sign in sign up
<<
Home , Arago (Martian crater), Ariadaeus (crater), Belinda (moon), Biela (crater), Bruce (crater), Caliban (moon)

Appendix I: Lunar and Planetary Missions

MOON

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Pioneer 0 USA Aug. 17, 1958 Orbiter Launch failure [Unnamed] USSR Sep. 23, 1958 Impact Launch failure Pioneer I USA Oct. II, 1958 Orbiter Failed to reach [Unnamed] USSR Oct. II, 1958 Impact Failed to reach escape velocity USA Nov. 8, 1958 Orbiter Failed to reach escape velocity [Unnamed] USSR Dec. 4, 1958 Impact Launch failure USA Dec. 6, 1958 Failed to reach escape velocity Luna I USSR Jan. 2, 1959 Impact Lunar flyby at distance of 6,400 km (3,796 mi) on Jan. 4, 1959 USA Mar. 3, 1959 Flyby Lunar flyby Mar. 4, 1959 at distance of 59,545 km (37,000 mi) [Unnamed] USSR Jun. 18, 1959 Impact Launch failure USSR Sep. 12, 1959 Impact Lunar impact USSR Oct. 4, 1959 Circumlunar Flyby at distance of 7,900 km (4,910 mi) on Oct. 6 Pioneer P-3 USA Nov. 26, 1959 Orbiter Launch failure [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 15, 1960 Circumlunar Failed to reach escape velocity [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 19, 1960 Circumlunar Launch failure Pioneer P-30 USA Sep. 25, 1960 Orbiter Launch failure Pioneer P-31 USA Dec. 15, 1960 Orbiter Launch failure USA Jan. 26, 1962 Impact Flyby on Jan. 28, at distance of 36,793 km (22,862 mi) USA Apr. 23, 1962 Impact Impact on lunar farside Apr. 26, no data USA Oct. 18, 1962 Impact Flyby on Oct. 21, at distance of 724 km (450 mi) [Unnamed] USSR Jan. 4, 1963 Failed to leave [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 3, 1963 Lander Launch failure USSR Apr. 2, 1963 Lander Flyby on Apr. 6, at distance of 8,500 km (5,280 mi) Kosmos 21 USSR Nov. II, 1963 Flyby Failed to leave Earth orbit

285 APPENDICES

MOON contd.

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Ranger 6 USA Jan. 30, 1964 Impact Impact Feb. 2, but no data returned [Unnamed] USSR Mar. 21, 1964 Lander Failed to reach Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 20,1964 Lander Launch failure USA Jul. 28, 1964 Impact Impact Jul. 31; returned 4,316 pictures USA Feb. 17, 1965 Impact Impact Feb. 20; returned 7,137 pictures USA Mar. 21,1965 Impact Impact Mar. 24; returned 5,814 pictures [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 10, 1965 Lander Failed to reach Earth orbit USSR May 9,1965 Lander Crashed on lunar surface USSR Jun. 8, 1965 Lander Flyby on Jun. 11, at distance of 161,000 km (100,625 mi) USSR Jul. 18, 1965 Flyby Flyby Jul. 20, at distance of 9,220 km (5,730 mi) USSR Oct. 4, 1965 Lander Crashed on lunar surface USSR Dec. 3,1965 Lander Crashed on lunar surface USSR Jan. 31,1966 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Feb. 3; operated until Feb. 6 Kosmos III USSR Mar. I, 1966 Orbiter Failed to leave Earth orbit USSR Mar. 31, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Apr. 3; operated until May 30 USA May 30,1966 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Jun. 2; operated until Jan. 7, 1967 Explorer 33 USA Jul. 1, 1966 Orbiter Entered eccentric Earth orbit USA Aug. 10, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 14; deliberately crashed on Moon on Oct. 29 USSR Aug. 24, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 27; operated until Oct. I USA Sep. 20, 1966 Lander Crashed on lunar surface USSR Oct. 22, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 25; operated until Jan. 19, 1967 USA Nov. 6,1966 Orbiter Arrived Nov. 10; deliberately crashed on Moon on Oct. 11,1967 USSR Dec. 21, 1966 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Dec. 24; operated until Dec. 28 USA Feb. 5, 1967 Orbiter Arrived Feb. 7; deliberately crashed on lunar surface Oct. 9 USA Apr. 17,1967 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Apr. 20; operated until May 4 USA May 4, 1967 Orbiter Arrived May 8; operated until Jul. 17 USA Jul. 14, 1967 Lander Contact lost during descent USA Aug. 1, 1967 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 5; deliberately crashed on Moon Jan. 31, 1968

286 APPENDICES

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Surveyor 5 USA Sep. 8, 1967 Lander Landed on of Tranquility Sep. 11; operated until Dec. 16 USA Nov. 7, 1967 Lander Landed on Central Bay Nov. 10; operated until Nov. 24 USA Jan. 7, 1968 Lander Landed near Tycho Jan. 10; operated until Feb. 21 USSR Apr. 7, 1968 Orbiter Arrived Apr. 10; operated until Jun.jJul. USSR Sep. 14, 1968 Circumlunar Flyby 18 Sep. at distance of 1,950 km (1,210 mi) Zond 6 USSR Nov. 10, 1968 Circumlunar Flyby 14 Nov. at distance of 2,420 km (1,500 mi) 8 USA Dec. 21, 1968 Orbiter Arrived Dec. 24; returned to Earth Dec. 25 Crew: , Lovell, [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 19, 1969 Lander/rover Launch failure [Unnamed] USSR Jun. 14, 1969 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit USA May 18, 1969 Orbiter Arrived May 21; returned to Earth May 24 Crew: Stafford, Young, Cernan USSR Jul. 13, 1969 Sample return Crashed on lunar surface Apollo II USA Jul. 16, 1969 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Jul. 19; returned to Earth Jul. 21, Landed on sample return Sea of Tranquility Jul. 20, Crew: , , Zond 7 USSR Aug. 7, 1969 Circumlunar Flyby Aug. 10, at distance of 1,200 km (750 mi) Kosmos 300 USSR Sep. 23, 1969 Sample return Failed to leave Earth orbit Kosmos 305 USSR Oct. 22, 1969 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit USA Nov. 14, 1969 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Nov. 18; returned to Earth Nov. 21, Landed sample return on Ocean of Storms Nov. 19. Crew: Conrad, Bean, Gordon [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 6, 1970 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit USA Apr. II, 1970 Orbiter/lander/ Flyby Apr. 14, Crew: Lovell, Raise, Swigert sample return USSR Sep. 12, 1970 Sample return Landed on Sea of Fertility Sep. 20; returned to Earth Sep. 21, with 101 g (3.5 oz) of soil Zond 8 USSR Oct. 20, 1970 Circumlunar Flyby Oct. 24, at distance of 1,200 km (750 mi) / USSR Nov. 10, 1970 Lander/rover Landed Nov. 17; rover operated until Sep. 14, 1971, traveling 10.54 km (6.5 mi) USA Jan. 31, 1971 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Feb. 4; returned to Earth Feb. 6; landed at sample return Feb. 5. Crew: Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell USA Jul. 26, 1971 Orbiter/ Arrived Jul. 29; returned to Earth Aug. 4; landed at / -Apennine Jul. 30; released subsatellite Aug. 4. lander/rover/ Crew: Scott, Irwin, Worden sample return USSR Sep. 2, 1971 Sample return Contact lost during descent

287 APPENDICES

MOON contd.

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Luna 19 USSR Sep. 28, 1971 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 2; operated until Oct. 1972 USSR Feb. 14, 1972 Sample return Landed on Sea of Fertility Feb. 21; returned to Earth Feb. 22, with 55 g (2 oz) of soil USA Apr. 16, 1972 Orbiter/ Arrived Apr. 19; returned to Earth Apr. 24; landed at subsatellite/ Apr. 20; released subsatellite Apr. 24. Crew: lander/rover/ Young, Duke, Mattingley sample return USA Dec. 7, 1972 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Dec. 10; returned to Earth Dec. 14; landed at rover/sample Taurus-Littrow Dec. 11. Crew: Cernan, Schmitt, return / USSR Jan. 8, 1973 Lander/rover Landed Jan. 15; rover operated until May 9, traveling 37 km (23 mi) USA Jun. 10, 1973 Orbiter Arrived Jun. 15; no lunar data--eonducted studies of radio emissions from distant sources. Operated until Jun. 1975 USSR May 29,1974 Orbiter Arrived Jun. 2; operated until Sep. 2, 1975 USSR Oct. 28, 1974 Sample return Damaged during landing on Nov. 6, Contact lost Nov. 9 USSR Aug. 9,1976 Sample return Landed on Sea of Crises Aug. 18; returned to Earth Aug. 19, with 170 g of soil [Unnamed] USSR Oct. 16, 1975 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit USA Oct. 18, 1989 , Earth Moon flyby Dec. 8, 1990 at distance of 565,000 km and (350,000 mi); Moon flyby Dec. 8, 1992, at distance of flybys, 110,000 km (68,350 mi) orbiter/probe /Hagomoro Japan Jan. 24, 1990 Circumlunar/ First flyby Mar. 19, at distance of 16,742 km; orbiter orbiter released but contact lost USA Jan. 25, 1994 Lunar orbiter/ Arrived at Moon Feb. 19; operated until May 3 asteroid flyby - USA/ESA Oct. 15, 1997 Venus, Earth Moon flyby Aug. 18, 1999 at distance of 377,000 km and asteroid (235,625 mi) flybys, orbiter, probe/lander Lunar USA Jan. 7, 1998 Orbiter Arrived Jan. II; deliberately crashed on Moon Jul. 31, 1999

288 APPENDICES

Nozomi Japan Jul. 3, 1998 Earth~Moon Moon flyby Sep. 24, 1998 at distance of 2,809 km flybys, (1,745 mi); 2nd flyby Dec. 18, 1998 at distance of 1,003 orbiter km (623 mi) Smart-I ESA Sep. 27. 2003 Orbiter Arrived Nov. 15,2004; operational Lunar-A Japan (?) Orbiter/2 Planned; launch uncertain penetrators Selene Japan 2007 (?) Orbiter/2 Planned Chandrayaan-I India Sep. 2007 0) Orbiter/ Planned penetrators Chang'e I China 2007 (?) Orbiter Planned Lunar USA 2008 (?) Orbiter/ Planned Reconnaissance impactor Orbiter

MERCURY

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Mariner 10 USA Nov. 3, 1973 Venus/ Venus flyby Feb. 5, 1974; Mercury flybys Mar. 29, flyby 1974, Sep. 21,1974, Mar. 16, 1975 MESSENGER USA Aug. 3,2004 Venus flyby, En route; arrival due Jan. 15, 2008 Mercury flyby/ orbiter BepiColombo ESA/Japan Sept. 2012 (?) 2 orbiters Planned

VENUS

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Sputnik 7 USSR Feb. 4, 1961 Impact Did not reach Earth orbit I USSR Feb. 12, 1961 Impact Contact lost Feb. 22, 1961 I USA Jul. 22, 1962 Flyby Did not reach Earth orbit Sputnik 19 USSR Aug. 25, 1962 Impact Failed to leave Earth orbit USA Aug. 27, 1962 Flyby Flyby Dec. 14, 1962 Sputnik 20 USSR Sep. I, 1962 Flyby Failed to leave Earth orbit Sputnik 21 USSR Sep. 12, 1962 Flyby Destroyed in Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 19, 1964 Flyby Did not reach Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Mar. I, 1964 Flyby Did not reach Earth orbit

289 APPENDICES

VENUS, contd.

