BLUE GREENWAY Restoration and Revegetation Guidelines for Contaminated and Impacted Areas Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment BLUE GREENWAY PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

This restoration and revegetation guide is based on the Blue Greenway Planning and Design The Blue Greenway is a Guidelines, developed by the Port of San Francisco (Port) in 2011.1 The focus of this guide is on the unifying identity for the San restoration and revegetation of contaminated and impacted lands along the Blue Greenway. This guide can be applied to similar properties along the San Francisco Bay and beyond, however, the Francisco southeast. site history, land cover type, and plant list were developed with specific consideration to southeast San Francisco.

Summary of the Port’s Blue Greenway • Identifying sites for public art. Planning and Design Guidelines • Providing amenities for bicyclists. The Port’s 2011 guidelines provide planning and Guide Preparation design guidance for revitalizing and developing open space along the Blue Greenway. The This revegetation guide was created by AECOM design guidelines are based on national for the City and County of San Francisco, recreation standards and practices relating to habitat, restoration, and preservation. The Department of the Environment (SFE), with input design guidelines provide information about: and contribution from multiple stakeholders. • Designing elevations consistent with sea Funding support has been provided from the level rise projections. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; Award No. #BF-00T98101). This guidebook is • Treating stormwater. part of the Bayview Hunters Point brownfields • Providing waterfront viewing areas. community-wide assessment. • Incorporating a minimum of a 15-foot-wide Though this project has been funded, wholly or in part, by EPA, the contents of this document do not necessarily reflect (20-foot preferred) multi-use trail where the views and policies of EPA. feasible, that can be incorporated into the San Francisco Bay Trail system. Intended Audience • Integrating mechanical exercise equipment The intended audience for this guide includes into circulation systems (trails/paths). public and private entities, community, and non-profit organizations with plans to redevelop Blue Greenway - Existing • Incorporating interpretive signage of Photo by San Francisco Department of the Environment waterfront and neighborhood history. or restore portions of the Blue Greenway, particularly along Yosemite Slough.

Front Cover Image: Near Yosemite Slough. Photo by AECOM. 1 2011 Port of San Francisco Blue Greenway Planning and Design Guidelines. Available at: http://sfport.com/blue-greenway-project

2 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide How To Use This Guide

PART I: INTRODUCTION, GOALS, AND HISTORY Purpose of Guide Introduction and Goals - Project goals of the Blue Greenway and this revegetation guide, an overview of Yosemite Slough, and addressing contaminants. This guide was prepared to provide stakeholders engaged Planting Goals - Planting objectives along the Blue Greenway, from improving wildlife habitat to stabilizing in development and revitalization the San Francisco shoreline. projects along the Blue Greenway Site History Timeline - Background information on historic land use within the Yosemite Slough area and - a waterfront open space the Blue Greenway. corridor spanning the eastern shoreline of San Francisco, CA - detailed recommendations for PART II: CURRENT CONDITIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENT the restoration and development Current Conditions - A description of the diverse mosaic of wetland and shoreline, upland, and urban of the natural shoreline vegetation communities that occur along the Blue Greenway. communities, urban parks, and existing developed areas. Addressing Contamination - An overview of contamination along the Blue Greenway and provision of These recommendations are guidance for cleaning up contaminated sites. designed to best benefit local communities, as well as plant and Future: Climate Change and Sea Level Rise - Changing climate as it relates to the Blue Greenway, wildlife communities along the projected impacts, and climate adaptation. Blue Greenway. The Van Dyke Planned Development - An overview of development projects currently planned or underway along the Avenue Eastern Terminus site is Blue Greenway. adjacent to the Yosemite Slough, and is included in the reference to Yosemite Slough used herein. The PART III: GUIDELINES Yosemite Slough is contaminated Revegetation Guidelines - General and detailed recommendations for the restoration and development of by petroleum hydrocarbons and is shoreline communities, urban parks, and existing developed areas. a focus area for this guidebook.

PART IV: RESOURCES Plant List - Recommended plant list, suggesting specific plant species to be used in revegetation efforts, based on habitat type, benefit, and tolerance to environmental conditions.

Guide Preparers - A description of guide preparers and stakeholder involvement.

Additional Resources - References for additional information for local plant sourcing, Phytophthora and plant pathogen resources, invasive plant information, and a link to the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC)’s Shoreline Plants do-not-plant list.

AECOM 3 Table of Contents

PART I: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 5 Blue Greenway Project Overview and Goals 9 Yosemite Slough 10 Addressing Contamination 11 Planting Goals 12

SITE HISTORY 14

PART II: PRESENT AND FUTURE CURRENT CONDITIONS 18 Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway 20 ADDRESSING CONTAMINATION 26 THE FUTURE Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 30 Climate Adaptation 32 PLANNED REDEVELOPMENT 33

PART III: GUIDELINES GUIDELINES 35 General 38 Shoreline 44 Urban Parks 49 Developed Areas 52

PART IV: RESOURCES PLANTING LIST 56 GUIDE PREPARERS 62 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 63

Photo by AECOM PART I INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

BLUE GREENWAY PROJECT OVERVIEW YOSEMITE SLOUGH ADDRESSING CONTAMINATION PLANTING GOALS

SITE HISTORY DRAFT 1 inch = 1,750 feet

Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

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6 AECOM DRAFT 1 inch = 1,750 feet

San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

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San Francisco Blue Greenway Alignment Overview Map by AECOM

AECOM 7 Photo by AECOM

This guide was prepared to provide stakeholders who are engaged in development and revitalization projects along the Blue Greenway, and Yosemite Slough in particular, with detailed recommendations for the restoration and development of natural shoreline vegetation communities, urban parks, and existing developed areas. Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

The Blue Greenway Project Development and Shoreline Restoration

Overview and Goals The Blue Greenway Project is a City of San Francisco (City)-sponsored long-term vision to convert This guide serves as a San Francisco’s historically industrialized southeastern shoreline into a series of connected parks companion to the following and open spaces. Once complete, it will be 13 miles long, extending from AT&T Park to Candlestick plans and guidelines: Port Point, including portions of sites such as Yosemite Slough, Hunter’s Point, India Basin, Islais Creek, of San Francisco’s Blue and Agua Vista Park. The main goal is to convert sections of the shoreline; particularly brownfield Greenway - Planning and sites—former industrial sites—into wildlife habitat, public parks, and open spaces.2 Efforts to restore Design Guidelines, San and revitalize portions of the Blue Greenway are already underway. Francisco Park’s Alliance Blue Greenway Brownfields Area- Wide Plan, San Francisco The Blue Greenway will: Objectives of this guide are to: Bay Conservation and • Incorporate trails to contribute towards the • Improve Habitat and Habitat Connectivity; Development Commission’s long-term vision of completing the regional (BCDC) Shoreline Plants - a • Remediate Contaminated Lands; Bay Trail; Landscape Guide for the San • Foster Community Stewardship; • Provide active transportation routes that Francisco Bay, San Francisco connect employment centers of Mission Bay • Create a Climate Resilient Landscape; Planning Department’s Green and downtown;3 Connections Program, and • Improve Public Access Experience; the San Francisco Plant • Create recreational opportunities and green • Protect Water Quality; and Finder (http://sfplantfinder.org), infrastructure; along with other guides and • Stabilize Shoreline. • Support environmental stewardship; and materials. • Become an advocate for waterfront access.4

2 2012 San Francisco Parks Alliance Blue Greenway Brownfields Area-Wide Plan 3 2016 San Francisco Parks Alliance 4 2006 Task-Force Vision Statement

AECOM 9 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Yosemite Slough

This guide is targeted at restoring the Yosemite Slough and greater Blue Greenway area. There are two ongoing efforts to restore the ecology of Yosemite Slough. The California State Parks aims to restore the disturbed and pollution-burdened open spaces and shoreline of Yosemite Slough. The EPA Yosemite Slough Project is addressing contaminated slough sediments below the mean high-tide line.

Efforts at Yosemite Slough are part of the EPA’s commitment to restoring the health of San Francisco Bay. Since 2008, EPA’s San Francisco Bay Water Quality Improvement Fund has provided more than $44 million in competitive grants for 61 projects that are restoring water quality and wetlands, reducing polluted runoff, and greening development in San Francisco Bay and its watersheds. These grantees and their partners represent a network of more than 70 government agencies, resource conservation districts, land trusts, watershed groups, and non-profit organizations across the Bay Area’s nine counties. This network has leveraged EPA’s funds with an additional $153 million from partner agencies and organizations, resulting in more than $195 million invested in San Francisco Bay and its watersheds.5 EPA’s Brownfields program has also invested over $2million in Bay View Hunters Point to restore and revitalize properties along the Blue Greenway.

Yosemite Slough Photo by AECOM

5 EPA funding and Yosemite Slough information: https://www.epa.gov

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Addressing Contamination

Industrial activities and related contamination sources, including industrial activities, gas have heavily impacted the shoreline. This stations, dry cleaners, pesticide use, asbestos, guide is specifically intended for contamination/ lead-based paint, and fuel storage tanks. These impacted properties along the Blue Greenway sources may have resulted in contamination from and it can be applied to other, similar properties petroleum fuels prevalent in the upland area of along the San Francisco Bay. Contaminated Yosemite Slough, pesticides, heavy metals (such lands along the Blue Greenway range in severity as lead and zinc), polychlorinated biphenyls from those with known risk to people and the (PCBs), or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) environment, to properties where the impact such as trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, from contamination is relatively low. vinyl chloride, and carbon tetrachloride.

Clean up is currently underway at properties Risks primarily arise when people accidentally posing the greatest risk, such as the Hunters ingest or come in direct contact with Point Naval Shipyard, which is a federal contaminated soils, dust, sediments, surface Superfund site on the National Priority List. At water, or groundwater. Another important risk Bird wading at Yosemite Slough Yosemite Slough, contamination is known to comes from VOC gases evaporating from Photo by AECOM harm shoreline plants and animals. Restoration underground VOC-contaminated soil and has occurred along the water’s edge, and groundwater. These VOC gases can migrate and planning is underway to clean up contaminated accumulate inside buildings where they can be sediments in the Slough. 900 Innes is a inhaled.6 The primary risks at Yosemite Slough brownfield property within India Basin with are due to exposure of ecological receptors and relatively low-risk contamination, and cleanup their ability to bioaccumulate contaminants up efforts are also underway at this site. the food chain.

Brownfields are defined as underutilized, potentially contaminated properties. These properties may be contaminated from varying

A dumpsite along the Blue Greenway Photo by AECOM

6 Contaminant and risk information: http://yosemite.epa.gov/

AECOM 11 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Planting Goals

The following planting goals are intended to restore and revitalize the Blue Greenway for human, plant, and wildlife communities.

Improve Public Access Experience Foster Community and Stewardship Improvements of the interface of urban and The long-term success of restoring the Blue natural areas along the Blue Greenway and Greenway will depend on participation by San Francisco shoreline will drastically improve stewards, residents, and volunteers to maintain the visual aesthetic of the area, compared to and protect restored areas. In addition, the existing conditions. The strategic placement Blue Greenway corridor historically has been of trails within the Blue Greenway corridor will an environmental justice site because of allow the coexistence of thriving human, plant, the proximity of residences to contaminated and wildlife communities, in accordance with the industrial and military lands. “Recreation and Open Space Guidelines” set by the San Francisco General Plan, and with the Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s San Francisco Bike Plan.

Remediate Contaminated Lands Create A More Resilient Landscape The remediation of contaminated lands is a Climate change and resulting sea level rise crucial first step to making these areas usable threaten flooding and degradation of both and habitable by humans and wildlife alike. This urban and natural communities. This document document provides guidance for planting species provides guidance for shoreline design and the that naturally remove pollutants and heavy restoration of specific habitat types to mitigate metals from brownfield sites. and minimize the effects of climate change.

12 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Stabilize Shoreline Improve Habitat and Habitat Planting along the San Francisco shoreline is Connectivitiy a cost-effective method to minimize erosion, Because habitat along the Blue Greenway is improve the visual aesthetic of the shoreline, and fragmented and varies in quality from historic restore valuable habitat for wildlife. Incorporating development along the San Francisco shoreline, natural revegetation and establishing wider improvements to habitat and habitat connectivity vegetated benches to help disperse wave energy along the Blue Greenway are key to the recovery is recommended. and resilience of native species, as well as threatened and endangered species in the San Francisco Bay Area. Connected habitat along the San Francisco shoreline provides an important corridor for bird, fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and marine mammal migration and foraging.

Protect Water Quality This guide focuses on the engineering and design of urban and natural shorelines in a manner that will help to reduce or eliminate pollutants commonly found in urban runoff.7 This includes focusing on retention and infiltration of stormwater, reducing impervious surfaces along the Blue Greenway, and planting species along the shoreline that capture sediment and filter pollutants.

