Index

Abulfeda crater chain (Moon), 97 Aphrodite Terra (Venus), 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Acheron Fossae (Mars), 165 Apohele asteroids, 353–354 Achilles asteroids, 351 Apollinaris Patera (Mars), 168 achondrite meteorites, 360 Apollo asteroids, 346, 353, 354, 361, 371 Acidalia Planitia (Mars), 164 Apollo program, 86, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108–109, 110, 361 Adams, John Couch, 298 Apollo 8, 96 Adonis, 371 Apollo 11, 94, 110 Adrastea, 238, 241 Apollo 12, 96, 110 Aegaeon, 263 Apollo 14, 93, 110 Africa, 63, 73, 143 Apollo 15, 100, 103, 104, 110 Akatsuki spacecraft (see Venus Climate Orbiter) Apollo 16, 59, 96, 102, 103, 110 Akna Montes (Venus), 142 Apollo 17, 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 110 Alabama, 62 Apollodorus crater (Mercury), 127 Alba Patera (Mars), 167 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), 110 Aldrin, Edwin (Buzz), 94 Apophis, 354, 355 Alexandria, 69 Appalachian mountains (Earth), 74, 270 Alfvén, Hannes, 35 Aqua, 56 Alfvén waves, 35–36, 43, 49 Arabia Terra (Mars), 177, 191, 200 Algeria, 358 arachnoids (see Venus) ALH 84001, 201, 204–205 Archimedes crater (Moon), 93, 106 Allan Hills, 109, 201 Arctic, 62, 67, 84, 186, 229 Allende meteorite, 359, 360 Arden Corona (Miranda), 291 Allen Telescope Array, 409 Arecibo Observatory, 114, 144, 341, 379, 380, 408, 409 Alpha Regio (Venus), 144, 148, 149 Ares Vallis (Mars), 179, 180, 199 Alphonsus crater (Moon), 99, 102 Argentina, 408 Alps (Moon), 93 Argyre Basin (Mars), 161, 162, 163, 166, 186 Amalthea, 236–237, 238, 239, 241 Ariadaeus Rille (Moon), 100, 102 Amazonis Planitia (Mars), 161 COPYRIGHTED Ariel,MATERIAL 20, 287, 290–291, 297 Ames Research Center, Aristarchus, 3, 4 Amirani (Io), 226–227 Aristarchus (Moon), 99, 102 Amor asteroids, 353, 354 Arizona, 400 Ananke, 238 Armstrong, Neil, 102 Andes, 70, 74 Arram Chaos (Mars), 179 Andromeda galaxy, 22 Arrhenius, Svante, 139 Andromedid meteors, 368 Arsia Mons (Mars), 168, 169 Angelina, 340 Artemis Chasma (Venus), 148 Antarctica, 58–59, 64, 66, 70, 74, 109, 138, 172, 201, 357 Artemis Corona (Venus), 148, 149 Anthe, 256 Aschera, 340 Antiope, 341 Ascraeus Mons (Mars), 165, 168, 169, 178 Apennines (Moon), 93 Asgard crater (Callisto), 235

Exploring the Solar System, First Edition. Peter Bond. © 2012 by Peter Bond. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Index 451

Asia, 66, 164, 355 Bopp, Thomas, 364 Assyrians, 185, 243 Boston University, 117 asteroids, 9, 10, 209, 239, 331, 335–357, 358, 359, 369, 370, 380, 383, Bottke, William, 346 384, 393, 400, 401, 403, 407 Brahe, Tycho, 6 composition, 340, 344, 347, 349, 351, 359 brown dwarf, 9, 383, 387, 389, 399–400 density, 337, 339, 341, 343, 344, 347, 349, 352 Brown, Mike, 8, 329 designations, 337 Brucia, 336 distances, 340 Burney, Venetia, 315 families, 339–341, 346, 349, 350 Butler, Paul, 379 gaps in main belt, 340–341 impact prevention, 356–357 Cabeus crater (Moon), 106 main belt, 9, 336, 337, 338, 343, 344, 348, 349, 351 Caliban, 297 near-Earth, 336, 342–343, 346, 351–357 California, 63, 72, 74, 329, 341, 379, 408, 409 orbits, 339–341, 346, 347, 350–351, 353–354, 393 California Institute of Technology, 329 origin, 337–338 Callanish crater (Europa), rotation, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 349, 352 Callisto, 15, 19, 20, 224, 231, 232, 234–236, 237, 239, 265, 306, 344 sample return, 342–343 Caloris Basin (Mercury), 116, 119, 122, 123, 126–127 satellites, 341, 343–344, 346, 351 Calypso, 280 search programs, 336–337 Cambridge University (UK), 298 shape, 338, 342, 344 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, 297, 344 size, 341, 342, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352 Canary Islands, 386 surfaces, 339, 352 55 Cancri, 400 types, 340 Candor Chasma (Mars), 171 Aston, Francis, 27 Canup, Robin, 19 Astraea, 336, 340 Capricornid-Sagittariid meteors, 371 astrometry, 388 carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, 359–360 astronomical unit (AU), 6, 336 Carme, 238 Aswan, 69 Cascade mountains, 70 Aten asteroids, 353, 354 Caspian Sea, 269 Athabasca Valles (Mars), 179 Cassini Division, 253, 256, 257–8 Atla Regio (Venus), 143, 149 Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 6, 253, 264, 278 Atlantic Ocean, 64, 65, 70, 73 Cassini Regio (Iapetus), 278 Atlas, 260, 279–280 Cassini mission, 21, 22, 212, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, Atlas V – Centaur rocket, 327 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, A-Train, 56 273, 274, 276, 277, 279 auroras, 49, 83–84, 154, 247, 248, 252, 253, 286, 287, 289, 306, 380 Castalia, 338 Mars and Jupiter aurora, 200-201, 221-222, 253 Cat’s Eye nebula, 50 Australia, 142, 164, 343, 359, 360 Caucasus (Moon), 93 2002 AW197, 333 Cavendish Laboratory, 27 Centauri Montes (Mars), 184 Babbar Patera volcano (Io), 226 Centaurs, 369–370, 375 Babylon, 112 Ceraunius Tholus (Mars), 165 Bach crater (Mercury), 125 Cerberus Fossae (Mars), 179, 184 Bacolor crater (Mars), 177 Cerberus Palus (Mars), 179 Baghdad Sulcus (Enceladus), 274 Ceres, 7, 8, 9, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344–345, 347, 348, 349 Baikal lake, 355 Challis, James, 298 Baltis Vallis (Venus), 147 Chandra X-ray Observatory, 104 Barbara, 341 Chandrayaan-1, 105 Barnacle Bill rock (Mars), 180 Chang’e spacecraft, 111 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 236 Chao Meng-Fu crater (Mercury), 130 Barnard’s Star, 379 Charon, 20, 89, 309, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323–324, 325, 326, 327, Barringer crater (see Meteor crater) 331, 333 Beagle 2, 202 Chasma Boreale (Mars), 173, 174 Beethoven Basin (Mercury), 125 CheshireCat, 337 Belinda, 296, 297 Chicxulub crater (Earth), 84 BepiColombo mission, 131–132 Chile, 63, 345, 386, 398, 400 Beta Pictoris, 379, 381, 382, 393 China, 70, 78, 111 Beta Regio (Venus), 144, 145, 149, 150 Chiron, 369–370 Betelgeuse, 24 chondrites, 17, 209, 287, 339, 340, 343, 359, 360, 374 Bianca, 296 Christy, James, 323 Bode’s Law, 335 chromosphere (see Sun) Bond, William, 264 Chryse Planitia (Mars), 164, 179, 195 Bondone, Giotto di, 365 circumstellar disks, 379, 381–385, 392, 393 Bonneville crater (Mars), 207 Clementine spacecraft, 94, 104, 105, 111 452 Index

