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Handbook of American Indian Languages SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN £0 HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES BY FRANZ BOAS PART 2 WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SKETCHES By EDWARD SAPIR, LEO J. FRAOHTENBERG, AND WALDEMAR BOGORAS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INsTITuTIoN, BUREAU OF AMERIcAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., February 20, 1911. SIR: I have the honor to submit for publication, subject to your approval, as Bulletin 40, Part 2, of this Bureau, the manuscript of a portion of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, prepared under the editorial supervision of Dr. Franz Boas. Yours, respectfully, F. W. lODGE, Ethnologist in Charge. Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutiom. III CONTENTS Page The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon, by Edward Sapir 1 Coos, by Leo 3. Frachtenberg 297 Siu8lawan (Lower TJmpqua), by Leo 3. Frachtenberg... - 431 Ohukchee, by Waldemar Bogoras.. 631 V THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTH- WESTERN OREGON BY EDWARD SAPIR 3045°-Bull. 40, Pt 2-2------1 1 CONTENTS Page § 1. Introduction 7 §2-24. Phonology 8 § 2. Introductory 8 § 3-11. Vowels 10 General remarks . 10 System of vowels 10 Stress and pitch-accent 15 § 6-11. Vocalic processes 22 Vowel hiatus 22 Dissimilation of u 24 I- umlaut 24 K-sounds preceded by u-xowels 27 Inorganic a 28 Simplification of double diphthongs 29 § 12-24. Consonants 31 System of consonants 31 Final consonants 35 § 14-17. Consonant combinations 36 General remarks 36 Initial combinations 36 Final combinations 38 Medial combinations 39 § § 18-24. Consonant processes 41 Dropping of final consonants 41 Simplification of doubled consonants 42 Consonants before x 44 Dissimilation of n to 1 and m 45 Catch dissimilation 47 Influence of place and kind of accent on manner of articula- tion 48 Inorganic h 51 §25-115. Morphology 52 Introductory 52 §26-32. Grammatical processes 55 General remarks 55 Prefixation 55 Suffixation 56 § 29Infixation 56 Reduplication 57 Vowel-ablaut 59 Consonant-ablaut 62 §33-83. I. The verb 63 Introductory 63 § 34-38. 1. Verbal prefixes 64 General remarks Incorporated nouns 66 Body-part prefixes 72 Local prefixes 86 Instrumental wa- 91 3 4 CONTENTS 25-115. Morphology-Continued. §33-83. I. The verb-Continued. Page §39,40. 2. Formation of verb-stems 92 General remarks 92 Types of stem-formation 95 § 41-58. 3. Verbal suffixes of derivation 117 General remarks 117 § 42.Petrified suffixes 118 § 43. Frequentatives and usitatives 127 § 44-51. Transitive suffixes 135 General remarks 135 Causative -(a) n- 135 Comitative -(a) gw- 137 Indirective -of- (-s-) 141 Indirective (a') id- 143 Indirective -(a') md- 144 Indirective -(a)n (an)- "for" 145 Indirect reflexive -gwa- 148 §52-57. Intransitive suffixes 149 General remarks 149 Active intransitive -xa- 150 Reflexive -gwi- 152 Reciprocal}an 152 Non-agentive -x- 153 Positional-I £ 155 Impersonal -iau- 156 § 59-67. 4. Temporal-modal and pronominal elements 157 Introductory 157 Intransitives, class I 160 Intransitives, class II 164 §62-66. Transitives, class III 167 General remarks 167 Transitive subject pronouns 170 Connecting -x- and -i- 172 Forms without connecting vowel 177 Passives 180 Verbs of mixed class, class IV 181 §68-72. 5. Auxiliary and subordinating forms 184 Periphrastic futures 184 Periphrastic phrases in na(g)- "do, act" 186 Subordinating forms 189 Conditionals 196 Uses of potential and inferential 199 §73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives 201 Introductory 201 Infinitives 201 §75-78. Participles 204 General remarks 204 Active participle in -t' 204 Passive participle in (a)k'w, -i'k" 205 Passive participle in -xap' (-sap') 207 208 § 79-82. Nouns of agency Introductory 208 Nouns of agency in (a')es 208 CONTE1cP$ 5 25-115. Morphology-Continued. §33-83. I. The verb-Continued. Page §73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives-Continued. § 79-82. Nouns of agency-Continued. Nouns of agency in sii, sãa 209 Nouns of agency in -xi 210 Forms in -i'ya 210 §84-102. II. The noun 210 Introductory 210 § 85, 86. 1. Nominal stems 214 General remarks 214 Types of stem formation 215 §87, 88. 2. Noun derivation 221 Derivative suffixes 221 Compounds 225 3. Noun-characteristics and pre-pronominal -x- 227 §90-93. 4. Possessive suffixes 231 General remarks 231 Terms of relationship 232 Schemes II and III 235 Possessives with pre-positives. 237 §94-96. 5. Local phrases 241 General remarks 241 Pre-positives 242 Postpositions 243 §97-102. 6. Post-nominal elements 246 General remarks 246 Exclusive -ta 246 Plural -t'an (-han, -h!an) 247 Dual -dii 249 -wj' every 249 Deictic _ea\ 250 §103-105. III. The pronoun 251 Independent personal pronouns 251 Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs 252 Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 254 §106-109. IV. The adjective 255 General remarks. 