7 In accordance with the San Francisco Stormwater Management Requirements and Design Guidelines (March 2016)

AECOM 13 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Site History and Timeline

India Basin from west side of India Cove looking east. 1900. Burning of Shrimp Camp. Source: Collection of Ruth Siemer Source: San Francisco Public Library Candlestick Park Mission Creek Islais Creek Candlestick Park opened. California’s The tidelands around Tidelands Act is Islais Creek became passed. Mission home to “Butchertown,” as Bay begins to be meat packing industries filled using debris were banned from the city from the densely center. populated South- “For thousands of years, of-Market district. indigenous Ohlone lived Candlestick Park on opening day, April 12, 1960. India Basin Hunters Point Source: FoundSF.org as part of the native Hunters Point The Hunters Point landscape” along what is Power plant Shipyards were at their now the Blue Greenway opened along peak, building warships the shore of India used in World War II. Basin. (Blue Greenway 2017)

1867 1868 Late 1800s 1877 1881 1929 1929 1940s 1946-1969 1960 1971 Historic Land Use The park was (Human Uses) dedicated as open space, Construction began on The U.S. Navy expanded the as mitigation Hunter’s Point, California Dry Dock, ca. the California Sugar for creation of 1867. Source: SF Public Library Refinery, later named Hunters Point Naval Shipyard The Naval Radiological the Port of San the Western Sugar Defense Laboratory Francisco’s Refinery. on land formerly used by a conducted early research containerized Warm Water Cove into radioactive materials. shipping facility Hunters Point shrimping camp. Hunters Point further south, at became the India Basin Islais Creek. site of the first dry dock on the Agua Vista Pacific Coast. Park

Hunters Point Aerial photograph of Hunters Point. 1930 Until the late 1800s, Source: San Francisco Public Library Islais Creek emerging from Glen Canyon, 1890’s. Islais Creek is Yosemite Slough, 1920 Source: Greg Gaar Collection, courtesy of estimated to have Source: OpenSFHistory.com FoundSF.org provided up to 85 percent of the city’s drinking water. Portuguese, Italian, and Irish immigrants used what is now Bayview for farms and gardens. Islais Creek

14 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Aerial View 2011. Source: Google Earth Aerial View 2017. Source: Google Earth Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, 1942 Hunters Point Source: San Francisco Public Library (via FoundSF.org) Shoreline Park Shoreline Park, adjacent to former Pacific Gas and Electric Company Power Plant, opened along Blue Greenway alignment. The park connects Heron’s Head Park with Bayview Hunters Point India Basin Shoreline Redevelopment Plan Hunters Point Park. Hunters Point The San Francisco The power plant Yosemite Slough San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (now The U.S. Environmental was shut down The first phase of Shipyard Homes Crane Cove Park the Office of Community Protection Agency placed the by Pacific Gas the Yosemite Slough Lennar Urban Investment and Infrastructure) Site preparation for the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard and Electric Wetland Restoration began residential adopted a plan for long-term park is completed. on the National Priorities List, Company and Project was completed, construction at community revitalization efforts. Islais Creek a list of the most polluted dismantling transforming Hunters Point In 1999, Lennar Urban was Shipyard, and The final sites in the country. began. warehouses and named master developer for the the first residents slaughter house contaminated soils to Hunters Point Shipyard plan, a moved into of “Butchertown” tidal wetlands. San Francisco was closed. mixed-use redevelopment of the former naval base. Shipyard Homes in 2014.

1971 1974 1984 1989 1996 1997 2006 2010 2013 2017

The Friends of Islais Lennar Urban proposed and was selected to become Opening of Heron’s Creek group formed Head Park EcoCenter Creation of park and took an active master developer for the with Golden The shipyard role in stewarding former site of Candlestick with support Gate Audubon was closed. the channel as well Park. The combined Hunters from Literacy for as a public Hunters as advocating for its Point Shipyard–Candlestick Environmental Justice open space and Point Development Point regeneration. (LEJ) and local youth, Phase 1 design and wildlife habitat encompassed 780 acres. the first 100% off-grid area. Shipyard Islais Creek permitting begins for Hunters Point Shipyard– building in the City. Mission Rock Park. Heron’s Head Candlestick Point Heron’s Head Park Mission Rock Park Park Development EcoCenter

Filling Pier 98 in 1971. Source: Ed Brady The Port of San Francisco, in Heron’s Head Park EcoCenter. See Part II for Planned Aerial View. Source: Bing Maps partnership with Literacy for Source: Port of San Francisco Redevelopment Environmental Justice, began Projects along the Blue working on creation of the Greenway. park, regenerating wetlands and habitat, and providing Blue Greenway an environmental education program to serve schools Redevelopment both locally in Bayview and beyond. Heron’s Head Park

AECOM 15 Photo by AECOM PART II PRESENT AND FUTURE

CURRENT CONDITIONS PLANT COMMUNITIES

ADDRESSING CONTAMINATION

THE FUTURE

PLANNED REDEVELOPMENT Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

01 CURRENT CONDITIONS

San Francisco’s southeastern shoreline provides valuable feeding, nursing, and breeding habitats for many species of wildlife, despite the historic degradation of these sites and the existing industrialized setting. The coexistence of urban vegetation, native plants, cultivated plants, and weeds present a mosaic of open water and shoreline habitats for mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and butterflies.

18 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

02

Infrastructure and Land Uses i. The Blue Greenway historically was made up of tidal marshes and mudflats. Residential and industrial uses began in the 1850s and gradually filled in this habitat until 1972, when the current

03 shoreline was established. ii. In Yosemite Slough, wetlands were reduced significantly between 1900 and 1970, because of placement of fill and debris within the slough for residential, commercial, and industrial uses. The Yosemite Slough required remediation and California State Parks is currently conducting wetlands restoration.

01 Heron’s Head Park Photo by AECOM 02 Mission Bay, Channel Street Photo by AECOM 03 Mission Bay Photo by AECOM

AECOM 19 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway

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San Francisco Brisbane Bay 0 0.5 Mi Map Location A Tidal Marsh San Francisco Blue Greenway: Yosemite Slough Existing Habitat Blue Greenway Alignment Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer Ar Avm es t r o n g Existing Habitat Type Rip-Rap Rubble Shoreline Ruderal Grassland Sandy Beach Tidal Marsh/Mudflat H a we s St Urban/Developed LSA Associates, 2004; San Francisco Parks Aliance, 2015; ESRI Imagery, 2016 ° 0 200 400 Feet

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The Yosemite Slough area contains diverse habitat types, from newly restored tidal marsh to historic infrastructure and developed areas. Map by AECOM

20 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway

Wetland and Shoreline Communities

Tidal marsh, mudflat and open water, and coastal beach and dune communities are the habitats that occur along the Blue Greenway shoreline.

A Tidal Marsh Tidal marshes consist of coastal wetland vegetation that are inundated with salt or brackish water (freshwater-saltwater mix) based on the tidal cycle. Tidal marsh occurs within bays and estuaries where shorelines are sheltered from surf and are situated at elevations between mean sea level and annual high tides. Less than 10 percent of the historic tidal marsh is estimated to remain in the San Francisco Bay.8 Once widespread along the Blue Greenway, tidal marsh now exists only in small, isolated, and low quality patches. Several threatened and endangered species occur in tidal marsh, including salt marsh harvest mouse, Ridgway’s rail, California black rail, California least tern, green sturgeon, and salmonids. Tidal marsh also provides habitat for numerous other terrestrial and aquatic common species, including marine Tidal Marsh. Photo by AECOM mammals.

Mudflat and Open Water B Open water describes all areas of the San Francisco Bay that are of low enough elevation (around mean sea level) to be devoid of vegetation, with the exception of sporadic eelgrass beds. Open water in the San Francisco Bay is influenced by both saltwater that enters the Bay via the Golden Gate and freshwater from the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Below the elevation where tidal marsh species can survive, the shoreline margin of the San Francisco Bay is mudflat habitat, which is exposed during low tides and inundated during high tides. Both mudflat and open water Photo by AECOM Photo by AECOM Mudflat. Open Water. provide important foraging habitat for numerous common fish, birds, and marine mammals.

8 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2013. Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California. Region 8, Sacramento, CA.

AECOM 21 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway

Wetland and Shoreline Communities

C Coastal Beach and Dunes Coastal beaches along the Blue Greenway are made up of sand, fine and course gravel, and rocky debris. These beaches are sparsely vegetated or unvegetated and occur at the edges of development and have been degraded from nearby and recent development. In the past, sand was used to fill portions of open water to expand existing land areas. The sandy areas and beaches along the Blue Greenway do not provide quality habitat that coastal beaches and dune habitat do elsewhere in San Francisco; however, they do provide rest and foraging sites for migrating birds, as well as potential haul out sites for marine mammals.

Coastal Beach and Dunes. Photo by AECOM

D Other Wetland Other wetlands within the Blue Greenway generally are located within depressions that are ephemerally or seasonally ponded during the wet season for sufficient duration to support hydrophytic (water-loving) vegetation. Because of the developed and urban nature of the shoreline along the Blue Greenway, these depressions can also occur when there are earth-moving activities during development projects.

Wetlands. Photo by AECOM

22 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway

Upland Communities

Coastal grassland, coastal scrub, and coast live oak woodland are communities that occur inland from the shoreline, and provide refuge habitat for wildlife, nesting habitat for birds, and aesthetic appeal for pedestrians and bikers.

Coastal Grassland and Non-Native Grasslands Because of the developed and urban setting of upland areas along the Blue Greenway, grassland communities primarily are comprised of non-native and invasive species. Ruderal vegetation and shrubs, mainly coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), are scattered throughout the grassland areas. Small, isolated colonies of native perennial bunch grasses that grow in a few areas along the Blue Greenway are generally from restoration projects. Numerous insect, amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species occur within grassland and other upland communities.

Coastal Grassland and Non-Native Grasslands. Photo by AECOM

Coastal Scrub Coastal scrub habitat is prevalent along California coastlines but is rare in upland areas within the Blue Greenway because of developed and urban areas often extending to the edges of the shoreline. Coastal scrub only occurs in one isolated patch along the shoreline of India Basin. No coastal scrub occurs within the Yosemite Slough area. The dense vegetation provides a food source, cover from predation, and refugia habitat for many wildlife species.

Coastal Scrub. Photo by AECOM

Coast Live Oak Woodland Coast live oak woodland is comprised of communities of oak trees over native or non-native grassland and/or scrub understory. Coast live oak woodland is valuable habitat for nesting birds, especially raptors that forage along coastlines.

Coastal Live Oak Woodland. Photo by AECOM

AECOM 23 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway

Developed Communities

Existing infrastructure, riprapped shorelines, landscaped areas and parks, and ruderal areas make up the developed communities along the Blue Greenway.

Infrastructure - Parking, Roads, and Buildings Infrastructure describes all portions of the Blue Greenway that are paved, graveled, or otherwise covered by buildings or other human-made structures. These areas generally are located upland from the shoreline, but also extend into open water habitat in the form of piers, docks, and boat launches, which are particularly prevalent at Hunters Point.

24th Street facing west from Warm Water Cove. Photo by AECOM

Riprap Riprap is loose stone piled to form breakwater or other hardened surface, often to control erosion. Riprap rock varies in size, from 50 to 200 pounds. Riprap is common along the shoreline throughout the length of the Blue Greenway and serves to stabilize the shoreline from erosion caused by wave energy. Riprap may provide limited shelter for newly hatched fish and terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species. Although riprap provides habitat for these species, it generally is not considered high quality habitat for native plant and wildlife species in the San Francisco Bay.

Riprap. Photo by AECOM

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Plant Communities along the Blue Greenway

Developed Communities

Landscaped/Ornamental - Including Parks Landscaped areas are described as areas planted with native and non-native ornamental shrubs, forbs, and trees that provide visual, aesthetic, or recreational use, that do not typically provide native or historic habitat. These areas generally include parks and small patches of vegetation and trees planted along the edges of urban areas. Landscaped areas vary greatly but include mixes of non-native and native plant species.

Representational photo of a landscaped/ornamental area. Photo by AECOM

Ruderal Areas Ruderal areas are made up of weedy plant species, most specifically primary successional non-native and invasive annuals, which occur in fragmented patches along roadsides and other disturbed areas. The vegetative cover of these communities is similar to non-native grassland with the difference being that ruderal habitats are smaller and more fragmented.