Cleopatra crater (Venus), 142, 151 CoRoT-1b, 393 CloudSat, 56, 63 CoRoT-3b, 399, 400 Colette Patera (Venus), 142 CoRoT-7 system, 389, 392, 398, 399 Colombo, Giuseppe (Bepi), 114 CoRoT-9b, 387 Columbia Hills (Mars), 186, 187, 188 cosmic rays, 44, 132, 266, 320, 322, 329, 360, 407 Columbus, Christopher, 69 1995 CR, 353 coma (see comets) 2000 CR105, 332 comets, 9, 10, 130, 140, 325, 333, 335, 338, 351, 355, 356, 361, 362–378, CryoSat, 63 383, 384, 393, 407 cryovolcanism, 228, 234, 266, 270–271, 275, 276–277, 289, 291, 307, 308, albedo, 367 327, 329 coma, 362, 365, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374 Cupid, 295, 296 composition, 362, 364–365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375 cyclones, 60–61, 218, 303 density, 367, 375 disintegration, 368–369 Dactyl, 20, 341, 344 distances, 377 Dali Chasma (Venus), 143 early observations, 375–376 Damascus Sulcus (Enceladus), 274 extinct, 351, 370–371 Damocles, 371 formation, 372, 374 Damocloids, 371 Jupiter family, 376 Danu Montes (Venus), 142 Kreutz family, 371–372 Daphnis, 257, 258, 259, 279 long period, 10, 355, 356, 370, 377 Dark Spot 2 (D2) (Neptune), 303 main belt, 371, 372 D’Arrest, Heinrich, 7, 298 names, 373 Datura, 341 nucleus, 362, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368–369, 370, 372, 374–375 Davy crater chain (Moon), 97 orbits, 363, 365, 366, 371, 373, 375–377, 393 Dawes crater (Moon), 99 short period, 9, 365, 369, 371, 373, 375–377 Dawn mission, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349 size, 364, 365, 366, 367 Debussy crater (Mercury), 122 sungrazing, 42, 363, 371–372 Deccan, 74, 83 tails, 362–364, 370, 372 Deep Impact mission, 367, 374–375 Comet Biela, 368 Deep Space 1, 366 Comet Borrelly, 366, 367 Deep Space Network, 300 Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 356, 367–368 Deimos, 20, 202, 205, 209, 339 Comet Encke, 364, 372, 373, 376 Descartes plateau (Moon), 109 Comet Grigg-Skjellerup, 365 Despina, 310, 311 Comet Hale-Bopp, 363, 364, 366 Devana Chasma (Venus), 145 Comet Halley, 141, 151, 362, 366, 370, 371, 373, 375–376, 393 Diana Chasma (Venus), 142, 143 Comet Hartley 2, 366, 367 dinosaurs, 351, 354 Comet Holmes, 369 Dione, 20, 254, 261, 263, 264, 265, 274, 275–277, 280 Comet Hyakutake, 363, 364 Dione Regio (Venus), 155 Comet Ikeya-Seki, 372 Discovery Rupes (Mercury), 128, 129 Comet Linear (C/1999 S4), 368–369 Don Quijote mission, 356 Comet Machholz, 363 Doppler shift, 31, 62, 114, 135, 216, 385–386 Comet McNaught, 366 2000 DP107, 341, 343 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, 22, 239, 356, 368, 369, 373 Drake equation, 405, 409 Comet Schwassman-Wachmann 3, 368 Drake, Frank, 405, 408, 409 Comet SOHO-614, 372 Drakonia, 340 Comet Tempel 1, 366, 367, 374–375, 376 dunes, 77–78, 143, 161, 270, 271 Comet Tempel-Tuttle, 362 dwarf planets, 8–9, 314, 330, 331, 344 Comet Wild 2, 366, 372–374 Dyce, Rolf, 114 Comet Wilson-Harrington, 371 Dynamics Explorer, 84 Conamara Chaos (Europa), 228, 229 Dysnomia, 329 Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits spacecraft (see CoRoT mission) Eagle crater (Mars), 187, 206 Cook, Capt. James, 6, Earth, 4, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 24, 43, 45, 49, 50, 52–85, 88–89, 90, 95, 98, Copernicus crater (Moon), 97, 101, 106, 107 99, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 121, 128, 133, 136, 138, 140, Copernicus, Nicolaus, 6 141, 145, 147, 148, 157, 158, 174, 177, 181, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, Cordelia, 294 193, 196, 199, 204, 210, 215, 217, 221, 225, 227, 229, 239, 251, 253, Cordillera mountains (Moon), 93 266, 267, 269, 299, 306, 307, 316, 324, 328, 329, 335, 341, 346, 353, Coriolis force, 60, 199, 211, 244, 245 354, 357, 359, 360, 363, 378, 380, 401, 402, 406, 407, 408 Cornell University, 409 albedo, 56 corona (see Sun) atmosphere, 10, 54, 56–61, 307, 408 coronae (see Venus and Miranda) auroras, 49, 83–84, 253 coronal mass ejection (see Sun) axial inclination, 10, 52–53, 66 CoRoT mission, 389–390, 398 biosphere, 78–80 Index 453

clouds, 267 Envisat, 56, 62 density, 17, 67, 117 Eos asteroids, 340 deserts, 76–78, 357–358 Epimetheus, 256, 262, 263, 280 distance from Sun, 6, 52 Epsilon Eridani system, 402–404 earthquakes, 67–68, 71 equinoxes, 53, 54, 159, 282, 317, 318 El Niño, 62, 64–65 Eratosthenes, 4, 69 equinoxes, 53, 54 Eratosthenes crater (Moon), 106 exosphere, 57, 59 Erebus crater (Mars), 207 extinctions, 81, 83, 335, 351, 354, 355, 356 Erech Sulcus (Ganymede), 234 global warming, 66–67 Eris, 8, 9, 316, 329–330, 331, 333, 371 ice ages, 53, 66, 67, 407 Eros, 6, 336, 339, 340, 352–353 impacts, 80–81, 83, 351, 354–357 ERS-2, 63 interior, 67–69, 70, 71, 73 Euboea Montes (Io), 227 ionosphere, 43, 59 Eugenia, 341, 344 La Niña, 64–65 Eureka, 351 magnetic fi eld, 45, 49, 83–84, 103, 153, 221, 306 Europa, 15, 19, 20, 212, 222, 228–230, 231, 239, 308 monsoons, 66 Europe, 63, 64, 66, 389 mountains, 69, 70, 148, 149, 151, 152 European Southern Observatory (ESO), 341, 345, 381, 382, 386 oceans, 61, 63–65, 70, 74, 86, 151, 229 European Space Agency (ESA), 44, 56, 63, 83, 104, 111, 154, 356, 365, orbit, 15, 52, 53, 54, 66, 324, 407 388 ozone hole, 58–59 Eve Corona (Venus), 142 plate tectonics, 69, 70–73, 76, 84, 152, 153, 408 exoplanets, 9, 379–408 radiation belts, 84 atmospheres, 395–396, 397, 399, 408 rotation, 52, 82 composition, 387, 392–393, 394–397, 398, 399, 401 seasons, 53–54 densities, 387, 392–393, 397, 398 shape, 4, 69, 82 detection, 379, 380, 385–392 size, 4, 9, 20, 24, 67, 69, 210, 217 distances, 387, 392, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401–402, 403, 404 solstices, 53–54 formation, 379, 380 storms, 56, 60–61, 63, 196 hot Jupiters, 393–398 stratosphere, 57, 58, 79 masses, 380, 387, 393, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401–402, 403, 404 temperature, 