

5 er

V Gorgonum Gorgonum

-5

(170°W)

° 190°E

-5

Sirenum Fossae Sirenum

Magelhaens

(175°W)

Chaos

Atlantis Atlantis

-40°

185°E 185°E

-35°

(180°W)

-30° 180°E 180°E )

W °

30 60° - (

E va 0° Prot Valles 30

-35° . i

S ° 0

-4 5°W) 6 (

k i

295°E V

45° -

BOSPORO

PLANUM ° 0

-5

Kumak

(70°W)

° Aniak 5 5 - 290°E

Gari

60° . -

Babakin

° (75°W) 5 6 - E ° 0 W) as ° Mel 0 285°E 0 s 3 Fossae s 6 a ( l

Voeykov Los Do

CORACIS ) A E R u p e s W 5° ° Pulawy e 29 r 65 y ( g r A

Lampland

* (80°W)

E RR ° W) a 0 ° n 9 0 ta 2 n 7 ( 280°E

NUM

) A E FOSSAE TE ° W 5 °

l L 8 5

2 l 7 (

P 21000

o 19000 E

(85°W) W) 21229 Maximum r 0° °

e 8 0 A 17000

2 8

(

275°E i l 15000

) ONI E 13000

° W

° 5

5 7 A 11000

8 2

(

9000 7000

(90°W) 270°E 5000 (90°W) Coblentz

270°E 270°E Elevations above 9000 meters above Elevations 3000

Elevation in meters Elevation

volcanos. only on the larger found E 1000

SOLIS PLANUM i

W) °

Warrego n i ° 5 0

alles h

5 c

V 6

n -1000

(

-3000

)

E -5000

0°W

OSSAE

(95°W) F

260 -7000

(10

265°E CLARITAS -9000

)

W E

° °

-8200 Minimum

5 5

5 I

1 2

(

ASIA

THAUM

)

250°E

(100°W) (110°W

s Sripur

Tugaske s

Dinorwic

A )

260°E 260°E FOSSAE

Wukari 15

(

Virrat

n )

°W

PLANUM PLANUM

°E

0 ICARIA

Claritas Rupes (1 °

(105°W) -

255°E e

Bra

55°

(110°W)

250°E

(115°W)

245°E -40°

-35°

(120°W)

-30° 240°E )

° °W 0 0 3 - ( E °

360

° 5 3 -

° 0 4 W) -

(5°

E °

355 5°

-4

° 0 5 -

(10°W)

° 5 5 - 350°E y r r e b n e d d o °

R 0 6 -

Shatskiy

n (15°W) 65° e -

Vogel r °E e 0 re n e 6 °W) 345°E g G * 3 e (0 W

A um s lli a V E ) n ° 5 W Hartwig 5 ° a 3 5 (

Mena Sisyphi R

Pl o t n

Lohse e ) (20°W) r s E F i l l W

350°

10°

( 340°E

s a

ER p

a )

l E

NOACHIS n

oltz

45°

(15°W

21000

Helmh

arw

Arkhangelsky

D ) 19000

W (25°W)

0 21229 Maximum

4 0 s

i l 17000 3 2 l

( a

335°E

s a 15000

o c

rt a i l

l l

i 13000 P

a E

° V W)

W °

Foros

3 s u 2 11000 3

n (

9000

s s

o F 7000 Kakori

. Tarakan m

(30°W) u

Dese i

cea n i O 330°E 5000

(30°W)

Kamloops a

330°E r Elevations above 9000 meters above Elevations 3000 S a Elevation in meters Elevation found only on the larger volcanos. only on the larger found

. Galle M

E )

Ochakov

. 1000 E uk uk T

Bozkir h

° a W

Kem'

Sa G

5 Oodnadatta 0

i s N l 5

al 2

Karpinsk 3 V -1000

. 3 O (

Zilair

s i l l

M is

a l

i l

N -3000 u em V

r L

. a

n Albi

r a

Kushva o .

s N )

Mo e

H Tabou

. E

-5000

ont W °

M ° 0

e 0

c i 2

(35°W) a 4

a zig

. D 3

v ( z

-7000

hal z

e m Valga

J s

Choctaw . o

D m

Satka

i Bond

h A

325°E

l -9000 i

n Hale

a V

e s

Gali

d . c

) B

a e

o elta

e m s

o s

s i

r W

a y

o l

o i D av

-8200 Minimum r

. m 5

b Ch

s z M

o 1

U i

Alitus r a 4

(

S h

s o

C w

m a

u x

s P

r u

rvoo

Sokol s

i Po

T t

a t

YRE n Mo

N en Oc Camiri

a E

h W)

° e g m e m u s o r

n D

° P

. 0

O 0 Wau

(

Azul

Podor

i (40°W) Vallis

l iu n l

M i r

i m

t V

. c

Zongo

rib

O engo s

u o i r

S K D u

R ia . .