Representational photo of a ruderal area. Photo by AECOM

AECOM 25 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Definitions: Addressing Contamination Brownfield: A property that is idle, abandoned, or underused that may be Introduction Main Contaminants of Concern environmentally contaminated. Superfund Site: Land contaminated by The goal of the Superfund program is to clean The main contaminants of concern often hazardous waste that has been identified up contaminated sites in order to protect encountered along the shoreline consist of and managed by the Environment Protection public health and the environment. Remedial petroleum hydrocarbons from underground Agency, as a site for cleanup because it poses designs and actions take into consideration the storage tank releases and spills, coal tar from a risk to human health and the environment. likely future use of the site. Since 1980, EPA's manufactured gas plant production, and metals Superfund program has cleaned up some of (mainly lead) from earthquake debris used as fill Maher Ordinance: The Maher Ordinance the nation's worst hazardous waste sites, as along the Bay margin. requires San Francisco Department of Public well as having responded to local and nationally Health oversight for the characterization and significant environmental emergencies. Depending on the nature of restoration and mitigation of hazardous substances in soil revegetation activities along the Blue Greenway, and groundwater in designated areas zoned Since 1995, EPA's Brownfields program has remedial alternatives for soil may consist of for industrial uses, sites with industrial uses or empowered states, communities, and other removal and offsite disposal to a licensed landfill, underground storage tanks, sites with historic stakeholders in economic redevelopment to onsite encapsulation, and capping. Typically for Bay fill, sites in close proximity to freeways or work together in a timely manner to prevent, small volumes of material offsite disposal is the underground storage tanks.10 assess, safely clean up, and sustainably reuse typical method for addressing soil contamination. brownfields. Brownfields grants and technical However, working within the Maher program, assistance continue to serve as the foundation the final remedial approach to address site soil of EPA's Brownfields Program. These grants contamination will be developed as part of the support revitalization efforts by funding Site Mitigation Plan preparation. In preparing environmental assessment, cleanup, and job a Site Mitigation Plan, consideration is also training activities.9 EPA Brownfields funding has given to future property use and the need to be been used on properties in Bayview Hunters protective of human health and the environment. Point. However, this program cannot be used Additionally, during remedy evaluation sea level on Superfund sites, such as the Hunters Point rise is now a consideration for sites located along Naval Shipyard Superfund site. the Bay margin as the selected remedy needs to be able to perform under elevated sea level conditions.

Petroleum Pollution Photo by Steve Snodgrass via Flickr

9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov 10 From San Francisco Department of Public Health. Available: https://www.sfdph.org/dph/eh/HazWaste/Maher_FAQ.asp

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Addressing Contamination

Maher Ordinance CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO PLANNING DEPARTMENT CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO

Article 22A (also known as the Maher Ordinance) PLANNING DEPARTMENT Jefferson St

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P Ave 26th

29th Ave 29th 18th Ave 18th Brannan St Balboa St Geary B lvd Hayes St Rossi Ave v Folsom St e

06th Ave 06th Anza St

28th Ave 28th 43rd Ave 43rd Turk Bl vd Steiner tS Mcalli ster St 03rd S t

Blu xo me St 02nd Ave 02nd Willar d rthNo St 05th St

34th Ave 34th Balboa St Bryant St

39th Ave 39th 46th Ave 46th

Fell St Ave 07th BroderickSt 35th Ave 35th Fulton St 08th St 45th Ave 45th Grove St Balboa St W 04th St 38th Ave 38th Fulton St

e 44th Ave 44th Anza St

32nd Ave 32nd Central Ave Golden Gate Ave 12th Ave 12th

21st Ave 21st LyonSt b Edward St

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t Turk Bl vd Franklin tS

17th Ave 17th e 24th Ave 24th 25th Ave 25th AshburySt 06th S t Mission St

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r 48th Ave 48th 14th Ave 14th Pa rk PresidioBlvd Baker tS

Balboa St - Areas within 100ft of a known hazardous Clayton tS Ave 04th South Van Ness A ve Howard St Octavia tS

Cabrillo St Anza St Ave 16th Maso nic veA Fulton St 36th Ave 36th

40th Ave 40th Fulton St Cole tS S Oak St 10th St Funston Ave Funston t Laguna St

Cabrillo St 09th St Ave 22nd Grove St 37th Ave 37th Golden Gate Ave Mcalli ster St 33rd Ave 33rd Fell St Balboa St

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29th Ave 29th Balboa St Ha Brannan St 06th Ave 06th

Cabrillo St Ave 43rd Page St Harrison St Blu xo me St

t Ave 02nd Willar d rthNo St 05th St 07th St 03rd t S

n S Ave 34th 10th Ave 10th lto Balboa St

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Oak St Ave 46th Folsom St Fell St La Playa La

35th Ave 35th Fulton St 08th St 26th Ave 26th Octa viaBl vd

Cabrillo St Ave 45th - Areas within 100ft of an underground Ave 15th Fell St Balboa St W 04th St

27th Ave 27th e

12th Ave 12th

21st Ave 21st LyonSt b 19th Ave 19th

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32nd Ave 32nd Bryant St

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37th Ave 37th 33rd Ave 33rd

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40th Ave 40th t Irving St 09th Ave 09th o S Texas t S

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33rd Ave 33rd e

41st Ave 41st San Bruno Ave

25th Ave 25th S r

37th Ave 37th Ave 11th

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18t h St 19t h St o l t 18t h St Rhode Island St Saturn St 17th Ave 17th e

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48th Ave 48th d 20t h St 38th Ave 38th 22n d St Mission t S

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24th Ave 24th St Ger main Ave 21s t St Lawton St Missouri St

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o r h y Gene va A ve k a Sagamore St Fa rr ag ut Av e Se ville u Blanken Ave C y e e M a Dr B ay W k Ke llo ch Ave W Ellin gt on Ave Cheste r Ave Cheste r a Executive P ark Bl vd t W e on Car riza l St lan Rolph St a r M A S S Santos St B Rhin e St n Hanov er St y o y Mission St lyt o e hd Gillette Ave i im a Penin su la Ave s lt n Law re nce Ave Rae Ave Brunswick StAllison St le Delta St is a a r Jamestown Ave Pasa de na St c M B Carte r St Conco rd St Av e Laph am Wa y e Lathrop Ave C Cor a St Naylor St e d Mor se St D v r t Schwerin St a S e A k e v H u e ag A d i l Sic kles Ave r ale v l Harney Way l P Br oo k D Pa rqu e Dr l S e Gutte nbe rg St B S t Su nr ise Way n

y n The City and County of San Francisco (CCSF) does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, completeness or usefulness t a W u Lowell St Peabody St

g T in Talbert St e De Long St ind Garrison Ave Goe th e St W Argon aut Ave r Vela sco Ave o Toco lom a Ave B ay h Hur on Ave a W Th om asM elloD n r lt s i g o Desm o nd St y Wh ittier St m ica o r Ch y Gene va A ve a e a of any information. CCSF provides this information on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, including but not limited to W Dr Ke llo ch Ave B Way a t W e on Car riza l St lan S a r Santos St A Rhin e St on Hanov er St y o y si ltim n is a a Pasa de na St M B Carte r St C warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, and assumes no responsibility for anyone's use of the information. The City and County of San Francisco (CCSF) does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy,San completeness Mateo or usefulness County Adoptedof any information. from CCSF providesthe Marchthis information 2015 on an "as is"San basis without Francisco warranty of any kind,Planning including but not Department limited to Expanded Maher Area map. Available from http://sf-planning.org warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, and assumes no responsibility for anyone's use of the information. San Mateo County

AECOM 27 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Addressing Contamination

Maher Program Building Code Sections 106A.3.2.4.1, 106A.3.2.4.2, and 106A.3.2.4.4 and Health Code Article 22A

The main steps for the Maher 3. If the subsurface investigation Are you applying for a Building or Grading Permit which involves program are listed below and shown report indicates that soil or the disturbance of at least 50 cubic yards (38.23 m3) of soil within the on the decision flow chart: groundwater samples have designated Article 22A area or meets other Maher criteria?** hazardous substances present, YES NO 1. A site history must be submitted a site mitigation plan describing for review and it will be determined handling, management and Does the site history indicate that 1. Has the property been continuously whether you comply with section mitigation of the contamination will NO Not Subject to hazardous substances may be present zoned as residential under the City Article 22A of the 22A or need to submit further be prepared and submitted to DPH in the soil or groundwater at Planning Code since 1921? Health Code documents. If the site history has no Environmental Health for approval. concentrations exceeding either the 2. Has it been in residential use since that Department of Toxic Substances time? AND record of hazardous substances in The site mitigation plan shall be Control’s or Regional Water Quality 3. No evidence has been presented to the soil or ground water, the Director completed by a qualified person. Control Board's health risk levels, or create a reasonable belief that the soil other applicable standards, given the and/or groundwater may contain of Public Health or Environmental intended use?*** hazardous substances?

Health staff will provide you with 4. Implement the approved site NO YES a letter and copy the Director of mitigation plan. YES The Director shall provide the applicant Building Inspections that you have Submit: and the Director of Building Inspection 1) Work Plan for Analysis of complied with the requirements of 5. A final project report describing with written notification that the Sampled Soil and/or Groundwater. applicant has complied with the Article 22A and no further Maher site mitigation plan implementation 2) Subsurface Analyses Report requirements of this Article or a waiver related work is required. and providing material disposal for DPH review and approval. YES from further Maher requirements. documentation must be submitted 2. A work plan for a subsurface with a Maher certification statement. * Completing a deed restriction may investigation must be submitted The Director will then provide a Were there hazardous NO be needed to the Director of Health or the notification that the applicant has substances present? Environmental Health staff approval. completed and complied with Article ** Prior industrial use, sensitive receptor use, within 100 feet of a The Director or Environmental 22A. YES current or former underground tank, within 150 feet of a current or Health staff will review the work 1) Submit Site Mitigation Plan for YES former elevated roadway. plan and determine if the work DPH review and approval. NO 2) Implement approved Site *** A Phase I ESA may not provide plan meets the requirements found Mitigation Plan. enough information to make this within Article 22A. After the work decision. plan is approved, the work plan is implemented. A subsurface Submit Final Report and Are the Final Report and Certification Statement for investigation report describes the Certification approved?* DPH review and approval. work plan implementation and the analytical results of the sampling. February 2014 Image from San Francisco Department of Public Health

28 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Addressing Contamination

Contaminated Site Restoration and Revegetation

During site restoration and revegetation Sites having contaminants that are left in place activities at contaminated sites along the Blue as part of the final remedy will often have Greenway, consideration to the protection of a land use covenant, restricting the type of site construction workers and the general public land use based on the nature and degree of must be taken into consideration. remaining contamination, as well as other site restrictions (e.g. no use of site groundwater, no If a Site Mitigation Plan is developed and vegetable or fruit growing, etc.). The land use implemented under the Maher Program these covenant typically requires the development elements are typically addressed through of a materials management plan that identifies the development of a site specific health and the area(s) where contaminants remain onsite safety plan for site construction activities to and the measures to implement for managing address potential exposure to contaminants, and handling contaminated soil that may be and the implementation of dust control and encountered during future site work. stormwater runoff control measures to mitigate the generation of fugitive dust and potentially With the exception of the Hunters Point Naval contaminated stormwater discharge. Shipyard and the Yosemite Slough, the US EPA is not the regulatory oversight agency If contaminants are left in place onsite as part for cleanup of contaminated properties along of the selected remedy, they are typically hard the Blue Greenway alignment. Public, private, capped (concrete or asphalt) or covered with and nonprofit entities working to cleanup a sufficient soft cap (soil cap or vegetation) and revegetate brownfield sites along the to mitigate the risk of exposure to remaining Blue Greenway work with the San Francisco contaminants to site users. Typically a DPH as well as other potential regulatory demarcation barrier is placed to indicate the stakeholders that may include the California transition from clean material into contaminated Environmental Protection Agency, Department material so this transition can be readily of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) or the San identified. Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB).

