8.5 X 13.5 Doublelines.P65

Home , Biela (crater), Blanchinus (crater), Letronne (crater), Maginus (crater), Sinus Asperitatis

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74128-6 - Exploring the Solar System with Binoculars: A Beginner’s Guide to the Sun, Moon, and Planets Stephen James O’Meara’s Index More information

Index

Adams, John Couch, 96 Carrington, Richard C., 15 degree of condensation (DC) of, Agesinax, 24 Carroll, Lewis, 60 111–112 Aionwantha (Hiawatha), 45 Ceres, 70, 99–101 estimating the brightness of, Airy, George Biddell, 50, 51, 55 discovery and history as a planet, 111–112 Alcock, George, 116 99–100 In–Out method, 111 Allen, Richard Hinckley, 136 general description of, 99, Modified–Out method, 111–112 Alphonsus VI (King of Portugal), 104 100–101 experience helps in observing, 112 Andersen, Hans Christian, 92 how to find, 101 flaring in brightness, 111 Arago, Francois, 59 Chaikin, Andrew, 54 how to locate and identify, 110 Araki, Genichi, 116 Challis, James, 50 in history, relating to, 103–108 Arend, Silvio, 115 Chambers, George F., 8, 19 King David, 103 Aristotle, 65 Cheshire Cat, 60 Melville’s Moby-Dick, 107–108 Arlt, Rainer, 132 Children of God (cult), 108 Napoleon, 106 Arrehenius, Svente, 78, 79 Chinese Catalogue (Biot’s), 131–132 Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, 103–104 Arter, T. R., 131 Cicero (Roman emperor), 77 the broadside of the comets of Asteroid Belt, 101 City of God, The, 90 1680 and 1682, 104 brightest objects in, 101–102 Collins, Peter, 116 the death of Julius Caesar, 104 asteroids Cometographia, 103 the Middle Ages, 104 2003 EH1, 131 comets, 103–117 the Old Testament?, 103 3200 Phaeton, 142 1P (Halley), 103, 109, 114–115, the whaling ship Essex (1819), 3637 O’Meara, 102 132, 138 107 discovery of, 99–100 9P/Tempel 1, 108 Tolstoy’s War and Peace, 106–107 how to find, 101 21P/Giacobini–Zinner, 125, 137, witchcraft, 104–106: and the near-Earth, 101–102 138 Salem hysteria of 1692, 106 observing club (AL), 102 55P/Tempel–Tuttle, 141 keeping track of, 109–110 occulting stars, 89, 102 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, long-period, 108 Astronomische Arbeitsgruppe Ulm, 130 117 Machholz complex of, 135 Astronomische Nachrichten, 15 109P/Swift–Tuttle, 137 Marsden group of “sunskirting” Astronomy (magazine), 119 C/1490 Y1, 131 fragments, 135 Astronomy for the Amateur, 85 C/1743 X1 (Cheseaux), 113 movement against the sky, 109–110 Astronomy with an Opera-Glass, 92 C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811), nature of, 108–109 Astrophysical Journal, 114, 120 106–107 origin of, 108 Augustus (Roman emperor), 104 C/1860 M1 (Great Comet of 1680), Oort Cloud of, 108–109 104, 105–106 short-period, 108 Babbage, Charles, 55 C/1861 G1 (Thatcher) structures of, Baily, Francis, 53–54, 60 C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet), coma, 109, 110 Baliunas, Sallie, 16 114 fountains, 112 Ball, Robert, 140 C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland), 115 jets, 112 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 59, 114, C/1957 P1 (Mrkos), 115 parabolic hood, 112 120 C/1965 S1 (Ikeya–Seki), 115 pseudonucleus, 110–111 Bennett, John, 115 C/1969 Y1 (Bennett), 115 tails, 110, 112: anti-tail, 114; Berg, David, 108 C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek), 108, 115 dust, 112; ion, 112;raysin, Besly, W. E., 141, 142 C/1975 VI (West), 115–116 112; synchrones in, 112–114 Bible Readings for the Home Circle, 139 C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock), unpredictability of, 112 binoculars, ix–x 116 Comets, Meteorites & Men, 139 Birr Castle, 140 C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp), 108, 110, Comets: The Swords of Heaven, 103 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 82–83, 106 116–117 conjunctions, 99 Bonpland, Aime,´ 139 C/1996B2 (Hyakutake), 116 and the Star of Bethlehem, 99 Book of Revelation, 53 C/2006 P1 (McNaught), 82, Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, A, 62 Bopp, Thomas, 116 113–114 Cooper, Ian, 113 Boyd, Captain, 93–96 D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9), Copernicus, Nicolaus, 76 Briggs, A. B., 66 90 Cortie, Rev. Aloysius L., 17 Brown, Peter Lancaster, 139 appearance of (in binoculars), Bugge, Thomas, 8 110–111 d’Arrest, Heinrich L., 97 Bulletin (Lowell Observatory), 114 as broom stars, 106 Danjon, Andre,´ 66, 67