12, 53–56, 60, 63, 66–67, 76 missions, 379, 389–392 tides, 82 moons, 404–406 troposphere, 57–58, 138 multiple systems, 387, 400–404 vegetation, 56, 78–80 orbits, 379, 380, 387, 389, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401–402, volcanoes, 56, 63, 70, 73–74, 128 403 water cycle, 77 sizes, 379, 386–387, 389, 393, 396, 397, 398, 406 winds, 59–60, 65, 66 super-Earths, 392, 398–399, 401, 406, 408 Earth Observing System, 56 temperatures, 379, 389, 393, 394, 396, 397, 398, 399, 406, 407, 408 Eberswalde crater (Mars), 182 weather, 394 eccentricity of orbits, 8, 14 extrasolar planets (see exoplanets) Echus Chasma (Mars), 171 Evpatoria, 410 eclipses (lunar or solar), 4, 30–31 Extremely Large Telescope, 388 eclipses (see Moon eclipses) ecliptic plane, 3, 5, 10, 133, 253, 282, 300, 314, 317, 332, 350, faculae (see Sun) 370 Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (see FUSE spacecraft) Ecuador, 64 Ferdinand, 297 Eddington, Arthur, 27 Ferrel cells, 59, 60 Edgeworth, Kenneth, 325, 328 Flagstaff, 314 Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt (see Kuiper Belt), Flamsteed, John, 281 Einstein, Albert, 27, 113–114 Flora asteroids, 340 Eistla Regio (Venus), 147 Florida, 62 Elliot, James, 292 Fomalhaut b, 387–388, 404 El Niño (see Earth) Fortuna Regio (Venus), 148 Elsinore Corona (Miranda), 291 Frail, Dale, 379 Elysium (Mars), 167, 178, 179, 184, 200 Fra Mauro, 93, 101, 107 Elysium Mons (Mars), 165 Francisco, 297 Enceladus, 20, 247, 251, 254, 255, 256, 261, 263, 264, 265, 271, 273–275, Fraunhofer lines, 26, 32 276, 277, 296 Freyja Montes (Venus), 142 Encke Division, 255, 255, 257, 258, 260, 279 FUSE spacecraft, 381 Encke, Johann, 298 Endeavour crater (Mars), 208 Gaea crater (Amalthea), 236 Endurance Crater (Mars), 207 Gaia mission, 356, 388 England, 355 Galatea, 310, 311, 313 enstatite chondrites, 360 Galaxy (see Milky Way) 454 Index

Galilean satellites, 222–231, 234, 236, 237, 238, 264, 287, 306, 323, 404 HD 160691 system, 400 Galilei, Galileo, 6–7, 222–223, 239, 253, 255 HD 189733b, 394, 395 Galileo spacecraft, 91, 137, 214, 216, 217, 218, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228, HD 209458, 386 229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 239–240, 241, 344 HD 80606b, 387, 393 Galileo Regio (Ganymede), 230–231, 233, 234 HD 80607, 394 Galle, Johann, 298 Hektor, 351 gamma rays, 25, 27, 28, 110, 132, 150, 186, 348, 352, 353, 356 Helene, 280 Ganges Chasma (Mars), 187 Hellas Basin (Mars), 161, 162, 165, 166, 177, 178, 186, 189, 190, 191, Ganges river, 76 192, 198, 199 Ganymed, 353 heliocentric theory, 6, 156 Ganymede, 15, 19, 20, 116, 222, 223, 224, 230–231, 236, 237, 239, 240, heliopause, 22 265, 306, 344 helioseismology, 29–32, 33, 40, 42 Gaspra, 339 heliosheath, 22 Gauss, Carl, 335 heliosphere, 21, 42 Geminid meteors, 371 Herbig Haro 30, 16 Geneva Observatory, 379 Hermes (asteroid), 337 geocentric theory, 4 Hermes (planet), 3 George III, 281 Hermite crater (Moon), 105 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (see GOES) Hero Rupes (Mercury), 129 geysers, 175, 225, 273–275, 308 Herschel crater (Mimas), 275, 276 Gilgamesh Basin (Ganymede), 231 Herschel, Caroline, 281 Giotto spacecraft, 365 Herschel, Sir John GJ 1214b, 398–399, 406 Herschel, Sir William, 7, 25, 264, 281, 282, 287, 335 Gliese 581 system, 400, 401, 402, 407, 408, 410 Hesperia Planum (Mars), 161, 191 Gliese 876 system, 388 Hesperus, 3 Global Oscillation Network Group, 29, 31 Hey, James, 25 globular cluster, 409 Hi’iaka, 331 GOES (satellites), 45, 47, 56 Hi’iaka Patera (Io), 227 Goldstone, 341, 345 High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (see HARPS) Gondwana, 72–73, 80 Hilda asteroids, 340, 341 GONG (see Global Oscillation Network Group) Himalayas, 66, 70, 73, 74, 76 Grand Canyon, 78, 170 Himalia, 238 gravitational microlensing, 388–389 Himeros (Eros), 352, 353 gravity, 7, 82, 89–90, 215, 298, 299, 323, 337, 339, 341, 351, 360, 377, Hinode (spacecraft), 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 43, 47, 48–49, 50 380, 388–389 Hipparchus, 4 gravity tractor, 357 Hirayama families, 340 Great Dark Spot (see Neptune) Hirayama, Kiyotsugo, 340 Great March Comet, 363 Hiroshima, 355 Great Red Spot (see Jupiter) Hoba meteorite, 358 Greek astronomy, 3, 4, 69, 362 Hokusai crater (Mercury), 122 Green Bank Telescope, 408 Home Plate (Mars), 207 Greenland, 66, 67, 172 Homer, 351 Grimaldi crater (Moon), 102 Hooke, Robert, 216 Gruithuisen domes (Moon), 97 Hooker telescope, 350 Guinevere Planitia (Venus), 142 HR 8799 system, 387, 400, 404 Gulf of Mexico, 62, 63 Hubble Space Telescope, 173, 198, 219, 223, 224, 245, 249, 252, 283, 293, Gulf Stream, 63 294, 295, 302, 303, 304, 309, 312, 313, 316, 318, 319, 320, 323, 324, Gusev crater (Mars), 186, 187, 188, 193, 206 338, 341, 344, 347, 349, 350, 366, 368, 369, 381, 382, 387, 388, 396 hurricanes (see Earth, storms) habitable zone, 12, 54, 401, 402, 405, 406–408 Husband Hill (Mars), 207 Hadley cells, 59, 60, 138, 139, 197, 199 Huygens, Christiaan, 253, 255, 256 Hadley Rille (Moon), 95, 100, 109 Huygens (probe), 261, 269, 272–273 Hadriaca Patera (Mars), 167 Hydra, 324, 325 Hale, Alan, 364 Hyperion, 20, 261, 264, 265, 277, 278, 310 Halimede, 310 Hall, Asaph, 205 Iapetus, 20, 264, 265, 278–279 Halley, Edmond, 373, 375–376 IBEX mission, 21 Hamlet crater (Oberon), 289 Icarus, 353 HARPS, 386, 398 Iceland, 70, 74 Haumea, 330, 331, 333 Ida, 20, 239, 341, 344 Hawaii, 73–74, 145, 167, 168, 227, 326, 336, 344 Idunn Mons (Venus), 155 Hayabusa, 339, 342–343 Iliad, 351 HD 10180, 400, 401–402 Imbrium Basin (Moon), 101, 106, 107 HD 149026b, 394–395 Imdr Regio (Venus), 155 Index 455 impact basins and craters, 80, 81, 83, 90–94, 95, 96, 97, 98–99, 101, 106, shape, 210, 212 107, 112, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124–127, 128, 129, 130, 143, 146, 148, size, 210, 212, 400 158, 160, 161–164, 228, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 270, 271, storms, 212, 213, 216–219, 247, 302 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 temperature, 12, 214, 