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SPATIUM International Review UDK 711.24(497.11) ; 330.34(497.11) No. 21, December 2009, p. 27-38 Original scientific paper

REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AND TERRITORIAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN

Slavka Zeković1, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, , Serbia

In the paper are investigated the regional competitiveness and the territorial aspects of industry in Serbia. There are analysed the key recent movement in industrial development of Serbia and macrolocational factors and territorial organisation of industry. The research of possible structural changes of industry and identification of its key development sectors is the important component of territorial development analysis in Serbia. This paper points to the kinds and types of industrial zones and industrial parks as fundamental models of regional and urban development of that activity with critical retrospection on the industrial zones in Serbia (greenfield and brownfield industrial locations). There are shown results of evaluation the regional competitiveness from a stand-point of possibilities of industrial development on the regional level (NUTS 3) by comparative analyses and Spider method. Results are used as one of the bases for making preliminary draft of territorial development scenario of this activity in Serbia and for the possible alocation of the future industrial zones and industrial parks in region level. Key words: territorial development of industry, regional competitiveness, industrial zone and industrial park, greenfield and brownfield locations

in this sector and the unfavorable effects of of a region, regional and metropolitan INTRODUCTION 1 possible scenarios for the total and industrial advantages. TA preliminary draft of the The spatial organization of Serbia’s industry is development In the future, it will be inevitable scenario for the territorial development of a reflection of the previous development policy to introduce new patterns regarding industry has been analyzed, with suggestions and territorial aims of industry. In the conditions organization and exploitation of territorial of possible solutions at the level of district of a global economic and financial crisis and capital on the grounds of sustainability. groups in Serbia (NUTS 3). due to the impact of the transitional recession, a One of the key issues is the adoption and * strong process of deindustrialization has harmonization of Serbia’s new industrial policy TERRITORIAL INDUSTRIAL intensified in the towns of Serbia and large with the EU industrial policy ( revisited, DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA territorial differences have emerged, thereby 2004, EC, 2003, Savić, Zeković, 2004) based resulting in a concentration of capacities in the on the principles of competitiveness and Main tendencies in the industrial Belgrade and region. The inherited sustainability. This process has its own development of Serbia regional disparities in the levels of territorialized expression, evident in the development are a huge development problem, dynamic changes of the spatial structures of The main problems of Serbia’s economic and as they are a consequence of spatial towns and regional wholes, in the emergence industrial development even before the global concentration, spatial polarization, specialization of new economic poles in urban areas, new economic crisis have largely been a and fragmentation of the elements of industrial locational-spatial forms of industry and consequence of the process of transitional structure in the urban tissues of towns and economic activity. The contemporary recession and the changes in the wider along the corridors of thoroughfares. regional/territorial industrial development surroundings, and they have had an impact on the polarization and concentration of spatial From the viewpoint of planning Serbia’s based on sustainability implies the territorial development, many questions are implementation of instruments of industrial asked in order to alleviate and eliminate the zones and parks as models of regional and *The paper is prepared as a part of a Project 149024 unfavorable effects of rapid structural change urban development. The development „Theoretical and methodological base for the new strategies and disposition of industrial zones generation of development in SCG: harmonization with a

and parks of different ranks has not yet been new European and regional developments“, financed by 1 kralja Aleksandra 73/II,11000 Belgrade, Serbia determined in Serbia. Their allocation should the Republic of Serbia Ministry of Science and [email protected] Technological Development. respect macro-locational factors and criteria, the capacity for organizing creative resources

spatium 27 Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

development (Zeković, Hadžić, 2006). The key process of privatization, restructuring and which the highest number in the industry - problems have stemmed from an insufficiently bankruptcy is the most intensive in the 320,000 persons. Large industrial centers, competitive economy/industry, untransformed industry, with big socio-economic which were employing over 20,000 workers fell current structure, and a slow transitional consequences, a reduction of employees and from 9 to 2 in the period 1996-2008; the process of privatization and the restructuring of impact on the spatial disbalance in the regional number of medium industrial centers with 10- enterprises (Zeković, 2006). Among them, development of Serbia. According to the 20,000 workers dropped from 17 to 4; and the especially, are important the relatively low Agency for Privatization (2007), the bankruptcy number of medium industrial centers level of economic and industrial activity, slow has been filed for 451 enterprises. Most of the employing 5-10,000 workers dropped from 26 structural change, large regional disparities in enterprises filing for bankruptcy are from the to 18 (Table 3, Graph 1). These changes in the development and disposition of industrial textile industry, wood processing, metals numbers of industrial centers are indicators of capacities, low level of investments, high processing, the production of metal products large regional spatial disparities. Industrial unemployment, low competitiveness, a lagging and machines, food processing industry, lead employment has increased in Novi Sad, in innovations, know-how, new technologies, and zinc, stone and nonmetals mining, , , Žitište, Bogatić, inefficiency in the use of material input, and ill- production of cellulose, electronic industry etc. , and Žagubica, while in around equipped infrastructure of industrial locations. Regional differences in industrial development 50 small and medium centers the level is and the gap between the undeveloped regions stagnant. (Table 3) Based on the findings of the document Industry and the Belgrade region has widened, which is of Serbia, 2008 and the Report on Serbia’s Within the - area and in the valleys illustrated by data on the concentration of Development (2007), the structural changes in of the Big, West and South rivers, there industry in Belgrade (Table 2). the industry in the period 2001-2008 were were 420,000 industrial workers in 1991 (46% characterized by the beginning of the process Territorial guidance of industrial of industrial employment in Serbia), while in of reforms of economic subjects; by a low level 2008, there were 345,000 workers (64.7% of development of industrial production (on average 2.1% industrial employment). annually or 49.1% of the level from 1990); Estimations of the territorial development of Spatial concentration of industry in the growth of work productivity rate by 10.8% Serbia’s industry are based on the use of Belgrade and Novi Sad area is a result of which indicates growth of its competitiveness; several available sources, records of the global inefficiency of production factors. It is by a big share of food processing and republic agencies for economic registry, also the result of a lack of engagement of chemical industries in the GDP; reduction of privatization, development of small and resources by undeveloped regions, such as industrial employment in the period 1995- medium enterprises, promotion of export, Southern Serbia, region of 2008 by 319,238 persons (Table 1); and by statistical data, verified development (municipalities , Tutin, , participation of industry in the gross added documents (National Strategy for Economic , and Nova Varoš), or the result value by 23.7%. Development 2007-2012; Strategy for the of the process of transitional recession in the In 2008, 181,148 enterprises were registered Regional Development of Serbia by 2012, devastated regions (Eastern Serbia, part of in Serbia, of which 6,150 enterprises were in (2007); Serbia’s Strategy for Joining the EU, ). the industry. In 2008, 2,006,047 persons were 2005), data of the Economic Chamber of The general concept of decentralization and employed in Serbia, of which 493,867 persons Serbia, regional spatial plans. partial demetropolization of industrial activity, or 24.6% in industry (in 1996, 41.6%, Table One of the consequences of transitional predicted by the Spatial Plan of RS (1996), has 1). In the industrial structure, there are 2,568 recession is also the drastic fall in the total and not been carried out for various reasons, enterprises that employ 11-50 workers, 1,045 industrial employment in Serbia. In the period mainly, because of the accumulated socio- enterprises with 51-250 employees and 360 1990-2008, the total number of employees in economic problems, development problems in big enterprises with over 250 workers. The Serbia was reduced by 407,000 persons, of the industry, impact of transitional recession and market factors, general macro-economic Table 1. Main indicators of industrial growth in Serbia for the period 1996-2008 policy, lack of industrial and regional policy, Indicators 1996. 2008. Difference 2005/96 policy of competition and policy of innovation, -industrial share in the national income of RS (in %) 31.05 34.05 + 4 -industrial share in total employment in RS (in %) 41.62 24.61 - 17.01 the influence of the institutional frameworks -number of employed in industry 813,195 493,867 - 319,328 and other factors. -total number of employed 1,953,678 2,006,047 + 52,369 In the previous period, there has been no intensifying of development in the planned Table 2. Indicators of change of industrial growth and concentration of industry in Belgrade (Zeković S. 2008) zones (firstly, in the Danube-Sava zone and the Indicator 1996. 2008. Difference 2005/96 valleys of Big Morava, W. Morava and S. -share of national income of BG’s economy 24.14 33.74 + 9.6 Morava), but there has been further in the national income of RS (in %) concentration of industry in the area of -share of total number of BG’s employees i 24.01 31.24 + 6.23 Belgrade and Novi Sad. The area of n the total number of employed in RS (in %) metropolitan suburbia is, even in the European -share of BG’s industry in the national income 22.61 25.32 + 2.71 frame, a space that is characterized by dynamic of RS’s industry (in %) development and structural changes. The -share of employees in BG’s industry in the number 15.23 16.37 + 1.14 intensifying of development of this area is of employees in the RS’s industry (in %)