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Kosmos 27 USSR Mar. 27, 1964 Atmospheric Failed to leave Earth orbit probe Zond I USSR Apr. 2, 1964 Atmospheric Contact lost May 25 probe USSR Nov. 12, 1965 Flyby Flyby Feb. 27, 1966, no return of data USSR Nov. 16, 1965 Atmospheric Arrived Mar. I, 1966; no return of data probe Kosmos 96 USSR Nov. 23, 1965 Flyby Failed to leave Earth orbit USSR Jun. 12, 1967 Atmospheric Arrived Oct. 18, 1967; sent data for 93 min. probe during descent USA Jun. 14, 1967 Flyby Flyby Oct. 19 Kosmos 167 USSR Jun. 17, 1967 Atmospheric Failed to leave Earth orbit probe Venera 5 USSR Jan. 5, 1969 Atmospheric Arrived May 16, 1969; sent back data for 53 min. probe during descent USSR Jan. 10, 1969 Atmospheric Arrived May 17,1969; sent back data for 51 min. probe during descent Venera 7 USSR Aug. 17,1970 Atmospheric Landed on Dec. IS, 1970; sent back data from surface probe/lander for 23 min Kosmos 359 USSR Aug. 22, 1970 Atmospheric Failed to leave Earth orbit probe/lander USSR Mar. 27,1972 Atmospheric Landed on Jul. 22, 1972; sent back data from surface probe/lander for 50 min Kosmos 482 USSR Mar. 31, 1972 Atmospheric Failed to leave Earth orbit probe/lander USA Nov. 4, 1973 Venus/Mercury Venus flyby Feb. 5, 1974; Mercury flybys Mar. 29, flyby 1974, Sep. 21,1974, Mar. 16, 1975 USSR Jun. 8, 1975 Orbiter/lander Arrived Oct. 22, 1975; lander sent back data from surface for 53 min, including first photo Venera 10 USSR Jun. 14, 1975 Orbiter/lander Arrived Oct. 25, 1975; lander sent back data from surface for 65 min., including a photo Pioneer Venus I USA May 20,1978 Orbiter Arrived Dec. 4, 1978; operated until Oct. 8, 1992 Pioneer Venus 2 USA Aug. 8, 1978 bus/4 Arrived Dec. 9, 1978; probe sent back data from atmospheric surface for 67 min probes Venera II USSR Sep. 9, 1978 Orbiter/lander Arrived Dec. 25, 1978; lander sent back data from surface for 95 min

290 APPENDICES

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Venera 12 USSR Sep. 14, 1978 Orbiter/lander Arrived Dec. 9, 1978; lander sent back data from surface for 110 min USSR Oct. 30, 1981 Flyby/lander Arrived Mar. I, 1982. Lander sent back data from surface for 127 min., including 8 color photos USSR Nov. 4, 1981 Flyby/lander Arrived Mar. 3, 1982; lander sent back data from surface for 57 min., including 8 color photos Venera IS USSR Jun. 2, 1983 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 10, 1983; mapped N. hemisphere with until Jul. 10, 1984 Venera 16 USSR Jun. 7, 1983 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 14, 1983; mapped N. hemisphere with radar until Jul. 10, 1984 Vega I USSR Dec. IS, 1984 Flyby/lander/ Venus flyby and landing Jun. II, 1985; lander sent bal1oon; back 56 min. of data; bal100n operated until Jun. 13 Hal1ey flyby USSR Dec. 21, 1984 Flyby/Iander/ Venus flyby and landing Jun. IS, 1985; lander sent bal1oon; comet back 57 min. of data; bal100n operated until Jun. 17 Hal1ey flyby Magel1an USA May 4, 1989 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 10, 1990. Mapped with radar, operational until Oct. 12, 1994 Galileo USA Oct. 18, 1989 Venus, Earth Venus flyby Feb. 10, 1990 and asteroid flybys, Jupiter orbiter/probe Cassini-Huygens USA/ESA Oct. IS, 1997 Venus, Earth Venus flybys Apr. 26, 1998 and Jun. 24, 1999 and asteroid flybys, Saturn orbiter, Titan probe/lander MESSENGER USA Aug. 3, 2004 Venus flyby/ En route; Venus flybys Oct. 2006 and Jun. 2007 Mercury orbiter ESA Nov. 9, 2005 Orbiter Arrived Apr. II, 2006 Planet-C Japan Feb. 2007 (7) Orbiter Arrival due Sep. 2009

291 APPENDICES

MARS

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

[Unnamed] USSR Oct. 10, 1960 Flyby Did not reach Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Oct. 14, 1960 Flyby Did not reach Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Oct. 24, 1962 Flyby Achieved Earth orbit only Mars I USSR Nov. I, 1962 Flyby Radio failed at 106 million km (65.9 million mi) [Unnamed] USSR Nov. 4,1962 Flyby Achieved Earth orbit only USA Nov. 5, 1964 Flyby Launcher shroud failed to jettison USA Nov. 28, 1964 Flyby First successful Mars flyby Jul. 14, 1965; returned 21 photos USSR Nov. 30, 1964 Flyby Passed Mars but radio failed; returned no planetary data Mariner 6 USA Feb. 24, 1969 Flyby Mars flyby Jul. 31, 1969; returned 75 photos Mariner 7 USA Mar. 27, 1969 Flyby Mars flyby Aug. 5, 1969; returned 126 photos [Unnamed] USSR Mar. 27, 1969 Orbiter Did not reach Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 2, 1969 Orbiter Did not reach Earth orbit Mariner 8 USA May 8,1971 Orbiter Failed during launch Kosmos 419 USSR May 10, 1971 Orbiter Achieved Earth orbit only USSR May 19, 1971 Orbiter/lander Arrived Nov. 27, 1971; no useful data; lander burned up due to steep entry Mars 3 USSR May 28, 1971 Orbiter/lander Arrived Dec. 3, 1971; lander operated on surface for 20 seconds before failing USA May 30, 1971 Orbiter Arrived Nov. 13, 1971; end of mission Oct. 27, 1972; returned 7,329 photos Mars 4 USSR Jul. 21, 1973 Orbiter Flew past Mars Feb. 10, 1974 Mars 5 USSR Jul. 25, 1973 Orbiter Arrived Dec. 2, 1974; lasted a few days; returned 43 photos Mars 6 USSR Aug. 5, 1973 Flyby module/ Arrived Mar. 12, 1974; lander failed due to fast impact lander Mars 7 USSR Aug. 9, 1973 Flyby module/ Arrived Mar. 9, 1974; lander missed the planet lander Viking I USA Aug. 20, 1975 Orbiter/lander Arrived Jun. 19, 1976; orbiter operated until Aug. 7, 1980; lander operated on surface Jul. 20, 1976- Nov. 13, 1982 USA Sep. 9, 1975 Orbiter/lander Arrived Aug. 7, 1976; orbiter operated until Jul. 24, 1978; lander operated on surface Sep. 3, 1976- Apr. II, 1980; Viking orbiters and landers returned 50,000 + photos

292 APPENDICES

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Phobos 2 USSR Jul. 12, 1988 Mars/ Contact lost Mar. 27, 1989 near Phobos; returned orbiter/lander photos of Mars and Phobos Mars Observer USA Sep. 25, 1992 Orbiter Contact lost just before Mars arrival Aug. 21, 1993 Mars Global USA Nov. 7, 1996 Orbiter Arrived Sep. 12, 1997; still operational Surveyor Mars 96 Russia Nov. 16, 1996 Orbiter and Did not reach Earth orbit landers Mars Pathfinder USA Dec. 14, 1996 Lander/rover Landed Jul. 4, 1997; operated until Sep. 27, 1997 Japan Jul. 4, 1998 Earth-Moon Mars flyby Dec. 14,2003 at distance of 1,000 km flybys, Mars (620 mi); no Mars data returned orbiter Mars Climate USA Dec. II, 1998 Orbiter Contact lost upon arrival at Mars Sep. 23, 1999 Orbiter Mars USA Jan. 3, 1999 Lander/ Contact lost on arrival Dec. 3, 1999 Lander/Deep penetrators Space 2 Mars Odyssey USA Mar. 7, 2001 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 24, 200 I; still operational Mars Express/ ESA Jun. 2,2003 Orbiter/lander Orbiter arrived Dec. 25, 2003; still operational; lander 2 lost during entry Dec. 25, 2003 Mars USA Jun. 10, 2003 Lander/rover Landed Jan. 4, 2004; still operational Exploration Rover A () Mars USA Jul. 7, 2003 Lander/rover Landed Jan. 25, 2004; still operational Exploration Rover B () Mars USA Aug. 12,2005 Orbiter Arrived Mar. 10, 2006; still operational Reconnaissance Orbiter Phoenix USA Aug. 2007 (?) Lander Arrival due May 25, 2008 Mars USA Dec. 2009 (?) Lander/rover Arrival due Oct. 2010 Laboratory

293 APPENDICES

ASTEROIDS

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Galileo USA Oct. 18, 1989 Venus, Earth and Flyby ofGaspra Oct. 29,1991; flyby ofIda and Dactyl asteroid flybys, Aug. 28, 1993 Jupiter orbiter/ probe Clementine USA Jan. 25, 1994 Lunar orbiter/ Mission to Geographos canceled May 3, 1994 after asteroid flyby thruster malfunction NEAR­ USA Feb. 17, 1996 Earth and Mathilde flyby Jun. 27,1997; Eros flyby Dec. 23,1998; Shoemaker asteroid flybys, orbit around Eros Feb. 14,2000; landed on Eros Eros orbiter Feb. 12, 2001 Cassini-Huygens USA/ESA Oct. 15, 1997 Venus, Earth and Flyby of Masursky Jan. 23, 2000 asteroid flybys, Saturn orbiter, Titan probe/lander USA Oct. 24, 1998 Asteroid and Flyby of Braille Jul. 29, 1999 comet flybys USA Feb. 7, 1999 Earth, asteroid Flyby of Anne Frank Nov. 2, 2002. Returned capsule and comet to Earth Jan. 15, 2006 flybys/comet sample return Japan May 9, 2003 Orbiter/sample Arrival at Itokowa Sep. 12, 2005; sample return return summer 2007 (?) ESA Feb. 24, 2004 Earth, Mars and Flyby of Steins Sep. 5, 2008; flyby of Lutetia Jul. 10, asteroid flybys; 2010 comet orbiter/ lander USA 2007 (?) Dual orbiter Arrival at Oct. 2011, Aug. 2015

294 APPENDICES

JUPITER

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Pioneer 10 USA Mar. 2, 1972 Flyby Jupiter flyby Dec. 4, 1973 Pioneer II USA Apr. 6, 1973 Jupiter and Jupiter flyby Sep. I, 1979 Saturn flybys USA Aug. 20, 1977 Jupiter, Saturn, Jupiter flyby Jul. 9, 1979 and flybys Voyager I USA Sep. 5, 1977 Jupiter and Jupiter flyby Mar. 5, 1979 Saturn flybys Galileo USA Oct. 18, 1989 Venus, Earth and Orbiter arrived Dec. 8, 1995; operational until asteroid flybys, atmospheric entry Sep. 21, 2003; Probe entry Dec. 7, Jupiter orbiter/ 1995. atmospheric probe ESA/USA Oct. 6, 1990 / Jupiter flyby Feb. 8, 1992 at distance of 378,400 km Jupiter flybys (235,125 mi); distant flyby Feb. 5,2004 Cassini-Huygens USA/ESA Oct. 15, 1997 Venus, Earth and Jupiter flyby Dec. 30, 2000 at distance of 9.7 million asteroid flybys, km (6 million mi) Saturn orbiter, Titan probe/ lander

SATURN

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Pioneer II USA Apr. 6, 1973 Jupiter and Saturn flyby Sep. 1, 1979 Saturn flybys Voyager 2 USA Aug. 20, 1977 Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn flyby Aug. 22, 1981 Uranus and Neptune flybys Voyager I USA Sep. 5, 1977 Jupiter and Saturn flyby Nov. 12, 1980 Saturn flybys Cassini-Huygens USA/ESA Oct. 15, 1997 Venus, Earth and Orbiter arrived Jul. I, 2004. Still operational asteroid flybys, Huygens landed on Titan Jan. 14, 2005 Saturn orbiter, Titan probe/lander

295 APPENDICES

URANUS

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Voyager 2 USA Aug. 20, 1977 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus flyby Jan. 24, 1986 Uranus and Neptune flybys

NEPTUNE

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Voyager 2 USA Aug. 20, 1977 Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune flyby Aug. 25, 1989 Uranus and Neptune flybys

PLUTO

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

New Horizons USA Jan. 19,2006 , Pluto- flyby due Jul. 2015; KBO flybys Belt Object flybys 2016-2020

COMETS

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

International USA Aug. 12, 1978 Study of solar Flyby ofGiacobini-Zinner Sep. 11, 1985; distant flyby Cometary etc. from of Mar. 28, 1986 Explorer Ll; comet flyby USSR Dec. 15, 1984 Flyby/Iander/ Halley flyby Mar. 6, 1986 balloon; comet Halley flyby Vega 2 USSR Dec. 21, 1984 Flyby/lander/ Halley flyby Mar. 9, 1986 balloon; comet Halley flyby Japan Jan. 7, 1985 Comet and Halley flyby Mar. 11, 1986 Earth flybys

296 APPENDICES

Name Country Launch date Purpose Results

Giotto ESA Jul. 2, 1985 Comet and Halley flyby Mar. 14, 1986; Grigg-Skjellerup flyby Earth flybys Jul. 10, 1992 Japan Aug. 18, 1985 Comet flyby Halley flyby Mar. 8, 1986 Deep Space I USA Oct. 24, 1998 Asteroid and Flyby of Borrelly Sep. 22, 2001 comet flybys Stardust USA Feb. 7, 1999 Earth, asteroid Flyby ofWild 2 on Jan. 2, 2004; sample return Jan. 15, and comet 2006 flybys/comet sample return Rosetta ESA Feb. 24, 2004 Earth, Mars and Arrival at Churyumov-Gerasimenko Aug. 2014; asteroid flybys; landing Nov. 2014 comet orbiter/ lander USA Jan. 12, 2005 Flyby/impact Arrival at Tempel I on Jul. 4, 2005

297 APPENDICES

Appendix 2: Planetary Data

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Equatorial diameter (km) 4,879 12,104 12,756 6,792 142,984 120,536 51,118 49,528 2,324

Rotation period 58d 15h 243d Oh 23h 56m 24h 37m 9h 50m IOh 14m 17h 14m 16h 7m 6d 9h 30m 36m (r) (r) 17m (r)

Density ( = 1) 5.43 5.24 5.52 3.91 1.33 0.69 1.29 1.64 2.05

Mass (Earth = I) 0.055 0.814 I 0.11 317.8 95.2 14.53 17.14 0.0021

Surface (Earth = I) 0.378 0.903 I 0.38 2.69 1.19 0.79 0.98 0.06

Inclination of equator (deg) 7 3.4 23.5 25.2 3.1 26.7 97.5 29.6 122

Orbital period 87.97d 224.7d 365.25d 687d 11.86y 29.46y 84.01y 164.79y 248.54y

Av. distance from (million km) 57.9 108.2 149.6 227.9 778.3 1,427 2,871 4,497.1 5,913.5

Orbital eccentricity 0.2 0.007 0.0167 0.093 0.048 0.056 0.046 0.0097 0.249

Average orbital velocity (kmjs) 47.88 35.02 29.8 24.1 13.06 9.65 6.81 5.43 4.72

Average temp. 350 (day), 467 7 -63 -148 -178 -218 -220 -228 CC) -170 (nt)

Atmosphere Potassium Carbon Nitrogen, Carbon Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, sodium dioxide dioxide helium helium helium helium methane?