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74128-6 - Exploring the Solar System with Binoculars: A Beginner’s Guide to the Sun, Moon, and Planets Stephen James O’Meara’s Index More information

Index 151

Dante, 135 of 2002 (June 10), 61 of 1988 (February 26), 51 Dawes, William Rutter, 9, 53, 55 prominences seen during, 60, 61 of 1991 (July 11), 54, 58, 59–60 de’Medici, Giuliano, 10, 11 shadows bands observed during, of 1994 (November 3), 43 Deep Impact (spacecraft), 108 60 of 1995 (October 24), 45, 59 Deganawidah (the Peacemaker), 45 Baily’s Beads, 53 of 1998 (February 26), 53, 57 Denning, William F., 76–77, 93–96, ﬁrst observed, 53 of 1999 (August 11), 57, 58 134–135, 139 mentioned in the Book of of 2001 (June 21), 49, 57, 59 Destinies of the Stars, 78, 80 Revelation, 53 of 2002 (December 4), 57 di Cicco, Dennis, 59 observed during annular eclipses, of 2006 (March 29), 53, 54, 57, Dod, Marcus, 90 60 59 Dorst, Friedhelm, 61 brightness-contrast illusions, 49–50 path of, 43, 47 Doyle, Laurance R., 61 causes of, 46–47 visibility of planets during, 56 Drake, James, 18 chromosphere (see Sun) visual effects on the environment, Dreams of an Astronomer, 81 corona (see Sun) 58–59: animal and plant Drummond, Jack, 121 crescent shadows, 50 behavior, 58–59; colors of the Dubietis, Audrius, 132 diamond necklace, 53–54, 60 Earth and sky, 51; during the Dunkin, Mr., 53 diamond ring, 54 February 26, 1998, eclipse over Duvall, Thomas, 12 eye protection, 49 the Galapagos, 51; fuzzy edges, ﬁrst contact, 47, 49 51; sky brightness, 56; eclipses (lunar) fourth contact, 47 temperature drop, 50 and Christopher Columbus (1504), hybrid, 46 ecliptic (zodiac), 68, 71 62 illusions Eddy, John, 16 inspiring Mark Twain, 45 emerald-tiara effect, 61 Endeavor (Space Shuttle), 143 causes of, 62 Moon’s shadow during, 47, 54 Eris, 69 general description of, 61–62 partial, 46, 47 Eruption of Krakatoa, The, 66 partial, 62, 64–65 of 1963 (July 20), 50 Espenak, Fred, 61 and contrast effects, 64 of 1970 (March 7), 45, 59 Essex (whaling ship), 107 colors seen during, 64: causes of, of 2002 (December 4), 61 European Fireball Network, 138 64 of 2004, (October 13), 61 European Space Agency, 142 of 2000, (July 16), 64 of 2008 (February 20), 64 of 2001 (July 5), 64 phases and effects, 49–55 Fields, Jerry, 45 optical illusions during, 