216, 219, 220, 250 India, 70, 74, 76, 83, 111 Trojans, 351 Indian Ocean, 65, 66 Voyager 1 mission, 217, 224, 232–233 Indonesia, 64, 70 Voyager 2 mission, 213, 232–233 interferometry, 341, 388, 391 winds, 212, 216, 218, 244, 301 International Astronomical Union (IAU), 8, 9, 282, 297, 323, 331, 354, 373 Kaguya mission, 91, 111 International Cometary Explorer (ICE), (see ISEE-3) Kasei Valles (Mars), 171, 177 International Sun-Earth Explorer, (see ISEE-3) Katrina (hurricane), 62 International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 286 Kawelu Planitia (Venus), 142 interplanetary dust, 363 Keck telescopes, 227, 250, 284, 295, 323, 329, 344, 387 Inverness Corona (Miranda), 291, 293 Keeler Gap, 257, 279 Io, 15, 19, 20, 98, 221–222, 223, 224–228, 234, 236, 239 Kepler 9b, 387 Ioffe, 350 Kepler 11 system, 400–401 ion propulsion, 111, 342, 343, 348 Kepler crater (Moon), 107 iron meteorites, 360 Kepler, Johannes, 6, 14–15, 113, 255 Irwin, James, 100 Kepler spacecraft, 379, 387, 390–391, 405 Ishtar Terra (Venus), 142–143, 144 Kirkwood, Daniel, 340 Isidis Basin (Mars), 165, 166 Kirkwood gaps, 340–341, 351 Italy, 63, 354 Kitt Peak Observatory, 376 Ithaca Chasma (Tethys), 275 Kleyna, Jan, 280 Itokawa, 339, 340, 342–343 Koronis asteroids, 340 Ius Chasma (Mars), 171 Kowal, Charles, 369 Ixion, 328 Kozyrev, Nikolai, 102 Kraken Mare (Titan), 269 James Webb Space Telescope, 405 Kreutz, Heinrich, 371 Janus, 256, 262, 263, 280 Ksa crater (Titan), 270 Japan, 70, 74, 91, 111, 131, 154, 300, 339, 342–343, 389 Kuiper Airborne Observatory, 292 Jason crater (Phoebe), 279 Kuiper Belt, 6, 9–10, 11, 19, 20, 89, 279, 309, 314, 316, 323, 324, 325– Jason (satellite), 62 334, 337, 370, 371, 374, 377, 378, 402, 404 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 379 atmospheres, 331 jet streams, 57–58, 59, 138, 191, 192, 199, 211, 212, 216, 243, 244, 245, binaries, 333–334 246, 248, 285, 301 brightness, 333 Jewitt, David, 280, 329 colors, 328, 329 2004 JG6, 354–355 compositions, 323–324, 329, 330, 331, 333 Juno, 7, 336, 340, 350 formation, 324–325, 328, 333 Jupiter, 5, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, 44, 53, 101, 156, 210–242, 243, 244, 246, orbits, 328–329, 330, 332, 333, 334 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 283, 285, 287, 301, 302, 323, 327, 335, satellites, 329, 330, 331, 333 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 350, 351, 356, 368, 369, 377, 379, 387, 393, sizes, 330, 331, 333 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, 408 temperatures, 333 atmosphere, 215, 219, 240, 248 types, 328–329 auroras, 221–222, 253 Kuiper crater (Mercury), 122 clouds, 211–212, 214, 216–218, 219, 248 Kuiper, Gerard, 287, 309, 315, 325, 328 composition, 212, 214, 215, 219–220, 250, 285 density, 210, 285 Lagrangian points, 280, 350, 351 distance, 210, 211 Lakshmi Planum (Venus), 142, 144, 149 early observations, 210 Landsat, 56, 78 gravity, 215, 337, 338 La Niña (see Earth) Great Red Spot, 212, 213, 214, 216–218, 219, 247 Laomedeia, 310 interior, 210, 219–220, 249–250 Larissa, 310, 311 ionosphere, 222, 223 La Silla, 386, 398 lightning, 212, 216, 217 Lassell, William, 264, 287, 306 magnetic fi eld, 210, 219, 220–222, 223, 236, 247, 251 Late Heavy Bombardment, 19, 97, 101, 123, 129, 160, 335 orbit, 10, 15, 18, 210 Latona Corona (Venus), 149 radiation belts, 210, 224, 236 Laurasia, 72–73 radio emissions, 220, 247 LCROSS mission, 106, 111 Red Spot Junior, 218–219 Lei-Kung Fluctus volcano (Io), 225 rings, 238, 241 Leonid meteors, 362 rotation, 210, 212, 243 Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, 113, 298 satellites, 6–7, 210, 212, 221, 222–231, 232, 233, 234–238, 239, Libya, 358 241 Libya Linea (Europa), 229 456 Index life in Solar System, 23, 78–81, 83, 156, 187, 189, 194, 200, 201, 202, atmosphere, 10, 163, 166, 172, 184, 188, 190, 191, 192, 195–199, 200, 203–205, 229, 230, 266, 355, 359, 406, 407 204, 361, 406 life in other planetary systems, 391, 394, 399, 406–408 auroras, 200–201 Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program axial inclination, 10, 157–158, 185 (see LINEAR program) canals, 170, 314 Lincoln Laboratory, 336 canyons, 170–171, 172, 174, 187, 202 LINEAR program, 336 channels, 161, 171, 178–179, 180, 181–182, 183, 184, 188, 206 Lissauer, Jack, 296 clouds, 173, 191, 196, 197, 198, 199 Loki volcano (Io), 225–226 composition, 158, 180, 186–188, 201, 206 London, 355 density, 158 Lost City meteorite, 359 deserts, 188–190 Louisiana, 62 distance, 156, 196 Louros Valles (Mars), 171 dunes, 161, 168, 172, 173, 189, 194, 195, 202 Lowell, A. Lawrence dust devils, 172, 189, 193, 195 Lowell Observatory, 102, 314, 315, 376 dust storms, 159, 172, 191–192, 195, 199, 202 Lowell, Percival, 314, 315, 316 early observations, 3, 5, 6, 156, 189 Lowry, Stephen, 346 geological history, 160–161, 187, 188 Lucey, Paul, 122 glaciation, 160, 161, 162, 170, 174, 176–178 Lucifer, 3 gravity, 158, 164 Luna program, 3, 86, 90, 109 gullies, 182–183, 184, 202 Lunae Planum (Mars), 165 highlands, 160, 161, 164, 172, 179, 183, 184, 206 Lunar Orbiter spacecraft, 93, 108 ice ages, 158, 177 Lunar Prospector, 92, 96, 106, 111 impact craters, 101, 160, 161–163, 164, 172, 175–176, 177, 178, 182, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, 111 187, 189, 194 Lunar Roving Vehicle, 102, 109, 110 interior, 158, 160, 165 Lunokhod rovers, 110, 111 ionosphere, 166, 199–200 Luu, Jane, 326, 329 life on, 156, 187, 189, 194, 200, 201, 202, 203–205, 406, 407 lowlands, 160, 161, 164, 168, 172, 183, 184, 186 2M1207b, 387, 401 magnetic fi eld, 160, 165–167, 200–201 M13 globular cluster, 409 meteorites, 167, 186, 201, 359, 360–361, 407 Maat Mons (Venus), 143, 144, 146 mountains, 164 Ma’adim Vallis (Mars), 206 ocean, 161, 183–186, 197, 200 Mab, 295, 296 orbit, 15, 156, 157 Magellan (spacecraft), 141, 142, 144, 145, 151, 154, 155 permafrost, 161, 175, 199, 203 magnetic fi elds, 21, 28, 33, 36–40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 83–84, polar caps, 158, 172–175, 183, 191, 195, 196, 199 103–104, 110, 119, 