Moons 0 0 1 2 63 47 27 13 3 r = retrograde

298 APPENDICES

Appendix 3: Satellite Data

Earth

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Moon 3,475 -12.7 384,400 27.3 0.055 5.2

Mars

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Phobos A. Hall 1877 13.4 x 11.2 x 9.2 11.4 9,380 0.3 0.015 1.1 A. Hall 1877 7.5 x 6.1 x 5.2 12.5 23,460 1.3 0.000 1.8

Jupiter

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Metis S. Synott/Voyager 2 1980 43 17.5 128,100 0.3 0.001 0.0 D. Jewitt, E. 1979 16 18.7 128,900 0.3 0.002 0.1 E. 1892 167 14.1 181,400 0.5 0.003 0.4 S. Synott/Voyager I 1980 99 16.0 221,900 0.7 0.018 1.1 10 Galileo 1610 3.643 5.0 421,800 1.8 0.004 0.0 Galileo 1610 3,122 5.3 671,100 3.6 0.009 0.5 Galileo 1610 5,262 4.6 1,070,400 7.2 0.001 0.2 Galileo 1610 4,821 5.7 1,882,700 16.7 0.007 0.2 C. Kowal, E. Roemer 1975 8 21.0 7,507,000 130.0 0.243 43.3 C. Kowal 1974 20 19.5 11,165,000 240.9 0.164 27.4 C. Perrine 1904 170 14.6 11,461,000 250.6 0.162 27.5 S. Nicholson 1938 36 18.3 I l,7 I7,000 259.2 0.112 28.3 C. Perrine 1905 86 16.3 11,741,000 259.6 0.217 26.6 S/2000 JII S. Sheppard et al. 2000 4 22.4 12,560,000 287.0 0.248 28.3

299 APPENDICES

Jupiter, contd.

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

S/2003 JI2 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 I 23.9 15,912,000 489.5 0.606 151.9 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 3 23.2 16,989,000 456.1 0.430 51.4 Euporie S. Sheppard et al. 2001 4 23.1 19,304,000 550.7 (r) 0.143 145.8 S/200313 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.8 20,221,000 583.9 (r) 0.197 147.6 S/2003 Jl8 B. Gladman et al. 2003 2 23.4 20,514,000 596.6 (r) 0.012 146.1 Orthosie S. Sheppard et al. 2001 4 23.1 20,720,000 622.6 (r) 0.281 145.9 Euanthe S. Sheppard et al. 2001 6 22.8 20,797,000 620.5 (r) 0.232 148.9 Harpalyke S. Sheppard et al. 2000 4 22.2 20,858,000 623.3 (r) 0.227 148.6 Praxidike S. Sheppard et al. 2000 7 21.2 20,907,000 625.4 (r) 0.231 149.0 Thyone S. Sheppard et al. 2001 8 22.3 20,939,000 627.2 (r) 0.229 148.5 S/2003 Jl6 B. Gladman et al. 2003 2 23.3 20,963,000 616.4 (r) 0.224 148.5 Iocaste S. Sheppard et al. 2000 5 21.8 21,061,000 631.5 (r) 0.216 149.4 Mneme S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.3 21,069,000 620.0 (r) 0.227 148.6 Hermippe S. Sheppard et al. 2001 8 22.1 21,131,000 633.9 (r) 0.210 150.7 Thelxinoe S. Sheppard et al. 2004 2 23.5 21,162,000 628.1 (r) 0.221 151.4 Helike S. Sheppard et al. 2003 4 22.6 21,263,000 634.8 (r) 0.156 154.8 S. Nicholson 1951 28 18.8 21,276,000 629.8 (r) 0.244 148.9 S/2003 Jl5 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.5 22,627,000 689.8 (r) 0.192 146.5 Eurydome S. Sheppard et al. 2001 6 22.7 22,865,000 717.3(r) 0.276 150.3 Arche S. Sheppard et al. 2002 3 22.8 22,931,000 723.9 (r) 0.259 165 S/2003 Jl7 B. Gladman et al. 2003 2 23.4 23,001,000 714.5 (r) 0.238 164.9 Pasithee S. Sheppard et al. 2001 4 23.2 23,004,000 719.4 (r) 0.268 165.1 S/2003 JlO S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.6 23,042,000 716.2 (r) 0.430 165.1 Chaldene S. Sheppard et al. 2000 4 22.5 23,100,000 723.7 (r) 0.252 165.2 Isonoe S. Sheppard et al. 2000 4 22.5 23,155,000 726.2 (r) 0.247 165.3 Erinome S. Sheppard et al. 2000 3 22.8 23,196,000 728.5 (r) 0.267 164.9 S. Sheppard et al. 2001 4 23.0 23,217,000 729.5 (r) 0.260 165.0 Aitne S. Sheppard et al. 2001 6 22.7 23,229,000 730.2 (r) 0.264 165.1 Taygete S. Sheppard et al. 2000 5 21.9 23,280,000 732.4 (r) 0.253 165.3 S/2003 J9 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 1 23.7 23,384,000 733.3 (r) 0.263 165.1 S. Nicholson 1951 46 17.6 23,404,000 734.2 (r) 0.253 164.9 S. Sheppard et al. 2001 4 23.0 23,487,000 748.3 (r) 0.312 151.0 S. Sheppard et al. 2000 5 21.7 23,493,000 752.9 (r) 0.420 152.7 S/2003 J5 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 4 22.4 23,495,000 738.7 (r) 0.210 165.2 S/2003 Jl9 B. Gladman et al. 2003 2 23.7 23,533,000 740.4 (r) 0.256 165.2 S/2003 J23 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.6 23,563,000 732.4 (r) 0.271 146.3

300 APPENDICES

Kalyke S. Sheppard et al. 2000 5 21.8 23,566,000 743.0 (r) 0.246 165.2 S/2003 J 14 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.6 23,614,000 779.2 (r) 0.344 144.5 P. Me10tte 1908 60 17.0 23,624,000 743.6 (r) 0.409 151.4 Euke1ade S. Sheppard et al. 2003 4 22.6 23,661,000 781.6 (r) 0.345 163.4 S/2003 J4 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.0 23,930,000 755.2 (r) 0.362 149.6 S. Nicholson 1914 38 18.1 23,939,000 758.9 (r) 0.250 158.1 Hegemone S. Sheppard et al. 2003 3 23.2 23,947,000 739.6 (r) 0.328 155.2 Aoede S. Sheppard et al. 2003 4 22.5 23,981,000 761.5 (r) 0.432 158.3 Kallichore S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.7 24,043,000 764.7 (r) 0.264 165.5 Autonoe S. Sheppard et al. 2001 8 22.0 24,046,000 761 (r) 0.317 152.4 Spacewatch 1999 9 20.7 24,103,000 758.8 (r) 0.283 147.2 Cyllene S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.2 24,349,000 751.9 (r) 0.319 149.3 S/2003 J2 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 2 23.2 29,541,000 982.5 (r) 0.380 151.8

Saturn

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Pan M. Showalter/ 1990 20 19.4 133,600 0.575 0.000 0.0 Voyager 2 C. Porco et al./Cassini 2005 7 136,500 0.59 0.0 0.0 R. Terrile/Voyager I 1980 32 19.0 137,700 0.6 0.001 0.0 S. Collins/Voyager I 1980 100 15.8 139,400 0.6 0.002 0.0 S. Collins/ 1980 84 16.4 141,700 0.6 0.004 0.1 J. Fountain et al./ 1980 119 15.6 151,400 0.7 0.010 0.4 Voyager I A. 1966 178 14.4 151,500 0.7 0.007 0.2 W. Herschel 1789 397 12.8 185,600 0.9 0.021 1.6 C. Porco et al./Cassini 2004 3 23 194,300 1.0 0.001 0.0 C. Porco et al./Cassini 2004 4 23 212,300 1.1 0.004 0.2 W. Herschel 1789 499 11.8 238,100 1.4 0.000 0.0 D. Pascu et al. 1980 19 18.7 294,700 1.9 0.001 1.5 B. et al./ 1980 24 18.5 294,700 1.9 0.001 1.2 Voyager I G. Cassini 1684 1,060 10.2 294,700 1.9 0.000 0.2 G. Cassini 1684 1,118 10.4 377,400 2.7 0.000 0.0 P. Laques, J. Lacacheux 1980 32 18.4 377,400 2.7 0.000 0.2 C. Porco et a1./Cassini 2004 4 23.0 377,400 2.7 0.018 0.2 G. Cassini 1672 1,528 9.6 527,100 4.5 0.001 0.3

301 APPENDICES

Saturn, contd.

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Titan C. Huygens 1655 5,150 8.4 1,221,900 16.0 0.029 1.6 W. , W. LasselI 1848 283 14.4 1,464,100 21.3 0.QI8 0.6 G. Cassini 1671 1,436 11.0 3,560,800 79.3 0.028 7.6 B. Gladman et al. 2000 14 22.0 11,365,000 449.2 0.334 46.1 J. Kavelaars et al. 2000 10 22.6 11,442,000 451.5 0.322 46.7 W. Pickering 1898 220 16.4 12,944,300 550.48 (r) 0.164 174.8 Paaliaq B. Gladman et al. 2000 19 21.3 15,198,000 686.9 0.363 45.1 Skathi J. Kavelaars et al. 2000 6 23.6 15,641,000 728.2 (r) 0.269 152.6 Albiorix M. Holman et al. 2000 26 20.5 16,394,000 783.5 0.479 34.0 S/2004 SII D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.1 16,950,000 822 0.336 41.0 Erriapo J. Kavelaars et al. 2000 9 23.0 17,604,000 871.2 0.474 34.5 Siarnaq B. Gladman et al. 2000 32 20.1 18,195,000 895.6 0.296 45.5 Tarvos J. Kavelaars et al. 2000 13 22.1 18,239,000 926.1 0.536 33.5 S/2004 S13 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.5 18,450,000 906 (r) 0.273 167.4 S/2004 S17 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 4 25.2 18,600,000 986 (r) 0.259 166.6 Mundilfari B. Gladman et al. 2000 6 23.8 18,722,000 951.6 (r) 0.208 167.5 S/2004 S15 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.2 18,750,000 1,008 (r) 0.18 156.9 Narvi S. Sheppard et al. 2003 8 24.0 19,140,800 988.6 (r) 0.325 135.8 S/2004 SIO D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.4 19,350,000 1,026 (r) 0.241 167.0 Suttungr B. Gladman et al. 2000 6 23.9 19,465,000 1,016.5 (r) 0.114 175.8 S/2004 S12 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 5 24.8 19,650,000 1,048 (r) 0.401 164.0 S/2004 SI8 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 7 23.8 19,650,000 1,052 (r) 0.795 147.4 S/2004 S9 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 5 24.7 19,800,000 1,077 (r) 0.235 157.6 S/2004 S7 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.8 19,800,000 1,103 (r) 0.401 165.1 S/2004 S14 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.4 19,950,000 1,081 (r) 0.292 162.7 Thrymr B. Gladman et al. 2000 6 23.9 20,219,000 1,086.9 (r) 0.485 175.8 S/2004 S16 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 4 25.0 22,200,000 1,271 (r) 0.135 163.0 S/2004 S8 D. Jewitt et al. 2004 6 24.6 22,200,000 1,355 (r) 0.213 168.0 B. Gladman et al. 2000 16 21.7 23,300,000 1,315.3 (r) 0.334 173.1