900 Innes Avenue Photo by Erik Skov

AECOM 29 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Future

Climate Change

The changing climate is projected to bring hotter, Areas that are built on shallow Bay fill are Table 1: Sea Level Rise Estimates for San Francisco Relative to drier summers and potentially wetter winters at higher risk because rising sea levels may the Year 200012 in northern California, with more precipitation influence groundwater levels and result in Year Projections Ranges falling as rain rather than snow in the Sierra increased subsidence and liquefaction hazards.12 2030 6 ± 2 in 2 to 12 in Nevada mountains. More extreme events— 2050 11 ± 4 in* 5 to 24 in drought, heavy rainfall and flooding events, Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) is the average 2100 36 ± 10 in 17 to 66 in of the higher daily tide measured over several wildfires, and changes to nature’s environmental * As a simplifying assumption, the 2050 most likely value selected for the inundation mapping effort clock—are expected. These regional changes years (called the National Tidal Datum Epoch), is 12 inches rather than the 11 inch value noted in the table. will mean differences in San Francisco’s water using nearby tide stations. The existing MHHW supply, changes to seasonal timelines, and level along the Blue Greenway is 6.55’ NAVD88. an increase in extreme events, such as storm By mid-century, the upper end sea level rise surge and wave events, flooding, and permanent scenario is projected to rise 24”, increasing Table 2: Factors That Influence Local Water Level Conditions in inundation of wetlands and waterfront areas. the sea level along the Blue Greenway to 8.55’ Addition to Sea Level Rise12 NAVD88. By late century, the upper end sea level Factors Typical Typical Period of Frequency Affecting Range CCSF Range Influence rise scenario projected water level is expected to Water Pacific CCSF Bay rise an additional 66”, to 12.05’ NAVD88.13 Level Shorelinea Shorelineb Sea Level Rise Tides 5 to 7 ft 5 to 7 ft Hours Twice daily Proper planning and restoration is essential to Storm 0.5 to 3 ft 0.5 to 3 ft Days Several times ensure the safety of residents and properties that Surge a year Sea levels are projected to rise globally, which are vulnerable to sea level rise along the Blue Storm 10 to 30 ft 1 to 4 ft Hours Several times will have local effects on the Blue Greenway. Waves a year Greenway corridor. Addressing contaminated Sea level rise and flooding endangers resources El Ninos 0.5 to 3 ft 0.5 to 3 ft Months to 2 to 7 years areas now, along with implementing climate- (within the Years such as electric utilities, storm water and waste ENSO cycle) smart restoration techniques will reduce these a water systems, transportation, human, and Baker and AECOM. 2012. Intermediate Data Submittal #1: Scoping and Data Review. San potential impacts. Francisco County, California. California Coastal Analysis and Mapping Project / Open Pacific Coast natural systems. Along the Blue Greenway, Study. Federal Emergency Management Agency Region IX. b DHI. 2010. Regional Coastal Hazard Modeling Study for North and Central Bay. Prepared for contaminated properties along the shoreline are Federal Emergency Management Agency, September. at risk of flooding, which could further expose the human, plant, and animal communities to contamination or hazardous materials.11

11 Climate change and Sea Level Rise: Impacts on Bayview Hunters Point. Prepared by Greenaction. 2017 12 National Research Council. 2012. Sea level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. Prepared by the Committee on Sea Level Rise in California, Oregon, and Washington and the National Research Council Board on Earth Sciences and Resources and Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. March 2015. 13 Climate Stressors and Impacts: Bayside Sea Level Rise Mapping Final Technical Memorandum. Prepared for: SFPUC; Prepared by: Sewer System Improvement Program Program Management Consultant CS-165 (AECOM)

30 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Future Sea Level Rise Mapping: Year 2050 Sea Level Rise Mapping: Year 2100

N St2Nd St2Nd 4Th 4Th 80 Mill Richmond 80 Mill Richmond Valley Valley

123 123 5Th St t 5Th St t Bryant St S Berkeley Bryant St S Berkeley San San Projected Sea Level Rise 13 13 Francisco Francisco St King St St King St Bay 24 Bay 24 d d n 80 n 80 se 580 se 580 in 2050 and 2100 6 n 880 6Th St n 880 Th St w w To To

Alameda Alameda San San Francisco Francisco

7 280 7 280 Projections are based on National Th 101 Th 101 12 Daly City Daly City Research Council, 2012. Colma Colma 1 1 South San Francisco South San Francisco Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean St 82 St 82 35 0 5 35 0 5 3 San Bruno Mi 3 San Bruno Mi

R R d Pacifica Map Location d Pacifica Map Location 16Th St Millbrae 16Th St Millbrae

S S

t t Mariposa St San Francisco Blue Greenway: Mariposa St San Francisco Blue Greenway: 18Th St Sea Level Rise Mapping 18Th St Sea Level Rise Mapping Blue Greenway Alignment Blue Greenway Alignment Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer Sea Level Rise Scenarios (NAVD 1988) Sea Level Rise Scenarios (NAVD 1988) 6.55 ft.: Current MHHW Mark 6.55 ft.: Current MHHW Mark 8.55’:Current MHHW Mark+ 12.05 ft.: Current MHHW Mark+ 24" (2050 Upper End Sea Level Rise 66 in. (2100 Upper End Sea Level Rise Scenario) Scenario)

Source: Sea level rise scenarios are derived Source: Sea level rise scenarios are derived from SFPUC SSIP Bayside Inundation from SFPUC SSIP Bayside Inundation Mapping Project, SFPUC/AECOM, 2015; San Mapping Project, SFPUC/AECOM, 2015; San Francisco Parks Aliance, 2015; Francisco Parks Aliance, 2015; 280 ESRI Imagery, 2016 280 ESRI Imagery, 2016

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101 101 lcd C:\Users\eli.popuch\Documents\Blue_Greenway\02_Map_Production_Reports\Reveg_Guide\DraftFinal\Figure4_SeaLevelRise_MidCentury.mxd 9/21/2017 2:19:17PM lcd C:\Users\eli.popuch\Documents\Blue_Greenway\02_Map_Production_Reports\Reveg_Guide\DraftFinal\Figure4_SeaLevelRise_EndCentury.mxd 9/21/2017 2:21:29 PM Map by AECOM Map by AECOM

AECOM 31 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide Climate-smart: The intentional and deliberate consideration of climate change in natural resource management, realized through adopting forward-looking goals Future and explicitly linking strategies to key climate impacts and vulnerabilities.14

Climate Adaptation

As the climate changes, plants and wildlife must b. Corridor Connectivity adapt to their new environment or move to a more Climate-Smart conservation addresses suitable environment, or they will not persist. Creating habitat connectivity in the face of climate change impacts and other threats Creating transitional habitats and connecting climate change will provide all species—both by using nature-based approaches to:15 natural corridors along the Blue Greenway plants and wildlife—with opportunities to move will help various species withstand climate across the landscape. This connectivity will • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions; change and other environmental stressors; this increase in importance as pressures from the • Enhance the benefits nature provides adaptation is forward-looking and climate-smart. changing climate cause each species to move further to find mates, food sources, and suitable to humans—clean air, fresh water, Designing the Blue Greenway to be climate microclimate environments. fisheries, pollination, recreation, and resilient will involve taking into account species climate and flood control; and tolerance, corridor connectivity, and access to c. Transitional Habitat to Respond to Sea • Improve the abilities of wildlife and inland habitat migration with sea level rise: Level Rise people to adapt to the rapidly changing a. Species Tolerance As the sea level rises, the sea water will climate. inundate existing habitats and the bay shoreline Every species has a specific range of climate and elevation will change. Species that live Climate-Smart conservation:16 variables that it requires (e.g., temperature, along the shoreline will need to adapt towards water). Species with broader climate tolerances wetter conditions or move upslope/inland to • adapts and is flexible and can respond that can withstand temperature and precipitation survive. To assist this process, we can consider to change; extremes will be more resilient to climate change. these processes during design. Mild slopes • avoids maladaptation and unintended Many California native plants have these traits, and wide shorelines allow plant species, that consequences; and because they have evolved in California’s provide forage and cover for wildlife species, an dynamic wet winters and hot dry summers (see opportunity to slowly migrate upslope in advance • provides mitigation benefit (sequesters the plant list for details). of complete inundation. carbon).

Climate-smart plant species are best to use in revegetation of the Blue Greenway.

14 Stein, B. A., P. Glick, N. Edelson, and A. Staudt (editors). 2014. Climate-Smart Conservation: Putting Adaptation Principles into Practice. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC 15 Point Blue Conservation Science. 2017. Climate-Smart Conservation and Climate-Smart Restoration. Available: http://www.pointblue.org/priorities/climate-smart-conservation/. 16 Adopted from: Hutto, S. V., editor. 2016. Climate-Smart Adaptation for North-central California Coastal Habitats. Report of the Climate-Smart Adaptation Working Group of the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Council. San Francisco, CA.

32 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Planned Redevelopment

Displayed in the figure below are redevelopment projects which are already planned or underway along the Blue Greenway.

Richmond Mill 80 Valley San Francisco Blue Greenway: Current Redevelopment Efforts Berkeley Blue Greenway Alignment 13 24 Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer 580 Source: San Francisco Parks Aliance, 2015; ESRI Imagery, 2016 880

Alameda

San ° Francisco 0 0.25 0.5 Miles 280

1 S a n P a c i f i c 101 F r a n c i s c o O c e a n 35 San B a y Bruno 0 5 Mi Pacifica 82 Map Location 700 Innes F is ch 900 Innes/India Basin er A Shoreline Park ve

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S St S t t Potrer o Ave Map of planned redevelopments along the Blue Greenway Th A an 8 t lem y B hS lv T d Map by AECOM 10

AECOM 33 Photo by AECOM

AECOM PART III GUIDELINES

REVEGETATION GUIDELINES:

A GENERAL

SHORELINE B URBAN PARKS C

DEVELOPED AREAS D

AECOM 35 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

01

REVEGETATION GUIDELINES

Part III of this guide provides specific guidelines for the revegetation of shorelines, urban parks, and developed areas impacted by contamination that can be found along the Blue Greenway. The revegetation goals differ between each of these land cover types based on their 02 intended use and unique potential. Detailed revegetation guidelines for shoreline areas focus on native species habitat restoration and shoreline stabilization; detailed guidelines for urban parks focus on improving the public experience, water quality, and habitat; and developed areas include improving public access, connectivity, and remediating contaminated lands.

01 Herons Head Park Photo by torbakhopper via Flickr 02 Yosemite Slough and the surroundings. Photo via Google Earth

36 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Richmond Mill 80 Valley San Francisco Blue Greenway: Existing Green Space Berkeley Blue Greenway Alignment 13 24 Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer 580 880 Existing Green Space Alameda (by Supervising Agency)

San

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S a n SanP Francisco Recreation Parks P a c i f i c 101 F r a n c i s c o Source: San Francisco Rec and Parks, 2016; O c e a n 35 San B a y Nature in the City, 2016; San Francisco Parks Bruno 0 5 Aliance, 2015; ESRI Imagery, 2016 Mi Pacifica 82 Map Location °

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t St S t Potrer o Ave 101 Th A an 8 lem y B lv 101 d t

Map of existing green spaces along the Blue Greenway Map by AECOM

AECOM 37 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

A Revegetation Guidelines: General

A1 Team

A strong team will increase efficiency in the restoration and development process, and ensure a project is implemented to the highest standards.

i. Set Goals and Design for the End User Formulate goals during the inception of a project that are geared toward the end-user of the space being restored or developed. Track those goals frequently during the planning stages of a project to make sure the project stays true to its intended purpose and community needs. Engage stakeholders and nurseries early to ensure a smooth project process from conception through build.

ii. Form a Multi-Disciplinary Team Involve experts to ensure a successful revegetation project, including restoration ecologists, climate-change ecologists, geotechnical engineers, botanists, biologists, hydrologists, stakeholders, and the local community.

iii. Plan and Fund Long-Term Management Ensure that sufficient resources are secured for long-term management of revegetation sites during the early planning phases of a project. Funds should be set aside for activities such as managing weeds, replanting failed plantings, removing informal $ trails, and repairing shoreline erosion. Because of the prevalence of non-native and invasive species within and adjacent to properties along the Blue Greenway, weed management will be crucial for successful revegetation. Responsible parties should $ $ be identified for weed removal and replanting of natives as necessary for a period of no less than 5 years. iv. Educate and Foster Community Stewardship The shoreline is an ideal location to foster community stewardship and to educate the public about the environment and native habitats along the Blue Greenway. Diverse populations utilizing the corridor may otherwise not have exposure to natural landscapes. Incorporate signage where possible with information on habitat value, water conservation, and stewardship. Use the community engagement process to identify local residents who could engage in long-term maintenance, restoration and planting/gardening projects, cleanup projects, and community education programs.

v. Learn from Other Projects Research current and past project along the Blue Greenway and elsewhere to learn from their successes and mistakes. Refine your planting palette and planting methods based on which plants performed well in adjacent planting and restoration projects.