28 spatium Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

Table 3. Changes in the number of industrial centers in Serbia in the period 1996-2008 (Zeković S., 2009, in Strategy of Spatial Development of Serbia by 2020)

Size of industrial centre Number of industrial centers1996. Number of industrial centers 2008. Difference + or (number of industrial workers) - 1. Metropoliten-industrial centre 1 (Beograd) 1 (Beograd) 0 >50,000 employees 2. Large industrial centres 8 (Novi Sad, Niš, Kruševac, , 1 (Novi Sad) -7 (20,000-50,000 employees) , Pančevo, i ) 3.Medium industrial centres 17 (, , , S.Mitrovica, 4 (Subotica, Pančevo, Kragujevac, Niš) - 13 (10,000-20,000 employees) , Požarevac, Užice, , Čačak, Šabac, , , Trstenik, , Bor, ,, Priština) 4. Medium industrial centres 26 18 (Kikinda, Zrenjanin, Pančevo, Valjevo, Šabac, - 8 (5,000-10,000 employees) Valjevo, Smederevo, Požarevac, Jagodina, Trstenik, Užice, Čačak, Kraljevo, Kruševac, Pirot, Leskovac, Vranje, Bor ) 5. Small industrial centres 125 (with ) 55 (without Kosovo) -70 (1,000-5,000 employees)

Graph 1. The process of deindustrialization in Serbia – according to the size indicator of industrial centers, in the period 1996-2008.

140 Metropolitan industrial centre 120 Large industrial centres 100 Medium industrial centres 80 (10,000-20,000 empl.)

60 Medium industrial centres (5,000-10,000 empl.) 40 Small industrial centres (1,000- 5,000 empl.) 20 .

0 Number of industrial centres Number of industrial centres 1996. 2008.

conditioned by strong influences of the incubators for SME. Although according to the Industrial localities process of the globalization of economy, in SPRS, the realization of 23 free zones has been which foreign investments are the pivot of big projected, however based on the available data An industrial zone is a collective location, or structural and spatial changes. The obvious in 2007, four free zones were registered. In the limited space belonging to a greater number of lack of space for economic purposes in the last several years, the establishments of firms from the same or different industrial Belgrade metropolitan area offers strong business incubators for SME have been branches, i.e., a locational form of business chances of development to the surrounding initiated in Bor, Knjaževac, and Lazarevac etc. infrastructure, which apart from other location areas of municipalities that are along the During the last 2-3 years, an important process models (industrial park, technological park, highway. However, the phenomenon of a of implementing the planned solutions for free zone, business incubator, business center, potential development and the consequences spatial organization of industry has begun with airport zone of development et al.) represents of a linear urban agglomeration in the direction the National Investment Plan of Serbia (by an attractive instrument for drawing Belgrade - Novi Sad have not been studied building a regional transportation investments into the region or country, in order enough in the republic and regional frames. infrastructure, communal infrastructure, by to reduce the territorial disparities at the levels The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia supporting the construction of industrial zones, of total and industrial development. Based on projects the development of high tech by financing production programs and small available knowledge, there is little available economic activities in the areas of Belgrade, and medium enterprises etc). The support for space for industrial development in the towns Novi Sad, Niš, Kruševac, Pančevo, Trstenik, building 64 industrial zones in the towns of of Serbia in the form of infrastructurally Kragujevac and Subotica. In practice, a Serbia, at the same time, means support for organized locations. Usually, investors are technological park was realized in Vršac the realization of the planned solutions and offered individual undeveloped locations. In (Concern „Hemofarm” on 25ha), Zeković S., competitiveness of economy and area on a view of providing attractive and convenient 2004. In Belgrade, the scientific-technical park national and local level. industrial localities in towns, Serbia has strong „IHIS”, was founded in 2006. competition in its neighboring countries, In the spatial structure of industry, new spatial especially in the category of greenfield forms have been initiated – free zones, investments, which have a key role in the industrial parks, technological parks, business growth of national economy.