302 APPENDICES

Uranus

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Cordelia R. Terrile/Voyager 2 1986 40 23.6 49,800 0.4 0.000 0.1 R. TerrilejVoyager 2 1986 42 23.3 53,800 0.4 0.01 0.1 B. A. SmithjVoyager 2 1986 51 22.5 59,200 0.4 0.001 0.2 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1986 80 21.6 61,800 0.5 0.000 0.0 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1986 64 22.0 62,700 0.5 0.000 0.1 S. SynottjVoyager 2 1986 94 21.1 64,400 0.5 0.001 0.1 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1986 135 20.4 66,100 0.5 0.000 0.1 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1986 72 21.8 69,900 0.6 0.000 0.3 M. Showalter, 2003 24 26.0 74,800 0.6 0.000 0.0 J. Lissauer S. SynottjVoyager 2 1986 81 21.5 75,300 0.6 0.000 0.0 E. Karkoschka/ 1999 20 23.6 76,400 0.6 0.000 0.0 Voyager 2 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1985 162 19.8 86,000 0.8 0.000 0.3 M. Showalter, 2003 32 26.0 97,734 0.9 0.000 0.0 J. Lissauer G. Kuiper 1948 472 15.8 129,900 1.4 0.001 4.3 W. 1851 1,158 13.7 190,900 2.5 0.001 0.0 W. Lassell 1851 1,169 14.5 266,000 4.1 0.004 0.1 W. Herschel 1787 1,578 13.5 436,300 8.7 0.001 0.1 W. Herschel 1787 1,523 13.7 583,500 13.5 0.001 0.1 M. Holman, 2001 22 25.0 4,281,000 266.6 (r) 0.143 147.6 J. Kavelaars B. Gladman et al. 1997 72 22.4 7,231,000 579.5 (r) 0.159 140.9 B. Gladman et al. 1999 32 24.1 8,004,000 677.4 (r) 0.23 144.1 M. Holman et al. 2001 18 25.4 8,578,000 759.0 (r) 0.208 167.0 B. Gladman et al. 1997 150 20.8 12,179,000 1288.3 (r) 0.522 159.4 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard 2001 20 25.2 14,688,700 1694.8 (r) 0.783 50.7 M. Holman et al. 1999 50 20.8 16,243,000 1977.3 (r) 0.443 152.0 1. Kavelaars et al. 1999 47 23.3 17,501,000 2234.8 (r) 0.584 158.2 M. Holman. 2001 21 25.1 21,000,000 2823.4 (r) 0.426 167.3 B. Gladman

303 APPENDICES

Neptune

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Naiad R. Terrile/Voyager 2 1989 58 24.6 48,200 0.3 0.000 4.7 R. Terrile/Voyager 2 1989 80 23.9 50,100 0.3 0.000 0.2 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1989 148 22.5 52,500 0.3 0.000 0.1 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1989 158 22.4 62,000 0.4 0.000 0.1 H. Reitsema et al. 1989 192 22.0 73,500 0.6 0.001 0.2 S. Synott/Voyager 2 1989 416 20.3 117,600 1.1 0.000 0.0 W. Lassell 1846 2,707 13.5 354,800 5.9 (r) 0.000 156.8 G. Kuiper 1949 340 19.7 5,513,400 360.1 0.751 7.2 S/2002 NI M. Holman et al. 2002 54 24.2 16,600,000 1,874.4 (r) 0.43 114.9 S/2002 N2 M. Holman et al. 2002 31 25.4 22,300,000 2,914.7 0.27 50.4 S/2002 N3 M. Holman et al. 2002 37 25.0 23,500,000 3,116.7 0.36 35.9 S. Sheppard et al. 2003 36 25.1 47,600,000 9,708.3 (r) 0.49 125.1 S/2002 N4 M. Holman et al. 2002 43 24.7 48,600,000 9,412.5 (r) 0.39 137.4

Pluto

Satellite Discoverer Year of Diameter Visual Distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) magnitude (km) period (d) ecc. (degrees)

Charon J. Christy 1978 1,186 17.3 19,410 6.4 0.000 99.1

S/2005 P2 H. Weaver, S. 2005 46? 23.4 48,675 24.86 0.002 96.18 et al.

S/2005 PI H. Weaver, S. 2005 61? 24.4 64,780 38.2 0.005 96.36 Alan Stern et al. r = retrograde

304 APPENDICES

Appendix 4: Planetary Rings

Rings ofJupiter

Name Distance Distance from Width Thickness from center center of planet (km) (km) of planet (km) (planet radii)

Halo 1.40-1.71 100,000-121,000 22,000 (20.000) Main 1.71-1.81 122.000-129,000 7.000 Less than 30 Gossamer (inner) 1.81-2.55 129,200-182,000 52.800 ? Gossamer (outer) 2.55-3.15 182.000-224.900 42.900 ?

Rings of Saturn

Name Distance Distance from Width Thickness from center center of planet (km) (km) of planet (km) (planet radii)

D 1.11-1.236 66,900-74,510 7,610 ? C 1.239-1.527 74.658-92,000 17.342 5m B 1.527-1.951 92.000-117.580 25,580 5-10 m A 2.027-2.269 121,170-136.775 14.605 10-30 m F 2.326 140.180 30-500 ? G 2.82-2.90 170.000-175,000 5.000 100 km E 3-8 181.000-483,000 302,000 10,000 km

305 APPENDICES

Rings of Uranus

Name Distance Distance from Width Thickness from center center of planet (km) (km) of planet (km) (planet radii)

1986U2R 1.448-1.545 37,000-39,500 Approx. 2,500 ? 6 1.637 41,837 Approx. 1.5 (100) 5 1.652 42,235 Approx.2 (100) 4 1.666 42,571 Approx.2.5 (100) (ex) 1.75 44,718 4-10 (100) (~) 1.786 45,661 5-11 (100) (ll) 1.834 47,176 1.6 (100) (y) 1.863 47,626 1--4 (100) (8) 1.900 48,303 3-7 (100) (A.) 1.958 50,024 Approx.2 (100) (€) 2.00 51,149 20-96 150 Rj2003 U2 2.586-2.735 66,100-69,900 3,800 ? Rj2003 UI 3.265--4.03 86,000-103,000 17,000 ?

Rings of Neptune

Name Distance Distance from Width Thickness from center center of planet (km) (km) of planet (km) (planet radii)

Galle 1.692 41,900--43,900 Approx. 2,000 ? Leverrier 2.148 -53,200 Approx. 110 ? Lassell 2.148-2.31 - 53,200-57,200 Approx. 4000 ? 2.31 52,200 Less than 100 ? Unnamed (v. faint) 2.501 61,950 ? ? 2.541 62,933 Approx.50 ?

Arcs in Adams ring are called Courage, Liberte, Egalite I, Egalite 2, and Fraternite.

306 APPENDICES

Appendix 5:The Largest Known Objects

Object Discoverer Year of Diameter Mean distance Orbital Orbital Orbital inc. discovery (km) (AU) period (y) ecc. (degrees)

2003 UB313 M. , C. Trujillo, 2003 Approx. 2,400 67.7 557 0.44 44.2 and D. Rabinowitz Pluto C. 1930 2,320 39.4 248.54 0.249 17.2 2005 FY9 M. Brown. C. Trujillo, 2005 Approx. l,700 45.7 308 0.\5 29.0 and D. Rabinowitz (90377) M. Brown. C. Trujillo, 2003 Approx. 1,700 502.04 11,249.05 0.849 1\.93 Sedna and D. Rabinowitz 2003 EL61 J. Ortiz et al 2003 Approx. 1,600 43.3 285 0.19 28.19 (90482) M. Brown. C. Trujillo, 2004 Approx. 1.500 39.47 247.94 0.218 20.56 Orcus and D. Rabinowitz (50000) C. Trujillo and 2002 Approx. 1.260 43.405 285.97 0.034 7.98 Quaoar M. Brown 84522 NEAT 2002 Approx. \.200 55.14 409.16 0.293 35.1 Charon J. Christy 1978 1,207 Satellite of Pluto (20000) R. McMillan 2000 Approx. 1,060 43.129 283.2 0.051 17.2 Varuna (Spacewatch)

N.B. The sizes of most of these objects are uncertain.

307 APPENDICES

Appendix 6: Lunar and Planetary Firsts

Mercury Moon First flyby: First impact: Mariner 10 (USA), March 29, 1974 Luna 2 (USSR), September 14, 1959

Venus First flyby: Luna 3 (USSR), October 6, 1959 First successful flyby: Mariner 2 (USA), December 14, 1962 First photos of the far side: Luna 3 (USSR), October 6, 1959 First impact: Venera 3 (USSR), March I, 1966 First survivable landing: Luna 9 (USSR), February 3, 1966 First successful atmospheric entry: Venera 4 (USSR), October 18, 1967 First orbiter: Luna 10 (USSR), April 3, 1966 First successful soft-landing: Venera 7 (USSR), December 15, 1970 First lift-off from the Moon: Surveyor 6 (USA), November 17, 1967 First surface photos: Venera 9 (USSR), October 22, 1975 First robotic sample return mission: Luna 16 (USSR), September 12-21, 1970 First orbiter: Venera 9 (USSR), October 22, 1975 First wheeled vehicle on the Moon: Lunokhod 1 (USSR), November 17, 1970 First surface color photos: Venera 13 (USSR), March 1, 1982 First crewed orbital mission: (USA), December 21-27, 1968 First soil analysis: Venera 13 (USSR), March I, 1982 First human landing: (USA), July 20, 1969 First multi-probe atmospheric entry: Pioneer Venus 2 (USA), December 9, 1978

First balloon flight: Vega I (USSR/France), June II, 1985

308 APPENDICES

Mars Saturn First successful flyby: First flyby: Mariner 4 (USA), July IS, 1965 Pioneer II (USA), September L 1979

First orbiter: First orbiter: Mariner 9 (USA), November 14, 1971 Cassini (USA), June 30, 2004

First impact: First landing on Titan: Mars 2 (USSR), November 27, 1971 Huygens (ESA), January 14, 2005

First surface photos: Uranus Viking I (USA), July 20, 1976 First flyby: Voyager 2 (USA), January 24, 1986 First wheeled vehicle: (USA), July 5, 1997 Neptune First flyby: Voyager 2 (USA), August 25, 1989 First flyby (Gaspra): Galileo (USA), October 29, 1991 First orbiter (Eros): First flyby (Giacobini-Zinner): NEAR Shoemaker (USA), February 14, 2000 /ISEE-3 (USA), II September 1985

First soft landing (Eros): First impact (Tempel I): NEAR Shoemaker (USA), February 12,2001 Deep Impact (USA), July 4, 2005

Jupiter First flyby: (USA), December 4, 1973

First atmospheric entry: Galileo Probe (USA), December 7, 1995

First orbiter: Galileo Orbiter (USA), December 8, 1995

309 APPENDICES

Appendix 7: Selected Reading Ust

General Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep 1957-1997, Douglas J. Mudgway (NASA SP-2001­ Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and 4227),2002 Planetary Probes, 1958-2000 (NASA Monograph in Planetary Geology in the 1980s, Joseph Veverka (NASA SP­ Aerospace History #24), Asif A. Siddiqi, 2002 467), 1985 Beyond the Moon: Golden Age of Planetary Exploration "Planetary Oceans," David J. Stephenson, Sky & , 1971-1978, Robert S. Kraemer, Smithsonian, 2000 November 2002 Far Travelers: The Exploring Machines, Oran W. Nicks (NASA SP-480), 1985 Mercury Exploration of Terrestrial from Spacecraft (2nd Edition), Yuri Surkov, Wiley-Praxis, 1997 The Voyage ofMariner 10: Mission to Venus and Mercury, Journey Into Space: The First Thirty Years of Space James A. Dunne and (NASA SP-424), 1978 Exploration, Murray, W. W. Norton & Co., 1989 Mercury, F. Vilas, C. R. , and M.S. Matthews Journey Beyond Selene, Jeffrey Kluger, Simon & Schuster, (eds), University of Arizona Press, 1988 1999 Mercury, The Elusive Planet, Robert Strom, Smithsonian Cosmos, Carl , MacDonald & Co., 1980 Institution Press, 1987 , , Headline, 1995 Exploring Mercury, Robert Strom and Ann Sprague, The Compact NASA Atlas of the , Ronald Springer-Praxis, 2003 and Raymond Batson, Cambridge Univ. Press, Atlas of Mercury, Merton E. , Stephen E. Dwornik, 2001 Donald E. Gault, and Robert G. Strom (NASA SP-423), Life in the Solar System and Beyond, Barrie , Springer­ 1978. Praxis, 2004 Flight to Mercury, Bruce Murray and Eric Burgess, Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History Columbia Univ. Press, 1977 of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Volume V, Exploring "Mercury: The Forgotten Planet," Robert M. Nelson, the Cosmos, John M. Logsdon (ed.) with Amy Paige Scientific American Special Edition, 2003 Snyder, Roger D. Launius, Stephen J. Garber, and "Mariner 10 Preliminary Science Report," Science, 1974 Regan Anne Newport (NASA SP-4407), 2001 "The Planet Mercury: Mariner 10 Mission," Bruce Murray "Solar System Log," Andrew Wilson, Jane's, 1987 et. a\., Journal ofGeophysical Research, 1975 & Planets (5th Edition), William K. Hartmann, "Recalibrated Mariner 10 Color Mosaics: Implications for Thomson, 2005 Mercurian Volcanism," Mark S. Robinson and Paul G. The Planetary System (3rd Edition), David Morrison and Lucey, Science, 1997 Tobias Owen, Addison Wesley, 2003 "Mercury," Bruce C. Murray, Scientific American, Septem­ The Planets, David McNab and James Younger, Yale Univ. ber 1975 Press, 1999 The New Solar System (4th Edition), J. Kelly Beatty, Venus Carolyn Collins Petersen and Andrew Chaikin, Sky Venus Revealed: A New Look Below the Clouds of Our Publishing Corp. I Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999 Mysterious Twin Planet, David Harry Grinspoon, Perseus, 1998

