Appendix I: Lunar and Planetary Missions MOON Name Country Launch date Purpose Results Pioneer 0 USA Aug. 17, 1958 Orbiter Launch failure [Unnamed] USSR Sep. 23, 1958 Impact Launch failure Pioneer I USA Oct. II, 1958 Orbiter Failed to reach escape velocity [Unnamed] USSR Oct. II, 1958 Impact Failed to reach escape velocity Pioneer 2 USA Nov. 8, 1958 Orbiter Failed to reach escape velocity [Unnamed] USSR Dec. 4, 1958 Impact Launch failure Pioneer 3 USA Dec. 6, 1958 Flyby Failed to reach escape velocity Luna I USSR Jan. 2, 1959 Impact Lunar flyby at distance of 6,400 km (3,796 mi) on Jan. 4, 1959 Pioneer 4 USA Mar. 3, 1959 Flyby Lunar flyby Mar. 4, 1959 at distance of 59,545 km (37,000 mi) [Unnamed] USSR Jun. 18, 1959 Impact Launch failure Luna 2 USSR Sep. 12, 1959 Impact Lunar impact Luna 3 USSR Oct. 4, 1959 Circumlunar Flyby at distance of 7,900 km (4,910 mi) on Oct. 6 Pioneer P-3 USA Nov. 26, 1959 Orbiter Launch failure [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 15, 1960 Circumlunar Failed to reach escape velocity [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 19, 1960 Circumlunar Launch failure Pioneer P-30 USA Sep. 25, 1960 Orbiter Launch failure Pioneer P-31 USA Dec. 15, 1960 Orbiter Launch failure Ranger 3 USA Jan. 26, 1962 Impact Flyby on Jan. 28, at distance of 36,793 km (22,862 mi) Ranger 4 USA Apr. 23, 1962 Impact Impact on lunar farside Apr. 26, no data Ranger 5 USA Oct. 18, 1962 Impact Flyby on Oct. 21, at distance of 724 km (450 mi) [Unnamed] USSR Jan. 4, 1963 Lander Failed to leave Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 3, 1963 Lander Launch failure Luna 4 USSR Apr. 2, 1963 Lander Flyby on Apr. 6, at distance of 8,500 km (5,280 mi) Kosmos 21 USSR Nov. II, 1963 Flyby Failed to leave Earth orbit 285 APPENDICES MOON contd. Name Country Launch date Purpose Results Ranger 6 USA Jan. 30, 1964 Impact Impact Feb. 2, but no data returned [Unnamed] USSR Mar. 21, 1964 Lander Failed to reach Earth orbit [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 20,1964 Lander Launch failure Ranger 7 USA Jul. 28, 1964 Impact Impact Jul. 31; returned 4,316 pictures Ranger 8 USA Feb. 17, 1965 Impact Impact Feb. 20; returned 7,137 pictures Ranger 9 USA Mar. 21,1965 Impact Impact Mar. 24; returned 5,814 pictures [Unnamed] USSR Apr. 10, 1965 Lander Failed to reach Earth orbit Luna 5 USSR May 9,1965 Lander Crashed on lunar surface Luna 6 USSR Jun. 8, 1965 Lander Flyby on Jun. 11, at distance of 161,000 km (100,625 mi) Zond 3 USSR Jul. 18, 1965 Flyby Flyby Jul. 20, at distance of 9,220 km (5,730 mi) Luna 7 USSR Oct. 4, 1965 Lander Crashed on lunar surface Luna 8 USSR Dec. 3,1965 Lander Crashed on lunar surface Luna 9 USSR Jan. 31,1966 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Feb. 3; operated until Feb. 6 Kosmos III USSR Mar. I, 1966 Orbiter Failed to leave Earth orbit Luna 10 USSR Mar. 31, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Apr. 3; operated until May 30 Surveyor 1 USA May 30,1966 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Jun. 2; operated until Jan. 7, 1967 Explorer 33 USA Jul. 1, 1966 Orbiter Entered eccentric Earth orbit Lunar Orbiter 1 USA Aug. 10, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 14; deliberately crashed on Moon on Oct. 29 Luna 11 USSR Aug. 24, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 27; operated until Oct. I Surveyor 2 USA Sep. 20, 1966 Lander Crashed on lunar surface Luna 12 USSR Oct. 22, 1966 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 25; operated until Jan. 19, 1967 Lunar Orbiter 2 USA Nov. 6,1966 Orbiter Arrived Nov. 10; deliberately crashed on Moon on Oct. 11,1967 Luna 13 USSR Dec. 21, 1966 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Dec. 24; operated until Dec. 28 Lunar Orbiter 3 USA Feb. 5, 1967 Orbiter Arrived Feb. 7; deliberately crashed on lunar surface Oct. 9 Surveyor 3 USA Apr. 17,1967 Lander Landed on Ocean of Storms Apr. 20; operated until May 4 Lunar Orbiter 4 USA May 4, 1967 Orbiter Arrived May 8; operated until Jul. 17 Surveyor 4 USA Jul. 14, 1967 Lander Contact lost during descent Lunar Orbiter 5 USA Aug. 1, 1967 Orbiter Arrived Aug. 5; deliberately crashed on Moon Jan. 31, 1968 286 APPENDICES Name Country Launch date Purpose Results Surveyor 5 USA Sep. 8, 1967 Lander Landed on Sea of Tranquility Sep. 11; operated until Dec. 16 Surveyor 6 USA Nov. 7, 1967 Lander Landed on Central Bay Nov. 10; operated until Nov. 24 Surveyor 7 USA Jan. 7, 1968 Lander Landed near Tycho Jan. 10; operated until Feb. 21 Luna 14 USSR Apr. 7, 1968 Orbiter Arrived Apr. 10; operated until