Cle U 320°E

Yungay T

E W)

Tombe

. °

. ARG

Hooke I

PLANI

5 5 Taza

(

R 3

Kampot

d n

. A

. e

r H

y án

C E W)

C ° ° n

Luga rm

o 0

0 á

Magadi

0 6 K

( a

U 3

65°

(45°W) a -

I r

. E E

R .

Labria

315°E

a Talsi

r Torsö

l N .

. F

Sumgin

60°

Turbi Tara

f Bunge

a i

r _

rn ssau

De Vätö

. S .

5 Baltisk

- Kartabo

(50°W)

tone

Ruza

Maids

310°E l

Rupes

-5

oros oros Bosp

s e

Dubki

R .

45°

(55°W)

Tabor

305°E 305°E -40° -35°

Protva

Valles

(60°W)

-30° 300°E 300°E W) ° ° 0 3 - 300 ( E

60°

-35°

° 0

W) 4 ° -

05 3 (

°E 5 5 5°

-4

pheus les s ° Al a s Col l -50 l o A HELLAS I a

T He

(310°W) I Ch ° 5 N 5 - 50°E A

PL ° 0 6 -

d r a ° 5 rn (315°W) -6 ) a

°E B A °W 0 M 0 45°E 6 s E 0 u a r U (3 e e n t

Pe Pa AN MAL

E W) ° ° PL 5 5

5 0

3 (

s a *

e a

t le r

n te

o M

(320°W) W)

Pa °

M 0 0

5 1

s 3

40°E

e (

p s e l l e H )

E W

° °

5 5

4 1

( 21000

) 19000

E W

° ° 21229 Maximum (325°W)

20 4 17000

(

35°E

Rabe 15000 13000

°W)

°E

2 3 11000

(3 9000

a 7000

(330°W) us

y 30°E it 5000

P (330°W)

Proctor 30°E 30°E

Elevations above 9000 meters above Elevations 3000

Elevation in meters Elevation found only on the larger volcanos. only on the larger found 1000

pes °W)

u °E

R 5 0

3 2

-1000

-3000

)

Rupes W

E -5000

20°

34 (335°W)

( -7000

25°E

-9000

)

s -8200 Minimum

15°

Chalcoporo 345°

(

)

Kaiser

° E

(

(340°W)

20°E 20°E )

°W

R °E

Le Verrier Le

°W)

0 Y

0°E

P (36 IS

65°

- (345°W)

NOACHIS 15°E 15°E

60°

5 -

(350°W)

10°E 10°E

(355°W)

5°E

-40°

-35°

(360°W)

-30° 0°E 0°E )

°W 0 4 30° - (2

°E 0 2 1

-35

W) -40°

45°

°E 5 ° 11 5

-4

° 0 5 -

(250°W)

55° -

110°E

V °

(255°W) 65 e

- )

c E ° W

a ° l 0 l

l 2 0 l

105°E u 1 4 e a 2

(

R n

PROMETHEI W

) Hei

E ° W ERR 5 ° 1 5 Euripus 4 Mons* 1 2 (

hov

T T

s i l l

V (260°W)

t ° W) o °

Gunnison* 0 i

0 v 1 5

e 1 T 2 ( 100°E Ausonia Mensa

s i l i l )

Sebec a h V °E W Hellas Montes ° c 5 5 0

Ausonia 5 Cavus c 1

h l 21000 l c y i Negele u Se e v W) e

R ) 19000

Hu E

htofo W s ° s °

(265°

e 0 21229 Maximum

t ri 0

n 0 Gander K 6 o 17000 M 1 2 (

95°E i i

Nazca l C r

l enta u

15000 a

V A

Cue

)

13000

s W

i °

l °

PATERA 5 Thom

V 9 HADRIAC 11000

(

Ayr

Daan e

9000 i

N s

Vallis i

7000 r

Cañas a

(270°W) .

