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Some Common Features Across Language Family Borders in West Africa

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Some Common Features Across Language Family Borders in West Africa FOLIA ORIENTALIA 92/ Nina Pawlak University of Warsaw 620(&20021)($785(6$&5266/$1*8$*( )$0,/<%25'(56,1:(67$)5,&$ Introduction 7KHOLQJXLVWLFPDSRI$IULFDLVGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUODQJXDJHIDPLOLHVWKH ERXQGDULHVRIZKLFK ZLWKVRPHSDUWLFXODUH[FHSWLRQV KDYHEHHQTXLWHFOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWDKLVWRULFDOFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVLVFRQGXFWHGRQ WKHEDVLVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\GDWDPDQ\TXHVWLRQVVWLOOUHPDLQXQVROYHGHVSHFLDOO\ UHODWLQJWRWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIFRPPRQKHULWDJHIURPDUHDOLQÀXHQFHVLQWKHSURFHVV RIODQJXDJHGHYHORSPHQW,QWKH$IULFDQFRQWH[WERWKDUHDODQGJHQHWLFIDFWRUV DUH YDOLG LQ UHFRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH KLVWRU\ RI ODQJXDJHV DQG DUH DOVR HVVHQWLDO LQ XQFRYHULQJWKHKLVWRU\RIVRFLHWLHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGIHDWXUHVGH¿QHGE\JHQHWLF FULWHULD³DUHQRWUHVWULFWHGWRWKH>@SUHYLRXVO\GH¿QHGQDUURZJHQHWLFFRQ¿QHV RQWKHFRQWUDU\WKHLUGLVWULEXWLRQH[WHQGVWRODUJHU]RQHVRIWHQGLVUHJDUGLQJWKH OLPLWVLPSRVHGE\JHQHWLFIDPLOLHVRUFOXVWHUVRUE\HYHQQDUURZHUDUHDOOLPLWV´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prachbundLQWKH6DKHO6DKDUDQUHJLRQRI$IULFDKDV UHFHQWO\EHHQWKRURXJKO\LQYHVWLJDWHG HJ&DURQ =LPD 7KHJURXQGZRUN IRUVXFKLGHDVZDVFRQGXFWHGLQHDUOLHUWH[WVWKDWIRFXVHGRQFRPPRQOH[LFDO VWRFN 0XNDURYVN\ DQGOH[LFDOGLIIXVLRQ 1LFRODw OHDGLQJWRZLGHU UHÀHFWLRQVRQWKHLQWHUIHUHQFHRIJHQHWLFDQGDUHDOIDFWRUV &\IIHU =LHJHOPH\HU Nina Pawlak HG=LPDDPRQJRWKHUV 7KHQHZO\GHYHORSHGDSSURDFKWDNHVLQWR DFFRXQWWKHVWUXFWXUDOGLIIXVLRQDVZHOODVVRFLROLQJXLVWLFDVSHFWVWKDWDOORZIRUDQ DQDO\VLVRIWKHUROHVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYHIXQFWLRQVRIODQJXDJHVLQWKHDUHD:HVW $IULFDLVZLGHO\SHUFHLYHGDVDFRPPRQFXOWXUDOUHJLRQDQGWKLVLVUHÀHFWHGLQ WKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI$UDELFORDQVLQYDULRXV:HVW$IULFDQODQJXDJHV %DOGL 7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUGHDOVZLWKWKHVWUXFWXUDOSHFXOLDULWLHVRIVRPH:HVW $IULFDQODQJXDJHVDVVHHQIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIRQHVSHFL¿FODQJXDJHQDPHO\ +DXVD)RUDQXPEHURIFHQWXULHVWKLVODQJXDJHKDVEHHQZLGHO\VSRNHQLQ:HVW $IULFDLQWKHIXQFWLRQRIDlingua franca,QWHUPVRIJHQHWLFDI¿OLDWLRQLWLVDQ $IUR$VLDWLFODQJXDJHDPHPEHURILWV&KDGLFEUDQFK$VKDVEHFRPHFOHDUDV DUHVXOWRIFRPSDUDWLYHVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGRQ$IULFDQODQJXDJHVWKHVWUXFWXUDO SHFXOLDULWLHVRI+DXVDDUHZLGHO\VKDUHGQRWRQO\E\RWKHU&KDGLFEXWDOVRE\ YDULRXV QRQUHODWHG ODQJXDJHV 7KH SUHVHQWDWLRQ JLYHV H[DPSOHV RI PDUNLQJ V\QWDFWLFUHODWLRQVDQGVRPHVSHFL¿FPRUSKRV\QWDFWLFIHDWXUHVDQGFDWHJRULHVRI YHUESKUDVHVWKDWRFFXUDFURVVIDPLO\ERUGHUV 7KHPRUSKHPH 1FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQIRUPDQGIXQFWLRQ $PRQJ WKH PRVW UHPDUNDEOH LQGLFDWLRQV RI WKH WLHV EHWZHHQ QRQ UHODWHGODQJXDJHVDUHWKRVHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHPRUSKHPH 1 7KHSKRQRORJLFDO element *n KDV EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG DV SHFXOLDU WR WKH FRPPRQ &KDGLF V\VWHP of determiners 7KHUH DUH KLVWRULFDO LQIHUHQFHV RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHVH GHWHUPLQHUVLQWRJUDPPDWLFDOPRUSKHPHVVXFKDVWKHJHQLWLYHPDUNHUFRSXOD REMHFWPDUNHUIRFXVPDUNHUDQGLQWHUURJDWLYHPRUSKHPH 3DZODN 7KHSKRQRORJLFDOHOHPHQWnLQ+DXVDLVSUHVHQWLQWKHFRSXOD QƝ), the genitive marker (na WKHORFDWLYHDGYHUELDOQRXQ nan WKHIRFXVPDUNHU QƝ), and in VRPH RWKHU JUDPPDWLFDO ZRUGV 7\SRORJLFDO VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ PRUSKHPHV FRQWDLQLQJWKHQDVDOFRQVRQDQWQKDYHEHHQIRXQGLQ6RQJKD\ 1LOR6DKDUDQ EXW DOVR LQ 6XVX DQG<RUXED 1LJHU&RQJR HJ 6XVX a ná bé ‘he is KHUH¶ 6RQJKD\Yakuba go ne ‘Yakuba isKHUH¶<RUXEDoní̠òwò ni ‘It isDWUDGHVPDQ¶ *RXIIp FI+DXVD\ƗUǀz QƝ ‘It isDER\¶ 7KH UHFRJQL]HG FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ IRUP DQG IXQFWLRQ reveals interrelationships between the languages in the sphere of the development of V\QWDFWLF VWUXFWXUHV EXW WKH\ GR QRW SURYH DQ\ JHQHWLF XQLW\ EHWZHHQ WKHP $ORQJZLWK 7WKHSKRQRORJLFDOHOHPHQW 1LVSUREDEO\UHODWHGWRVLPLODU$IUR$VLDWLF H[DPSOHVLGHQWL¿HGDVIXQFWLRQLQJLQWKHUROHRIGHPRQVWUDWLYHVZLWKJHQGHUQXPEHUGLVWLQFWLRQV where nLVIRUWKHPDVFXOLQHVLQJXODUDQGSOXUDOt IRUWKHIHPLQLQHVLQJXODU 3DZODN IROORZLQJ6FKXK /RQJYRZHOVDUHIXUWKHUPDUNHGDVƗRUDDGHSHQGLQJRQFRQYHQWLRQDGRSWHGLQWKHVRXUFHV 3KRQRORJLFDO VLPLODULWLHV DQG FRPPRQ VWUDWHJLHV LQ V\QWDFWLF VWUXFWXUHV DUH DOVR UHFRJQL]HGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIJHQHWLFDOO\UHODWHGODQJXDJHVDVLGHIURPGHPRQVWUDWLYHVWKLV DOVRDSSOLHVWRSURQRXQVQRXQVDQGYHUEV VHH3DZODNIRU&KDGLF Some common features across language family borders in West Africa 3KRQRORJLFDOVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQOH[LFDOLWHPVUHSUHVHQWLQJEDVLFYRFDEXODU\ UHVXOWIURPFRQWDFWEHWZHHQODQJXDJHVDWWKHHDUO\VWDJHVRIWKHLUGHYHORSPHQW DQG IURP SURFHVVHV RI JUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ WKDW DIIHFW SDUWLFXODU ODQJXDJHV$ VWUXFWXUDOFRQVLVWHQFHLQJUDPPDWLFDOSDWWHUQVFDQEHGH¿QHGLQWHUPVRIXQLYHUVDO JUDPPDUUDWKHUWKDQLQWHUQDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRISDUWLFXODUV\VWHPV Multifunctional morphemes - 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