310 APPENDICES

The Voyage of Mariner 10: Mission to Venus and Mercury, Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell (NASA James A. Dunne and Eric Burgess (NASA SP-424), SP-4212), 1984 1978 Mars: The NASA Mission Reports, Robert Godwin (ed.), Pioneer Venus, Richard Fimmel, Lawrence Colin and Eric Apogee, 2000 Burgess (NASA SP-461), 1983 Mars: The NASA Mission Reports, Vol. 2, Robert Godwin Atlas of Venus, Peter Cattermole and Patrick Moore, (ed.), Apogee, 2004 Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997 Mapping Mars, Oliver Morton, Fourth Estate, 2002 : The Unveiling of Venus (JPL-400-345), 1989 A Traveler's Guide to Mars, William K. Hartmann, Work­ The Planet Venus, Mikhail Marov and David Grinspoon, man, 2003 Yale, 1998 The Martian Landscape, Viking Lander Imaging Team "Global Climate Change on Venus," Mark Bullock and (NASA SP-425), 1978 David Grinspoon, Scientific American Special Edition, Viking Orbiter Views of Mars, Michael Carr et al. (NASA 2003 SP-441), 1980 "The Volcanoes and Clouds of Venus," Ronald Prinn, "Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet," Paul Raeburn, Scientific American Special, Exploring Space, 1990. National Geographic, 1998 "Venus," Andrew and Louise Young, Scientific American, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery, September 1975 William Sheehan, Univ. of Arizona, 1996 "Overview of VEGA Venus balloon in situ meteorological , Michael Carr, Oxford Univ. Press, 1995 measurements," R.Z. Sagdeev et aI., Science, 1986 'The Climate of Mars," Robert Haberle, Scientific Amer­ ican Special, Exploring Space, 1990 Moon "Mars Global Surveyor," Science, March 13, 1998 "Opportunity at ," Science, December 3, Lunar Exploration, Paolo Ulivi, Springer-Praxis, 2004 2004 The Once and Future Moon, Paul D. Spudis, Smithsonian, "In Search of Martian ," Jim , Sky & Telescope, 1998 March 2005 Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions, David M. "The Unearthly Landscapes of Mars," Arden Albee, Harland, Springer-Praxis, 1999 Scientific American Special Edition, 2003 Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger, R. Cargill Hall "Mars," James B. , Scientific American, September (NASA SP-421 0), 1977 1975 Destination Moon: A History of the (NASA TM-3487), 1977 Asteroids The Clementine Atlas of the Moon, Ben Bussey and Paul D. Spudis, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004 Asteroids lll, Richard P. Binzel et al. (eds), Univ. of Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Arizona Press, 2002 Cartography and Nomenclature, Ewen A. Whitaker, Asteroids: A History, Peebles, Smithsonian, 2000 Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999 Impact!: The Threat of Comets and Asteroids, Gerrit L. 'The Moon," John A. Wood, Scientific American, Septem­ Verschuur, Oxford Univ. Press, 1997 ber 1975 Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets, Duncan Steel, John Wiley & Sons, 1995 Mars Asteroid Rendezvous: NEAR Shoemaker's Adventures at Eros, Jim Bell and Jacqueline Mitton (eds), Cambridge On Mars: Exploration ot' the Red Planet. 1958-1978, Univ. Press, 2002

311 APPENDICES

"The Small Planets," Erik Asphaug, Scientific American Swift, AIAA, 1997 Special Edition, 2003 "Bejewelled Worlds," Joseph Burns, Douglas Hamilton, "The Smaller Bodies of the Solar System," William K. and Mark Showalter, Scientific American Special Edi­ Hartmann, Scientific American, September 1975 tion,2003 "The ," Laurence Soderblom and Tor­ Jupiter rence Johnson, Scientific American Special, Exploring Space, 1990 Jupiter Odyssey: The Story of NASA's Galileo Mission, "Jupiter and Saturn," Andrew Ingersoll, Scientific Amer­ David M. Harland, Springer-Praxis, 2000 ican Special, Exploring Space, 1990 Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Voyage of the Galileo "The Outer Planets," Donald Hunten, Scientific American, Spacecraft, Daniel , Copernicus, 2001 September 1975 Pioneer: First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond, Richard Fimmel, , and Eric Burgess (NASA SP­ Uranus 446), 1980 Voyager Tales: Personal Views ofthe Grand Tour, David W. Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System, Mark Swift, AIAA, 1997 Littmann, John Wiley, revised edition, 1990. "The Galileo Mission to Jupiter and its Moons," Torrence Voyages to Saturn, David Morrison (NASA SP-451), 1982 Johnson, Scientific American Special Edition, 2003 Atlas of Uranus, Garry E. Hunt and Patrick Moore, "The Hidden Ocean of Europa," Robert Pappalardo, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989 James Head, and Ronald Greeley, Scientific American "Bejewelled Worlds," Joseph Burns, Douglas Hamilton, Special Edition, 2003 and Mark Showalter, Scientific American Special Edi­ "Jupiter and Saturn," Andrew Ingersoll, Scientific Amer­ tion, 2003 ican Special, Exploring Space, 1990 "Engineering Voyager 2's Encounter With Uranus," "Jupiter," John H. Wolfe, Scientific American, September Richard Laeser, William McLaughlin, and Donna 1975 Wolff, Scientific American Special, Exploring Space, 1990 Saturn "Uranus," Andrew Ingersoll, Scientific American, 1987 "Uranus After Voyager," Nigel Henbest, New Scientist, Passage to a Ringed World, Linda Spilker (ed.) (NASA SP­ July 31, 1986 533), 1997 "The Outer Planets," Donald Hunten, Scientific American, Mission to Saturn: Cassini and the Huygens Probe, David September 1975 M. Harland, Springer-Praxis, 2002 Voyager Tales: Personal Views ofthe Grand Tour, David W. Lifting Titan's Veil: Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn, Swift, AIAA, 1997 Lorenz and Jacqueline Mitton, Cambridge Univ. The Planet Uranus: A History of Observation, Theory and Press, 2002 Discovery, A.F. 0'0. , Faber & Faber, 1965 "Cassini Reveals Titan," Science, May 13, 2005 "The Outer Planets," Donald Hunten, Scientific American, Pioneer: First to Jupiter, Saturn, and Beyond, Richard September 1975 Fimmel, James van Allen, and Eric Burgess (NASA SP­ 446), 1980 Neptune Voyager J and 2, Atlas of Saturnian Satellites, Raymond Batson (ed.) (NASA SP-474), 1984 Neptune: The Planet, Rings and Satellites, Ellis Miner and Voyager Tales: Personal Views ofthe Grand Tour, David W. Randii R. Wessen, Springer-Praxis, 2002

312 APPENDICES

Voyager Tales: Personal Viell's ofthe Grand Tour, David W. : Discoverer oj' Planet Pluto, David H. Swift, AIAA, 1997 Levy, Univ. of Arizona Press, 1992 The Planet Neptune: An Historical Survel' Before Voyager Out ofthe Darkness: the Planet Pluto, Clyde Tombaugh and (2nd edition), Patrick Moore, Wiley-Praxis Publishing, Patrick Moore, New American Library, 1981 1996 Exploring the Trans-Neptunian Solar System, Committee on Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System, Mark Planetary and Lunar Exploration, National Research Littmann, John Wiley, revised edition 1990 Council, 1998 Atlas of Neptune, Garry E. Hunt and Patrick Moore, "The Kuiper Belt," Jane Luu and David Jewitt, ScientifiC Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994 American, May 1996. "Bejewelled Worlds," Joseph Burns, Douglas Hamilton, "The Outer Planets," Donald Hunten, Scientific American, and Mark Showalter, Scientific American Special Edi­ September 1975 tion, 2003 "The 3rd Zone: Exploring the Kuiper Belt," Sky & "Neptune," June Kinoshita, Scientific American Special. Telescope, November 2003. Exploring Space, 1990 "The Outer Planets," Donald Hunten, ScientifiC American, Comets September 1975 "The Booming Science of Sungrazing Comets," Tony Hoffman and Brian Marsden, Sky & Telescope, August Pluto and Kuiper Belt 2005 Pluto & Charon, Alan Stern and Jacqueline Mitton, John Impacl': The Threat of Comets and Asteroids, Gerrit L. Wiley & Sons, 1999 Verschuur, Oxford Univ. Press, 1997 "Journey to Planet" S. Alan Stern, ScientifiC Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets, Duncan Steel, John American Special Edition, 2003 Wiley & Sons, 1995 Beyond Pluto: Exploring the Outer Limits of the Solar GiollO 10 Ihe Comels, Nigel Calder, Presswork, 1992 System, John Davies, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001 Comet, Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, Guild, 1985 Clyde Tomhaugh and the Search for Plan!!l, Margaret K. "The ," Paul Weissman, Scientific American Wetterer, Carolrhoda Books, 1996 Special Edition, 2003

313 APPENDICES

Appendix 8: Selected Websites

General Mercury Views of the Solar System (Calvin Hamilton): MESSENGER mission: http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm http)lmessengerjhuapl.edul The Nine Planets (Bill Arnett): BepiColombo mission: http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html http://sci.esa.intlhomelbepicolombolindex.cfm NASA Planetary Data System (Geosciences Node): Mercury Mariner 10 Image Project: http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edulindex.htm http://cps.earth.northwestern.edulmerc.html Planetary missions (National Space Science Data Center): http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.govlplanetaryIprojects.html Venus NASA Planetary Photojournal: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.govlindex.html Pioneer Venus: Welcome to the Planets: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.govlplanetarylpioneer_venus.html http://pdsjpl.nasa.govlplanetsl Magellan mission: USGS Gazetteer of : http://www2jpl.nasa.govlmagellanl http://planetarynames.wr.usgS.govi Venus Express mission: Space Telescope Science Institute: http://sci.esa.int/venusexpress http://oposite.stsci.edul NASA Science Mission Directorate: Moon http://science.hq.nasa.govlsolar_systemlindex.html NASA Discovery programme: Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas ofthe Moon, Paul http://discovery.nasa.govlindex.html D. Spudis, Lunar and Planetary Institute. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory: http://www.lpi.usra.edulresearchllunar_orbiterl http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/ Lessons Learned from the Clementine Mission, Committee Russian Space Research Institute (IKI): on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, National Research http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/ Council (1997): Planetary radar observations from Goldstone: http://www.nap.edu/booksl03090583921htmllindex.html http://wirelessjpl.nasa.gov/RADARI Clementine (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory): Planetary rings: http://www-phys.llnl.gov/clementinel http://ringmaster.arclnasa.govl Clementine (Naval Research Laboratory): Formation of Planets: http://www.cmfnrl.navy.mil/clementine/ http://cfa-www.harvard.eduICOMPLETEllearnlplanetsl : planets.html http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Explora­ Lunar Prospector Spectrometers: tion Strategy, Solar System Exploration Survey, Na­ http://lunar.lanl.govl tional Research Council 2002: Smart-I (ESA): http://www.nap.edujbooksl03090849541htmll http://sci.esa.int/smart-l

314 APPENDICES

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA): Dawn mission: http://lunar.gs(c.nasa.gov/missions.html http://wl1.1t.-ssc.igpp. ucla.edu/dawn/ Apollo Lunar Surface Journal: US Naval Observatory Ephemerides of the Largest http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsi/ Asteroids: The Project Apollo Archive: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/ephemerides/asteroid/astr_aIm/ http://www.apolloarchive.com/ asteroid_ephemerides

Mars Jupiter Mars, by Percival : Voyager mission: http://www.wanderer.org/re(erences/lowell/Mars/ http://voyager jpl.nasa.gov NASA Center for Mars Exploration: Voyager 25th anniversary: http://cmex.arc.nasa.gol'/ http://11'1vw.planetary.org/voyager25/index.html The Quarantine and Certification of Martian Samples Galileo: Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, http://www2jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ National Research Council, 2002: Galileo Imaging Team: http://wwH'.nap.edu/catalog/ 10138.html http://I1·ww2jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/ NASA Mars Exploration: Satellites: http.)/marsjpl.nasa.gol'/ http://www.i(a.hawaii.edu/'sheppard/satellites/ 2003 mission: Ulysses mission: http.)/marsjpl.nasa.gov/mer/ and http://athena.comell.edu/ http.)/ulyssesjpl.nasa.gov/ Mars Express mission: http://mars.esa.int/ Saturn Mars Pathfinder mission: Voyager mission: http://marsprogram jpl.nasa.gov/MPF http://voyagerjpl.nasa.gov MarsDaily: Voyager 25th anniversary: http://wwH'.marsdaily.com/ http://11'11'11'.planetary.org/voyager25/index.html Explore Mars: Cassini mission: http://wl1'w.astrodigital.org/mars http://saturnjpl.nasa.gov Malin Space Science Systems: Huygens mission: http://www.msss.com/ http://sci.esa.int/huygens Asteroids Saturn's rings: http.)/science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/12(ebJings.htm Centre: History of Saturn's rings: http://cfa- www.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Things/saturn.html Exploration ofNear Earth Objects, Committee on Planetary Saturn ring plane crossings: and Lunar Exploration, National Research Council http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubin(o/SaturnRPC.html (1998) Satellites: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6106.html http://I1'wll·.ifa.hawaii.edu/'sheppard/satellites/ NEAR-Shoemaker mission: http://nearjhuapl.edu/