90°E

Quines 5000

(270°W)

Apia

90°E 90°E

Coronae Coronae Mons

Elevations above 9000 meters above Elevations 3000

Spallanzani

Tungla

Elevation in meters Elevation

Mliba

volcanos. only on the larger found

)

Santaca

edhi

l 1000 W

5 0

Dao Dao

Poti 7

Anseris Mons 8

Tignish 2 -1000

(

Taejin -3000

Peraea Mons

)

Njesko W

E -5000

2 (275°W)

( -7000

85°E

-9000

E ° °

-8200 Minimum

5 5

a s 8

l i 7

2 Ze Val (

a s r Mad o

)

° E

M °

(

(280°W)

80°E

US )

I P W

AX °

°E 5

6 A

S (2 E E L

L A L

)

W M

E E

60° 300° A

(

R d

5 E H

T 6 P

n A

r (285°W)

A a

B 75°E

60° -

CHAO

PLANITIA

HELLAS 5

5 -

S (290°W)

L 70°E

50°

4 Scopulus

- (295°W)

Coronae

Colles

65°E

-40°

Alpheus

-35°

(300°W)

-30° 60°E 60°E )

-30 (180°W

180°E

35 -

) ° 0

-4 5°W

(

° 175°E 5 m 4 - u

ir ae

S s ° 0

s e -5

Fos s

Ariadn Colle

(190°W) ° 5 5 -

170°E

° 0 6 -

Bjerknes

° 5 (195°W) 6 - E W) °

165°E 180° y 180 b ( s

)

s E

e ° W

l IA 5 °

va 5

V 7 a

r 1 8 D 1 (

Cruls b ) R p

(200°W) E m W

170° 190°

160°E (

)

E ° W ° 5 5 6

el 9 1

( end 21000

M M ) 19000

W °

(205°W) ° 21229 Maximum

TERRA 0 0 s 6 17000

in 1

g (

u 155°E 15000

) 13000

IM 11000

155°

(205°W

9000 C 7000

(210°W) 5000

150°E

s (210°W)

u 9000 meters above Elevations 3000 150°E p

Elevation in meters Elevation

o volcanos. only on the larger found

c y

)

1000

E W

ads

ahe

-1000

145°

215° inog

ho ho (

V c

a U

T i

-3000 I

-5000

E W)

° ° HRO

0 0

4 2

(215°W)

1 -7000 2

(

Martz

-9000

M M

145 E E 145

)

W E

° -8200 Minimum

5 5

P 2 3

1 s

(

Kepler u

230°

130

( (220°W) a

140°E 140°E

t 2

( es

Pri

)

°W l

a 0

H 4

(2 °

(225°W) l

l -

135°E 135°E

60°

o y

l x

e o

55°

(230°W)

130°E 130°E °

Arrhenius

r -45° o

(235°W)

-40° 125°E

-35°

(240°W)

-30° 120°E 0°E (0°W) 10°E (10°W) -65° (350°W) 350°E

20°E (20°W) (340 °W) 340°E

30°E (30°W) NOACHIS (330°W)

330°E Daly SISYPHI PLANUM* SISYPHI

Pityusa MONTES

-70° 4 Rupes 0°E 0°W) (320°W) (4 Lyell SISYPHI 320°E Pityusa

Patera* MONTES

SISYPHI CAVI 5 0 Phillips °E

(3 (50°W) 1 0 °W 310°E Mellish )

-75° Dana TERRA 6 0 ° E ( 3 (60°W) 0 0 ° W ) 300°E South Du Toit MALEA

Joly

DORSA ARGENTEA D O

-80° R

70° S

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APPENDIX B – ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION MAPS OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE

Some of the maps of the elemental composition of the Mars surface layer are included below (more are expected to become available in the future). They are created from data acquired by the Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS) aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter. The GRS instrument is a collaboration between the University of Arizona‟s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Russia‟s Space Research Institute. The GRS consists of three instruments, a gamma-ray spectrometer, a neutron spectrometer and a high energy neutron detector.

Each map represents the fully corrected, CO2 frost free elemental concentrations. Data for all non-radioactive species have been masked to exclude polar regions where it is not currently possible to adequately deal with dilution by the large amounts of water ice.

The letters on the maps indicate the landing sites of various landers (V1 and V2 – the Viking landers; PF – Pathfinder; M – Opportunity, at Meridiani; and G – Spirit, at Gustev Crater).

Water

149

Iron

Silicon

Chlorine

150

Thorium

Potassium

151

GLOSSARY

Albedo – The fraction of incident Optical Depth – A measure of how solar radiation reflected back into much light is absorbed in travelling space without absorption. through a medium, such as the

Aphelion – The point of a planet‟s atmosphere of a star, from the source of orbit at which it is furthest from the light to a given point. A completely sun. transparent medium has an optical depth of zero. >1 indicates opacity. C3 – A grouping of plants that produce a molecule containing three Rectenna – a rectifying antenna, a carbon atoms as the first product of special type of antenna used to convert photosynthesis. microwave energy into electricity.