64–65: saros cycle, 46 Flammarion, Camille, 81, 85, 104 cusp extensions, 65; second contact, 47 Flamsteed, John, 96 irradiation, 64–65; jagged shadow bands, 51–52 Forbes-Bently, R., 137 shadow, 65 causes of, 51–52 Forster, Thomas Ignatius Maria, 136 penumbral, 62, 64 observed during annular eclipses, of 1987 (October 7), 64 60 Galileo, 10, 11, 19, 22, 84, 91, 96 total, 62, 65–67 third contact, 47 Galle, Johann G., 97 color shifts during, 65–66 totality, 43, 46, 55–59 Gemmill, S. Maitland Baird, 59 Danjon scale of brightness and ancient symbolism of, 55 Gilliss, Lieutenant James M., 55 color and the Iroquois Great Law of Gilman, W. S., 121 effects on history and humanity, Peace, 45 Girdle of Venus (atmospheric effect), 65: as possible cause of and the war between the Lydians 64 earthquakes, 65; connected to and Medes, 45 Glover, Ann “Goody,” 106 the birth of a deformed child, depicted on Egyptian temples, 55 Goldschmidt, Hermann Meyer 65; during Peloponnesian war, eclipse earthshine, 57–58 Solomon, 51, 60 65; in India, 65 effects of 11-year solar cycle on Golombek, Matthew, 85 estimating magnitude the visible corona, 56–57 Golub, Leon, 5, 16 (reverse-binocular method), myths and superstitions from, Goodwin, Martha, 106 66, 67 44–45: Africa and India, 44; Grant, Lieutenant, 93 extremely dark, 66: as the result Babylon, 45; China, 44; Gray, Dorian, 55 of volcanic eruptions, 66 Polynesia, 44; the Seneca Greenwood, Andrew, 51, 59 of 413 BC, 65 Indians, 45; the Serrano Grimm, Jacob, 44 of 1620 (June), 66 Indians, 44; the Vikings, 44 of 1884 (October 4), 66 of 1415 (June 7), 45 Hale, Alan, 116 of 1885 (March 30), 66 of 1733 (May 13), 57 Halley, Edmond, 53 of 1992 (December 9), 66 of 1842 (July 8), 59 Harley, Timothy, 23 of 2007 (August 27–28), 65 of 1851 (July 28), 53–54, 58 Harrington, Phil, 88, 89, 90, 95 eclipses (solar) of 1858 (September 7), 55 Harriott, Thomas, 11 annular (ring), 46, 60–61 of 1860 (July 18), 59 Heaven’s Alarm to the World, 105 Baily’s Beads seen during, 60 of 1871 (December 12), 59 Heaven’s Gate (cult), 108 of 334 (July 17), 61 of 1878 (July 29), 57 Hekla, 66 of 1820 (September 7), 60 of 1889 (January 1), 59 Henry, Prince of Portugal, 45 of 1984 (May 30), 61 of 1898 (January 22), 45 Heroditus, 45 of 1994 (May 10), 60–61 of 1959 (October 2), 59 Herschel, William, 8, 9, 96, 100