38 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

A2 Planning and Design Revegetation Guidelines: General Goal setting and planning is critical to the success of a restoration or development project.

i. Preserve Natural Habitat Areas The preservation of large parcels of land can provide habitat for terrestrial birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and butterflies. In contrast, intensive landscaping and recreational use will reduce the value of these areas to native wildlife. Keeping some areas along the Blue Greenway wild is important. Establishing trails through undeveloped parcels and managing for invasive plants, may help minimize disturbance.17 ii. Design to the Correct Elevation Tidal systems depend on proper elevation to be successful. Consider the elevation tolerances and hydrologic needs of the species being planted and whether settlement is anticipated, or sediment accumulation is likely.

iii. Plan Transitional Habitat for Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Transitional habitat between shoreline wetlands and uplands should be maximized to the extent feasible, based on the space constrictions of the site, to allow wetland migration with sea level rise. This will provide the natural landscape with opportunity for adaptation. This includes connecting the wetland and upland habitats with low-gradient slopes (e.g., 10:1) and planting Facultative Wetland (as defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) plant species with broader moisture tolerance. Shallow slopes protect shoreline from erosion and wave energy and allow transition species to thrive at their natural elevations above sea level. Example species are noted in the plant list. Vegetation and transition zones should be determined using elevation and hydrologic regime. Overlap planting of wetland and upland vegetation zones and plant species based on the existing site conditions.

iv. Provide Wildlife Corridors The Blue Greenway, generally located along the San Francisco shoreline, is a critical corridor for wildlife movement and migration. Development along the Blue Greenway should consider incorporating vegetation that provides habitats for species to use for cover, forage, nesting, and promoting pollinators. The San Francisco Green Connections Design Toolkit,18 as well as this guide, should be used to develop plans that improve connectivity for wildlife throughout the city.

v. Include Structural Habitat Incorporate structural habitat elements into the project design to attract wildlife, including nest boxes, bird blinds, green walls, and roof gardens and parks. In addition, incorporate elements that detract certain wildlife from areas focused on human use, such as geese deterrents. In attracting wildlife to more urban areas, ensure that structures are designed using the San Francisco Planning Department Standards for Bird Safe Buildings to minimize the risk of bird strikes.19

17 Refer to the LSA Yosemite Slough Watershed Wildlife Survey 2003-2004 18 http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/Citywide/green_connections/Green-Connections-Final-Report_CH5-Design-Toolkit.pdf 19 San Francisco Planning Department Standards for Bird Safe Buildings: http://sf-planning.org

AECOM 39 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

A3 Site Preparation and Planting Revegetation Guidelines: General There are many steps involved in planting a site; however, the following guidelines assist in ensuring success, thereby reducing plant failure and additional planting costs.

i. Plant Natives Prioritize planting native species over non-native ornamental vegetation. Native plants are adapted to the local environmental conditions and require fewer resources to establish and maintain. Native vegetation also provides habitat for native wildlife species and serve to connect habitat along the Blue Greenway. Select native plants carefully, considering soil texture, slope aspect, hydrology and light preferences. Do not plant non-native ornamental species listed in Cal-IPC database.20 Use the Plant List provided in this guide and reference the San Francisco Plant Finder tool.21

ii. Plant Species with Multiple Functions As detailed in the Planting List, plant species can serve numerous functions, such as providing wildlife habitat, remediation and bio-filtration, protection of water and air quality, drought resistance, erosion control, and aesthetic appeal. Species that serve several of these functions should be planted so that the plant communities can benefit humans and wildlife, water, and soil quality simultaneously.

iii. Plant from Seed or Clean Nursery Stock to Prevent Introduction of Pathogens Plant pathogen (e.g., Phytophthora spp.) are becoming widespread in nurseries and can weaken or kill plants and spread to existing native vegetation. If contaminated nursery stock is out-planted, then revegetation efforts may fail and native habitat may become contaminated. Ways to limit the risk of introducing plant pathogens to revegetation sites include: planting from locally collected seed and divisions rather than container stock, inspecting nurseries to ensure that they are following Best Management Practices for reducing the spread of pathogens, testing container stock for pathogens prior to outplanting, and decontaminating boots, vehicles, and tools during site preparation, site implementation, and site maintenance. These practices also aid in reducing the spread of invasive weeds.22

iv. Increase Vegetation Cover and Habitat Features Increasing the vegetative cover and providing other cover features, such as rock piles and brush piles, will improve habitat value and encourage wildlife use. For example, rock piles may provide habitat for burrowing owls, which historically have occupied the Blue Greenway. Cover features provide refuge for mitigating species and helps species, such as the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse, escape predation. Providing additional cover on the undeveloped parcels will be particularly important if debris and trash are removed, as this material currently provides cover for wildlife.23

20 California Invasive Plant Council - Invasive Species Database: http://www.cal-ipc.org National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC 21 San Francisco Plant Finder Tool: www.sfplantfinder.org 22 www.calphytos.org 23 Refer to the LSA Yosemite Slough Watershed Wildlife Survey 2003-2004

40 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

A3 Site Preparation and Planting Revegetation Guidelines: General

v. Source Locally Plants sourced from local populations and grown in local nurseries will be better adapted to the soil and climate of the Blue Greenway. Identify nursery stock, divisions, and/or native seed that are sourced from naturally occurring local populations. When possible, seed for nursery stock should be collected from San Francisco or San Mateo counties. Often, seed can be collected and plants can be salvaged from sites before the start of construction. It is important to plan far in advance to contract local nurseries to grow desired species and coordinate grow specifications. Local nurseries include, but are not limited to Bay Natives Nursery, Candlestick Point Native Plant Nursery at Yosemite Slough, Sutro Stewards Native Plant Nursery, and Yerba Buena Nursery.

vi. Control Weeds Early and Throughout Establishment If planting in soil that contains large amounts of weed seeds, consider irrigating the sites for up to three weeks to germinate the existing seedbank, and then till or hand pull weed seedlings. Target species that have a high or moderate Cal IPC Rating.24 Repeat at least twice before planting native species. In addition, plan for weekly or bi-weekly weed removal during the plant establishment phase, which is typically the first year after planting. Many invasive and native seeds can survive in the soil for multiple years; these methods exhaust the seed bank so that invasive seeds do not naturally recruit as the native plants establish, and avoid the use of pre-emergence herbicides.

vii. Provide Supplemental Irrigation As Appropriate for All Plantings Although many Bay Area species are drought tolerant once established, supplemental irrigation during the first two to three years after planting can greatly increase their survival rate and save the cost of new plants acquisition, re-planting, and other associated expenses. Irrigate with non-potable water. Irrigation frequency and duration should be based on the plant community. Adjust irrigation based on soil infiltration rate, temperature and precipitation, and reduce irrigation gradually. Wetland and riparian plants especially benefit from overhead irrigation because many of them are rhizomatous; aerial irrigation allows them to expand laterally and form a dense network of roots. It is critical that a strong root network develop in contact with the ground water table to increase the chance of long-term survival. Upland species are better suited for drip irrigation because many of them are susceptible to fungal diseases, which are exacerbated during the warm season with overhead irrigation.

viii. Prepare Soil Before implementing any revegetation project, the site should be prepared properly to ensure restoration success. Soils should be analyzed for texture, salinity, nutrient content, and contamination before selecting the planting palette and the need for soil amendments. Much of the Blue Greenway is on fill material, which may have become affected by or contaminated from heavy industrial use. Soils may need to be remediated, replaced, capped, decompacted, or amended to establish plantings. Depending on habitat, the top 12 inches of soil should be decompacted. Native soils with native vegetation should not be disturbed.

24 Refer to the LSA Yosemite Slough Watershed Wildlife Survey 2003-2004

AECOM 41 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Richmond El 580 Cerrito Mill Valley 123 San Francisco Blue Greenway:

Albany Land Cover Types Berkeley Blue Greenway Alignment

Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer

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Harrison St e t z e S v A d ld N o 2 280 r r Mission Creek Park e Oakdale Ave t J 1St St S (Mission Creek Salt Marsh) Evans 3Rd St 101 Th 4 Gilman Ave

42 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Richmond El 580 Cerrito Mill Valley 123 San Francisco Blue Greenway:

Albany Land Cover Types Berkeley Blue Greenway Alignment

Blue Greenway 200-Ft Buffer

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24 P

P P P

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280 P Urban Park 101 Source: San Francisco Parks Aliance, Daly City 2015; ESRI Imagery, 2016 India Basin Shoreline Open Space Colma Pier 94 1 South San Francisco S a n ° Wetlands Pacific Ocean 82 F r a n c i s c o 0 0.25 0.5 35 PG&E Hunters Candelstick Point B a y Miles d San Bruno 0 5 Point Shoreline R State Recreation Area Mi Innes Ave Pacifica Millbrae Map Location p s i r C

India Basin Yosemite Shoreline Park Slough

Bay Front Ave Bayview Park Warm Water Agua Vista Cove Park Gateway Park Islais Creek Park China The Embarcadero Basin Park Palou Ave Ingalls St C

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Map of vegetation types along the Blue Greenway Map by AECOM

AECOM 43 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

B Revegetation Guidelines: Shoreline

B1 Restoration Objective: Stabilize Shoreline

Whenever possible, establishing natural vegetation communities along the Blue Greenway is the preferred approach for controlling erosion and protecting shorelines. Although installing riprap may be an effective method for dealing with shoreline erosion, steep shoreline slopes, and wave energy, riprap does not provide high- quality habitat for wildlife, water quality benefits, or the aesthetic appeal of vegetation. In addition, riprap may not be appropriate to install in areas that have contaminated soils. Vegetated shorelines may require a wider vegetation bench and shallower slope, compared to riprap, to dissipate wave energy and support the viability and resilience of the plant community. Therefore, for shorelines that already are steeply sloped, grading and/or filling may be required to achieve a more gradual slope. Where establishment of a wider bench is not possible because of existing constraints, a combination of vegetative stabilization techniques and riprap, or planting within riprap is preferable to installing or maintaining existing bare riprap.25

Representation of riprap to stabilize shoreline Photo by AECOM

25 For further guidance on this topic, refer to the BCDC report, Protecting Shoreline Property from Tidal Erosion: An Analysis of the Effectiveness and Environmental Impacts of Administratively Authorized Protective Structures.

44 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Revegetation Guidelines: Shoreline

B2 Restoration Objective: Improve Habitat and Habitat Connectivity

The shoreline of the San Francisco Bay has been heavily developed, and native vegetation 01 02 communities that once were prevalent along the southeastern shoreline of the San Francisco peninsula now are rare and fragmented. Therefore, many species that once occupied these habitats—including Ridgway’s rail, California black rail, California least tern, salt marsh harvest mouse, green sturgeon, and protected salmonids—have become locally rare or extirpated. 04 Restoration of natural habitats, focusing on tidal marsh, beaches, and dunes along the shoreline, has the potential to dramatically increase the quality of habitat for threatened, endangered, and common species. 03

01 Ridgway’s rail Photo by Michael Pazzani via Flickr 02 Green sturgeon Photo by A.T. Vorob’ov of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fishery and Oceanography (VNIRO) 03 California least tern Photo by U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Pacific Southwest Region 04 Salt marsh harvest mouse Photo by U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

AECOM 45 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Revegetation Guidelines: Shoreline

B2 Restoration Objective: Improve Habitat and Habitat Connectivity

a. Tidal Marsh Restoration • Species planting in tidal marsh will be a The restoration of tidal marsh spectrum along minute changes in elevation: i. The majority of threatened and endangered habitat is arguably the most species that inhabit the San Francisco shoreline • between mean higher high tide and valuable and effective method rely on tidal marsh vegetation. For example, extreme high tides—transition zone tidal salt marsh harvest mouse uses pickleweed marsh plants, such a saltgrass for improving wildlife habitat as its primary source of forage and cover, and along the Blue Greenway Ridgway’s rail generally nests in tall stands of • between mean high tide and mean cordgrass. Only small patches of tidal marsh higher high tide—pickleweed vegetation exist along the Blue Greenway, • between mean sea level and mean high most of which are from mitigation or restoration tide—cordgrass projects (e.g. Heron’s Head Park), which currently do not, or only marginally support these • When possible, plant species to target the special-status species. recovery of threatened and endangered wildlife. For example, Ridgway’s rail requires ii. The transition zone between upland areas and large stands of cordgrass for nesting, and tidal marshlands should be graded and planted salt marsh harvest mouse requires large appropriately: areas of pickleweed with access to vegetated • The slope that transitions tidal marsh areas upland areas for refuge during high tide. to upland areas should be as shallow as • Separate tidal marsh areas from tree groves, spatial restrictions allow, to protect the tidal and avoid planting trees adjacent to tidal marsh from erosion and wave energy, and marsh habitat. Trees, although desirable to allow transition species to thrive at their for shade, aesthetics, and bird habitat, also natural elevations above Mean Sea Level. provide perches for predatory birds (raptors) • Shallow slopes are recommended for tidal of native tidal marsh species, such as salt marsh resilience. As sea levels rise, if marsh harvest mouse. transition slopes are too steep, then certain communities within the tidal marsh may disappear entirely. With a shallower slope, tidal marsh vegetation can move up the Tidal Marsh Photo by AECOM transition zone as the sea level rises.