spatium 29 Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

According to type of investments and the method of industrialization, have been reflected neglected production, degraded business establishment and construction of zones, in the territorial disparities and distinct property, infrastructure and important complete greenfield zones are more frequently in use, domination of Belgrade in the spatial structure and undeveloped surfaces of the complexes and more rarely are brownfield zones. of Serbia. have a character of recessive or stagnant points Greenfield zones mean construction on in the urban structures in which they are A wider analysis should provide insight into the undeveloped localities, while brownfield zones located. As such, they still present an current patterns of land use in industrial zones, include developed spaces, usually abandoned important development potential for a possible their spatial organization and disposition in or devastated industrial and other complexes in conversion and development of new production towns and regions of Serbia, in a way that town centers. Activating brownfield localities is or service industry within their „reactivation” would enable further harmonization of branch one of the key instruments of functional and into models of zones and parks. Considering and spatial structures of industry with the urban transformation of a larger part of space in their character and the complexity of their market trends and pressures on areas. The the towns of Serbia. re/activation, it is necessary to come up with a main problem is that there is no informational special methodology for their transformation Industrial zones are an important instrument of database regarding the final account of spaces into potential zones or parks. The government the new industrial, regional and spatial and other parameters of the current zones in has started with defining the active industrial development policies of Serbia. They are based the towns of Serbia. According to incomplete policies aimed at structural adaptation of the on the principles of European industrial policy, data of the Serbian Chamber of Economy industrial sector in total and certain industrial primarily, in view of eco-restructuring of (SCE), there are over 320 existing and planned fields, including solving the problems of production, growth of employment, growth of industrial zones (IZs) in Serbia, and currently a former giants. However, the spatial- business competitiveness and territorial process is undergoing for the collection and environmental aspect of the recovery and competitiveness of regions in which they are processing of data about industrial zones for transformation of these companies has not located, encouragement of cooperation, the realization of the project "CD Industrial been analyzed. Identifying the neglected development of low-carbon production zones in Serbia“, which the SCE is working on localities of the former big (or smaller) activities, transfer of technological innovations, together with the National Chamber industrial capacities, capacities of specific challenges and development of SME. Pordenonea, from . industry destroyed during the bombing in Based on the definition from the Report on the Brownfield industrial localities 1999, and certain military complexes is an initial step in the process of researching the state of certain industrial sectors of RS, 2008, In the process of industrial transition, previous possibilities for their re/activation. Setting industrial parks represent groups of enterprises industrial centers/towns, as local and/or them into function by forming new or in the field of production activities and services regional leaders of development, have been hit transforming old complexes is possible by concentrated on a specified territory and the most so far. Previous industrial giants using instruments of industrial zones and sharing the same infrastructure. Industrial (former public enterprises), today, are mainly parks. There are many examples of industrial zones and parks in Serbia are in the initial inflexible systems with outdated technology, brownfields in the towns of Serbia – phase of development and are mainly of the unused capacities, uncompetitive products, enterprises that have gone bankrupt or on the general type (with exceptions like the with problems with liquidity, efficiency, verge of bankruptcy. Industrial brownfields in automobile industry complex in Kragujevac). redundancy etc. A greater number of these towns are very often associated with Potential foreign investors have an interest in companies are undergoing restructuring; some enterprises of traditional branches of dislocating parts of their production from their of them have successfully been restructured, production – textile industry, leather home (and other) locations because of the while others have filed for bankruptcy. Once processing, metals processing industry, wood group of favorable macro-locational factors in they employed vast numbers of workers, while processing, food processing industry, Serbia, as well as for a group of attractive today they have reduced many times over their production of building materials etc. Even in micro-locational conditions in the potential number of employees because of transitional the sector of enterprises that have a propulsive and planned zones, especially due to cheaper recession and other factors. Their collapse character, such as the production of chemical highly-skilled workforce, market etc. An during the process of transition has brought products, metallurgy, production of machinery, alternative to industrial zones and parks in significant social tensions due to loss of jobs. production of electronic machines and attracting foreign investors are individual There are such enterprises in all the industrial electronics et al., there are brownfield locations that are acquired in the privatization sectors, especially in the production of locations (e.g., Fertilizer factory in Subotica et process of former social enterprises or by transportation vehicles, electronic industry, al.). In the complex of specific industries, there purchasing land for construction outside the non-ferrous metallurgy, cellulose production, are a certain number of brownfield localities in developed economic localities. Unequal processing of paper, food-processing complex, several towns of Serbia, which are a development of industry and economy has left sector of specific industry etc. The capacities consequence of the NATO bombing in 1999 relatively large areas of Serbia far behind, of these enterprises are mainly located in big (e.g. Pančevo, Novi Sad, Bor, Kragujevac, causing spontaneous migration processes from and medium towns (such as Belgrade, Valjevo, Čačak etc.). rural to urban, from undeveloped to more Kragujevac, Niš, Bor, , developed regions. This process has led to a Loznica, Čačak, Valjevo, et al.) and they The process of transition of the economic territorial disbalance in the disposition of command with big, more or less neglected and system has influenced the changes in the populations and industries in a relatively dilapidated complexes and localities that have process of territorial development of industry narrow region of Serbia. The intensity and a brownfield character on very attractive and the insufficient use of „hard“ and/or dynamics of these processes, with the applied populated positions. Untranformed and neglected or devastated locations in the town