152 Index

Hevelius, Johannes, 103 Keen, Richard, 64 as the pink-iron planet, 72–74, 76 Hirst, William, 83 Kelly, Michael C., 121 best viewing times, 75 Hodges, Ann E., 122 Kepler, Johannes, 11, 66, color of, 76 Holmes, G. 134 99 daytime observing of, 75 Horkheimer, Jack, 72, 74, 76–77 King, Stephen, 55 with naked-eye, 75–76 Horrocks, Jeremiah, 83 Koch, Bernhard, 130 general description of, 74 Horus of Behdet, 55 Kosovichev, Alexander, 12 orbit, affecting visibility and Hsi and Ho, 44 Kowal, Charles T., 96 brightness of, 75 Hubble Space Telescope, 70, 117 Krakatau, 66 phases of, 75–76 Hudson, Hugh, 19 Kronk, Gary, 138 twilight observing of, 75 Humboldt, Alexander von, 139, 140 Kuiper Belt, 69 visibility from cities, 76–77 Humpris, W. 134 meteorites, 122–123 Hyakutake, Yuji, 116 Lalande, Joseph-Jer´ omeˆ de, 96, forming Meteor crater (Arizona), 129 122 Ikeya, Kaoru, 115 Lampland, Carl Otto, 114 killing animals, 122 Immortal Fire Within, The, 59 Laszlo, Daniel, 113 making people sick, 122 In the Heart of the Sea, 107 Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, 96 striking humans, 122 Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), Levy, David, 64 killing a monk in Cremona, Italy?, 116, 142 Light, Edward, 143 122 International Astronomical Union, 130 Light and Color in the Outdoors, 93 Meteors, 131 and the new classification of the Little Ice Age, 16 meteors, 118 Solar System, 70–71 Littman, Mark, 61 bolides, 121–122 International Astronomical Union’s Lockyer, Joseph Norman, 59 definition of, 118 Meteor Data Center, 125 Lowell, Percival, 86, 87–88 general descriptions of, 118–119 International Comet Quarterly, 109, 112 Lubienietski, Stanilaus, 105 fireballs, 119 International Meteor Organization, Luckiesh, M., 65 Tunguska, 134–135 125, 127–128, 133, 135, 141, lunar transient phenomena (see the persistence of vision and, 119 142 Moon/transient lunar point, 127 International Occultation Timing phenomena) showers, Association, 102 duration of, 123 Isaiah (prophet), 77 Maley, Paul, 102 how to observe, 125–127 Man on the Moon,A,54 how to record, 127–128: IMO Jauslin, Karl, 140 Mann, Barbara, 45 method, 127–128; O’Meara Jenniskens, Peter, 130, 131, 132, 133, Martin, Martha Evans, ix method, 128 135, 137, 140, 142 Marco Polo (ship), 57 individual: April Lyrids, 125, 131; Johnson, Rev. S. J., 66 Mars, 86, 87 Beta Taurids, 135; Delta Journal of Geophysical Research, 121 Mars, Aquarids, 125, 135; Eta Journal of the British Astronomical Association, ancient beliefs, Aquarids, 132–133; Eta Lyrids, 141 as satanic Star of Bethlehem, 87 125; Geminids, 129, 133, Journal of the International Meteor Organization, best oppositions, 86–87 141–142; historical 130, 132 color of, 85–86, 88, 89 observation, 141; parent of the, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 80 daylight observations (naked-eye and 142; Leonids, 131, 139–141; Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of binoculars), 89 activity of 1999, 141; historical Canada, 80 dust storms on, 88, 89 observations of, 139–140; Julius Caesar, 103–104 general description of, 88–89 storms; of 1799, 139; of 1833, Juno, 100 Lowell (Percival) and life on, 85 139–140; of 1966, 140–141; Jupiter, 89–93 moons of, 88, 89 famous engraving, 140; ancient beliefs, 89–90 orbit of, 86 October Draconids color of, 90 polar caps, 88, 89 (Giacobinids), 125, 137–138; comet crash into, 90 Mars Pathfinder, 85 1933 storm, 137; 1946 storm, daytime observations (naked-eye and Mars: the Lure of the Red Planet, 85 138; first records of, 138; binoculars), 90 Marsden, Brian, 135 Orionids, 125, 138–139; first details visible on, 90 Maternus, Julius Firmicus, 61 record of, 138; Perseids, 125, Great Red Spot, 91 Mather, Cotton, 105–106 135–137; activity of August 12, general description, 90 Mather, Increase, 105, 108 2000, 137; activity of August moons of, 91–93 Mayflower, 105 12, 2001, 137; historical brightness of, 93 Maunder, Edward Walter, 15–16 observations, 135–136; as tears Galileo’s discovery of, 91 McIntosh, Patrick, 17 of St. Lawrence, 136; general description of, 91–92 McNaught, Robert, 114 Quadrantids, 125, 129–131; identifying, 92 Melville, Herman, 107 Scorpiids, 133–135; historical naked-eye observations, 93:Boyd Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts observations of, 134–135; and Grant’s, in 1860, 93; and Possessions, 106 Alpha, 133, 134; Omega, 133; Denning’s, in 1874, 93; Mercury, 74 Southern Delta Aquarids, 125, O’Meara’s, in 1982, ancient views of, 75 135 Juritz, Charles Frederick, 89 and Nicolaus Copernicus rumor, 76 list of, 125–126