46 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Potential Trail MaterialsA

Revegetation Guidelines: Shoreline Native Woodland Species Aesculus californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Umbellularia californica Decomposed Granite

Native Grassland Species Achillea millefolium, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Danthonia californica, Coastal Scrub Species Lasthenia californica, Artemesia californica, Stipa lepida, Baccharis pilularis, High Zone Species Stipa pulchra, Distichlis spicata, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Triteleia laxa Frankenia salina, Eriogonum latifolium, Grindelia stricta var. angustifolia, Frangula californica, Limonium californicum, Mimulus aurantiacus, Triglochin maritima Salvia spathacea

Low Zone Species Middle Zone Species Bolboschoenus [Scirpus] maritimus, Jaumea carnosa, Spartina foliosa Salicornia pacifica

Run-off

Infiltration

Low Zone* Middle Zone* High Zone* Coastal Scrub* Bay Trail Native Grassland / 2.0’ - 3.1’ 3.1’ - 3.7’ 3.7’ - 4.7’ 4.7’ - 5.4’ Oak Woodland* A Reference the Bay Trail Guidelines to choose trail substrate: http://baytrail.org. 5.4’ - Higher * All zone elevations are in NAVD88

AECOM 47 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Restoration Objective: B2 Restoration Objective: Improve Habitat and Habitat Connectivity B4 Protect Water Quality

c. Design Shoreline Habitat to Minimize The establishment of tidal marsh or coastal A greater quantity of connected Impacts from Pedestrians and Bikers beach/dune vegetation through planting will result in a higher quality filtration system that habitat will result in higher Establish protective barriers, preferably of native decreases the amount of pollutants that enter quality habitat vegetation, that exclude pedestrians and bikers the Bay via surface waters. Where trails and from habitat intended for wildlife recovery, roadways occur near the shoreline, use porous especially with regard to tidal marsh and beach/ surfaces where feasible to reduce runoff of b. Enhance Habitat Connectivity dune habitat. Special-status species generally contaminants. are averse to human presence and noise, and i. Tidal marsh and beach/dune habitat should many types of shoreline vegetation are sensitive be connected to transitional and upland habitats to human traffic. The installation of appropriate as much as possible, or should be planned for upland plant communities, such as dense coastal connectivity with habitat in future development scrub, can act as physical, visual, and auditory or restoration projects. Proper project siting can buffers between areas planned for recreation ensure connectivity is included during design and areas planned for habitat restoration.26 and planning phases. ii. For locations where no vegetative bench is possible because of severe spatial constraints, planting native species within riprap can provide a narrow corridor of habitat connectivity for Restoration Objective: Improve wildlife to use as cover while migrating or B3 Public Access Experience dispersing along the shoreline to larger patches of suitable habitat. Along the Blue Greenway, design the Bay Trail iii. Whenever possible, avoid leaving in place or Coastal Beach and Dune to occur as far inland as possible, to allow a Photo by AECOM designing shoreline with no vegetative cover. A wide shoreline margin for habitat. Replacing complete lack of vegetation cover along sections developed, undeveloped, or riprapped shoreline of shoreline prevents certain species, such as with tidal marsh or coastal beaches/dunes will salt marsh harvest mouse, from dispersing increase the visual aesthetic for recreational between larger patches of habitat, and can result visitors using the Bay Trail. Provide designated in reduced genetic diversity and local extirpation water access for pedestrians and bikers. For of threatened and endangered species. additional guidance to improve recreation and public access experience, please reference the BCDC Bay Plan Recreation Policy.27

26 For further guidance on this topic, refer to the BCDC report, Public Access and Wildlife Compatibility. 27 BCDC Bay Plan Recreation Policy: http://www.bcdc.ca.gov.

48 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

C Revegetation Guidelines: Urban Parks

C1 Restoration Objective: C2 Restoration Objective: Improve Public Access Experience and Foster Improve Habitat and Habitat Community and Stewardship Connectivity

Wildlife habitat and native vegetation should be incorporated within and along the boundaries of urban parks, whenever feasible.

Photo by Chris Doig via Wikipedia a. Habitat a. Provide Multifunctional Recreation b. Enhance Aesthetics Guide pedestrians and bikers along planned Urban parks should provide multifunctional When choosing plants for urban parks consider routes using vegetation. Ensure that access recreation opportunities following the guiding the view and whether bay views or screenings points to the shoreline and viewing locations are principles in the Recreation and Open Space are desired. available to the public, so that unplanned foot element of the City of San Francisco’s General traffic does not result in trampled vegetation and Plan. Include community gardens, aroma Plant dense, low-growing (less than 4 foot in degraded habitat. gardens, and habitat gardens within park spaces height) coastal scrub vegetation to preserve to provide valuable wildlife forage and nectar bay views and benefit wildlife by discouraging sources as well as recreation. informal trails to the shoreline. Consult with b. Seedlings nurseries for recommendations on variants of During initial restoration activities of native Construct bike and jogging paths with porous native species (e.g., coyote brush, ceanothus, vegetation, fence vegetation communities until surfaces or using boardwalks to limit runoff manzanita) that grow prostrate (outward along they are well established and dense enough to and compaction. Surround picnic facilities and the ground) rather than erect (upward). In areas detract foot traffic. sporting fields with native trees and landscaping. adjacent to prime wildlife habitat, plant tall, Use native vegetation to direct and confine dense vegetation to serve as a visual screen pedestrian traffic to established walkways and and reduce the impact of recreational users on kayak launches. nesting and foraging wildlife species. Screening vegetation can also be used to block the built environment and improve the user experience.

AECOM 49 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Revegetation Guidelines: Urban Parks

Shoreline Trees Acer negundo ssp. californicum, Salix laevigat, Salix lasiolepis Native Woodland Species Aesculus californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Bioretention Plants Artemisia douglasiana, Umbellularia californica Bolboschoenus maritimus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus effusus, Juncus patens, Sisyrinchium bellum

Planted Riprap Species Baccharis douglasii, Grindelia stricta var. angustifolia, Jaumea carnosa, Limonium californicum, Salicornia pacifica Opportunity for Phytoremediation bacteria

Planted Riprap Bioswale Coastal Bay Trail Native Bioswale Paved Roadway and Sidewalks Scrub Option for Grassland Option for Permeable Surface Permeable Surface

50 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Revegetation Guidelines: Urban Parks

C3 Restoration Objective: Protect Water Quality and Water Conservation a. Replace Lawns Although popular for recreational purposes, sod generally requires large quantities of water and fertilizer. Avoid installation of sod in any areas not specifically designed for heavily trafficked recreational purposes, such as sporting greens. Where grass is desired, but foot traffic is minimal to moderate, install sod of native turf grasses, such as seashore bentgrass (Agrostis pallens) and native fescues (Festuca rubra, F. occidentalis, and F. idahoensis) and keep mowed height to two inches or higher. These native species are more drought-tolerant than non-native sod, and certain species mixes do not require mowing.

b. Use Drought-Resistant Landscapes Where other landscaping is provided, plant drought-resistant native vegetation, such as manzanita, sage brush, coyote brush, buckwheat, and toyon, to reduce water requirements.

Festuca and Heuchera - An example of a drought-resistant landscaping plants. Photo by Jean Jones via Flickr

AECOM 51 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

D Revegetation Guidelines: Developed Areas

D1 Restoration Objective: Improve Habitat and Habitat Connectivity

a. Habitat Restoration b. Infrastructure Considerations Developed areas include Certain developed portions of the Blue Although developed areas are used by some residential, office, and industrial Greenway provide limited opportunities for native wildlife, such as gulls, the diversity (warehouses and shipyards) land establishing species habitat, such as along 3rd of species in these areas typically is low Street, which is offset from the shoreline and compared to other areas (e.g., parks, restored uses. These areas are made up heavily urbanized/paved. Tree planting in these lands). Conversion of undeveloped parcels to of hardscape and buildings, with areas, where feasible, can provide habitat for parking or other infrastructure would further birds and insects. Other portions of heavily reduce the amount of habitat available for interspersed landscaping, ruderal developed areas, such as the illegal dumping land birds as well as small mammals, reptiles, patches, lawns, and occasional areas at Yosemite Slough that San Francisco amphibians, and butterflies.28 Where parking is working to clean up, or paved areas along or other infrastructure is required, consider trees. the shoreline that currently are underutilized, multi-story structures that occupy less space, should be targeted for habitat restoration. The porous pavement, vegetated shade structures, shorelines along heavily industrialized areas incorporation of trees and landscaping, and (i.e., warehouses and pier bulkheads) may be dispersed parklets (landscaping occupying one particularly valuable for habitat restoration, or two parking spots) to improve habitat value. because these areas are generally isolated from These types of structures can incorporate living most human presence and noise. habitat elements such as rooftop gardens, living walls, and other incorporated green spaces. Restoration and maintenance (often overlooked in areas beyond public view) of these shoreline c. Plant Selection would provide crucial connectivity for wildlife between larger disconnected habitat. Select plants based on their ability to withstand the harsh environmental conditions common in developed areas. These plants should be tolerant of air and water pollution, drought, and vandalism.

24th Street, facing west from Warm Water Cove Photo by AECOM 28 Refer to the LSA Yosemite Slough Watershed Wildlife Survey 2003-2004

52 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Revegetation Guidelines: Developed Areas

D2 Restoration Objective: Improve Public Access D3 Restoration Objective: Remediate Contaminated Experience, and Foster Community and Lands Stewardship

Photo by Association of Bay Area Governments Photo by AECOM Photo by AECOM Photo by Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District a. Recreational Access and b. Aesthetics a. Remediate Existing Soil b. Reduce Stormwater Space Contamination Runoff Contamination When possible, plant vegetation Provide as much space as along roads, sidewalks, parking, Prior to development or restoration, Where possible, install possible for the Bay Trail along and other hardscape along the soils should be tested to determine both bioswales as runoff developed sections of the Blue Blue Greenway to improve the nutrient content and the presence of any catchments adjacent to Greenway, by removing parking public experience. Replace or cover soil contamination. In areas containing developed areas. Plant spaces and limiting roadways and hardscape with trees, planting petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, bioswales with native other hardscape to the minimum beds, or large planter boxes. Install developers should consider soil removal vegetation such as purple amount feasible. Incorporate signs, maintain habitat, and enforce and off site disposal. Depending on the needlegrass (Stipa pulchra), permeable building materials regulations to discourage illegal extent of contamination, capping and red fescue (Festuca instead of traditional asphalt. Plant dumping. demarcation of remaining contaminated rubra), California barley trees along the Bay Trail to provide soil may also be an option. These (Hordeum californicum) and shade and wind buffers along the The Blue Greenway should provide methods also apply to soils with metals meadow barley (Hordeum Blue Greenway for pedestrians and pedestrians and bikers with a more and other types of contamination. In some brachyantherum). A diverse bikers. natural/greener experience than cases, vegetation (often in association seed mix with a range of surrounding roads. Where the with soil microbes) can uptake toxins moisture tolerances will Blue Greenway is adjacent to the from the soil [Refer to Plant List]. The be more adaptable to site shoreline, plant trees with open remediation method will depend on the specific conditions. understories to allow unobstructed anticipated use of the site and the ability views to the Bay. of the selected remedial approach to be protective of human health and the environment.

AECOM 53 Photo by AECOM PART IV RESOURCES

A PLANTING LIST

B GUIDE PREPARERS

C ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

A This plantingPlanting list was adapted from the BCDC’s List Shoreline Plants A Landscape Guide for the San Francisco Bay, available at http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/SPLG.pdf. San Francisco native and drought-tolerant plants are preferred. Visit SF Plant Finder for a San Francisco-based plant list toolkit, available at http://www.sfplantfinder.org/

Habitat Function Plant Tolerances

Native Transition Status (San Plant Type Francisco Wetland

(Showy) Contamination

(Tree, shrub, [SF], Bay Forage Nesting/Cover Control

Dune Scrub

Screening

vine, forb, Area [BA], Marsh Soil

Sun grass, fern, California Freshwater Riparian Coastal Coastal Woodland Grassland Wildlife Wildlife Remediation/Biofiltration Wetland/Upland Erosion Aesthetic Groundcover Visual Salinity Drought Shade Full Deer Chemical Poor Plant Common Name Plant Scientific Name groundcover) [CA]) Tidal Comments Fast‐growing deciduous tree 20‐100’ tall; sun to part shade; Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum tree BA X XXXXXX occasional water; excellent shade tree; good wildlife shelter California box elder Acer negundo ssp. californicum tree SF X X XXX X XX XGood in tough soil, fast growing Yarrow Achillea millefolium forb SF XXXX XXX X XX Attracts bees/butterflies Deerweed Acmispon glaber shrub SF XXX XXX California Buckeye Aesculus californica tree SF XXXXXX X X Attracts butterflies, good in multiple conditions California Dandelion Agoseris grandiflora forb SF XXX Low water requirement Hall's bent grass Agrostis hallii graminoid SF XX XX Diego bent grass Agrostis pallens graminoid SF XX XX Deciduous tree grows 40‐50' tall by 20‐30' wide, tolerates Red alder Alnus rubra tree SF XX XX X XX Xbrackish marsh Prefers sandy soil. Easy to grow from seed. Attracts painted lady Coast fiddleneck Amsinckia spectabilis forb SF XX XX butterfly. Perennial forb with soft grey‐green foliage and inconspicuous Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea forb SF XXX XX white flowers, attracts butterflies, easy to grow Vine Hill manzanita Arctostaphylos densiflora shrub CA X X X X X X X X X X Needs well drained soil, drought tolerant, attracts butterflies Little sur manzanita Arctostaphylos edmundsii shrub CA XX X XXX XXXX XLikes shade, attracts butterflies, needs well drained soil Hooker's manzanita Arctostaphylos hookeri shrub CA X X X X X X X X X X Attracts butterflies, drought and sandy soil tolerant Glossyleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos nummularia shrub CA XXXXXX Attracts butterflies, needs shade and good drainage Sandmat manzanita Arctostaphylos pumila shrub CA XX X XXX XX XX XGood cover in sandy soil near coast Bearberry manzanita Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi shrub CA XXX X XXX X Attracts butterflies, forms dense mats Attracts butterflies (pipevine swallowtail), unusual showy Dutchman's pipevine Aristolochia californica vine SF XX X XX XXX flowers, will grow well on shrubs/small trees Coast sagebrush Artemisia californica shrub SF XX X X X X Good filler, wind/drought tolerant, smells good Adaptable to wide ranges of moisture regimes, fills gaps between Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana forb SF XXXXXX XXXX X XX larger plants Dune sagewort Artemisia pycnocephala shrub SF X X X X X Restricted to coastal sand dunes Regionally extinct, tolerates California saltbrush Extriplex californica shrub SF X X X X X drought/heat/wind/alkaline/saline/clayey soil Tolerates drought/heat/wind/alkaline/saline/clay soils, good Quail bush Atriplex lentiformis shrub CA X XXX X habitat plant Grows in high zone of salt marsh, thrives easily, provides wildlife Marsh baccharis Baccharis douglasii shrub SF XXX XX XX shelter Erect shrub form. 6'tall, tolerates salt spray/alkaline/poor soils, Dwarf coyote brush Baccharis pilularis ssp. consanguinea shrub SF X X X X XX XXX Xthrives easily, provides wildlife shelter Prostrate shrub form. Low water use, high drought/ CaCO3 Coyote Brush Baccharis pilularis ssp. pilularis shrub SF XX X X X XXX Xtolerance, likes sandy soils and seems to be deer proof Yellow flowers to blue berries, drought tolerant, attracts birds, California holly grape Berberis pinnata shrub SF XX XXX full sun Alkali bulrush Bolboschoenus maritimus graminoid SF X X X X X X X Extremely salt tolerant, grows in salt/brackish marshes Saltmarsh bulrush Bolboschoenus robustus graminoid SF XX X X X Grass like leaves, grows easily, and flowers in summer