255 Adjectival prefixes 256 Adjectival derivative suffixes 258 Plural formations 262 264 § 110,111. V. Numerals Cardinals 264 Numeral adverbs 266 § 112-114. VI. Adverbs and particles 267 Adverbial suffixes 267 Simple adverbs 270 Particles 272 VII. Interjections 278 Conclusion 281 Appendix A: 1. Comparative table of pronominal forms 284 2. Scheme of seven voices in six tense-modes 285 - 3. Forms of na(g)-"say, do" 286 Appendix B: Specimen texts with analysis 291 THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON B EDWARD SAPIR § 1. INTRODUCTION The language treated in the following pages was spoken in the southwestern part of what is now the state of Oregon, along the middle portion of Rogue river and certain of its tributaries.It, together with an upland dialect of which but a few words were obtained, forms the Takilman stock of Powell.The form "Takelma" of the word is practically identical with the native name of the tribe, Daagelmaem THOSE DWELLING ALONG THE RIVER (see below, § 87, 4); there seems to be no good reason for departing from it in favor of Powell's variant form. The linguistic material on which this account of the Takelma language is based consists of a series of myth and other texts, pub- lished by the University of Pennsylvania (Sapir, Takelma Texts, Anthropological Publications of the University Museum, vol. ii, no. 1, Philadelphia, 1909), together with a mass of grammatical material (forms and sentences) obtained in connection with the texts. A series of eleven short medicine formulas or charms have been pub- lished with interlinear and free translation in the Journal of Ameri- can Folk-Lore (xx, 35-40). A vocabulary of Takelmaverb, noun, and adjective stems, together with a certain number of derivatives, will be found at the end of the "Takelma Texts."Some manu- script notes on Takelma, collected in the summer of 1904 by Mr. H. H. St. Clair, 2d, for the Bureau of American Ethnology, have been kindly put at my disposal by the Bureau; though these consist mainly of lexical material, they have been found useful on one or two points.References like 125.3 refer to page and line of my Takelma Texts.Those in parentheses refer to forms analogous to the ones discussed. 7 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 40 The author's material was gathered at the Siletz reservation of Oregon during a stay of a month and a half in the summer of 1906, also under the direction of the Bureau of American Ethnology. My informant was Mrs. Frances Johnson, an elderly full-blood Takelma woman. Her native place was the village of Dak'1s!asior DaidaniVc', on Jump-off-Joe creek (Dtp!Oits!i'ida), anorthern affluent of Rogue river, her mother having come from a village on the upper course of Cow creek (Hagwai).Despite her imperfect command of the English language, she was found an exceptionally intelligent and good-humored informant, without which qualities the following study would have been far more imperfect than it necessarily must be under even the very best of circumstances. In conclusion I must thank Prof. Franz Boas for his valuable advice in regard to several points of method and for his active interest in the progress of the work.it is due largely to him that I was encouraged to depart from the ordinary rut of grammatical description and to arrange and interpret the facts in a manner that seemed most in accordance with the spirit of the Takelma language itself.1 PHONOLOGY (2-24) § 2. Introductory In its general phonetic character, at least as regards relative harsh- ness or smoothness of acoustic effect, Takelma will probably be found to occupy a position about midway between the characteristically rough languages of the Columbia valley and the North Californian and Oregon coast (Chinookan, Salish, Alsea, Coos, Athapascan, Yurok) on the one hand, and the relatively euphonious languages of the Sacramento valley (Maidu, Yana, Wintun) on the other, inclining rather to the latter than to the former. From the former group it differs chiefly in the absence of voice- less i-sounds (L, 1,2 .rd) and of velar stops (q, g, g!); from the latter, 1 What little has been learned of the ethnology of the Takelma Indians will be found Incorporated In two articles written by the author and entitled Notes on the Tskelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, In American Ant hropologist, n. S., IX, 251-273; and Religious ideas of the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, xx, 33-49. 11n the myths, 1 Is freely prefixed to any word spoken by the bear.Its uneuphonious character is evi- dently Intended to match the coarseness of the bear, and for this quasi-rhetorical purpose It was doubtless derisively borrowed from the neighboring Athapascan languages, in which it occurs with great frequency. The prefixed sibilant s- serves in' a similar way as a sort of sneezing adjunct to indicate the speech of tbe coyote.(Jwi'di wExRx? says the ordinary mortal; lgwi'di, the bear; sgw'di, the coyote.
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