315 APPENDICES

Systema Saturnium, , Smithsonian 2003 UB313, the 10th Planet: Institution Libraries: http://www.gps.caltech.edu/ ­ http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalColiections/HSTjHuygens/ mbrown/planetlila/index.html huygens.htm Great information about Pluto (): http://www.lowell.edu/users/buie/pluto/pluto.html Uranus List of Trans-Neptunian Objects: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/lists/TNOs.html Voyager mission: http://voyagerjpl.nasa.gov Comets Voyager 25th anniversary: http://www.planetary.org/voyager25/index.html Comets (D. Jewitt): Satellites: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/comet.html http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/ - sheppard/satellites/ Deep Space I mission: Irregular Satellites (Brett Gladman): http://nmpjpl.nasa.gov/ds1/ http://www.astro.ubc.calpeople/gladman/urhome.html Deep Impact mission: http://deepimpact.umd.edu/home/index.html Neptune Rosetta mission: http://sci.esa.int/rosetta Voyager mission: Stardust mission: http://voyagerjpl.nasa.gov http://stardustjpl.nasa.gov Voyager 25th anniversary: Deep Impact mission: http://www.planetary.org/voyager25/index.html http://deepimpactjpl.nasa.gov/ Satellites: mission: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edursheppard/satellites/ http://sci.esa.int/giotto Pluto and Kuiper Belt Sedna: http://www.gps.caltech.edu/% 7Embrown/sedna/ The Pluto Portal: SOHO's comets: http://www.plutoportal.net/ http://sohowww.estec.esa.nl/ mission: JPL comet gallery: http://plutojhuapl.edu http://enckejpl.nasa.gov/ Distant EKOs-The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/ekonews/ http://www2jpl.nasa.gov/sI9

316 (Mars). 102 arachnoids, 63. 64 , 13. 15. 158, 159. 172. 180-181. 196, Adams. John Couch, 237, 238. 239. 240, 241 Arago, Francois. 240 206,226 Adrastea, 178, 179, 180 Arbela Sulcus (Ganymede). 176 2002 AW197, 265 , George Biddell, 237. 238 . 25, 37, 38, 60, 62, 97 Alba Patera (Mars). 110. 112 (Mars). 118 Babylon, 101 Aldrin, Edwin (Buzz). 81. 82 (Moon), 80 Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. 95 Allen, Lynne. 180 Ariel. 6. 219, 222. 226. 227 balloons, 64-65. 275 (Venus). 60, 61 . 6. 7. 70 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 47, 165 Crater (Moon). 74. 78 Aristotle, 4.7. 101. 148 Bayeux Tapestry, 269, 270 Alps (Moon). 71 Armstrong, Neil. 81. 82 Bean, Alan. 83 Amalthea, 165. 178, 179, 180 (Mars). 112 , Wilhelm, 102, 103 . 55 (Mars), 112 Belinda, 229, 232, 233 Amirani (10), 174 Assyrians. 185 Bellarmine (Cardinal), 148 Ananke. 165 asteroids, 8, 10. 12. 22. 128-144, 180, 264, BepiColombo, 40-42 , 6 273 (Venus), 53, 54, 60, 61 , 4, 5 Amors. 132 Bianca, 229, 232, 233 Anders, William. 79 Apollos, 132 , Johann, 129,217,237 Annefrank, 138 Atens. 132 Bode's Law, 129. 130,237,241 . Eugene, 23. 24, 219 Centaurs. 132 Bond, George, 187 Apennines (Moon), 71. 85 composition. 134, 135, 139, 141. 144 Bond, William, 187 (Venus). 60. 61. 62. 63, 65 families. 130-131 Bondone, GiOllo di, 275 , Peter, 269 gaps. 131 Crater (Mars), 122, 123 Apollo (planet), 4, 21 impact craters. 133, 135, 136. 137. 138. Bopp, Thomas. 271 , 14, 72, 74. 75. 76, 79, 91, 139,140.141 Borman. Frank. 79 95 main belt. 8. 130, 131, 264 Boyer. C, 48 Apollo 8, 79-80 Near-Earth. 130. 133. 134, 138. 139-142, Brahe, Tycho, 9, 269 Apollo 10,80-81 143 Braille, 138, 278 Apollo 1I. 73, 77, 80, 81-83, 93 , 131-132 Brown, Mike, 264, 265 Apollo 12,83-84,93 origin, 132, 135. 137. 141 Brown, Robert, 228 Apollo 13,84.85 rotation. 134. 135, 140 Bruno, Giordano, 9 Apollo 14,84-85 satellites, 133. 138 Buie. Marc. 254 Apollo 15, 85-87 size, 133, 134. 135. 136 Burney. Venetia. 258 Apollo 16,87-89,92 Trojans. 13 I. 254 Bush, President George W., 18,97. 126 Apollo 17,89-91. 92,94 . 22 Apollo 18,85 Astraea. 130 Caliban, 232 Apollo 19,85 (AU), 12,237 Callanish Crater (Europa), 175 Apollo 20, 85 Atlas. 198,208.209 Callisto, 6, 146. 148. 156, 161, 162, 164. 177­ Arab . 7 program. 19, 125-126 178, 188, 199, 246

317 INDEX

Caloris Basin (Mercury), 25, 26, 28, 29, 31- orbits, 269, 270 , William Rutter, 188 32, 35, 37, 40 size, 270 Dawn (mission), 143-144 Calypso, 203 tails, 270, 271, 272, 273 Deep Impact (mission), 280-282 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, 133,253 Comet , 271 Deep Space I, 17, 18, 138, 278 Canberra, 30, 243 Comet Borrelly, 18, 278-279 Deep Space 2,17,121 Carme,165 Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 144,282, Deep Space 4, 17 Cassini Division, 186, 191, 197, 198,207, 283-284 Deep Space Network, 224, 243 208 Comet , 272 Deimos, 6, 115, 116, 117 Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, II, 102, 186, Comet Grigg-Skjellerup, 275, 278 , 70 187 Comet -Bopp, 271, 272 Descartes Plateau (Moon), 87 Cassini Regio (Iapetus), 209 Comet Halley, 15,95,269-270,271,272, Desdemona, 229, 232, 233 Cassini mission, 15, 16, 17,65-66,138,181- 273, 274-278, 279 Dessler, Alex, 260 182, 203-205, 206-214 Comet Hyakutake, 274 Diana (Venus), 61, 64 , 134 Comet Linear (C/1999 S4), 273 Dione, 6, 187, 188, 192, 193,202,203,211 Catalina Observatory, 242 Comet Machholz, 268 , 17, 18, 39, 138 Centaurs, 132, 273 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, 166, 170, 180, Discovery Rupes (Mercury), 32, 37 Ceres, 129-130, 134, 135, 143, 144, 237 273-274 Dollfus, Audouin, 192 Cernan, Eugene, 80, 89, 90 Comet Tempel I, 280-282 Drake, Frank, 152 Cerro Tololo Observatory, 253 Comet Tempel-Tuttle, 272 Drake, Stillman, 240 Challenger (), 229 Comet Wild 2, 138, 279-280 Duke, Charles, 87, 88 , James, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243 Comet Wirtanen, 283 Dyce, Rolf, 25 , 17 Conamara Chaos (Europa), 175 Chandra X-ray Observatory, 13, 181 Cone Crater (Moon), 84 Eagle Crater (Mars), 121, 123 Chandrayaan-I,99 Conrad, Charles "Pete", 83 Earth, 4,5,6,7,8, 10,35,39, 55,61,63,80, Chang'e-I,99 , Capt. James, 12 115,121,149,151,156,162,174,189, Charon, 6, 8, 13,260,261-263,266,267 Cook, Tony, 36, 37 256, 260, 271, 283 China, 19,97,99 Copernicus Crater (Moon), 68, 74, 75, 78, impacts, 131, 134,274 Chinese astronomy, 7 79 position in Solar System, 9 Chiron, 132, 273 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 7, 9, 45, 46, 101, 147, size, 4,5, 7, 70, 100,218,241,260 Christy, James, 261 148 , 8 (Mars), 110, 113, 114 (Mars), 120 water, 274 Clementine, 17, 95-97 , 229, 231 (lunar or solar), 5, 6, 69, 70, 71 Collins, Michael, 83 Cordillera Mountains (Moon), 77 plane, 10, 132, 259 , Giuseppe (Bepi), 26, 27, 40-41 coronae, 63, 227 Edgeworth, Kenneth, 263 (Mars), 123 coronal ejection, 23 Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt (see Kuiper Belt) Columbia (Space Shuttle), 126 Cosmos 419, 107 Egypt, 282 , Christopher, 5 Cressida, 229, 232 , , II, 22 comets, 10, 13, 131, 132, 198,263,268-284 Cruikshank, , 246 2003 EL61, 8, 265 break-up, 271, 273-274 cryovolcanism, 213, 214, 227, 247, 248 Elliot, James, 221, 249, 252 coma, 270, 271, 272, 273, 279 Cupid, 232 Enceladus,6, 187, 188, 193, 194,201-202, composition, 272, 273, 276, 278, 281, 282 , 110 210-211,216,218 early observations, 269-270 Encke Division, 188, 197,203,207,208 Jupiter family, 270, 273 Dactyl,6, 134, 137, 138 Enck~ Johann, 188, 239 nucleus, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, Danielson, Ed, 165 Crater (Mars), 123 279-280,281, 282, 283, 284 D'Arrest, Heinrich, 238, 239 epicycles, 7, 101

318 INDEX

Epimetheus, 192,211 Goldstone, 30, 37, 38, 133,243 Holman, Matthew, 253 , 5, 6, 7 Grand Tour, 155, 193,222 , Robert, 149 Crater (Mars), 123 gravity, 10, II , 13, 14, 15, 108, Eros, 12,18,130,138-142 (Neptune), 236, 244, 245, 128,134,135,136,146,180,181,182, Eta Aquarids (meteor shower), 272 246, 251 184, 189, 200, 206, 231, 232, 233, 251, ,7 Great March Comet, 271 252, 253, 260, 261, 262, 263, 273 Eugenia, 133, 136 (Jupiter), 149, 153-154, 157, Humason, Milton, 257 Europa, 3, 6,19,148,154,156,160-162, 158. 170. 171, 180, 196, 251 Hun Kal Crater (Mercury), 37 167,174-176,248 Greek astronomy, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, II, 69, 269 (Mars), 123, 124 European Space Agency (ESA), 15, 16, 18, Grimaldi, Francesco, 71 Huygens, Christiaan, 102, 148, 184, 185, 19,40,41,97,125,136,144,182,203, Guinot, , 48 186, 187, 203 204,214,252,261,268,274, 275, 27~ Gurnett, Don, 66 Huygens probe, 16, 19,203,204,205,212, 277, 282, 283 Crater (Mars), 122, 123 214-215 Evans, Ron, 91 Hyperion,6, 187, 188, 194,203,211 Eve (Venus), 60, 61 Hadley Rille (Moon), 85, 86 ExoMars, 126 Hagoromo, 95 Iapetus, 6, 187, 188, 194, 202, 203, 209-210 , 79 Hale. Alan, 271 Ida, 6, 134, 137, 138 HaiL Asaph, 103, 115, 116 Imbrium Basin (Moon), 32 2005 FY9, 8, 265 Halley, Edmund, 269 India, 19,99,221 , John, 217, 237, Crater (Oberon), 227 Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), 137 Flandern, Thomas van, 241 Hammel, Heidi, 232, 251 Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), 252 Flandro, Gary, 222 Hanel, Rudy. 159 Infrared Telescope Facility, 180 Fortuna Regio (Venus), 63 Harding, KarL 130 Inlernational Astronomical Union (IAU), France, 64 Harold (King), 269 37,261 2004 FU 162, 134 Harrington, Roberl, 241 Internalional Cometary Explorer (ICE) (see HarriolL Thomas. 70 ISEE-3) Gaea Crater (Amalthea), 180 Hay, Will. 190 Internalional Space Station, 97, 126 Galatea, 250, 254 Hayabusa, 142-143, 144 International Sun-Earth Explorer (see Galilei, Galileo, 9-10, 46,70,71, 101, 146, Helene, 192, 211 ISEE-3) 147-148,185,186,240 Hellas Basin (Mars), 32, 119 Inlernational Explorer (IU E), Galileo (spacecraft), 16, 134, 137, 166-168, Heradides, 7 272 169-180 Hermes (asteroid), 134 10,3,6,146,148,151,155,156,159-160, Galileo Regio (Ganymede), 163, 176 Hermes (planet). 4, 21 162,165,167,172-174,181,182,246 , Johann, 238, 239, 241 Herschel Craler (Mimas), 201 propulsion, 97, 138, 142,278 Ganymede, 6, 146, 148, 154, 156, 160, 161, HerscheL Caroline, 216 Irwin, James, 85, 86 162-164,176-177, 188, 199,246 Herschel, Sir John, 187,218,242 ISEE-3 (International Sun-Earth Explorer), Gaspra, 137, 138 Herschel, Sir William, 71, 102, 129, 187, 95,275 Gauss, Carl, 130 216,217-218,219,220,222,224 (Venus), 60 Genesis (mission), 18 , 4, 45 (Tethys), 202 Geographos, 12-13 Hevelius, Johannes, 71 Itokawa, 142, 143 George ilL 216, 217 Hidalgo, 132 Giotto (spacecraft), 275, 276--278 Hildr Channel (Venus), 63 Janus, 192, 211 Gladman, Brett, 180, 232 Hindu (religion), 4 Japan, 15, 18,40,41,95,98,99, 142, 143, , Thomas, 72 Hipparchus. 7. 70 221,276 Goldin, Dan, 17, 117 Hiten, 95, 98 Jason Crater (Phoebe), 210