120–121, 131, 153–154, 160, 165–167, polygons, 170, 182, 183 200–201, 210, 219, 220–222, 223, 228, 231, 236, 243, 247, precipitation, 177, 197 250–252, 253, 265, 266, 271, 273, 282, 286–287, 288, 289, 291, radiation, 195 300, 305–306, 363 rotation, 156 Magnya, 340 satellites, 202, 205, 208–209 Mahilani Plume (Triton), 308 seasons, 10, 156–157, 159, 172, 191, 192, 196 Makemake, 330, 331 shape, 158 Mangala Valles (Mars), 181 size, 9, 116, 159 Marcy, Geoffrey, 379 tectonics, 164–165, 171 Marduk volcano (Io), 225 temperature, 12, 116, 156, 172, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 199 Mare Crisium, 94 topography, 161, 162, 164, 185, 199 Mare Fecunditatis, 97 Trojans, 351 Mare Humorum, 94, 95 volcanic activity, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167–169, 174, 187, 188, 194, Mare Imbrium, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 106, 107, 109 201, 202 Mare Muscoviense, 93 water, 161, 162, 171, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181–182, 183–188, 199, 201, Mare Nectaris, 94, 106 203, 204, 206, 207, 209 Mare Nubium, 93, 94, 95 winds, 162, 168, 174, 190, 191–193, 196, 197, 199 Mare Orientale, 93, 94, 106 Mars (Soviet spacecraft), 180 Mare Serenitatis, 94 Mars Exploration Rovers (see also Spirit rover and Opportunity rover), Mare Smythii, 94 189, 193, 206–208 Mare Tranquillitatis, 93, 94, 101 Mars Express, 165, 171, 189, 191, 200, 202–203 Margaret, 297 Mars Global Surveyor, 166, 177, 183, 185, 186, 189, 192, 198, 200, 201, Marianas Trench, 70 202 Mariner 4, 202 Mars Observer, 202 Mariner 9, 170, 191, 202 Mars Odyssey, 170, 177, 186, 196, 202 Mariner 10, 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 127, 136, 137 Mars Pathfi nder, 179, 186, 199 Mars, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 96, 101, 112, 143, 156–209, 317, 332, 335, Mars Phoenix (see Phoenix mission) 336, 337, 348, 350, 351, 353, 359, 360–361, 380, 402, 406, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, 164, 174, 178, 186, 203, 209 407 Marte Vallis (Mars), 179 Index 457

Maskelyne crater (Moon), 94 MOA, 389 Massachusetts, 336, 409 MOA-2003-BLG-53Lb, 389 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 336 MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, 389 mass driver, 357 Moon, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 19, 20, 30–31, 82, 86–111, 114, 122, 123, 128, 156, Mathilde, 339, 352 168, 215, 224, 287, 316, 318, 324, 329, 337, 351, 359, Mauna Loa, 73–74, 145 360–361, 405, 406 Maunder Minimum, 40 age, 101, 106 Maxwell Gap, 260 albedo, 88, 91, 318 Maxwell, James Clerk, 144, 255 atmosphere, 106, 110 Maxwell Montes (Venus), 142, 144, 149, 151 axial inclination, 87 Mayor, Michel, 379 density, 89, 107, 120 Mead crater (Venus), 143, 146 distance, 4, 6, 30, 82, 86–87 Medusae Fossae (Mars), 168 early observations, 3, 4, 90 Menrva crater (Titan), 270 eclipses, 87, 88–89, 90 Mercury, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 17, 50, 84, 96, 112–132, 168, 224, 380, 386, 393, formation, 19, 106, 107–108, 329, 405 399, 402 gravity, 89–90, 92, 93, 215 atmosphere, 10, 117, 130, 131 highlands, 90, 91, 92, 95–97, 101, 104, 106, 118, 121, 361 axial inclination, 10 ice, 105–6 composition, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 130, 132 impact features, 90, 91, 93–94, 97, 98–99, 101, 105, 106 craters, 121, 123, 124–125, 126, 127, 128, 129 interior, 94, 103, 106 density, 17, 117 libration, 86, 87 early observations, 112 magnetic fi eld, 103–104, 110 formation, 117, 119–120 maria, 90, 91, 93, 94–95, 96, 104, 106, 122, 125 impact basins, 125–127 mascons, 91–93 interior, 117, 120, 121 meteorites, 109, 359, 360–361 magnetic fi eld, 119, 120–121, 131 moonquakes, 103 mountains, 127 mountains, 93, 94 orbit, 112–113, 114–116 orbit, 7, 15, 30–31, 87, 107, 324 phases, 113, 114 phases, 30, 87–88 plains, 122, 123, 128, 129 regolith, 102, 104, 110 rotation, 114–116, 129 rilles, 94–95, 100, 102 scarps, 123, 128–129 rock types, 95–96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106 size, 9, 117, 119, 129, 224 rotation, 86, 114–116, 119 temperature, 12, 116 shape, 86 transits, 114, 386 size, 4, 20, 91, 317 volcanic activity, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 168 tectonics, 96 water ice, 129–130, 132 temperature, 89 Meridiani Planum (Mars), 188, 190, 206 topography, 90–91, 93, 94, 96 Merline, William, 341 transient lunar phenomena, 102 MESSENGER mission, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 130–132 volcanic activity, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99–100, 101, 128, 168 Messier craters (Moon), 97 water, 96, 104, 105–106 methane cycle, 266 Morabito, Linda, 225 Metis, 238, 241 mountains, 69, 70, 93, 94, 127, 142, 148, 149, 151, 152, 164, 227, 270, Meteor crater (Earth), 81 278–279 meteorites, 17, 96, 102, 104, 109, 116, 121, 130, 140, 143, 201, 203, 209, Mount Everest, 70, 142, 168, 227, 278, 292 287, 335, 340, 343, 351, 357–361, 363, 374 Mount Fuji, 74 meteors, 102, 199, 361–362, 363, 368, 370, 371 Mount Haleakala, 336 Meteosats, 56 Mount Pinatubo, 74, 75 Methone, 256 Mount St. Helens, 74 Mexico, 351, 359, 360 Mozamba crater (Triton), 308 Microlensing Follow-Up Network (MicroFUN), 400 Mt. Wilson Observatory, 117, 350 Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (see MOA) mu Arae (see HD 1606910 system) micrometeorites, 363 Murchison meteorite, 359 migration of planetary orbits, 18–19, 282, 316, 325, 338, 341, 351, 393, MUSES Sea (Itokawa), 342 398 Milankovitch, Milutin, 66 Naiad, 310, 311 Milky Way, 22, 23–24, 377, 389, 390, 391, 400, 409, 410 Namaka, 331 Millis, Robert, 292 Namibia, 358 Mimas, 20, 154, 257–258, 263, 264, 265, 275, 276 Naples, 63 Minor Planet Center, 337 NASA, 35, 50, 56, 63, 84, 105, 108, 111, 130, 135, 136, 152, 154, 180, 194, Minovich, Michael 202, 204, 239, 300, 327, 336, 337, 341, 344, 348, 349, 352, 355, 356, Miranda, 287, 289, 291–293, 295, 296 366, 372, 381, 390, 391, 408 Mississippi, 62 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 379 Mississippi river, 179 National Solar Observatory, 40 458 Index