C4 – A grouping of plants that rem – The measure of radiation used produce a molecule containing four in the United States of America (100 rem carbon atoms as the first product of equals one Sievert). photosynthesis. Rhizosphere – the region of soil in the

Diurnal Temperature Range – The vicinity of plant roots. temperature range over an average Smectite – a type of clay characterised day. by their one-directional swelling with

Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) – changes in moisture content. activities undertaken in the external Specific Impulse (Isp) – a measure of environment to the vehicle or habitat the acceleration of a rocket or other (such as in space or on the Martian spacecraft engine. surface). Sievert (Sv) – The SI unit for the ISRU – in-situ resource utilisation measure of radiation dose (one Sievert – the use of local resources (typically equals 100 rem). as opposed to importing resources Perihelion – The point of a planet‟s from elsewhere). orbit at which it is closest to the sun. Opposition – when two planets are on opposite sides of the sun.

152

Descriptions of nomenclature used in describing Martian surface features, including some examples and locations.

ALBEDO feature Geographic area distinguished by amount of reflected light

ARCUS Arc-shaped feature

ASTRUM Radial-patterned features on Venus

CATENA Crater chain. Mostly not secondary impact craters but rather features which resemble collapsed lava tubes. Acheron Catena (38ºN, 101ºW)

CAVUS Irregular, steep-sided depressions not of impact origin. Cavi Augusti (4ºS, 187ºW)

CHAOS Distinctively broken or jumbled terrain. Aureum Chaos (4ºS, 27ºW)

CHASMA A steep-walled trough or a large canyon. Condor Chasma (6ºS, 71ºW)

COLLIS Hill or knob. Scandia Colles (65ºN, 153ºW)

CORONA Ovoid-shaped feature

CRATER A circular depression

DORSUM A ridge or other elongate, raised structure. Cerberus Dorsa (16ºS, 255ºW)

FACULA Bright spot

FARRUM Pancake-like structure, or a row of such structures

FLEXUS A very low curvilinear ridge with a scalloped pattern

FLUCTUS Terrain which resembles flows. Only Galaxias Fluctus (32ºN, 217ºW)

FOSSA Long, narrow, shallow depression or a narrow linear trench, ditch. Tatalus Fossae (44ºN, 102ºW)

LABES Landslide. Coprates Labes, Melas Labes in the Vallis Marineris complex

153

LABYRINTHUS Valley network, intersecting canyons. Noctis Labyrinthus (7ºS, 101ºW)

LINEA A dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight

LINGULA Extension of plateau having rounded lobate or tongue-like boundaries

MACULA Dark spot, may be irregular

MARE "Sea"; large circular plain

MENSA Flat-topped, steep-sided elevated feature. Aeolis Mensae (3ºS, 218ºW)

MONS Mountain. Highlands surrounding impact basin (Nereidum Montes; 41ºS, 43ºW), ridges in Valles Marineris or large volcanoes (Olympus Mons; 18ºN, 133ºW)

PALUS "Swamp"; small plain

PATERA Shallow crater with scalloped complex walls or edges. Either craters which don‟t resemble impact craters (Orcus Patera; 14ºN, 181ºW) or those of volcanic origin (Tyrrhena Patera; 21ºS, 253ºW)

PLANITIA Low plain or large level lowlands without features. Elysium Planitia (20ºN, 230ºW)

PLANUM Large high plateau. Sinai Planum (15ºS, 87ºW)

REGIO A large area marked by reflectivity or colour distinctions from adjacent areas, or a broad geographic region

RIMA Fissure

RUPES Linear scarp or cliff face. Bosporos Rupes (42ºS, 58ºW)

SCOPULUS Irregular scarp or cliff. Coronae Scopulus (33ºS, 295ºW)

SINUS "Bay"; small plain

SULCUS Parallel furrows and ridges which make up wrinkled terrain, semi- parallel ridges and troughs. Memnonia Sulci (5ºS, 176ºW)

TERRA Heavily cratered highlands. Noachis Terra (35ºS, 335ºW)

154

TESSERA Tile-like, polygonal terrain

THOLUS Isolated somical mountain or hill, usually of volcanic origin. Tharsis Tholus (14ºN, 91ºW)

UNDA Undulatory features. Only Abalos Undae (81ºN, 83ºW) and Hyperboreae Undae (77ºN, 46ºW)

VALLIS Basically a valley, but on Mars a variety of shapes. From gigantic Valles Marineris to topographically ill-defined Simud Vallis. Large ones named after names of Mars in other languages, smaller ones named after terrestrial rivers.

VASTITAS Extensive plain, widespread lowlands. Only Vastitas Borealis.

VIRGA A streak or stripe of color

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