Index 153

naming, 125: population index, Bianchini, 41 Helicon, 38 126; radiants of, 123; rates Biela, 30 Hell, 36 during, 123; velocities during, Billy, 41 Heraclitus, 37 125–126; zenithal hourly rates, Blancanus, 40 Hercules, 29, 31 125: calculating, 128–129 Blanchinus, 36 Herodotus, 41 sporadic, 123 Bullialdus, 39 Herschel, 35 trains, 119–121: double, 120, Burckhardt, 29 Hind, 36 121: causes of, 121; evolution Burg,¨ 32, 33 Hipparchus, 35 of, 121 ; persistent, 119–121 Campanus, 39 Hommel, 34 meteoroids, 118–119 Capella, 31 Hommel B, 34 streams of, 123 Carpathian Plateau, 38 Hommel H, 34 Milon, Dennis, 140–141 Cassini’s Bright Spot, 36, 40 Hommel P, 34 Minnaert, Marcel, 93 Catharina, 33 Horrocks, 36 Moby-Dick, 107–108 Cavendish, 41 Hortensius, 39 Monthly Notices (of RAS), 15, 58, 93, Cepheus, 29 Huggins, 36 131 Chicus, 39 Isidorus, 31 Moon, the Clairaut, 34 J. Herschel, 40 brightness of, 23 Clarkson, 41 Jacobi, 34 craters, 26–27, 28 Clavius, 40 Janssen, 31 “dark” side, 25 Cleomedes, 29 Julius Caesar, 33 distance, 25 Colombo, 29, 31 Kepler, 41 apogee, 25, 46 Colombo A, 29, 31 Kircher, 42 perigee, 25, 46 Copernicus, 37, 39 La Caille, 36 early beliefs and mythologies, 23–25 Curtius, 37 Lacus Mortis, 32 earthshine, 23 Cuvier, 34 Lacus Somniorum, 30 during a total solar eclipse, 57–58 Cyrillus, 33 Lalande, 39 ﬁgures seen in, 24 Cyrillus C, 33 Lambert, 38 highlands, 26, 28 de la Rue, 28 Langrenus, 29 librations of, 26 Delambre, 33 Lansberg, 39 maria, 26, 27, 28 Delisle, 39 Le Verrier, 38 Moon illusion, 25 Deslandres, 36, 40, 42 Letronne, 41 mountains of, 27–28 Diophantus, 39 Lexell, 36 orbit of, 25 Dorsa Smirnov (“Serpentine Licetus, 37 origin of, 26, 28 Ridge”), 32 Lindenau, 34 origin of name, 24 Endymion, 28 Longomontanus, 40 shadow of, 47, 54 Epigenes, 38 Lubiniezky, 39 penumbra, 47 Eratosthenes, 34, 39 Macrobius, 29 umbra, 47 Eudoxus, 33 Madler,¨ 33 shape of, 25 Euler, 39 Maginus, 37 surface features (individual), 27, 28 Fabricius, 31 Maginus C, 37 Abenezra, 33, 36 Faraday, 37 Mairan, 41 Abulfeda, 33 Fernelius, 37 Manilius, 35 Agrippa, 33 Flammarion, 35, 39 Manzinus, 34 Albategnius, 36 Fourier, 41 Mare Cognitum, 37 Alexander, 33 Fra Mauro, 39 Mare Crisium, 23–25 Aliacensis, 36 Fracastorius, 31 Mare Fecunditatis, 27–28 Almanon, 33 Franklin, 29 Mare Frigoris (East), 34 Alpetragius, 36 Furnerius, 30 Mare Frigoris (West), 37 Alphonsus, 35, 36 Furnerius B, 30 Mare Humorum, 38 Apianus, 36 Gassendi, 41 Mare Imbrium, 34, 37 Archimedes, 35 Gassendi A, 41 Mare Nectaris, 31 Aristarchus, 41 Gauricus, 39 Mare Nubium, 37 Aristillus, 35 Geber, 33, 36 Mare Serenitatis, 32 Aristoteles, 33 Geminus, 29 Mare Tranquillitatis, 31 Arzachel, 35, 36 Gemma Frisius, 34 Mare Vaporum, 34 Atlas, 29 Goclenius, 29, 31 Marius, 41 Autolycus, 35 Godin, 33 Maurolycus, 34 Azophi, 36 Goldschmidt, 38 Mee, 42 Baco, 34 Goodacre, 34 Menelaus, 33 Bailly, 42 Grimaldi, 41 Mercator, 39 Bailly A and B, Gutenberg, 31 Mersenius, 41 Barocius, 34 Hainzel, 40 Messala, 29 Barocius B, 34 Halley, 36 Metius, 31 Bessel, 32 Hansteen, 41 Miller, 36 Bettinus, 42 Harpalus, 41 Mons Piton, 38