319 INDEX

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 113, 121, Keck Observatory, 12, 13,206,251 Luna I, 72, 74 155 , James, 188 Luna 2, 72, 74 Jewitt, David, 165, 180,203,263 Keller, Uwe, 278 Luna 3, 3, 14,73-74,77 Juliet, 229, 232, 233 Kennedy, President John F., 14, 74, 81 Luna 9, 74-75 (asteroid), 130, 136 , Johannes, 9, II, 101, 129, 148,269 Luna 10, 78 Jupiter, 3,4,5, 7, 13, 16, 101, 115, 131, Kirkwood, Daniel, 131 Luna 12, 78 146-182, 186, 187, 195,218,220,225, Kitt Peak Observatory, 271 Luna 13, 75 231, 233, 263, 266, 268, 270, 273-274, Kleopatra, 12 Luna 15,93 282 , Sergei, 53 Luna 16, 84, 93, 94 , 13, 149-150, 153, 154, Kowal, Charles, 132, 240, 273 Luna 17,93,94 157-159,168-169,170,171 Kuiper Airborne Observatory, 220, 221 Luna 18,94 auroras, 13, 158, 159, 172, 180-181 Kuiper Belt, 8, 12, 132,209,263-265,267, ,79 Cassini spacecraft, 181-182 270 Luna 20, 94 clouds, 149-150, 153, 154, 156, 157-158, Kuiper Crater (Mercury), 36 Luna 21, 94 169,170,171 Kuiper, Gerard, 28, 105,219,222,241,243, Luna 22, 79 , 149 259, 263 Luna 23, 95 distance, 147, 149 Luna 24, 95 early observations, 7, 147-148 Lagrangian point, 211 Lunar-A, 19,98 Great Red Spot, 149, 153-154, 157, 158, Lakshmi Plateau (Venus), 61 Lunar Orbiter I, 78 170,171,180,196,251 Lalande, Joseph de, 217, 241 Lunar Orbiter 2, 78-79 interior, 150, 154, Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 187 Lunar Orbiter 3, 79 , 158-159, 169, 171 Larissa, 249 Lunar Orbiter 4, 77 , 13, 150-151, 154-155, 160, Larson, Stephen, 242 Lunar Prospector, 17, 96, 97 168, 181, 182 Las Campanas Observatory, 221 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, 99 orbit, 149 Lassell, William, 222, 242-243, 249 Lunokhod I, 93, 94 Pioneer 10 mission, 151-152, 154, 157, Lemonnier Crater (Moon), 94 Lunokhod 2, 94 159, 160 Lescarbault, Edmond, 22 Lutetia, 136, 144 Pioneer II mission, 151, 152-153, 157, Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, 11,22, Luu, Jane, 263 160 238-239, 240, 241 Lyttleton, R. A., 263 radiation belts, 151, 162, 168, 174, 182 Levin, , 115 rings, 156, 164-165, 168, 178-179 , Emmanuel, 102 (Venus), 63 rotation, 149 Libya Linea (Europa), 175 Mab, 232, 233 satellites, 9, 147-148, 151, 153, 154, life (in Solar System), 8, 19, 71-72,83, 102, Madler, Johann Heinrich, 102, 103 165-166, 172-180, 181, 182,240 105,109,110,114-115,125,126,176 Madrid, 243 size, 149 Lockheed Martin, 18, 121 Magellan (spacecraft), 16, 62--64 spots, 150, 158, 170, 171, Lockwood, G. W., 251 Mariner 2, 14,49, 50, 53 temperature, 154, 158,168-169,170,171 Loki volcano (10), 173 Mariner 3, 106 Voyager I mission, 16, 150, 153, 156, 157, Lomonosov, Mikhail, 46 Mariner 4, 105, 106 159,161,162,163,172,175,176,178 Louis XIV, 186, 187 Mariner 5, 14, 50 Voyager 2 mission, 16, 153, 156, 157, 160, Lovell, James, 79 Mariner 6, 106-107 161,162,163,164,172,175,176,178 Lowell, A. Lawrence, 258 Mariner 7, 106-107 winds, 157, 158, 169 Lowell Observatory, 251, 257, 258 Mariner 8, 107 Lowell, Percival, 24, 103-104,219,257,258, Mariner 9, 15, 107, 108-109, 113 Karkoschka, Erich, 232, 233 259 Mariner 10,15,25,26-30,31,33,35,36,37, Kavelaars, John, 180,253 Lucey, Paul, 37 38, 39, 40, 51-53, 95

320 INDEX

Marius, Simon, 148 Syrtis Major. 102. 103. 187 magnetic field. 28, 30, 33, 34, Mars (planet), 3,4,5,8, 13, 14, 15. 16, 17, temperature. 8. 104. 107. 108, 112, 114, Mariner 10, 15, 25. 26--30, 31, 33, 35. 36, Mars (planet), conI. 119 37, 38, 39,40 19,21,32.34,97.99.100-126,147.155. . 103. 108, \12 orbit, 3, I I. 21. 22 203, 247, 283 topography. 119-120 phases, 22-23 atmosphere. 104, 106, 107. 109, 112. 113, . 110, 114 plains, 31. 36, 37 114, 125 Crater, 123 rotation. 24-26, 27, 41 canals, 102-104 volcanic activity, 15, 103, 108, 110, scarps, 32-33 channels, 15, 103. 109, 112 11 H 12, 118, 122, 125 size. 24 Chryse Planitia, 110. 113. 114 water. 3.15.104,105,108.112,113,119, temperature, 3. 8, 24, 25, 26, 3I. 38 clouds. 100, 105. III, 119 120. 122. 124, 125 transits, 20, 22, 23 Columbia Hills, 123 Mars (Soviet spacecraft), 17, 105, 107-108 Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter, 41 Coprates Chasma, 120 Mars Climate Orbiter, 18, 121. 122-124 Mercury Planetary Orbiter. 41-42 Cydonia, 110 Mars Exploration Rovers, 18, Meridiani Planum (Mars), 122-123 distance. 101 Mars Express. 18, \9,65,66, 116, 124, 125 MESSENGER, 39-40 dunes, 113. 114, 121. 123 Mars Global Surveyor, 17.116, 119-121, Messier. Charles, 270 devils, 119, 121, 122, 123 124 , 165, 166, 178, 179, 180 dust storms, 13, 108, 112. 121 Mars Observer. 17 Meteor Crater (Earth), 131 early observations, 7,101-102 Mars Odyssey, 124-125 , 119, 123, 131, 136, 137, 144,227 Endurance Crater, 123 Mars Pathfinder. 17. 117-119 meteors, 271-272 Erebus Crater, 123 Mars Polar Lander, 18, 121. 124 Methone, 211 gullies, 109, 120 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 126 Crater (Mars), III Gusev Crater, 122, 123 . 126 Millis, Robert, 221, 254 Hellas Basin, 32, 119 Mars . 119 Mimas,6, 187. 188, 193, 198,201,216.218 human exploration, 18, 126 Maskelyne Crater (Moon). 81 Minerva, \43 Husband Hill, 123, 124 Masursky. 138 Minovich. Michael. 27 impact craters, 14, 105. 106. 109. 112. 113. Mathilde. 134. 136, 139. 141. 180 Miranda,6,219.221, 222. 226,227-228,232 120, 122, 123, 124 Mattingley. Thomas. 89 Mitchell, Ed. 84 interior, 121 Maxwell. James Clerk. 60. 188 Moon, 3,4.5,6, 7, 8, 10,30,32,34,38. life on, 15, 102, 104. 106. 109. 114-115. (Venus), 60. 61 68-99.117.126,147,159.162.260.274 126 McDonald Observatory, 219 , 69 magnetic field, 106, 121 Crater (Venus). 64 Alphonsus Crater. 74, 78 Meridiani Planum, 122-123 Medici family, 148 Alps, 71 Mie Crater, III Mercury. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. II. 13. 15. 2D-42. 46, Apennines, 71, 85 , 103, 108, 111-112. 119. 69. 162.274 Ariadaeus Rille. 80 125 atmosphere. 23. 24, 35-36, 38 atmosphere. 71. 72. orbit, 101, 105 Caloris Basin, 25. 26. 28. 29, 31-32. 35. basins, 71, n 78 , 112 37.40 channels, 81 polar caps, 13, 102. 112. 114, 120, 125, craters, 24. 30-31. 36. 37, 38 Cone Crater, 84 187 density, 33 Copernicus Crater, 68, 74. 75. 78. 79 radiation, 125 Discovery Rupes, 32, 37 Cordillera Mountains, 77 rotation, 102 early observations, 21, 22 Descartes Plateau, 87 satellites, 115-117, 123, 137 formation, 33-35 distance, 6, 7, 69 , 105 ice, 3, 37, 38. 274 early observations, 69-72 size, 100 interior. 33 Eastern Sea (), 77

32\ INDEX

Moon, cont. Sea of Rains (), 68, 84, 93, density, 241 eclipses, 70, 71 94 discovery, 237-239 Flag Crater, 88 Sea of Serenity (), 68, 72, distance, 241, 242, 243 formation, 92, 93 94 early observations, 240--241 Fra Mauro, 84 Sea of Smyth (Mare Smythii), 73 Galilei, Galileo, 240 Galileo (spacecraft), 68, 95 Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquilitatis), Great Dark Spot, 236, 244, 245, 246, 251 Giordano Bruno Crater, 74 68, 71, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82 inclination, 252 gravity, 74, Sea of Vapors (Mare Vaporum), 80 interior, 236, 242, 245, 246 Hadley Rille, 85-86 size, 69, 70 magnetic field, 246, 252 human exploration, 18,97,98,99 Massif, 89, 90, 91 orbit, 241, 259-260 ice, 96-97, 274 South Ray Crater, 88 rings, 243, 244, 249-250, 253-254 Imbrium Basin, 32 South Pole- Basin, 74, 95, 96 rotation, 236, 241, 242, 245, 246 impact craters, 9, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78, 82, 92, Stone Mountain, 88 satellites, 241, 242-243, 244, 246-249, 147 Taurus-Littrow valley, 89 252-253 interior, 91 Taurus Mountains, 94 Scooter, 236, 245-246 Lemonnier Crater, 94 temperature, 72, size, 240, 241 libration, 70, 71 Tsiolkovski Crater, 73 2 (SD2), 236, 246 life, 71, 72 Tycho Crater, 68, 76, 77 spots, 236, 245, 246, 251 magnetic field, 91, 97, 98 volcanic activity, 72, 74, 78, 83, 83, 92, 93 temperature, 8, 242, 246 maria (sing. mare), (see seas) Voyager 1,95, 156 Voyager 2 mission, 241, 243-245, 247, mascons,91 water, 71, 96-97, 274 248, 250, 252 Maskelyne Crater, 81 Morabito, Linda, 159 winds, 245 moonquakes, 82, 83 Morgan, Thomas, 35 Nereid, 6, 241, 243, 248, 253 mountains, 9, Mount Hadley (Moon), 86 New Horizons, 265-267 Mount Hadley, 86 Mount Hadley Delta (Moon), 86 , 17, 138,278 Mount Hadley Delta, 86 Mt. Wilson Observatory, 24, 48,241,257 , Sir Isaac, 3, 10, II North Ray Crater, 88 Muhleman, Duane, 38 Nicholson, Seth, 25 Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum), Muses-C (see Hayabusa) North Ray Crater (Moon), 88 68, 71, 74, 75, 78, 83 MUSES Sea, 143, 144 Nozomi,19 orbit, 69, nuclear power, 16, 94, 110, 126, 151, 155, phases, 69, 70 2002 NI, 253 166, 182, 203, 223, 267 Plato Crater, 71 2003 NI, 253 Plum Crater, 87 , 249, 250 Oberon, 6, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226, 226-227 , 80, 85-86, 94 Napoleon, 282 Ocean ofStorms (Oceanus Procellarum), 68, rock types, 92-93 NASA, 15, 16, 17, 18,26,39,51,55,77,84, 71, 74, 75, 78, 83 rotation, 68, 95,98,109,138,151,155,182,191,203, Crater (Tethys), 202 seas, 71, 73, 92, 95 222, 224, 268, 274, 275, 278, 279, 282 Olbers, Wilhelm, 130 Sea of Clouds (Mare Nubium), 71, 74 NEAR Shoemaker mission, 17, 18, 138-142 Olympus Mons (Mars), 103, 108, 111-112, Sea of Crises (), 68, 93, 95 Near-Earth asteroids, 12, 95 119, 125 Sea of Fertility (), 68, Neptune, 3, 4,5,8, II, 13, 16,24, 155, 193, Oort Cloud, 8, 270 93,94 194,222,236-254,257,259-260,263, Oort, Jan, 270 Sea of (Mare Ingenii), 73-74 270 Ophelia, 229, 231 Sea of the Edge (Mare Marginis), 73 atmosphere, 236, 242, 245- 246, 252 Opportunity (rover), 121, 122-124 Sea of Muscovy (Mare Moscoviense), brightness, 240, 251, 252 Ortiz, Jose-Luis, 265 73 clouds, 236, 245, 251-252 Ostro, Steven, 12