NEAR Shoemaker mission, 339, 340, 352–353 oceans, 22, 61, 63–65, 70, 74, 86, 140, 151, 161, 183–186, 197, 200, 228– near-Earth asteroids (see asteroids) 230, 231, 234–235, 236, 265, 266, 269, 322, 323, 399, 405, 406, 407, near-Earth objects (NEOs), 354–355 (see also asteroids, 408 near-Earth) Oceanus Procellarum, 94, 96, 101, 102 nebular hypothesis, 10 Odysseus crater (Tethys), 275, 276 Nectaris Basin, 106, 107 OGLE, 389 Neptune, 7–8, 12, 20, 113, 116, 220, 232, 244, 247, 248, 283, OGLE-2003-BLG-235, 389 285, 286, 298–313, 314, 316, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, 389 330, 332, 334, 338, 370, 371, 376, 377, 386, 392, 398, 401, O′ Keefe, J. A., 347 408 Olbers, Wilhelm, 335 atmosphere, 244, 299, 300–304 Old Faithful, 225 auroras, 306 Oljato, 371 axial inclination, 10, 299 Olympus Mons (Mars), 145, 161, 166, 168, 169, 191 brightness, 299 2000 OO67, 332 clouds, 299, 301–304, 309 Oort Cloud, 10, 11, 332, 334, 370, 371, 376, 377–378 composition, 299, 301, 302 Oort, Jan, 377 density, 299 Ophelia, 294 discovery, 7–8, 298 Ophiuchus, 385 distance, 298 Opportunity rover, 187, 188, 190, 192, 196, 206–208 formation, 285 Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (see OGLE) Great Dark Spot, 300, 302, 303, 304 optical SETI, 409 interior, 220, 305, 306 2007 OR10, 331 magnetic fi eld, 247, 300, 305–306 orbital elements, 8, 14 orbit, 298, 299, 338 Orcus, 328, 331 rings, 300, 306, 309, 311–313 Orientale Basin, 106 rotation, 299 Orion Nebula, 13, 16, 381, 382, 383 satellites, 300, 306–310, Oval BA (see Jupiter, Red Spot Junior) seasons, 299, 303 Ovda Regio (Venus), 143, 149 shape, 299 size, 299 Pacifi c Ocean, 64, 65, 70 spots, 283, 284, 300, 302–304 Paddack, S. J., 347 temperature, 12, 248, 286, 299, 301, 305, 306 Palermo Observatory, 315, 335 Trojans, 351 Palermo Scale, 354 Voyager 2 mission, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, Pallas, 7, 335–336, 337, 349–350 307, 308, 310, 311, 312 pallasite meteorites, 360 winds, 301–302 Pallene, 262, 263 Nereid, 20, 309–310 Palomar Observatory, 329 Neso, 310 Pan (satellite), 257, 258, 259, 260, 279–280 Neuschwanstein meteorite, 359 Pan crater (Amalthea), 236 neutron star, 379, 380, 392 Pandora, 260, 280 Newfoundland, 63 Pan-STARRS, 336 New Horizons mission, 327 Pantheon Fossae (Mercury), 127 New Mexico, 336 parallax, 5–6 Newton Basin (Mars), 183 Parga Chasma (Venus), 145 Newton, Sir Isaac, 7, 113, 215, 356 Parkes Telescope, 300, 408 New Zealand, 389 Pasiphae, 238 Nile river, 147 Patroclus asteroids, 351 Nili Fossae (Mars), 187 Pavonis Mons (Mars), 167, 168, 169 Nilosyrtis (Mars), 191 Peary crater (Moon), 105 Nix, 324, 325 PECO, 391 NOAA, 45 Peekskill meteorite, 358 Noachis Terra (Mars), 161 51 Pegasi, 379 Noctis Labyrinthus (Mars), 168, 171 Pele volcano (Io), 224, 225, 226 NORC, 337 Perdita, 295, 296 North America, 64, 66, 70 Perth Observatory, 292 North Atlantic Drift, 63 Peru, 63, 64 North Massif (Moon), 110 Pettengill, Gordon, 114 North Sea, 185 Petit-Prince, 341, 344 Norway, 63 2000 PH5, 346 nuclear power, 44, 327 Phaethon, 338, 351, 353, 361, 371 Nullarbor Plain, 359 Philae, 368 Philippines, 70, 74, 75 Oberon, 20, 282, 287, 289, 290, 297 Phobos, 20, 202, 205, 208–9 occultations, 6, 265, 292, 293, 307, 316, 318, 320, 321, 323 Phoebe, 20, 255, 256, 261, 263, 264, 265, 279, 280 Index 459

Phoebe Regio (Venus), 150 protoplanets, 13, 16, 19, 344, 348, 349 Phoenix mission, 170, 197, 208 PSR B1257 + 12, 379, 380 Pholus, 370 Psyche, 340 Phosphorus, 3 Psyche crater (Eros), 352, 353 photosphere (see Sun) Puck, 20, 296 photosynthesis, 56 Puerto Rico, 341, 379, 380, 408, 409 Piazzi crater, 344 pulsars, 379, 380, 410 Piazzi, Giuseppe, 7, 335 Pupil-mapping Exoplanet Coronagraphic Observer (see PECO) Piazzia, 337 Pwyll crater (Europa), 228, 229 Picard, Jean, 6 Pickering, William, 264 Quaoar, 323, 328, 330–331, 337 Pillan Patera volcano (Io), 225, 226 1992 QB1, 326, 329 Pinatubo (volcano), 74, 75 2001 QT297, 333 Pioneer 10, 224, 410 Queen’s University, Belfast, 346 Pioneer 11, 251, 254, 260, 410 Queloz, Didier, 379 Pioneer 12 (see Pioneer Venus) Pioneer 13 (see Pioneer Venus) R/2004 S1, 260 Pioneer Venus, 137, 138, 142, 144, 152–153 R/2004 S1, 260 plage (see Sun) Rachmaninov crater (Mercury), 125, 127 planetesimals, 9, 13, 17–19, 107, 108, 123, 282, 286, 309, 325, 328, 337, radar, 6, 62–63, 105, 111, 116, 121, 129, 130, 135, 141–142, 143, 144, 338, 362, 371, 383 145, 146, 147, 148, 152, 154, 155, 174, 178, 203, 261, 269, 270, 341, planets, defi nition of, 7–9 343, 345 formation of, 9–10, 13, 16–18, 335, 337, 344, 348, 359, 362, 378, 383– Radzievskii, V. V., 347 385, 395, 404 Ramsey, W., 285 migration of (see migration of planetary orbits) Ranger spacecraft, 108 Plato crater (Moon), 93, 106 Red Sea, 70 Pleiades, 5 red dwarf, 386, 387, 389, 399, 401, 406, 405, 407, 408 Plutinos, 328, 330 red giant, 397 Pluto, 8, 9, 12, 15, 20, 300, 306, 307, 309, 314–325, 326, 327, 328, 329, Relativity, General Theory of, 113–114 330, 331, 332, 333, 371, 376, 387 Rembrandt Basin (Mercury), 125 albedo, 317, 318, 321 Remus, 343, 345 atmosphere, 315, 320, 321, 322, 327 resonances (orbital), 18, 114–115, 129, 237, 257–258, 274, 277, 294, 311, axial inclination, 317, 318 316, 324, 328, 341 composition, 320, 322–323, 330 Rhea, 20, 254, 261, 263, 264, 277 density, 322 Rhea Mons (Venus), 145 discovery, 314–315 Rhea Sylvia, 343 distance, 316, 387 Richer, Jean, 6 eclipses, 316, 318, 321 rings, 238, 241, 244, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255–260, 261, 273, 277, 279, interior, 322–323 280, 282, 283, 284, 287, 293–295, 296 ocean, 322, 323 Ritter, Johann, 25 orbit, 15, 316, 321 Robinson, Mark, 122 origin, 324–325, 326 Roche Division, 260 rotation, 317 Roche, Edouard, 256 satellites, 20, 89, 309, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323–324, 325, 326, Roche limit, 256, 262, 295, 311 327, 331, 333 Roman Catholic Church, 7 seasons, 317–318, 319, 320 Romulus, 343, 345 size, 9, 315–316, 324, 329, 331, 332 Rook mountains (Moon), 93 temperature, 12, 320, 321, 322, 