154 Index

Moon the (cont.) Schiller, 42 Nicias (general), 65 Montes Alpes, 34, 37 Schroter’s¨ Valley (see Vallis Nijland, 137 Montes Apenninus, 34, 37, 39 Schroteri¨ ) Montes Carpatus, 37, 38 Sharp, 41 Observatory, The, 76, 89, 134 Montes Caucasus, 32, 33 Short, 37 Observing the Night Sky with Binoculars, ix, Montes Delisle, 39 Sinus Aestuum, 37 71, 130, 141 Montes Haemus, 32 Sinus Asperitatis, 32 Observing tips Montes Harbinger, 40 Sinus Iridum, 37 tube tapping Montes Jura, 38 Sinus Medii, 34 Olbers, Heinrich, 100 Montes Pyrenaeus, 31 Sinus Roris, 37 Olivier, Charles, 131 Montes Riphaeus, 38 Snellius, 29 Olmsted, Denison, 140 Montes Taurus, 31 Steinheil, 30 O’Meara, Donna, 51, 57 Montes Teneriffe, 38 Stevinus, 30 observations of lunar eclipses, 64 Moretus, 37 Stiborius, 31 observation of the green flash of Mosting,¨ 39 Stofler,¨ 36 Venus, 81 Mutus, 34 Straight Wall (see Rupes Recta) observations of the naked-eye Nasireddin, 36 Tacitus, 33 crescent of Venus, 81 Nasmyth, 42 Taruntius, 29 underwater observations during the Oceanus Procellarum, 38 Thebit, 36 1991 total solar eclipse, 58–59 Orontius, 36 Thebit A, 36 O’Meara, Stephen James, 85 Orsum Oppei, 27, 28 Theophilus, 33 childhood experiences, ix, 50 Pallas, 35 Theophilus chain, 33 with Comet C/1965 S1 Palus Epidemiarum, 38, 39 Timocharis, 38 (Ikeya–Seki), 115 Palus Putredinis, 34 Tralles, 29 with the Eta Aquarid meteor Palus Somnii, 30 Triesnecker, 35 shower, 132 Peirce, 26, 28 Tycho, 39 with an Alpha Scorpiid meteor, Petavius, 29 Vallis Rheita, 30, 31 133 Philolaus, 38 Vallis Schroteri,¨ 41 conceives Modified-Out method of Philolaus Escarpment, 38 Vendelinus, 29 estimating a comet’s Phocylides, 42 Vieta, 41 magnitude, 111 Picard, 26–27, 28 Vlacq, 32 lunar eclipse experiences, 64 Piccolomini, 31, 33 Walter, 36 method for recording meteor Pitatus, 39 Wargentin, 42 showers, 128 Pitiscus, 34 Watt, 30 solar eclipse experiences, 43, 45, 49, Plato, 38 Werner, 36 50, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60–61 Plato Uplands, 38 Wilhelm, 40 observations of Playfair, 36 Wrottesley, 29 asteroid occulting a star, 102 Plinius, 33 Wurzelbauer, 39 audible bolide, 121–122 Posidonius, 33 Zagut, 34 comets, 82, Posidonius B, 33 Zagut E, 34 113–116 Promontorium Agarum, 26, 28 Zucchius, 34 Geminid activity of December 15, Ptolemaeus, 35 phases, 24–25 2003, 141–142 Ptolemaeus chain, 36 alluded to in nursery rhymes, 25 Great Red Spot, 91 Purbach, 36 Transient Lunar Phenomena, 31, 36, green flash of Venus, 81 Pythagoras, 38 41 Jupiter’s satellites (with naked Pytheas, 39 Moon Lore, 23 eye) Regiomontanus, 36 Morris, Charles, 111 Leonid activity of 1999, 141 Regiomontanus A, 36 Moseley, Terry, 142 Mars (naked-eye in the daytime), Reichenbach, 30 Mrkos, Antonin, 115 89 Reiner, 41 Orionid activity of 2008, Reinhold, 39 Nasmyth, James, 8 138–139 Rheita, 30 Natural History, 49, 104 Perseid activity of August 12, Rima Goclenius, 29 Napoleon (see Bonaparte) 2000, 137 Romer,¨ 31 Nearest Star, 5, 16 Perseid activity of August 12, Rosenberger, 32 Neptune 2001, 137 Rosenberger D, 32, 34 discovery of persistent meteor train, 119–120 Rosse, 31 Galileo’s pre-discovery sighting, sunspots forming, 20–22 Rupes Altai, 31, 33 96 Othello, 70 Rupes Recta (Straight Wall), 35, general description of, 97 36 how to find, 98 Pallas, 100 Sacrobosco, 33 naked-eye visibility of, 99 Paracelsus, 104 Santbech, 29, 31 New Bedford Mercury, The, 107 Pare,´ Ambroise, 104 Saussure, 36 Newton, Hubert Anson, 121, Pasachoff, Jay, 5, 16 Scheiner, 40 140 Personal Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 83 Schickard, 41, 42 Nicholson, Thomas D., 70 Petit, Frederick, 59