30 spatium Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

fabric (Zeković, 2008). A question can be neglected and devastated spaces that have development, industrial and technological posed concerning the mechanisms for numerous locational, infrastructural, parks, zones of business and commercial supporting the organization and ’recycling’ of environmental, technical, ownership and other activities in the urban periphery, and the latter abandoned locations, especially industrial problems, and whose activation means large („stagnant“) are usually relics of an earlier ones, for economic and other purposes, in the investments. For such localities, private period (classic industrial, work zones et al.), situation when it is evident that the price of investors are mainly not interested, because among which the greatest number are land, construction, organizing and equipping big investments and a longterm and industrial brownfields. the location is lower than in the peripheral, free complicated process of solving certain Market mechanisms and factors of international and unconstructed areas (on the outskirts or problems and the realization make them dimensions initiate direct foreign investment the outer zone of town). On the other hand, the unattractive for investments. Their reactivation into metropolitan/urban peripheries, primarily complexity of reactivating brownfields is demands the mandatory participation of the for economic agglomeration, reduction of evident in the need for the harmonization of the public sector, especially regarding their various costs, favorable locational economics legitimate interests of many different parties, in decontamination, demolition of existing etc. In an urban-spatial context this can be the lack of mechanisms for coordinating local capacities, prospective relocation, the directly visible in the radical changes (even the and other levels of competence and activity, in equipping with new infrastructure, regulating caving in) of the current spatial organization of the need for building an adequate model of ownership relations and questions of towns, town zonings, propositions, rules and communication, information exchange, prospective restitution etc. Due to the standards of regulation for the use of urban understanding certain aspects of problems, in mentioned problems of brownfield locations in land et al. In our towns, these processes have the many different stages of the processes of practice, the estimation is that the dominant been initiated by inadequate measures of urban planning and the realization of “reconstructing“ trend in the construction of new industrial policy and policy of building land. localities. Lack of an adequate information objects is on free locations in the suburbs of database regarding these localities is towns. In accordance with the restructuring of characteristic for many municipalities in economy towards the development of services, Greenfield industrial localities Serbia. The process of reactivating brownfields the stagnation and „disappearance“ of classic is, mainly, more complex compared to the In some big towns of Serbia (Belgrade, Novi industrial zones can be noticed in the spatial concept of greenfield localities. The specifics Sad, Niš), the new economic poles – new structure of urban areas. A functional of planning the reactivation of abandoned business, commercial, industrial, conversion of these zones is evident, and/or dilapidated industrial locations means a entrepreneurial zones that have developed as a supported on one side by the process of synchronization of various planning and sectoral result of planning, or spontaneously in the privatization of public enterprises in these activities, sorting out/restricting competence/ suburbian areas (along highways, main routes) zones, and on the other, by the pressures of authority, coordinating the projected solution in have a priority in the spatial development and direct foreign investment. The process of implementation and a number of other measures. planning of the regional spatial organization. change of these hardened industrial localities Their „reconstruction“is an integral part of the The main spatial forms of new economic/ is often complicated and slow, expensive and process of increasing competitiveness of towns business poles in the peripheral urban areas uncertain; therefore, the development of new and areas. At the same time, because of a strong are industrial parks, technological parks, zones/economic poles in the urban matrix has impact of market mechanisms in the allocation of production complexes, shopping centers, greater volume and significance. In the potential new economic localities on one side, business-commercial complexes, logistic downtown zones of big towns (Belgrade, Novi and the complexity of“ recycling“ and expensive centers, business centers et al. The tendency Sad and Niš), a rapid growth is evident in the investment in brownfield localities on the other, of „breaking up“ urban structures into many investments in real estate, the financial sector the process of transition in our environment specialized and fragmented localities is (banks, insurance), shopping centers, shops, additionally complicates their reactivation. The noticeable, through clusters of activities that business activities, culture, education, art, most frequent form of their reconstruction is are located in dispersion in the settlement and luxury and houses. Simultaneously, through the process of privatization of public regional structure. The cumulative effects of numerous shopping centers have been built in enterprises, especially those with attractive the development of new poles lead to a new the suburbs and urban peripheries of big urban locations, with dilapidated buildings and concept of growth of the urban/metropolitan towns, as well as logistic-transport centers and capacities, low value of property, small number suburbia (Dovenyi, 2003). The initial nuclei of warehouses, depots, zones etc. of workers et al. Such locations have a development are most often shopping centers, The process of post-suburbanization is a significant potential for „self-development“, business-commercial centers et al., which is a consequence of the effects of market forces, and usually are attractive for private investors consequence of the transition of the industrial and it is taking place in the metropolitan (primarily because of their position, society into a post-industrial one, i.e., the peripheries of Belgrade and Novi Sad. Foreign accessibility, various advantages and possible transfer of agglomerative advantages of towns investments and the locations of 1/3 of the new business effects, changes of purpose etc). In onto the regional/peripheral environment. In the enterprises in Belgrade illustrate a more addition to the above-mentioned „soft“ typology of new economic poles of growth in the significant role of market mechanisms in brownfields, there are also localities that have urban environment, the classification on allocating new economic matters in the significant limitations that could make them „dynamic“ and „stagnant“poles is generally metropolitan area. According to new data of the less attractive and efficient compared to the accepted (Burdach, 2006, Bertaud, 2006). The Serbian investment climate assessment previous group. An especially significant form former are associated with, for example, (2004), only in the Belgrade area, a “new of „hard“ brownfield localities are the shopping centers, airport zones of wave” of building has started on some new

spatium 31 Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

20.000 ha of construction land (agricultural expansion of the services sector, and the boom which includes research-development land) in the peripheral area. A significant in the growth of the suburbia. institutions, the university, scientific and residential pressure on the suburbs is evident engineering staff, the market, b) urban and free agricultural land of the Belgrade Macro-locational factors of industrial innovative infrastructure, which make the agglomeration (e.g., the Zemun line, zone of relocation spatial conditions, quality of dwelling, quality highway towards Surčin, , Novi Sad, of living, urban equipment, public contents, the Avala line, Borča, Ovča, Pančevo line etc.), The previous theoretical and empirical starting- greenery and recreational contents, attractive as well as the establishment of new small points in the analysis of locational and physical land of the settlement and its enterprises. The metropolitan periphery outside development factors have been founded on surroundings and local business climate. the borders of Belgrade is becoming traditional theories of industrial and territorial "New" development and locational factors are attractive for settlements (e.g., zones along the development. However, the experiences of relevant in the establishment of modern highways Belgrade-Novi Sad, Belgrade-, highly developed industrial countries, based on “artificial landscapes” and spatial forms of Belgrade-Niš, the line, Avala line, contemporary theoretical viewpoints regarding industrial locations – high tech Zrenjanin line et al.) because of better the role of applied scientific-technical agglomerations, corridors, scientific and accessibility, corridors, nature etc. An innovations and the development of high-tech industrial parks, technological parks, industrial increase is evident in the concentration of industry, point to radical deviations in the zones and complexes as components of urban economic activities along the highway from importance of locational factors. The most and spatial structures. Belgrade to Batajnica, Novi Sad, airport “Nikola important factors are the scientific and expert In the research of the birth and evolution of Tesla”, Dobanovci, Zemun, Pančevo road etc. human resources, the presence of scientific new spatial and urban forms of high tech A very important concentration of economic and research-development institutions, quality industry, there are many unanswered activities developed alongside the highways – of living, proximity to international terminals questions. Some of them refer to the impact e.g., big economic-industrial zone in and communications (airports, railways) and assessment of the diffusion of technologies on Šimanovci, Pećinci, Krnješevci etc. external economies of agglomeration the land use in urban agglomerations, to the Municipalities that have better transportation (economy of locations and urban economies). changes of the industry’s locational conduct in and communication links with the surrounding In the process of improving regional a regional context, to the coordination of area and Belgrade, and have an efficient competitiveness and territorial development of technological, urban and regional development entrepreneurial oriented are industry, the capacity of organizing the creative and to the possible impact of technologies on advantages for attracting new content. resources complex of a region and their the area and environment. According to the Regional Spatial Plan of the interactive relation is of key importance. According to the data of UNCTAD and the administrative region of Belgrade, 2004 and According to Nijkamp P., Zwetsloot F. et al, World Association of Investment Promotion the Master Urban Plan of Belgrade (2005), the 2007, the creative resources of a region form Agencies (WAIPA), 2007, the key macro- most important zones for locating the industry three groups; 1) Research and development locational factors are macro-economic and and other economic activities are Upper (university, research institutes, public political stability. The other key factors in the Zemun, Surčin-Dobanovci, Highway and development institutions), 2) Entrepreneurial selection of location are quality Pančevo marshes-Reva of the total surface of activities and contents (incubators, scientific telecommunications, supply and costs of 2,570 ha. In the Belgrade area, a deficit of parks, network of entrepreneurs), 3) System of highly skilled workforce, corporative taxes et al. localities for economic production and other investing (encouraging venture capital, (Table 4). Locational-development factors are purposes is evident, that is why the localities „business angels“, regional funds) and 4) the main starting-point in identifying the spatial and zones have been activated on the periphery Talent (researchers, innovators etc.). entities and towns, as points in which IZs and of the metropolitan area. The current economic Based on the available knowledge, in the IPs (industrial parks) will develop. Selecting zones in the metropolitan area of Belgrade process of diversification of the branch and the locations for IZs and IPs will depend on the cover a large surface (municipality Pećinci spatial structures of industry, the main criteria competitiveness of the locational-development 1,000 ha - zones Šimanovci 500 ha, Pećinci of allocation are experience, knowledge and potential of the area in relation to other areas, 500 ha, Krnješevci 350 ha, Inđija 900 ha, skills of the workforce, transfer and flexibility in as well as on the concrete requirements of the 1,900 ha, Pančevo), Zeković, the movement of highly educated human investors from certain branches of production. Maričić, 2008., Zeković, Spasić, Maričić, resources. Allocation of high tech industry is 2007. carried out by agglomeration or diffusion of The main criteria for selecting the area (macro and micro locations) for bigger more attractive The localities of new economic, industrial capacities along with vertical integration and localities of IZs and IPs are: socio-economic zones are a mixture of old spatial structures spatial disaggregation. The process of vertical criteria; availability of regional heavy and new locational-spatial models in the urban integration and agglomeration of industry is infrastructure; infrastructurally equipped fabric (Zeković, 2008.). What should be conditioned by a relatively small impact on the localities; urban centers, existing developed researched are the elaborate analysis of the local environment, due to the export and and organized space; proximity of existing potential implications of the new poles on the exterritorial character of production. industrial localities; natural-geographical regional environment, the manner of From the viewpoint of spatial/regional and conditions for accommodation; criteria for coexistence of the growth area and the area of urban planning, the locational factors of high environmental protection, and institutional- stagnation and depression, the disappearance tech industry can be categorized into two organizational criteria (proactive approach to of traditional industrial production, the groups: a) regional innovative infrastructure, local home rule and regional authorities,