323–324 Rosalind, 295 Plutoids, 331 ROSAT, 364 Polydeuces, 280 Rosetta, 340, 356, 367–368 Pope, Alexander, 297 Royal Greenwich Observatory, 41 Portia, 295 Rozhdestvensky crater (Moon), 105 precession, 54, 113, 136 1996 RQ20, 328 Pribram meteorite, 358 RT-70 telescope, 410 Project OZMA, 408 Ruach Planitia (Triton), 309 Project Phoenix, 408 Rupes Recti (see Straight Wall) Prometheus (moon), 260, 261, 280 Rutherford, Ernest, 27 Prometheus volcano (Io), 226 1997 RX9, 328 Promethei Terra (Mars), 177, 193 prominences (see Sun) S/2011 P1 (P4), 324, 325 proplyds (see protoplanetary disks) S/2004 S6, 262 Prospero, 297 Sacajawea Patera (Venus), 143 Proteus, 310 Sahara desert, 78, 357 protoplanetary disks, 13, 16, 19, 382, 383 Sagan, Carl, 194 460 Index saltation, 76–77, 139, 190 Shorty crater (Moon), 95 Samuel Oschin Telescope, 329 Showalter, Mark, 296 San Andreas, 72 Siberia, 81, 83, 84, 355 Sandia National Laboratories, 356 Sierra Nevada, 74 San Francisco State University, 379 Sikhote-Alin, 355 Santa Maria Rupes (Mercury), 129 SIM Lite, 391 Sao, 310 Sinus Aestuum (Moon), 99 Saturn, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 53, 210, 220, 221, 232, 243–280, 283, Sippar Sulcus (Ganymede), 234 285, 287, 301, 311, 323, 351, 370, 392, 401, 402, 407, 408 Sirenum Terra (Mars), 183 atmosphere, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250 Sirius, 112 auroras, 247, 248, 252, 253 Sirsalis Rille (Moon), 101 axial inclination, 10, 243, 244, 248 Sisyphus, 353 clouds, 244–246, 248, 253, 261 SMART-1, 104, 111 composition, 243, 246, 249–250, 251 Smith, Bradford A., 379 density, 17, 243, 249, 285 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 337 distance, 5, 6, 243 SNC meteorites, 201, 361 early observations, 243, 255, 256 Socorro, 336 interior, 220, 245, 249–250 SOHO spacecraft, 5, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 363, lightning, 248 372 magnetic fi eld, 243, 247, 250–252, 253, 265, 266, 273 Sojourner rover, 180 orbit, 15, 18, 243 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (see SOHO) radiation belts, 252–253, 287 Solar Dynamics Observatory, 35, 50 radio signals, 247, 248, 251, 253 solar cycle (see Sun, sunspot cycle) rings, 244, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255–260, 261, 273, 277, 279, 280, solar fl ares (see Sun) 296 solar nebula, 13, 16, 19, 23, 107, 117, 119, 141, 158, 214, 285, 328, 337, ring spokes, 254, 259–260 359, 374, 375 rotation, 244, 247 Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (see STEREO) satellites, 19, 247, 251, 264–280, 311 solar sail, 357 seasons, 243, 244, 245, 248, 253, 256, 265–266, 267–268 solar wind, 21, 42–43, 44, 45, 49, 83, 102, 110, 130, 153, 166, 199, 200– shape, 243 201, 221, 222, 251, 253, 287, 300, 334, 363, 364, 365 size, 9, 243, 244 solstices, 53–54, 69, 159, 197, 267, 282, 317 spots, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248 Sotra Facula (Titan), 270, 271 storms, 245, 246–248, 249 South America, 70, 73 temperature, 12, 243–244, 245, 248, 250, 251, 257 South Pole-Aitken Basin (Moon), 90, 92, 94, 96, 104, 161 Voyager 1, 247, 254 Southwest Research Institute, 341, 346 Voyager 2, 247, 254–255, 265, 272 Soviet space program, 108, 109, 152, 180, 191, 365 winds, 243, 244–246, 248, 301 Space Interferometry Mission, 391 Schröter, Johann, 335 Space Shuttle, 44, 75, 239 Schwabe, Heinrich, 39 spicules (see Sun) Scottish Highlands, 74 Spirit rover, 186, 188, 193, 196, 197, 199, 206–208 Sea of Clouds (see Mare Nubium) Spitzer Space Telescope, 263, 264, 366, 368, 369, 375, 383, 384, 385, 394, Sea of Crises (see Mare Crisium) 395, 405 Sea of Fertility (see Mare Fecunditatis) Stanford University, 204 Sea of Ingenuity (see Mare Ingenii) Stardust (mission), 367, 372–374, 375 Sea of the Margin (see Mare Marginis) Steins, 340 Sea of Muscovy (see Mare Moscoviense) Stephano, 297 Sea of Rains (see Mare Imbrium) STEREO (spacecraft), 49–50, 130, 364 Sea of Serenity (see Mare Serenitatis) Stickney crater (Phobos), 208–209 Sea of Smyth (see Mare Smythii) stony-iron meteorites, 360 Sea of Tranquillity (see Mare Tranquilitatis) Straight Wall (Moon), 95 Sea of Vapors (see Mare Vaporum) Sudan, 359 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (see SETI) Sumeria, 112 Sedna, 11, 331, 332, 378 Sun, 3, 23–51, 67, 82, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 133, 134, 140, 197, 247, Selk crater (Titan), 270, 271 250, 266, 359, 363, 364, 372, 380, semimajor axis, 8, 14 axial inclination, 24, SERENDIP, 408 black dwarf stage, 51 Setebos, 297 chromosphere, 28, 32–33, 34, 39 SETI, 408–410 composition, 26–27, 28, 250, 359 SETI Institute, 408 corona, 25, 28, 30, 31, 34–36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 372 Shackleton crater (Moon), 105 coronal heating, 33, 35–36, 42, 48 Shakespeare, William, 297 coronal mass ejections, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49–50, 364 shepherd moons, 260, 261, 262, 289, 294, 311 density, 28, 29 Sheppard, Scott, 280 eclipses of, 30–31 Shoemaker, Eugene, 352 faculae, 32, 38 Index 461

fl ares, 25, 33, 35, 42, 43–47, 48 Torino Scale, 354 formation of, 23 Toro, 353 gamma rays, 43 Toutatis, 338, 341, 345, 353 granulation, 32 TRACE, 34 interior, 27–29, 41 Tractus Catena (Mars), 165 magnetic fi eld, 21, 28, 33, 36–40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 363 Tractus Fossae (Mars), 165 mass, 7, 10 Trans-atlantic Exoplanet Survey (TrES), 397 nuclear fusion, 26–27, 50 transits, 6, 114, 133–135, 386–387, 394, 395, 398, 405 photosphere, 32, 36, 37, 38, 43, 46, 47 TrES 4, 392, 397 plage, 32–33, 38 Trinculo, 297 planetary nebula stage, 22, 50 Triton, 20–21, 300, 306–309, 310, 325 prominences, 25, 30, 35, TRMM spacecraft, 63 red giant stage, 22, 50–51, 407 Trojans (asteroids and satellites), 280, 336, 340, 350–351 rotation, 10, 24, 247 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (see TRMM) size, 4, 9, 24, 50–51 Tsiolkovsky crater (Moon), 96 solar cycle, 32, 37–38, 40, 41, 44, 48, 303 T Tauri phase, 13, 20, 119 spectrum, 25–26 Tunguska, 354, 355–356 spicules, 33–34, 35 