Index 155

Philosophical Transactions (of the Royal Hubble Space Telescope, 144 coronal hair, 52 Society), 53 International Space Station (ISS), coronal petals, 52 Phillips, Tony, 14 143, 144 coronal streamers, 52 Piazzi, Giuseppe, 99 ISS tool bag, 143 extending into the zodiacal light, Pinatubo, Mount, 66 Iridium 33, 142, 143 57 planets (see also individual names) mistaken for UFOs, 143 observations of, before and after ancient wonderings of, 68 number of orbiting, 142 totality, 58, 59–60 dwarf, 99 Omid, 144 polar brushes, 57 greatest elongations of, 72–74 Space Shuttle, 143, 144: attached density, 3 Greek meaning of, 68 to the ISS, 143 diameter, 3 how to find, 71 Sputnik, 142 distance, 3 inferior, 72 websites with visibility early worship, 1–2 and atmospheric extinction, 74 predictions of, energy of, 4 best time to see, 74 Saturn, 93–96 faculae, 19–20 phases of, 73–74 ancient views of, 94 flares (white light), 18 inferior conjunction, 72 general description, 93–94 granulation, 4, 8–10 naked-eye appearance of, 72 moons of, 95 hydrogen burning, 4 named after gods, 68 Titan: general description, 95; importance of, 1 opposition, 73 observing, 95–96 intergranular lanes, 9 orbital motions of, 71 observing the rings, 94–95 lifetime of, 5 orbital speeds of, 72–74 when nearly edge on, 94–95 limb darkening, 8 quadrature, 84 when open, 95 photosphere, 4, 7–22 superior, 73, 84 Schaefer, Bradley E., 75–76 plages, 20 superior conjunction, 73 Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 125 prominences, 4, 9, 54–55, terrestrial, 69 Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich, 15, 16 60, 61 trans-Neptunian, 69 Schwassmann, Arnold, 117 radiative zone, 4 Pliny the Elder, 49, 81, 104 scintillation (twinkling), 72 rotation (surface), 12–14 Plutarch, 24 Sedna, 69 differential, 12 Pluto, 69–70 Seki, Tsutomu, 115 orientation of rotational axis, moons of, 69 Serviss, Garret, 92 12–14 Pocket Encyclopedia of Natural Phenomena, Set (Egyptian god), 55 Sporer’s¨ law, 15 135–136 Sewall, Samuel, 65 safe viewing of, 6–7 Popular Astronomy, 104 Shakespeare, 103 by projecting the disk, 6, 9, 12 Proctor, Richard A., 58 Sheehan, William, 59, 68, 85 with mounted filters, 7 Purgatorio, 135 Shelly, 81 with welder’s glass, 6–7 Skiff, Brian, 131 shape of, 3 Quadrans Muralis, 125, 129, 130 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory size, 4–5 Quarterly Journal, 10 (SOHO), 8, 10, 12, 14, 19, 135 spicules, 4 Quetelet,´ Adolphe 130, 135, 136 Solar System, the, 68–71 sunspots, 10–18 new classification of, 70–71 color of, 20 Ramaty High Energy Spectroscopic Spitta, Edmond J., 66 cycles and migrations, 14–16: Imager (RHESSI), 3, 19 Sporer,¨ Gustav, 15 butterfly diagram, 15; Maunder Ramotwoski, Becky, 75–76 Star Gazer (television), 72 minimum, 16; maximum/ Recreations in Astronomy, 82 Star Names, 136 minimum and total solar Red Shoes, The, 92 Star of Bethlehem, 99 eclipses, 56–57 Ritchie, David, 103 Starry NightR (software), 72 daily counts, 16: McIntosh Robinson, Leif J., 61 Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heide, 143 (Modified Zurich), Rogers, H. M., 134 Stephenson, F. R., 10 17–18; Wolf number, 16; Roland, G., 115 Stimmel, Sergeant Smith, 83 Zurich System, 17 Story of the Solar System, The, 8, 19 formation of, 20–22 Sagan, Carl, 88 Story of the Starry Universe, The, 55 groups and classifications, 17–18 Saint Augustine, 90 Shu Ching, 44 light bridges in, 20–22 satellites (artificial), 136, 142 Sun, the nature of, appearance of (in the sky), 142, 143 at the center of the Solar System, 68 naked-eye, 10: early Chinese entering the Earth’s shadow, 143 chromosphere, 4, 54–55, 60 observations of, 10 blinking, 144 prominences, 4, 9, 54–55, 60: optical, 10–12: first observations, brightness of, 143, 144 sierras (hedgerows), 55 10–11 colliding in space, 142 spicules, 54 penumbra, 11 ending up as space junk, 142–143 composition, 3 reverse red and green fringes at estimated pieces of space debris, corona, 4, 43 sunrise and sunset, 61 142 and the Egyptian winged Sun size, 10 falling to Earth, 142 (Horus of Behdet), 55 temperature, 11 flaring, 143 color and structure, 52–53, umbra, 11 individual 56–57: contrast effects unipolar, 17 Cosmos 2251, 142 affecting, 57 Wilson effect, 18–19