56 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Planting List Habitat Function Plant Tolerances

Native Transition Status (San Plant Type Francisco Wetland

(Showy) Contamination

(Tree, shrub, [SF], Bay Forage Nesting/Cover Control

Dune Scrub

Screening

vine, forb, Area [BA], Marsh Soil

Sun grass, fern, California Freshwater Riparian Coastal Coastal Woodland Grassland Wildlife Wildlife Remediation/Biofiltration Wetland/Upland Erosion Groundcover Visual Salinity Drought Shade Full Deer Chemical Aesthetic Poor Plant Common Name Plant Scientific Name groundcover) [CA]) Tidal Comments Usually occurs in non‐wetlands, but sometimes occurs in Harvest brodiaea Brodiaea elegans ssp. elegans forb SF XXX XXX wetlands, purple‐blue flowers Purple‐pink flowers, affinity for serpentine soils. No summer Dwarf brodiaea Brodiaea terrestris ssp. terrestris forb SF XXX XXX irrigation. California brome grass Bromus carinatus ssp. carinatus graminoidSF XXXXX X X Hard to get native seed, Moist, shady places; often found in streamsides and canyons in Spice bush Calycanthus occidentalis shrub CA X X X X X X the wild Red maids Calandrinia menziesii forb SF XXX XX Occasionally found in wetlands, pink flowers Very low water requirement, summer dormant, yellow flowers, Yellow mariposa lily Calochortus luteus forb SF XXX X XXtolerates a variety of soils. Does not tolerate summer irrigation. Coast morning glory Calystegia purpurata vine SF XX XXX X Attractive vine; will grow both on ground and on adjacent shrubs Stemless morning glory Calystegia subacaulis forb SF XX XX X Vine, purple flowers Dense sedge Carex densa graminoid SF X X Seasonally wet meadows Slough sedge Carex obnupta graminoid SF X X X Moist areas; sometimes grows in shade Meadow sedge Carex praegracilis graminoid SF X X X Tolerates foot traffic, likes moisture Dwarf sedge Carex tumulicola graminoid SF X X X Wide clumping grass, likes upland locations Bush anemone Carpenteria californica shrub CA X X X X X X X Shrub 6' tall by 4' wide, likes sun and good drainage Indian paintbrush Castilleja foliolosa forb BA X XX X X Can be hard to grow, hemiparastic, orange flowers Hemiparasitic; favors hosts from composite family such as Franciscan paintbrush Castilleja subinclusa ssp. franciscana forb SF XXXX XX X artemisia, sagebrush, coyotebush, pearly everlasting Attracts butterflies, hummingbirds and bees, tolerates wind, Ceanothus gloriosus var. exaltatus or needs well drained soil. Both varieties are native to coastal Marin Point Reyes ceanothus gloriosus shrub BA X XXXX XX County are watch list rare plants. White‐lavender flowers, attracts butterflies, hummingbirds, and Maritime ceanothus Ceanothus maritimus shrub CA XXXX XX bees, needs well drained soil. CNPS Rare Plant (CRPR 1B) Attracts butterflies, hummingbirds and bees, tolerates wind, needs well drained soil, grows fast. The cultivar "Yankee Point" (Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis ‐ invalid name) is from Carmel; do not use, as it could hybridize with SF‐native plants. Carmel ceanothus Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. griseus shrub CA X XX X This plant can take over; plant accordingly. Blue flower spikes, attracts butterflies, hummingbirds, and bees, very hardy, needs well drained soil. This plant can take over; Blue blossom Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus shrub SF X X XX X XXX Xplant accordingly. 10‐20' tall, magenta flowers, needs good drainage, little water, Redbud Cercis occidentalis tree BA X XXXXX can grow as espalier Birch‐leaf mountain‐mahogany Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides tree BA X X X X X X X X Attractive small tree with showy fruits Soap root Chlorogalum pomeridianum forb SF XXXX XX XWhite flowers Indian thistle Cirsium brevistylum annual forb SF XXXXX X XX Attractive pink flowers; attracts bees, butterflies, insects Farewell‐to‐spring Clarkia rubicunda forb SF XXXX X X XLikes sandy soil, pink flowers Yerba buena Clinopodium douglasii forb SF XXX XX Low growing mint, may be used as lawn substitute Creek dogwood Cornus sericea shrub SF X X XXXX Deciduous shrub, 4‐6' tall, for riparian and wetland edges Mixed evergreen forest, 5‐12' tall, bright yellow color, needs Western hazelnut Corylus cornuta var. californica tree SF X X XX shade Spreads rapidly, flowers are yellow, needs sun, lots of water, Tall flatsedge Cyperus eragrostis graminoid SF XX X X XXX Xtolerates variety of soils

AECOM 57 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Planting List Habitat Function Plant Tolerances

Native Transition Status (San Plant Type Francisco Wetland

(Showy) Contamination

(Tree, shrub, [SF], Bay Forage Nesting/Cover Control

Dune Scrub

Screening

vine, forb, Area [BA], Marsh Soil

Sun grass, fern, California Freshwater Riparian Coastal Coastal Woodland Grassland Wildlife Wildlife Remediation/Biofiltration Wetland/Upland Erosion Aesthetic Groundcover Visual Salinity Drought Shade Full Deer Chemical Poor Plant Common Name Plant Scientific Name groundcover) [CA]) Tidal Comments Can withstand heavy foot traffic and grazing, grows in variety of California oatgrass Danthonia californica graminoid SF X XXXXXXX XX Xsoil types Coast tarweed Deinandra corymbosa forb SF XX X X Grows well in eastern part of SF Pacific hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. holciformis graminoid SF XXX X X X Tolerates light foot traffic/salinity, provides forage Slender hairgrass Deschampsia elongata graminoid SF X X X X Provides good forage Blue violet flowers, needs good drainage, full sun/no water, Blue dicks Dichelostemma capitatum forb SF XXX X XX XXX Xtolerant of many conditions. Does not tolerate summer irrigation Salt grass Distichlis spicata graminoid SF XX X X X X XXX Forms dense mats, brackish marshes, high zone of salt marshes Fleshy‐succulent like leaves, full sun, good on coast, needs well Bluff lettuce Dudleya farinosa forbSF X XXX Xdrained soil Giant wildrye Elymus condensatus graminoid SF XX X X X Spreads quickly thru underground runners, sun and little water Likes part shade/little water, can be invasive, good for slope Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus graminoid SF XX X X X stabilization Slender wheatgrass Elymus trachycaulus graminoid BA X X X X Bunchgrass grow 3', good for erosion control Creeping wildrye Elymus triticoides graminoid SF XXXX X X Spreads rapidly, competitive with non‐native soils Scarlet flowers, full sun, little to no water, attracts California fuchsia Epilobium canum ssp. canum forb BA XX X XX X XX Xhummingbirds, butterflies, and bees Tolerates variety of conditions/soil types, but prefers a wet Watson's willowherb Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii forb SF XXX X XXhabitat Blue green leaves/lavender flowers, full sun, little water, good Seaside daisy Erigeron glaucus forb SF XX XX X X drainage, attracts butterflies Attracts bees, birds, small mammals, and black‐tailed deer, Yerba santa Eriodictyon californicum shrub SF XXXXX XX drought tolerant, fire following species 1‐6' tall, full sun, good drainage, little water, tolerates wind/heat/drought/ salt spray, attracts butterflies and bees, used Santa Cruz island buckwheat Eriogonum arborescens shrub CA X XXXXX in mass for erosion control Mass of flowers, full sun, good drainage, little water, tolerates heat/ wind/drought/salt spray, attracts butterflies and bees, Saint Catherine's lace Eriogonum giganteum shrub CA X XXXXX good as informal screen Red‐flowered buckwheat Eriogonum grande var. rubescens shrub CA XX X X X Rosy flowers, full sun, good drainage, little water, filler Full sun, forms mounds, good drainage, little water, tolerates Coast buckwheat Eriogonum latifolium shrub SF X XXXXX wind/heat/drought/ salt spray, attracts butterflies and bees Use in mixed border for airy effect, white/pink/yellow flowers. Var. auriculatum also reported from SF, but var. nudum known form Hunters Point Area. Only use auriculatum as a backup if Naked eriogonum Eriogonum nudum var. nudum shrub SF XXXX XXXX needed. Eriophyllum confertiflorum var. 1‐2 ft. tall with bright yellow flowers, prefers good drainage, Golden yarrow confertiflorum shrub SF XXXXXX X attracts butterflies Common wooly sunflower Eriophyllum lanatum var. achilleoides shrub CA XX X Full sun, good drainage, yellow flowers, little to no water Catalina silver lace Eriophyllum nevinii shrub CA X X Full sun, good drainage, little to no water, good border plant Seaside wooly sunflower Eriophyllum staechadifolium shrub SF XX X X Full sun, good drainage, little to no water rough‐leafed aster Eurybia radulina forb SF XXX Often grows in dry, brushy slopes in the wild California poppy Eschscholzia californica forb SF XXX X X X X X Full sun, no water, tolerates poor soil California fescue Festuca californica graminoid SF XXX X X X Best in part shade, good for erosion control Fescue bunchgrass Festuca idahoensis graminoid SF XXX XX X Perennial clumping grass, full sun, and part shade

58 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Planting List Habitat Function Plant Tolerances

Native Transition Status (San Plant Type Francisco Wetland

(Showy) Contamination

(Tree, shrub, [SF], Bay Forage Nesting/Cover Control

Dune Scrub

Screening

vine, forb, Area [BA], Marsh Soil

Sun grass, fern, California Poor Riparian Coastal Coastal Woodland Grassland Wildlife Wildlife Remediation/Biofiltration Wetland/Upland Erosion Aesthetic Groundcover Visual Salinity Drought Shade Full Deer Chemical Freshwater Plant Common Name Plant Scientific Name groundcover) [CA]) Tidal Comments Good for lawn substitute, attracts deer, elk, moose, small Red fescue Festuca rubra graminoidSFX XXXXXXXXXXXXmammals, and birds Attracts birds, bees, butterflies; needs some shade or water if Coast strawberry Fragaria chiloensis forb SF XX X XXX X X grown away from coast Low water usage, deer resistant, does best in part shade, attracts Woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca forb SF XX X XXX X X birds and butterflies Tolerates poor soils, hardy grower, red berries, good habitat Coffeeberry Frangula californica shrub SF XXXXXXXXX Xplant, attracts butterflies Alkali heath Frankenia salina forb SF X X X X X X Forms dense mat, grows in clay or saline soils Fast growing, large yellow flowers, needs sun and good drainage, Flannel bush Fremontodendron californicum shrub BA XXXXXXXXX 20' tall and 10‐15' wide Coast silktassel Garrya elliptica shrub/tree SF X X X X X X X X X 10‐20' tall, long white flowers Carolina geranium Geranium carolinianum forb BA X X X Pink flowers, needs part shade and gravelly‐clay soils Purple spot gilia Gilia clivorum forb SF XXX X Full sunlight, low water requirement, blue/orange flowers Sea‐milkwort Glaux maritima forb SF X X X X X X Grows in middle zone of salt marsh Gumplant Grindelia hirsutula var. hirsutula forb SF XX XX X X Bright yellow flowers Pacific gumplant Grindelia stricta var. angustifolia forb SF X X X X X X X X Showy yellow flowers Little or no water, attracts butterflies and hummingbirds, good Toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia shrub SF XXXXXXXXX Xdrainage, and full sun Occurs naturally in wetlands, good for restoration, has thistles/yellow flowers, tolerates variety of soils, drought tolerant, attracts bees and butterflies. Possible extirpated, but Telegraph weed Heterotheca grandiflora forb SF XXX XXXX previously found at Bayshore Station. Good habitat plant, attracts butterflies, larvae, birds and bees, Cream bush Holodiscus discolor var. discolor shrub SF XXXXXXXXX creamy/white flowers and red fall color Meadow barley Hordeum brachyantherum graminoid SF X X X X X Grows in clumping form California horkelia Horkelia californica forb SF XX X X Attracts butterflies and pollinators Douglas' iris Iris douglasiana forb SF XXX X XXX XXX Spreads easily from rhizomes Occurs naturally in wetlands, little yellow flowers, grows in mats, Fleshy jaumea Jaumea carnosa forb SFXXX X XX common in middle zone of marsh Good shoreline protection/stabilization, survives polluted Common rush Juncus effusus graminoid SF XX XXXXX X X X Xconditions, attracts variety of small mammals Wire grass Juncus patens graminoid SF X X X X X Prefers moist soil Junegrass Koeleria macrantha graminoid SF X X X Prefers sun and good drainage, flower stalks California goldfields Lasthenia californica forb SF X X X X X X X X Occasionally found in wetlands, yellow flowers, tolerates salinity Vine with showy flowers, generally will not dominate the plants Hillside pea Lathyrus vestitus vine SF XXXX XXX that it grows on 6‐12' tall, pink/purple flowers, tolerates heat/wind/drought/salt Tree mallow Lavatera assurgentiflora shrub CA XX X XXX X spray, attracts butterflies Pitcher sage Lepechinia calycina shrub SF XXX X X Provides cover and nesting material Sea lavender Limonium californicum forb SF X X X X Pale purple flowers, grows above tide lines Common lomatium Lomatium utriculatum forb SF XX X X X Yellow flowers are in bundles, attracts bees Vine that grows as both ground cover and on upright plants, but California honeysuckle Lonicera hispidula vine SF XX XX XX generally will not take over the plants it is growing on. Blue‐violet fragrant blooms, little water, good drainage, full sun, Silver bush lupine Lupinus albifrons var. collinus shrub SF XXXXXXXX attracts butterflies and bees