32 spatium Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

Table 4. Key factors in the decision-making regarding allocation of foreign investments and the proposal of factors and criteria for the selection of locations in Serbia Key factors in decision-making regarding the macro-location of foreign Other factors in the selection of location for foreign investment investment – according to rank 1.Political and macro-economic stability 9.Access to airports 2.Supply and costs of highly-skilled workforce 10.Quality of road infrastructure 3.Quality telecommunications 11.Prices of energy sources 4.Quality of banking and financial services 12.Presence of other investors from the same business activity 5.Labor legislation 13.Rail, road and marine infrastructure 6.Corporative taxes 14.Natural goods and resources 7.Attitude towards foreign investors 15.Costs of low-qualified workforce 8.Investment stimuli efficient work of local authorities, competent strategy of competitiveness that has already services and institutions, informational system POSSIBLE STRUCTURAL CHANGES been confirmed in the practice of the countries regarding the area, the cadastre, real estate, OF INDUSTRY IN SERBIA in transition, can enable the widest prognostic infrastructure, land, informatical services, the Growth of competitiveness and success of frame for the territorial development of industry efficient organization of administrative industrial development is conditioned by in Serbia. From the standpoint of spatial procedures, location management, inspection different types and integration relations within organization, the most general frames are offices, controls, promotional approach and territorial networking – clusters on the local enabled by the zebra concept that implies the local political support for the development of and regional level. Cappelin R.(2005), existence of zones of high activity and SMEs and IZs and IPs, management of local demonstrates several types of integration that attractiveness for investments (“black zones”) resources by implementing the available are important for the local system of and zones of low-level activity and measures et al.). production: a) technological integration attractiveness for investments (“white“ zones). Market and investment pressures on “black” Criteria and factors for selecting locations are (implies the development of production know- zones due to their attractiveness enable the different and have unequal importance for each how, the promotion of training and knowledge growth of territorial and sector production type. That is why it is necessary to of work, permanent education of workers, competitiveness. The concept of development apply a sector locational analysis. According to investment in research and development on the phases is characterized by: MERR RS, FIAS, SIEPA, IFC 2008, the level of local firms and their corporation with common ground for all industrial sectors make foreign firms), b) integration of the local labor 1. Development phase based on resources, the following „positive“ criteria for selecting market (cooperation between employees and i.e., on the dominant exploitation of natural localities(of different importance): Possibilities firms, mobility of employees between firms resources (ores, energy sources, wood, for expanding the location, access to highways from the same sector, ability to attract farming products) in industries with low and other important roads, access to ports, employees from other sectors), c) integration value added. It is characterized by low railways, airports, access to big towns, access of production between firms (gradual prices of production factors, low level of to neighboring countries-trade partners, diversification of local/regional producers has wages, large investments, as well as availability of local labor, access to materials, a crucial role), d) territorial integration on a extensive employment and low social conditions in the vicinity (proximity to local level (with demand for the improvement competitiveness. In Serbia, this phase was social infrastructures), proximity to industrial of infrastructural networks and better spatial characteristic for the 1990s (food, raw areas, proximity and correlation with the planning and protection of the quality of materials and energy supply production). environment), e) social and cultural integration previous and later phases of production, 2. Development phase based on efficiency (achieving a consensus in the local community access to the infrastructure on location. The of resources exploitation - this implies a and earlier involvement of the community in group of „negative“ criteria are: a) on the significant growth of investment and the decision-making regarding development location – density of population and productivity in the processing industry. projects), f) territorial integration on the development in the surroundings of the This sector has an impact on the growth of interregional and international level (leads to location and the proximity of potentially competitiveness of export, on the increase interregional openness and cooperation, dangerous infrastructure; b) the physical of value added. The processing sector includes the policy of attracting investments, conditions for construction (problematic state attracts a smaller amount of FDI, while the measures of „market area/location“ that are of land, erosion and earth flows, problems with greater part is directed towards the banking crucial for attracting foreign investment and underground and surface waters, contaminated sector, commercial activities, trade, promoting internationalization of local firms). soil et al.); c) general ecological conditions insurance, hotel industry, logistics and (protected floodable areas, etc); d) social The future structural changes in the industry of storage, business services etc. conditions (avoiding zones where political riots Serbia are conditioned by a macro-economic 3. Development phase based on innovation and weaker security can be expected, avoiding development frame, as well as by the solutions areas of cultural monuments, localities that are and knowledge - it is aimed at significant of industrial policy, policy of innovation, policy investments in the development of sensitive for their religious and social context, of development of SMEs and entrepreneurship. avoiding potential settlements in the vicinity of scientific and technological research and the location). The implementation of the general concept of activation of the infrastructures of development phases, which is within the knowledge (universities, research