Jun.jJul. Zond 5 USSR Sep. 14, 1968 Circumlunar Flyby 18 Sep. at distance of 1,950 km (1,210 mi) Zond 6 USSR Nov. 10, 1968 Circumlunar Flyby 14 Nov. at distance of 2,420 km (1,500 mi) Apollo 8 USA Dec. 21, 1968 Orbiter Arrived Dec. 24; returned to Earth Dec. 25 Crew: Borman, Lovell, Anders [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 19, 1969 Lander/rover Launch failure [Unnamed] USSR Jun. 14, 1969 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit Apollo 10 USA May 18, 1969 Orbiter Arrived May 21; returned to Earth May 24 Crew: Stafford, Young, Cernan Luna 15 USSR Jul. 13, 1969 Sample return Crashed on lunar surface Apollo II USA Jul. 16, 1969 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Jul. 19; returned to Earth Jul. 21, Landed on sample return Sea of Tranquility Jul. 20, Crew: Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins Zond 7 USSR Aug. 7, 1969 Circumlunar Flyby Aug. 10, at distance of 1,200 km (750 mi) Kosmos 300 USSR Sep. 23, 1969 Sample return Failed to leave Earth orbit Kosmos 305 USSR Oct. 22, 1969 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit Apollo 12 USA Nov. 14, 1969 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Nov. 18; returned to Earth Nov. 21, Landed sample return on Ocean of Storms Nov. 19. Crew: Conrad, Bean, Gordon [Unnamed] USSR Feb. 6, 1970 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit Apollo 13 USA Apr. II, 1970 Orbiter/lander/ Flyby Apr. 14, Crew: Lovell, Raise, Swigert sample return Luna 16 USSR Sep. 12, 1970 Sample return Landed on Sea of Fertility Sep. 20; returned to Earth Sep. 21, with 101 g (3.5 oz) of soil Zond 8 USSR Oct. 20, 1970 Circumlunar Flyby Oct. 24, at distance of 1,200 km (750 mi) Luna 17/ USSR Nov. 10, 1970 Lander/rover Landed Nov. 17; rover operated until Sep. 14, 1971, Lunokhod 1 traveling 10.54 km (6.5 mi) Apollo 14 USA Jan. 31, 1971 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Feb. 4; returned to Earth Feb. 6; landed at sample return Fra Mauro Feb. 5. Crew: Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell Apollo 15 USA Jul. 26, 1971 Orbiter/ Arrived Jul. 29; returned to Earth Aug. 4; landed at subsatellite/ Hadley-Apennine Jul. 30; released subsatellite Aug. 4. lander/rover/ Crew: Scott, Irwin, Worden sample return Luna 18 USSR Sep. 2, 1971 Sample return Contact lost during descent 287 APPENDICES MOON contd. Name Country Launch date Purpose Results Luna 19 USSR Sep. 28, 1971 Orbiter Arrived Oct. 2; operated until Oct. 1972 Luna 20 USSR Feb. 14, 1972 Sample return Landed on Sea of Fertility Feb. 21; returned to Earth Feb. 22, with 55 g (2 oz) of soil Apollo 16 USA Apr. 16, 1972 Orbiter/ Arrived Apr. 19; returned to Earth Apr. 24; landed at subsatellite/ Descartes Apr. 20; released subsatellite Apr. 24. Crew: lander/rover/ Young, Duke, Mattingley sample return Apollo 17 USA Dec. 7, 1972 Orbiter/lander/ Arrived Dec. 10; returned to Earth Dec. 14; landed at rover/sample Taurus-Littrow Dec. 11. Crew: Cernan, Schmitt, return Evans Luna 21/ USSR Jan. 8, 1973 Lander/rover Landed Jan. 15; rover operated until May 9, traveling Lunokhod 2 37 km (23 mi) Explorer 49 USA Jun. 10, 1973 Orbiter Arrived Jun. 15; no lunar data--eonducted studies of radio emissions from distant sources. Operated until Jun. 1975 Luna 22 USSR May 29,1974 Orbiter Arrived Jun. 2; operated until Sep. 2, 1975 Luna 23 USSR Oct. 28, 1974 Sample return Damaged during landing on Nov. 6, Contact lost Nov. 9 Luna 24 USSR Aug. 9,1976 Sample return Landed on Sea of Crises Aug. 18; returned to Earth Aug. 19, with 170 g of soil [Unnamed] USSR Oct. 16, 1975 Sample return Failed to reach Earth orbit Galileo USA Oct. 18, 1989 Venus, Earth Moon flyby Dec. 8, 1990 at distance of 565,000 km and asteroid (350,000 mi); Moon flyby Dec. 8, 1992, at distance of flybys, Jupiter 110,000 km (68,350 mi) orbiter/probe Hiten/Hagomoro Japan Jan. 24, 1990 Circumlunar/ First flyby Mar. 19, at distance of 16,742 km; orbiter orbiter released but contact lost Clementine USA Jan. 25, 1994 Lunar orbiter/ Arrived at Moon Feb. 19; operated until May 3 asteroid flyby Cassini-Huygens USA/ESA Oct. 15, 1997 Venus, Earth Moon flyby Aug. 18, 1999 at distance of 377,000 km and asteroid (235,625 mi) flybys, Saturn orbiter, Titan probe/lander Lunar Prospector USA Jan. 7, 1998 Orbiter Arrived Jan. II; deliberately crashed on Moon Jul. 31, 1999 288 APPENDICES Nozomi Japan Jul. 3, 1998 Earth~Moon Moon flyby Sep. 24, 1998 at distance of 2,809 km flybys, Mars (1,745 mi); 2nd flyby Dec. 18, 1998 at distance of 1,003 orbiter km (623 mi) Smart-I ESA Sep. 27. 2003 Orbiter Arrived Nov.