156 Index

sunspots (cont.) Twain, Mark, 62 Vesta, 100, 101 supergranulation, 9 Twining, Alexander C., 140 Virginia Gazette, 131 temperature, Visual Illusions, 65 chromosphere, 4 Uranus Vollmy, Adolf, 139 core, 4 as Georgium Sidus (The Georgian Star), corona, 4 96 Wachmann, Arno, 117 surface 4 discovery of, 96 Waggoner, Joseph Harvey, volume, 3 pre-discovery sightings, 96 140 Superman (television show), general description of, 97 Waldmeier, Max, 17 104 how to find, 98 War and Peace, 106–107 Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope, 9, 11 naked-eye visibility, 98–99 Warren, Henry White, 82 Wartmann, Louis Francois, Thales the Milesian, 45 Valerian (Roman emperor), 136 130 Theatrum Cometicum, 105 Vassenius, Bigerus, 57 Ways of the Planets, The, ix Todd, David, 55 Venus, 77–83 West, Richard, 115 Tolstoy, Leo, 106 ancient views of, 77 Wilde, Oscar, 55 Tombaugh, Clyde, 69, 70 appearance in the dusk and dawn, 77 Willcox, Ken, 61 Totality: Eclipses of the Sun, 61 as Hesperus and Vesper, 78, 79 Williams, Iwan P., 131 Touring the Universe Through Binoculars, 88, as Lucifer, 77 Wilson, Alexander, 18 89 casting shadows, 81 Wilson, Barbara, 114 transits (of Venus and Mercury), 20, causing glitter paths in the sea, 81 Wolf, Johann Rudolf, 16 54, 83–84 causing ice pillars in the sky, 81 Wood, Fred F., 80 atmospheric effects during daytime observations of (naked-eye black drop, 83–84 and binocular), 81–83 Xerxes, 106 bright aureole, 84 during Lincoln’s second colored fringes, 84 inaugural, 83 Yao-taio, Jiang, 10 multiple disks, 84 Napoleon’s 1796 sighting, first recorded (of Venus), 83 82–83 Zach, Baron von, 11 ring of light (Venus), general description of Zhao, Junwei, 12 84 greatest elongations, 78, 80 Zhen-tao, Xu, 10 Trouvelot, Etienne´ Leopold,´ green and blue flashes of, 81 Zinn, John, 121 57 phases of, 80 zodiac (see ecliptic) Trowbridge, C. C., 120, 121 seeing the crescent with the zodiacal constellations, 71 Tunguska (see meteors/fireballs) unaided eye, 80–81 zodiacal light, 57, 114