spatium 33 Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

institutions et al). Investments are directed Opting for potential reindustrialization in Serbia EVALUATION OF REGIONAL towards the large revenue productions has its foundation in the fact that the industry is COMPETITIVENESS OF AREAS (ICT, biotechnologies, electronics, an activity that can ensure the achievement of FROM THE STANDPOINT OF pharmaceuticals, automobile, airplane, key development aims – growth of measuring and optical instruments etc) employment, growth of competitiveness, TERRITORIAL INDUSTRIAL along with fragmentation, dislocation or export, attracting new investments, applying DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA extinguishing traditional industries. technical progress, the creation of new SMEs. Evaluation of regional competitiveness of areas 4. Development phase based on wealth, The option of deepening the process of from the standpoint of possibilities of industrial when the postindustrial society is deindustrialization in Serbia implies a further development in Serbia is one of the necessary developed and the industries are weakening of the role of this activity in the steps from the standpoint of territorial/regional dislocated to other countries, and there is economic structure with the strengthening of planning of industrial development. In the export of capital and the development of the services sector, and a partial qualitative process of evaluation, different methodological highly sophisticated services. change of the branch structure of production. approaches are used, as well as techniques According to the Report on the state of certain The economic and industrial structure of Serbia and indicators. Zonneveld W. (2008), points to sectors of industry, 2008, the promising key the significance of mapping the entire is characterized by a combination of the first sectors of the processing industry in Serbia are two phases, with fragments of the third in some economic and territorial development with the the production of electronic equipment (radio, structuring of all the activities, characteristics, of the industrial sectors (the pharmaceutical TV and telecommunications), production of industry, ICT, chemical and food processing priorities, functional connections et al. In the motor vehicles and their components, and graph 2, the results of the research of industrial industry). In Serbia, the development phase information technologies. based on efficiency is directed by significant development and regional competitiveness are investments and implies not just investments presented at the level of district groups (level into development projects, but into regional NUTS 3) as part of the research-development heavy infrastructure. The highlight of this basis in the making of the Strategy of spatial development phase is on the construction of development of Serbia, 2009, which shows the highways, modern railways, big territorial differences and domination of the telecommunications, airports and electric Graph 2. Comparative demonstration of the indicators of Serbia’s regional competitiveness, at the level of energy systems, on intensifying logistic district groups (NUTS3), 2007-2008. services. From the viewpoint of organization and use of space, these demands imply a huge absorption of space, increase of market Beograd high-educated empl. Bačka pressures and the demands for building land. 10 productivity of processing ind. export/pc The demand for big investments surpasses the 8 6 possibilities of the public sector and available industr.productivity unemploy/1000 inh. 4 market resources, for which new models and Kolub.i mačvan. 2 Podun.i branič. financial sources are being introduced for level of industrialis. 0 indust.gross added value/pc Morav.šum.i pomor. heavy infrastructural projects. This phase Borski i zaječ. R&D/employ. surface of plan.IZ implies that investments are directed in the Zlatiborski application of technical progress and living roads/pc phone users Raški i rasinski knowledge, equipment, technological labour productivity Niš.topl.i pirotski development, attracting strategic partners that Jablanički i pčinjski have the necessary know-how and abilities for efficient investing. Simultaneously, there is demand for the initiation of reforms in the public sector towards deregulation and liberalization of business in order to attract FDI high-educated empl. (foreign direct investment) and private capital, 10 productivity of processing ind. export/pc through privatization, initiation of partnerships 8 6 Morav.šum.i pomor. of the public and private sector. The global industr.productivity unemploy/1000 inh. 4 Borski i zaječ. economic and financial crisis has moved the 2 Zlatiborski limits by introducing means of public budget level of industrialis. 0 indust.gross added value/pc Raški i rasinski to reclaim the debts of private financial and Niš.topl.i pirotski other organizations. The promotion of attracting R&D/employ. surface of plan.IZ Jablanički i pčinjski FDIs in the activities that are important for the living roads/pc phone users competitiveness of Serbia is characteristic of labour productivity this phase (e.g., automobile industry, oil industry, food processing, iron-and steel and non-ferrous metallurgy etc), i.e., partnerships between domestic and foreign companies.