Twin Peaks (Mars), 180 sunspots, 32, 37–41, 42, 47, 49 Tvashtar Catena (Io), 225, 226 temperature, 25, 28, 29, 34, 50 Tycho crater (Moon), 91, 97, 106, 107 white dwarf stage, 22, 51 Tyrrhena Patera (Mars), 167 X-rays, 25, 34, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 supernova, 380 U2 aircraft, 363 Surveyor program, 108, 109 Ukraine, 410 Swedish Solar Telescope, 34 Ultraviolet Explorer, 366 Swift crater (Deimos), 209 Ulysses spacecraft, 44–45, 363 Switzerland, 379 Umbriel, 20, 297, 290, 291, 297 Sycorax, 297 United States of America, 362 Syene, 69 University of Arizona in Tucson, 379 Sylvia, 343, 345 University of California at Berkeley, 379, 408, 409 synchronous rotation, 86, 206, 208, 236, 287, 310, 317, 394 University of Hawaii Telescope, 326, 329 Syrtis Major (Mars), 187 Uranius Tholus (Mars), 165 Uranus, 7, 9, 10, 12, 25, 116, 215, 220, 232, 244, 247, 281–297, 298, 299, Taurus-Littrow valley (Moon), 95, 100, 109, 110 300, 301, 305, 311, 314, 316, 317, 323, 328, 335, 338, 369, 377, 398, tectonics, 69, 70–73, 76, 84, 128, 129, 143, 145, 147, 148–149, 402, 404, 408 152–153, 164–165, 171, 227, 271, 273, 275–277, 408 atmosphere, 244, 282–284, 285, 288 Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, 386 auroras, 286, 287, 289 Telesto, 280 axial inclination, 10, 281, 282, 286 Terrestrial Planet Finder, 391–392 clouds, 283–284, 288 Terrile, Richard, 379 composition, 283, 284–286, 288 Tethys, 20, 254, 255, 263, 264, 265, 274, 275, 280 density, 285–286 Texas, 172, 359 discovery, 7, 25, 281 Thalassa, 310, 311 distance, 282 Tharsis (Mars), 161, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 176, 178, 191, formation, 285 200 interior, 220, 284–286, 287, 305 Thebe, 238, 241 magnetic fi eld, 247, 282, 286–287, 288, 289, 291, 305 Theia Mons (Venus), 145 orbit, 15, 18, 281, 299, 300, 314, 338 Themis asteroids, 340 radiation belts, 287 Themis Regio (Venus), 155 radio signals, 286, 288 Themisto, 238 rings, 282, 283, 284, 287, 293–295, 311 Thera Macula (Europa), 229 rotation, 282, 288, 317 Theta Orionis C, 381, 382, 383 satellites, 20, 282, 287–297, 311 Thetis Regio (Venus), 143, 149 seasons, 282, 287 Thrace Macula (Europa), 229 shape, 282 Tibet, 142 size, 9, 281–282 tides, 82, 86–87, 103, 129, 135–136, 185, 205, 208, 224, 227, 234, 274, storms, 281, 283 275, 276, 277, 279, 309, 310, 341, 368, 377, 393, 394, 396, 398, 406, temperature, 12, 281, 282–283, 286, 288, 301, 305 408 Voyager 2 spacecraft, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288–289, 293, 294, 295, Tirawa crater (Rhea), 277 296 Titan, 19, 20, 116, 251, 253, 154, 255, 261, 264–273, 277, 306, 307, winds, 284, 285, 288, 301 404 Uruk Sulcus (Ganymede), 231, 233 Titania, 20, 282, 287, 289–290, 291, 297 US Air Force, 336 Tolstoj Basin (Mercury), 122, 123, 125 US Congress, 355 Tombaugh, Clyde, 314–315, 325 US Naval Observatory, 323 462 Index

Utah, 372 Victoria crater (Mars), 163, 208 Utopia Planitia (Mars), 164, 166, 177, 195, 197 Viking program, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 192, 193, 194–195, 197, 199, 202, 203–204, 361 V 391 Pegasi system, 397 Vladivostok, 355 Valhalla (Callisto), 231, 235, 236 volcanoes, 56, 63, 70, 73–74, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99–100, 101, 128, Valles Marineris (Mars), 161, 165, 168, 170–171, 187, 188 143, 144, 145–148, 164, 165, 167–168, 169, 224–228, 230, Van de Graaff crater (Moon), 93 237 VB 10b, 388 Voltaire crater (Deimos), 209 VEGA spacecraft, 141, 151, 365 Voyager program, 21, 22, 213, 214, 217, 224, 225, 232–233, 245, 247, Venera program, 137, 138, 143, 146, 150–151 248, 251, 254–255, 260, 265, 266, 269, 274, 275, 277, 282, 283, 287, Venus, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 51, 53, 112, 113, 114, 133–155, 156, 239, 317, 288–289, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 361, 380, 386, 406 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 410, 411 arachnoids, 144, 148 atmosphere, 10, 135, 136–141, 147, 150, 155 Ward, William, 19 auroras, 154 WASP-12b, 396–397 axial inclination, 10, 136 WASP-14b, 393 black drop effect, 134–135 WASP-17b, 398 brightness, 133 Wegener, Alfred, 70 channels, 147 Weywot, 330, 331 chasmata, 149, 151 West Virginia, 408 clouds, 135, 136–137, 138, 140, 141, 154 Whipple, Fred, 365–366 composition, 147, 148, 150, 155 white dwarf, 387 coronae, 143, 148, 149 Wide Area Search for Planets (WASP), 398 density, 141 Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer (see WISE spacecraft) dunes, 143 Wildt, Rupert, 219, 249, 283, 285 early observations, 139 WISE spacecraft, 337, 356 formation, 141 Witt, Gustav, 353 greenhouse effect, 140–141 Wolf, Max, 336 impact craters, 143, 146, 148 Wolszcan, Aleksander, 379, 380 interior, 141, 149 Woomera, 343 ionosphere, 154 Wunda crater (Umbriel), 291 lightning, 150 1998 WW31, 333, 334 magnetic fi eld, 153–154 Wyoming, 360 mountains, 142, 149, 151 novae, 148 Xanadu (Titan), 268 ocean, 140 XO-3, 393 orbit, 15, 113, 133 2004 XR190, 332–333 phases, 6, 133, 134, 136 X-rays, 25, 26, 27, 34, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 104, 110, 132, 151, 180, rotation, 135–136, 144, 317 194, 352, 356, 364, 407 shape, 133 size, 9, 133 yardangs, 77, 190, 191 tectonics, 143, 145, 147, 148–149, 152–153 Yale University, 249 temperature, 12, 139, 140–141, 143, 145, 147, 150, 155 Yarkovsky effect, 346, 353, 358 tesserae, 141, 149 Yarkovsky, Ivan, 347 topography, 141, 142, 144, 155 Yellowstone National Park, 225 transits, 6, 133–135, 386 Yogi rock (Mars), 180 winds, 135, 136, 138–139, 141, 143, 145, 150 Yohkoh, 48–49 volcanic activity, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145–148, 149, 150, 151, 154, YORP effect, 343–344, 346 155 Young, John, 59, 102 Venus Climate Orbiter, 154, 155 Yucatan, 351 Venus Express, 147, 154, 155 Veritas asteroids, 341 Zach, Franz Xavier von, 335 Verona Rupes (Miranda), 291, 292 Zeeman effect, 36 Very Large Telescope (VLT), 341, 345, 381, 382 zodiac, 3, 5 Vesta, 7, 336, 337, 340, 345, 347–349, 350, 359 zodiacal cloud, 17, 370 Vesuvius, 74 zodiacal light, 370