322 INDEX

2005 PI, 263 Pluto, 4, 5, 8, 13, 24, 46, 162, 256-263, Rhea, 187. 188, 193, 194,202-203 2005 P2, 263 atmosphere, 260, 267 Rhea Mons (Venus), 61 Palermo Observatory, 129 density, 260 Riccioli, Giovanni, 71 Pallas, 130, 134, 135 discovery, 257-259 Richardson, Robert, 48 Pallene,211 distance, 259. 260 Robinson. Mark. 36, 37 , 150, 258, 265 early observations, 259, 260 , 188 (moon), 198,203,207 eclipses, 256, 260, 262 Roman Catholic Church, 9, 148 Pan Crater (Amalthea), 180 inclination, 260 Rosalind, 229. 232, 233, 234 Pandora, 203 interior, 259, 260 ROSAT, 13,274 parallax, 11-12 orbit. 259-260 Rosetta, 136, 144, 282-284 Parkes Telescope, 243 origin. 263 Rosetta Stone, 282 Pasiphae, 165 rotation, 260, 261 Royal Astronomical Society, 216 Pavonis Mons (Mars), 112 satellites, 6, 8. 13. 260. 261-263, 266, 267 . Chris, 260 Peale, Stanton, 160 size. 259, 260 Russia, 18, 19.97 Pearl, John, 159 temperature, 8, 260. 267 volcano (), 160, 173 Pluto Kuiper Express. 266 2005 SI, 209 Perdita, 232 Polydeuces. 211 Sagan, Carl, 19, 110, 118, 152 Pericles, 6 Pope, Alexander, 218, 229 Sakigake, 276 Perth Observatory, 221 Portia, 229, 232. 234 Samuel Oschin Telescope, 265 Pettengill, Gordon, 25 Potter. Andrew. 35 Saturn, 3,4,5,7,8, 13, 15, 101, 152, 154, Petit-Prince, 133 precession. II. 22 155,156,164,180,184-215,217,218, , , 25 Prometheus (moon), 203, 208 220, 222, 225, 231, 233. 262, 273 Phaethon, 137 Prometheus volcano (Io), 173 atmosphere, 188, 189, 190, 195-196,205, , 283 Proteus. 248, 249, 250 auroras, 13, 15, 196, 206 Philolaus, 5 , 134 clouds, 189, 194, 195-196, 205 Phobos (moon), 6, 19, 115-117 Psyche Crater (Eros), 140 density, 189, 190, 195 Phobos 2 (spacecraft), 116, 203 Ptolemy. Claudius, 7. 9 distance, 185, 189 Phoebe, 6. 187, 188, 203, 208, 209, 210 Puck, 6, 226, 228. 229, 232, 233 early observations, 7, 185-188 Phoebe Regio (Venus), 55 Pwyll Crater (Europa), 175 Galilei, Galileo, 185, 186 Phoenix (spacecraft), 126 Pythagoras, 5, 45 interior. 190, 195, 196 Phosphorus, 4, 45 lightning, 196,205,206 Piazzi, Giuseppe, 129-130 Quaoar,8 magnetic field, 190, 193, 198, 206-207 Picard, Jean, II 1992 QBI, 263-264 orbit, 186, 189 Pickering, William, 47, 257 2001 QR322, 254 Pioneer II, 190-193,207 Pillan Patera volcano (Io), 173 rings, 184, 185. 186, 187-188, 189, 190. Pioneer 10,16,110,136,151-152,154,157, Rabinowitz, David, 264 191, 192, 193, 194-195, 196. 197-198. 159, 160, 267 radar. 12. 16, 19,25,26.37-38,55,59-61, 202, 205, 206, 207-209, 220 Pioneer II, 16, 110, 151, 152-153, 157, 160, 62,63,96-97, 126, 133, 134,213 ring spokes, 197, 198 190-193,207,267 Ranger spacecraft. 14, 49, 73. 74 rotation, 185, 190, 207 Pioneer 12, 56 (see also Pioneer Venus) Ranger 7, 74 satellites, 186-187, 188, 191-192, 194, 198, Pioneer 13,56 (see also Pioneer Venus) Ranger 8, 73, 74 199-203. 204-205, 208, 209-215, 262 Pioneer Venus, 55-59, 60, 60, 61, 65, 275 Ranger 9. 74 size. 189. 190 planets, formation of, 10, 132, 252 Ra Patera (10), 173 spots, 190, 195-196,206 Plato Crater (Moon), 71 Reitsema, Harold. 242 storms, 13, 189, 190, 205, 206 Plum Crater (Moon), 87 Relativity. General Theory of, II. 22 temperature. 8, 196,206,207

323 INDEX

Saturn, cont. , 18,34,35,36,56-57,79,82,154, Thalassa, 250 Voyager I, 193-194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 181,206,272 Thales,4 200,203,207,213 Solomon, Sean, 40 Tharsis, 103, 108, 112 Voyager 2,193,194-195,197,199,201, South Africa, 221 Thebe, 166, 178, 179, 203,207 South Massif (Moon), 89, 90, 91 Mons (Venus), 61 winds, 195, 196,206 South Ray Crater (Moon), 88 Thera Macula (Europa), 175 Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 24, 26, 47, 103, 104 South Pole-Aitken Basin (Moon), 74, 95, 96 Thrace Macula (Europa), 175 Schmitt, Harrison, 89, 90 , 14, 15, 53, 72, 77, 79, Titan, 3, 6,16,17,19,162,186,187,188, Schr6ter, Johann, 129 93, 107,203, 276 192, 193, 194, 199-201,203,204,205, Scott, David, 85 Space Shuttle, 16, 18, 40, 97, 123, 166, 167, 212-215,222,246 Sea of Clouds (Mare Nubium), 71, 74 203, 229, 275 Titania, 6, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226, 227 Sea of Crises (Mare Crisium), 68, 93, 95 Spirit (rover), 121, 122-124 Titius, Johann, 129 Sea of Fertility (Mare Fecunditatis), 68, 93, , 265 Tohil Mons (10), 174 94 Sputnik 7, 53 Tombaugh, Clyde, 257, 258, 263 Sea of Ingenuity (Mare Ingenii), 73-74 Sromovsky, Lawrence, 252 Toutatis, 13, 133 Sea of the Edge (Mare Marginis), 73 Stafford, Tom, 80 TRACE, 20, 44 Sea of Muscovy (Mare Moscoviense), 73 Stanley, Sabine, 252 Triton, 3, 6, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, Sea of Rains (Mare Imbrium), 68, 84, 93, 94 Stardust, 138, 279-280 246-248, 252-253, 254, 263 Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis), 68, 72, 94 Steins, 144 asteroids and satellites, 211, 254 Sea of Smyth (Mare Smythii), 73 Stickney, Angelina, 115 Trujillo, Chad, 264 Sea ofTranquility (Mare Tranquilitatis), 68, Stickney Crater (Phobos), 116 Tsiolkovski Crater (Moon), 73 71,73,74,77,80,81,82 Stone Mountain (Moon), 88 Tunguska, 274 Sea of Vapors (Mare Vaporum), 80 Strom, Robert, 159 Tupan Patera (10), 172 , Pietro, 103 Subaru Telescope, 203 Tvashtar Patera (10), 174 Sedna,2 Suisei, 276 Tycho Crater (Moon), 68, 76, 77 Selene (mission), 98 Sun, 4,5, 10, 11,23,44,69,98, 148, 182, Tyre Crater (Europa), 175 Shakespeare, William, 218, 228, 229 268, 274 Shepard, Alan, 84, 85 Surveyor I, 75 2003 UB313, 8, 264-265 Sheppard, Scott, 180, 253 Surveyor 2, 75 Ulysses (spacecraft), 182, 272 Shklovsky, Iosif, 115, 150 Surveyor 3, 75, 77, 83 Umbriel, 6, 219, 222, 226, 227 Shoemaker, Eugene, 97, 140 Surveyor 4, 77 University of Hawaii Telescope, 263 Showalter, Mark, 198 Surveyor 6, 77 Uranus, 3,4,8, II, 12, 13, 16,24,129,155, Sinope, 165 Surveyor 7, 75, 76 164, 193, 194,216-234,237,238,239, Sippar Sulcus (Ganymede), 177 Swift (spacecraft), 282 240, 242, 243, 257, 260, 262, 270 Sirenum Fossae (Mars), 105 Swift Crater (Deimos), 117 atmosphere, 220, 224, 225, 232, 252 Sirius, 21 Swift, Jonathan, 115 auroras, 226 , Vesto, 219, 258 Sycorax, 232 clouds, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 232 Small Dark Spot 2 (SD2) (Neptune), 236, Synott, Steven, 166 density, 218, 224 246 discovery, 129, 217, 237 SMART-I,97-98 Taurus-Littrow valley (Moon), 89 distance, 217 Smith, Bradford, 221, 242, 245 Taurus Mountains (Moon), 94 early observations, 2) 7-219, 220 SOHO, 22, 23, 268, 274 Telesto, 203 inclination, 219, 223 Sojourner (rover), 117-119 Tempel, Ernst Wilhelm, 280 interior, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 252 Solar System, 2, 4-7, 8, 10, 11-13, 19, 129, Terrile, Richard, 150,221,223 magnetic field, 225-226, 252 155 Tethys, 187, 188, 193, 194,202,203 orbit, 219, 257

324 INDEX

Uranus. eon/. 55. 56, 57-59. 65 . 15, 16,109-110, III, 117 rings, 12. 220-222, 223. 230-231, 232. 233 Alpha Regio, 60. 61 ,110-111,113-114.116 rotation, 218-219, 225 Beta Regio. 53. 54. 60, 61 Viking 2, 110-111, 114, 116 satellites, 262, 218, 219, 222. 226-229. Cassini spacecraft. 65-66 volcanoes, 14, 15,53.54. 55,61. 62-63, 72, 232-234 coronae. 60, 61, 63-64 74, 78, 83, 83, 92. 93, 103, 108, 110, , 219, 232, 234 cloud~ 48. 51, 52-53, 57, 58-59. 65 111-112, 118, 122, 125, 159-160, size, 218 density, 47 172-174,181.213,214,227,247.248 spots, 12, 232. 233 Diana Chasma. 61. 64 Voltaire Crater (Deimos), 117 temperature, 8, 220, 225 early observations. 45--46 Voyager I. 16,95, 110, 136, 150, 153. Voyager 2 spacecraft. 12.219.222-224, Eve Corona. 60. 61 155-156,157,159,161, 162, 163. 172, 225, 22~ 228, 230. 231 Fortuna Regio. 63 175,176,178,180,193-194.195.196, winds, 225 Galileo spacecraft. 65 197, 199.200,203.207,213,267 US Naval Observatory. 115.261 Hildr Channel. 63 Voyager 2. 12. 16, 110. 136, 153, 155-156. Utopia Planitia (Mars). 110. 114 impact craters. 61-62, 64 157.160,161. 162. 163. 164, 172, 175. Ishtar Terra. 60 176.178.180,193.194-195,197,199, Valhalla (Callisto), 163, 178 Lakshmi Plateau. 61 201. 203, 207. 219, 222-224, 225, 226, (Mars), 18. 102. 107. 109. lightning. 55. 65 228.230,231,241,243-245,247,248, 112. 125 Maat Mons. 62. 63 250, 252, 267 VEGA 1.64-65,276 magnetic field. 56 Vulcan, II, 22 VEGA 2, 64-65, 275. 276 Mariner 10,27.28.51-53 asteroids, 22 Venera I. 53 Maxwell Montes. 60. 61 Venera 3. 53 Mead Crater, 64 Wasserman. Lawrence, 254 Venera 4, 50, 53 orbit. 46 Watters. Tom, 36, 37 Venera 5, 53 phases. 9, 45, 47. 147 , H. G., 72, 104 Venera 6. 53 Phoebe Regio. 55 Whipple. Fred, 272 Venera 7. 54 Rhea Mons. 61 Wildt, Rupert. 150, 190 Venera 8, 54 rotation, 48. 60 Worden, AI. 87 Venera 9. 54-55 temperature. X. 14,49,50.53. 57. 58. 63. Crater (Umbriel), 227 Venera 10, 53. 54-55 65 Venera II. 55 , 61 Xanadu. 200, 212 ,55 topography, 60. 61. 62 XMM-Newton, 13,282 Venera 13, 54, 55 transits. 12. 44. 46, 48 X-rays, 13. 274, 282 Venera 14.55 winds. 52. 54. 58-59. 64. 65 . 62 volcanic features, 14, 53, 54. 55, 6 I. 62-63 Yerkes observatory. 47 Venera 16, 62 Venus Express. 65. 66 Young, John, 87, 92 Venus, 3, 4, 7, 8, I I. 12. 14. 15. 16. 19,21, Verona Rupes (Miranda), 227, 228 Young, Tom, 191 26,27,28,34.39,44-66.101. 115, 147, Very Large Array (VLA), 38. 243 149, 155, 213. 275 Very Large Telescope (VLT). 13 Zach, Xavier von, 130 arachnoids, 62. 63 Vesta, 130. 133. 134. 135-136. 143, 144 Zethus Crater. 179 Aphrodite Terra, 60, 61. 62, 63. 65 Veverka. Joseph. 159 zodiacal , 132 atmosphere. 8, 14.44.49,50.51. 53, 54, Victoria Crater (Mars), 123 Zond 3. 77

325