34 spatium Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

Belgrade area. In the assessment of regional is important for the territorial development of 1. Further concentration in the metropolitan competitiveness as the basis of territorial Serbia’s industry, based on the comparative area (Belgrade, Novi Sad, and Niš) and development of Serbia, a comparative analysis analysis of standardized values of 12 indicators industrial and economic growth in the has been applied based on the SPIDER model on the level of district groups (NUTS 3), which metropolitan and regions in accordance or the so-called “Ameba“ method or „Radar“ were obtained by applying the SPIDER method. with the advantageous competitiveness of their method. They confirm the absolute and relative areas, as centers of infrastructural networks domination of Belgrade City in the regional and preferred locations with qualified, young, The SPIDER model is an analytical tool that is competitiveness of areas in Serbia and creative and mobile workers et al. The modern used for comparing and visualizing the relative demonstrate the significant interregional development discourse of the metropolitan advantages and flaws of a certain territory, or differences in the efficient exploitation of area implies their competitiveness for different scenarios of development, based on a territorial capital. investment, supported by political advisors, multitude of factors. (Reinstra, 1998; Deakin business consultants, researchers and town M. et al, 2007). The model represents a leaders. powerful means of introducing bigger areas or PRELIMINARY SKETCH SCENARIOS different development options and enables the FOR THE TERRITORIAL 2. Spatial specialization and fragmentation of evaluation of the suggested development DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN the regional area and towns. The process of policies (Bruinsma et al, 2001). The model is SERBIA globalization and transitional recession is relevant for the better understanding of the causing the mentioned trend on the national, relations between factors, as well as for the In accordance with the assumptions regarding regional, metropolitan and local level. The development and evaluation of „hypothetical the impact of key exogen and endogen risks structural distribution of new investments and scenarios“ in the planning and managing of and uncertainties in the process of industrial employment favors the branching of area. The previous experience shows that the territorial development of Serbia, two potential specialized production and services on SPIDER analysis is used as an efficient scenarios have been proposed with their selected special locations, and determining instrument in the comparison of different frames, assumptions, prospects and potential and respecting „new“ locational factors on a scenarios and in the comparative studies of environmental-spatial effects for the spatial regional and local level. These results in certain spatial entities (regions, towns). The development of this activity (Table 5): spatial organization produce monostructural SPIDER model is not a real model in the sense • Scenario of recessive growth development-location forms, new economic that it uses mathematical and econometric (continuation of the process of poles or „islands“, whose locations are methods for the prediction of certain factors, deindustrialization with a negative allocated to foreign and domestic investors for but it is a reliable tool for visualizing the results growth), various activities. These spatial-locational of the analysis of certain factors and indicators. forms include attractive financial-commercial In the use of models, firstly, the numerical data • Scenario of sustainable spatial centers in downtown areas, gentrification of about each factor/indicator is standardized, and development of industry. interior areas of bigger cities or agricultural then, they are mapped on the axis starting from The process of globalization, new suburbia and post-industrial zones of the inside towards the outside end of the technologies, the global financial and technopoles and abandoned areas of former „spider“. The lowest values are gathered closer economic crisis have and will have in the public enterprises. to the point of the intersection of axis, while the foreseeable future a significant impact on the 3. Spatial polarization (of industries, higher values are closer to the outside end of territorial development of Serbia’s industry, in development processes, populations, the „spider“. The higher values of the factors all the scenarios of development. Spatial resources, investments, revenues, profits, etc.) show their better performances. The data can development of industry and total industrial in interregional, regional, and town be quantative and qualitative, whose absolute activity in Serbia are under the influence of agglomerations, development corridors, etc. and relative values are aggregated on a 10- market economy policies, which, although they Market economy is not always an efficient point scale of values. The area size presented clearly promote regional balance, they favor mechanism for encouraging sustainable on both axes does not have statistical the further concentration of industrial and total industrial and economic growth and the significance, and the absolute values of the development in the metropolitan regions of gradual decrease of spatial disparities. data on them are converted into relative ratios. Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš and the highway Although the economic gap between The first step in the implementation of the corridors. This trend is compatible with the developed and undeveloped regions of model is based on the standardization of European trends. In accordance with the aims is slowly narrowing, and the national quantative data. General data are used (socio- and principles of the Lisbon Strategy, the differences between countries are slowly economic data such as, surface, population, governments are concentrated on promoting disappearing, the differences between regions density of population, unemployment, income metropolitan regions and national policies in and towns are increasing mainly, et. al), and the derived data on factors, transportation, innovation and competitiveness synchronically (Glasson, 2007). Such a trend indicators, parameters. The second step based on sustainability. can be expected in the future spatial implies the use of standardized data values Contrary to the vision of the generally accepted development of Serbia as well. The general (from the first step) on a 10-point „spider“ concept of a more balanced regional opinion is that a market neoliberal policy, like scale for every factor/indicator, and their development of Serbia, the scenario of most of the other policies, has a tendency to visualization on the SPIDER model. In graph 2, recessive growth is more probable, which from increase spatial differences/disparities on the results of the evaluation of Serbia’s the spatial standpoint, is characterized by: account of the undeveloped, „less talented“ regional competitiveness are presented, which

spatium 35 Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

Table 5. Probable scenarios of industrial development in Serbia – the frame, presumptions, prospects and assessment activating new localities and spatial models for of territorial influences locating industry, d) dispersion of production Scenario for the recessive growth of industry Scenario for the sustainable spatial development of industry and services capacities within small localities Development based on resources Development based on knowledge and innovations in an urban and rural area, e) Location of IZs Standstill in transition, privatization Successful transitional reforms and measures of promoting and IPs within the development corridors, Deindustrialization intensified by the process of industrial development development zones and centers, f) transitional recession with a reduced role of Reindustrialization – growth of employment, competitiveness, Development of regional industrial clusters in industry in the economic structure and the export, attracting new investments several key sectors of production (automobile strengthening of the sector of services Eco-restructuring of industry industry, production of motor vehicles and Conservation of branch structure Growth of domestic and FDI and the SME sector their components, electronic equipment -radio, Implementation of current technologies Decline of the role of the sector for processing raw materials, Decrease in employment energy sources and primary processing of resources TV, telecommunications), ICT, food processing Decrease in industrial production, export and Destimulating the consumption and production of industrial complex, et al. competitiveness products Further devastation of the environment Industrial development based on sustainability and the control of According to data of the National Investment Additional pressure on the environment due to ecological capacities Plan (NIP) of Serbia, the construction or the intensive exploitation of resources Preventive approach in the ecological management of industry as communal organization of 64 industrial zones Production planning with political support an advantage in business and parks is projected in all the regional Maintaining the current spatial structure Creating competitive advantages and promoting regional and entities of Serbia. The suggestion for these in industry local potentials and quality of living Mandatory implementation of SEA for all industrial programs (ex zones was made based on the analysis and the Metropolitan concentration of industry post, ex ante) collection of municipal proposals. In the region Promotion of new production based on local ecological capacity of 50 municipalities and towns, 64 localities Polarization of the effects of industrial Growth of the role of institutions in the promotion of industrial development have been suggested for the construction and competitiveness formation of new IZs and IPs, or for the Ecological factors included in all the phases of industrial projects Spatial specialization and spatial infrastructural organization of the current fragmentation of industry – eco-management Use of the advantages of network communications and quality industrial and other zones (Table 6). Half of the Increase in production and transportation costs infrastructure planned industrial zones (32 IZs) are located in Little application of new knowledge and Slight growth of employment technologies the areas of developed municipalities, while Lack of infrastructure for the development of new Polycentric industrial growth only one IZ is projected for the undeveloped productions Industrial development as an important factor in Jablaničko-pčinjski district. Lack of information for the initiation of different regional spatial cohesion production capacities The total surface of the planned industrial Lack of specific research centers and innovative Increase of the role of ecological factors in local development zones and industrial parks in Serbia is industrial enterprises policy, spatial planning and decision-making concerning 5,229.13 ha. In the following medium-term industrial development Inefficient exploitation of building land, energy period, employment for 20,385 – 47,180 sources, water and raw materials Training programs for industrial eco-management Possible conflicts with the surrounding areas and Opening the national center for the promotion of cleaner workers is projected within these zones. The functions production, development and the promotion of cooperation average surface of the suggested industrial Closing and bankruptcy of one part of industrial among SMEs zones and parks in Serbia is 81.7 ha, with firms oscillations between 14.2 -921 ha. Further drop in work productivity in industry One of the more serious problems of territorial development of IZs and IPs is the lack of suggested industrial zones and parks in the and more neglected regions with an points/terminals, as regional territorial insufficiently developed and undeveloped unintentional polarization on all spatial levels “catalysts” of development. regions of Serbia, especially in the Jablaničko- (Zeković, 2007.). Therefore, the realization of pčinjski, Raško-rasinski, Nišavsko-toplički and the priorities of spatial development should Draft of outlined territorial development Podunavsko-braničevski regions. One allow the slowing of polarization and the of IZs and IPs in Serbia industrial zone of 14.2 ha in surface in the alleviation of the territorial disparities in the Jablaničko-Pčinjski region, as the most The draft of the outlined future territorial regional, urban and rural development of undeveloped part of Serbia (excluding Kosovo development of industry (IZs and IPs) on the Serbia. and ), is projected, as well as one IZ level of district groups (NUTS 3) on the area of in the Nišavsko-toplički region of 54 ha in Each of the mentioned scenarios has big Serbia is based on the leading role of the surface. Zones in Kruševac and Kraljevo have implications in the domain of regional and current economic-industrial centers and been projected in the Raško-rasinski region. urban allocation and organization of space, in development corridors X and VII, and on the The completion of the highway on the corridor socio-economic development, in land use, in development of medium towns in undeveloped X would contribute to a better competitiveness the environment, as well as in the institutional regions. By 2020, in the spatial organization of of IZs, and it would open and improve the domain. Each scenario requires the Serbia's industry, especially IZs and IPs, the accessibility to the undeveloped part of determination of spatial dispositions and the following is expected: a) activating greenfield southern Serbia. While the construction of the elaboration of development zones, IZs and IPs, b) exploiting locations within the highway towards Montenegro would lead to the developmental and infrastructural corridors, current economic-industrial zones in towns, c) key urban junctions/towns and improvement of the quality of its position, and