AECOM 59 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

Planting List Habitat Function Plant Tolerances

Native Transition Status (San Plant Type Francisco Wetland

(Showy) Contamination

(Tree, shrub, [SF], Bay Forage Nesting/Cover Control

Dune Scrub

Screening

vine, forb, Area [BA], Marsh Soil

Sun grass, fern, California Poor Erosion Aesthetic Groundcover Visual Salinity Drought Shade Full Deer Chemical Wildlife Remediation/Biofiltration Wetland/Upland Freshwater Riparian Coastal Coastal Woodland Grassland Wildlife Plant Common Name Plant Scientific Name groundcover) [CA]) Tidal Comments Yellow flowers, attracts birds, bees, and butterflies, deer Coastal bush lupine Lupinus arboreus shrub SF XXX XX X XX XX Xresistant, full sun/sandy soil Purple flowers, low water usage‐ summer dormant, attracts Miniature lupine Lupinus bicolor forb SF XXX X XX XXbutterflies and bees, does well in disturbed areas Summer lupine Lupinus formosus var. formosus forb SF XXX X X Full sun, good drainage, little water, attracts bees and butterflies Needs sun/well drained soil, purple flowers attract bees, deer Arroyo lupine Lupinus succulentus forb SF XXX X XX resistant Nice along edges, full sun/good drainage, attracts bees and Varied lupine Lupinus variicolor shrub SF X XX XX butterflies Lyonothamnus floribundus (ssp. Ironwood asplenifolius or floribundus ) tree CA X X X X Prefers heat, wind protection. California man‐root Marah fabacea vine SF XXX X X X X Vine, occurs naturally in wetlands, summer dormant California melic Melica californica graminoid SF XX X X Tolerates bad soils, and good forage Orange flowers, full sun, good drainage, attracts butterflies and Sticky monkeyflower Mimulus aurantiacus var. aurantiacus shrub SF XXX XXXX bees, little water Coyote mint Monardella villosa ssp. franciscana shrub SF XXXX X X X X Attracts bees, butterflies, hummingbirds Tolerates wind/salt spray, good habitat plant, moderate water, Pacific wax myrtle Morella californica shrub SF X XX XX XX X Xbay scent Deergrass Muhlenbergia rigens graminoid CA XXXXXX X Bunchgrass, flower stalks, and little water Coffee fern Pellaea andromedifolia forb SF XX X X X Prefers rocky areas Blue/purple/pink/white flowers, attracts butterflies Royal penstemon Penstemon spectabilis forb CA XX X X XX Xhummingbirds, and bees California Phacelia Phacelia californica forb SF XX X X X X Attracts bees, butterflies, insects Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus shrub BA XXXXXX X X Dense clusters of white flowers, shade. From North Coast Region. Fast growth, 20‐35' tall, contorted by ocean winds, tolerates salt Shore pine Pinus contorta ssp. contorta tree CA X X XXXXX spray Bishop pine Pinus muricata tree BA XX X X XX XXX Fast growth, 40‐80' tall, 20‐40' wide, tolerates coast Fast growth 40‐60' tall, 30‐50' wide, good in open spaces and Torrey pine Pinus torreyana tree CA XXX XXXXX parks Primary host plant for Bay Checkerspot butterfly, part sun/shade, attracts butterflies, tolerates wide variety of soils, California plantain Plantago erecta graminoid SF XXXXX XXXXvery low water usage, fast growing Needs full sun, provides food/nesting for birds and butterflies, drought tolerant/ chemical contamination tolerant/ poor soil California Sycamore Platanus racemosa tree BA X XX X XXX X Xtolerant once established Swordfern Polystichum munitum fern SF X XX Little water needed, spreads quickly Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii treeBAX XXXXX40‐60' tall, 25‐35' wide, use male trees Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata shrub SF XXXX X Small dciduous tree to 13‐14' tall Hollyleaf cherry Prunus ilicifolia ssp. Ilicifolia shrub SF XXXX XXXX XEvergreen; good as hedge/screen, moderate water, 10‐25' tall

Tolerates drought,/ heat/ wind 30‐75' tall, 60‐100' wide, good Live oak Quercus agrifolia tree SF XXX XXXX drainage, no summer water, few plants can grow in understory California buttercup Ranunculus californicus forb SF XX X X No water in summer, yellow blooms, full sun Lemonade berry Rhus integrifolia shrub CA XXX X X X X X Good windbreak/ screen, full sun/drainage, good habitat plant Sugar bush Rhus ovata shrub CA X X X X X X X Good windbreak/ screen, full sun/drainage, good habitat plant

60 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

Planting List Habitat Function Plant Tolerances

Native Transition Status (San Plant Type Francisco Wetland

(Showy) Contamination

(Tree, shrub, [SF], Bay Forage Nesting/Cover Control

Dune Scrub

Screening

vine, forb, Area [BA], Marsh Soil

Sun grass, fern, California Salinity Drought Shade Full Deer Chemical Poor Riparian Coastal Coastal Woodland Grassland Wildlife Wildlife Remediation/Biofiltration Wetland/Upland Erosion Aesthetic Groundcover Visual Freshwater Plant Common Name Plant Scientific Name groundcover) [CA]) Tidal Comments golden currant Ribes aureum var. gracillimum shrub BA X X X X X X X X X Attracts birds, hummingbirds, butterflies, bees Fuchsia red flowers, has thorns/berries, provides food for hummingbirds, birds, and small mammals, part shade, indirect Pink flowering currant Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum shrub SF XXXX XX XX XXXwatering, deer resistant California rose Rosa californica shrub SF X XX XX XXX X XX Excellent for bank stabilization, good forage/nesting California blackberry Rubus ursinus shrub/vine SF X XX XX XX X XXX XForms mounds, produces blackberries, has thorns Golden dock Rumex fueginus forb SF X X X XX X Low growing attractive plant Low growing succulent, salt tolerant, grows in middle zone of salt Pickleweed Salicornia pacifica forb SF X XXXX marsh Red willow Salix laevigata tree SF X XXX X XX Grows along edges of marshes/ streams Arroyo willow Salix lasiolepis tree SF X X XXX XX XX Grows along edges of marshes/ streams, informal screen Sprawling form, purple pink flowers, full sun, attracts Purple sage Salvia leucophylla shrub CA XXXXXXXX hummingbirds, butterflies and bees Pale purple flowers, little water, attracts bees, butterflies, and Black sage Salvia mellifera shrub BA XXXXXXXX hummingbirds Tolerates variety of soils, prefers dry shady habitats, very drought tolerant, attracts hummingbirds, butterflies, bees, and Hummingbird sage Salvia spathacea forb SF XXXX X XX XXXX birds, deer resistant, purple flowers Fast‐growing drought‐tolerant ground cover. Warm areas with Creeping sage Salvia sonomensis forb/subshrub BA X XXXXX good drainage. Attracts bees, butterflies, hummingbirds Good habitat plant/screen, attracts butterflies and Blue elderberry Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea shrub SF X XX XX XXX X XXX hummingbirds, some plants are poisonous Purple sanicle Sanicula bipinnatifida forb SF XX Bright green to dark purple color, bears prickly fruits California bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus graminoid SF XX XXXX XX X X Common in brackish marshes Bee plant Scrophularia californica forb SF XXXXX X Reddish flowers Checkerbloom Sidalcea malviflora forb SF XXX XX X Pink purple flowers, dormant in summer‐ no water Blue‐eyed grass Sisyrinchium bellum forb SF XXXXXX X X Purple flowers, self sows, tolerates poor soils California goldenrod Solidago velutina ssp. californica forb SF XXX X Blooms late summer, grows in masses Common in low zone of salt marsh, be aware of hybridization California cord grass Spartina foliosa graminoid SF X XX XX with non‐native species Foothill needle grass Stipa lepida graminoid SF X X X X X Dormant in summer, good drainage/ full sun Purple needlegrass Stipa pulchra graminoid SF XX X X Full sun, grows well from seed; seeds are wildlife forage Upper zone of salt marsh, federally endangered. Small California sea‐blithe Suaeda californica forb SF X XXXX populations in a few restorations sites in SF. California aster Symphyotrichum chilense forb X X XXX XXXX X Grows rapidly Creeping snowberry Symphoricarpos mollis shrub SF X X X X X X X X Vine, drought tolerant, prefers shade, easy to grow Seaside arrow‐grass Triglochin maritima graminoid SF X X Grows in dense clumps Blue/purple/lavender flowers, attracts bees, butterflies, and mammals, low water usage, full shade; does not tolerate summer Ithuriel's spear Triteleia laxa forb SF XXX X X irrigation Tolerate salinity/reduced soil conditions/drought, attracts geese, Broad‐leaved cattail Typha latifolia graminoid SF XXX XXXX X XX X X Xmuskrats, and birds California bay Umbellularia californica tree SF X X X X X X X X Can be hard to grow, susceptible to fungus, and fragrant Vine, pink leaves, purple berries, full sun, moderate water. Can California grape Vitis californica vine BA X X XX XXXXX XXX hybridize with Vitis vinifera . Mule's ears Wyethia angustifolia forb SF XXX X X X Bright yellow flowers

AECOM 61 Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide San Francisco Environment

B Guide Preparers Stakeholder Involvement

This revegetation guide was created by AECOM for San Francisco Department of the Environment with input and contribution from various stakeholders. Funding support has been provided from US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Award No. #BF-00T98101). This guidebook is part of the Bayview Hunters Point (BVHP) brownfields communitywide assessment.

A special thank you to the many agencies and organizations that provided feedback:

• The Port of San Francisco • San Francisco Recreation and Park • California State Parks • Literacy for Environmental Justice • San Francisco Parks Alliance • San Francisco Planning Department • San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) • San Francisco Department of Public Works • San Francisco Department of Public Health • San Francisco Office of Community Investment and Infrastructure • San Francisco Public Utilities Commission • The Trust for Public Land • Golden Gate Audubon • Greenaction for Health & Environmental Justice • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Nature in the City

Warm Water Cove. Photo by AECOM

62 AECOM San Francisco Environment Blue Greenway Restoration and Revegetation Guide

C Additional Resources Plant Sources • Bay Natives (http://www.baynatives.com) • Candlestick Point Native Plant Nursery at Yosemite Slough (http://www.candlestickconnect.org) • Sutro Stewards Native Plant Nursery (https://www.sutrostewards.org) • Yerba Buena Nursery (http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com) • San Francisco Plant Finder (http://www.sfplantfinder.org) and Resources (http://sfplantfinder.org/resources.html) • Native Plant Nurseries (http://sfplantfinder.org/resources.html#plant-nurseries) • Pollinator-Friendly Nurseries (https://sfenvironment.org/plant-nurseries-bee-friendly)

Phytophthora and Plant Pathogen Resources • California Oak Mortality Task Force (http://www.calphytos.org)

Invasive Plant Information • California Invasive Plant Council - Invasive Species Database (http://www.cal-ipc.org) Do Not Plant List • BCDC Shoreline Plants: A landscape guide for the San Francisco Bay (http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/SPLG.pdf)

Panorama of the Yosemite Slough. Photo by AECOM

Back Cover Image: Candlestick Point State Recreation Area. Photo by AECOM.

AECOM 63