36 spatium Zeković, S.: Regional competitiveness and territorial industrial development in Serbia

Table 6. Planned industrial zones and industrial parks according to districts (NUTS 3) based on the data MERR and NIP, 2009. (Strategy of Spatial Development of Serbia by 2020, 2009.) Number Expected number Average zone Density NUTS 3 Location of IZs and IPs in towns/municipalities of ind. Surface (ha) of employees surface (ha) employee/ha zones 1. Beograd 1 55.8 - 55,8 - B., B.Petrovac, Bečej, M.Iđoš, Sombor, 2. Bačka Subotica 9 658.61 7.010-7.860 73,17 11,9 Ada, B.Crkva, Vršac, Kanjiža, Zrenjanin, Kikinda, 3. Banat , N.Bečej, N.Kneževac, Čoka/ 14 767.22 2,375-5,700 54.80 7.4 4. Srem Indjija, Irig, S.Mitrovica 4 380.54 1,110-1,450 95.13 3.8 Bogatić, Valjevo, , Loznica, , 5. Kol.mačvanski Šabac, M.Zvornik 9 1,280.1 1,135-9,870 142.22 7.7 6. Podun.branič. Smederevo, V., M.Crniće 3 370.5 1,030-5,400 123.50 14.6 Jagodina, Kragujevac, Čačak, Lapovo, Paraćin, 7.Pom.šum.morav. 8 323.84 3,775-9,300 40.48 28.7 Bor, Zaječar, Kljaževac, , , 8.Bor.zaječarski Pirot 6 320.77 2,480-4,400 53.46 13.7 9.Zlatiborski Požega, Prijepolje, Užice 4 720.5 550-1,500 180.12 2.1 10. Raš.rasinski Kraljevo, Kruševac 2 283.05 350-700 141.52 2.5 11.Niš.toplički Niš 1 54.0 500 54.00 9.2 12.Jabl.pčinjski Vranje 1 14.2 70-500 14.20 35.2 13. Kosovo and Metohija - - - - - Serbia in total 64 5,229.13 20,385-47,180 81.70 9.0

it would attract investments into the attractive competitive localities are in the southwestern and western Serbia. CONCLUSION bigger or medium towns of the developed areas, along the corridor X and VII, as well as Out of the 64 planned IZs and IPs, only one Based on the analysis of territorial industrial in the medium-sized towns of the insufficiently zone refers to a brownfield locality- development of Serbia, it is estimated that the developed areas. Metropolitan areas, big revitalization of the old industrial zones in strong process of deindustrialization of towns, towns, zones of development and highway Smederevo, while the others refer to greenfield the concentration of production in the Belgrade corridors and medium-sized towns in a IZs and IPs. For realizing the goal of territorial and Novi Sad regions and the mounting developed area offer more attractive, cohesion of Serbia, a stimulation of new disparity in industrial development are all competitive, favorable, and more quality localities of IZs in the undeveloped regions is consequences of transitional recession and a conditions of industrial development. The suggested, in such a way that it does not limit reflection of the absence of an adequate strategy of territorial disposition of industrial their further development and allocation in regional policy, a policy of regional industrial zones and parks in Serbia should be based on towns in the more developed part of Serbian innovations and spatial orientation of activity. If the group of factors of market demand, territory that has greater competitive appropriate measures and activities are not competitiveness of area and available territorial advantages. The issue of territorial allocation of taken in the future, further spatial concentration capital and the principles of territorial IZs and IPs, apart from being essentially can be expected, as well as spatial polarization, cohesion. It is estimated that in this, the results determined by market principles, is an specialization and fragmentation of industrial (obtained by the application of the SPIDER important instrument of support for territorial structure in the metropolitan areas of Belgrade analysis) of the evaluation of regional factors development of the developed and and Novi Sad, in the bigger cities and along and advantages could be useful in the districts undeveloped regions, i.e., an efficient means the European Corridor X, which has been of Serbia. of stimulative policy. analyzed within the two scenarios of potential territorial industrial development – scenario of Starting from the need to alleviate territorial recessive growth and scenario of sustainable References differences on the levels of total and industrial spatial development. development, it is suggested to stimulate IZs Burdach J.(2006), New economic poles in European metropolitan peripheries: and IPs in the towns of the undeveloped It has been concluded that it is necessary to Introductory remarks on theory and empirical regions: N.Pazar, Priboj, Raška, , make a strategy of territorial development of evidence, European Spatial reseach and policy, Leskovac, , , , industrial zones and parks, which should Vol.13 No 2/2006. , , Kladovo, Požarevac, Šid, include priorities of their activation in sectors Bertaud A. (2006), The Spatial Structures of Bač, , et al. and regional entities. It is estimated that this highlights the complexity of decision-making Central and Eastern European cities, in The regarding their territorial allocation between Urban Mosaic of Post-Socialist Europe, Space, developed and undeveloped districts/regions Institutions and Policy, Verlag, Springer. of Serbia. It has also been concluded that the Bruinsma F.R., Nijkamp P., Vreeker P. (2001), Experts at Arm’s Length of Public Policy

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