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Cultural Heritage SLAVICA VUJOVIC CULTURAL HERITAGE – HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION PROVINCIAL INSTITUTE FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS PETROVARADIN Editor in Chief Zoran Vapa Reviews: Prof. Vladimir Mako, PhD Prof. Mirjana Roter Blagojevic, PhD Prof. Dragan Bulatovic, PhD The bookCultural Heritage – How to Preserve and Use (supplemented Serbian 2016 edition published on the occasion of the Provincial Institute 65th anniversary and ten years of the Century of Bac Project) is published in the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018 Cover photo: Fresco of the Crucifixion of Christ with the Virgin discovered in the Franciscan Monastery of Bac (Pavle Marjanović) This publication is supported by the AP Vojvodina Provincial Secretariat for Culture, Public Information and Religious Communities Relations and the Grand Prix Laureat Fund of the 2018 European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards Copyright: 2018, the Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments Petrovaradin SLAVICA VUJOVIC CULTURAL HERITAGE – HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION PROVINCIAL INSTITUTE FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS PETROVARADIN Novi Sad, 2018 CONTENT REMEMBERING THE FUTURE (Zoran Vapa) . 6 THE CENTURIES OF BAC IN THE EUROPEAN YEAR OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (Irina Subotić) . 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 10 INTRODUCTION . .13 VALUES – ISSUES – SOLUTION MODEL THE BAC AND ITS SURROUNDINGS CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE . 19 STATE OF THE HERITAGE AND THE OBSERVED ISSUES . .39 A HOLISTIC APPROACH AS A SOLUTION MODEL . 42 Integrity of Historical Processes . 42 Integrity of the Cultural Heritage Concept . 43 Cultural Values as a Harmonising Factor of the Whole . .46 Integrated Approach in Cultural Heritage Protection . .45 THE CENTURIES OF BAC CONCEPT, MISSION AND GOALS . 48 ORGANISED ACTIONS AND ACTIVITY GROUPING . 49 CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION THEORY, PRACTICE, NETWORKING AND SUSTAINABILITY IN ACTION . .59 KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT AND VALUE RECOGNITION . 62 1870-2000 Background – The Heritage of Bac and Its Surroundings Investigations and Protection. 62 Period Prior to Establishing Protection Services in Serbia . .63 Period from 1945 until the End of the 20th Century . 66 Discovery of cultural landscape as an outcome of new interpretation of Bac and its surroundings . 75 Historical Process Integrity . .76 Landscape Character Identification and Valorisation. 92 KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT FOR PURPOSES OF CONSERVATION . 103 4 Slavica Vujovic / CULTURAL HERITAGE – HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE / CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION The Bac Fortress. 104 The Donjon Tower . 104 Unveiling the Layers of the Past and Treatment of Built Structures . 111 How Built Structures are Treated . 116 Bodjani Monastery . 124 Multidisciplinarity at Work . 124 Christopher Zefarovic’s Frescoes – Conservation and Restoration . 128 The Franciscan Monastery of Bac . 134 Virgin with Christ – a Miracle Working Icon . 134 Discovery of a Fresco of Crucifixion of Christ with the Virgin . 136 The Last Supper . 139 RAISING AWARENESS, COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING . 145 Developing Awareness of the Heritage Multiple Values . 145 Heritage Values and the Local Culture . 145 Creativity in Service of Value Preservation, Cultivation and Transfer . 147 Access to Communication . 153 Communication with the Professional and General Public . 153 Emphasis on the Role of Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development . 156 Education and Professional Development . .159 TheCenturies of Bac Participation in Formal and Informal Education . 159 HEROMAT and the Cultural Heritage Materials Testing Laboratory . 163 CONCLUSION . 168 RÉSUMÉ . 172 Acronyms . 178 Illustrations Source . 178 Literature . 179 Slavica Vujovic / CULTURAL HERITAGE – HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE / CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION 5 REMEMBERING THE FUTURE or years now, there have been professional and expert public discussions Fabout a sustainable revitalisation model for cultural heritage and its enhancement based on research and study, thoughtful observations and experience acquired in the projects regarding cultural heritage protection system. However, the hitherto models have not provided much satisfactory results and we now have to move in new directions, with new views and new ideas. In early 2006, the Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments Petrovaradin created a Development Project of Integrated Protection of the Municipality of Bac Heritage “Centuries of Bac” with an aim to make a shift from a model of separately and individually protected and presented tangible and intangible cultural and natural properties to the one that would provide conditions for a broader local community involvement and development. Since it is almost impossible to protect, keep and maintain the heritage without the local community and its individual members, working on the Project for ten years, the author of the Project, Slavica Vujovic, PhD, and her associates strived for making the cultural heritage consumers to understand it in order to appreciate it and consequently protect it. The chief issues of the Project turned out to be how to convert the heritage from a liability to an asset and a potential of development. We sincerely hope that the publication Cultural Heritage – How to Preserve It and Utilise It – Centuries of Bac Contribution – which presents results from a decade long multidisciplinary research and study of a team of professionals, their dilemmas and observations in setting up a new model in heritage preservation, presentation and management – will be yet another piece in a mosaic leading towards the Ancient Bac and Its Surroundings to be included in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. 6 Slavica Vujovic / CULTURAL HERITAGE – HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE / CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION Just a short glance at this book shows how enormous were the protection services efforts along with their scientific and professional results, deserving our sincere respect and admiration. For the last ten years, numerous activities have been carried out, contributing to the discovery and conservation of a series of movable and immovable cultural properties, cultural and historical complexe4s, archaeological sites, and places of heritage significance – heritage of great and/or outstanding value. In addition, social expectations and hopes have been fulfilled and an obligation to consider the future in a responsible way has been accepted. At the same time, the entire protection services have adjusted to the contemporary social trends and new technologies, which should enable the wider community to view the cultural properties in a different way. We are certain that, in the future, the heritage spiritual aspect will be comprehended and all its layers and higher messages discovered. In this way, the attitude towards the national heritage will change, finally becoming a part of the public awareness. The protection services respect the past but create for the future. All the people are potential consumers of cultural heritage and taking care of it has become a social obligation. No law, no rule at its best, covering the cultural heritage protection, can replace that supreme protection deriving from the knowledge that all the cultural properties of the region makes us part of the everlasting European heritage spirit. Zoran Vapa Editor-in-Chief Novi Sad, 2016 Slavica Vujovic / CULTURAL HERITAGE – HOW TO PRESERVE AND USE / CENTURIES OF BAC CONTRIBUTION 7 THE CENTURIES OF BAC IN THE EUROPEAN YEAR OF CULTURAL HERITAGE or the first time in the history of civilisation, the year of 2018 was des- Fignated to be the European Year of Cultural Heritage. In Serbia it is celebrated through numerous cultural events that highlight the European dimension of this country heritage and to be a reminder of many regulations, declarations, conventions, agreements and contracts that we are obliged to protect, preserve, foster and popularise heritage as a significant segment of human rights. And it is this year that we have experienced a great joy and sat- isfaction: in June, in Berlin, during the European major summit dedicated to the European heritage conservation and cultural policy, an EU Prize for Cul- tural Heritage/ Europa Nostra Awards Ceremony was held, the most prestig- ious award in the field of heritage. The Award Ceremony was co-hosted by Maestro Plácido Domingo, President of Europa Nostra, and Tibor Navrac- sics, European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport. So far, only two projects from Serbia have been awarded with a prize: the one called “Report for Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage of Metohija”, and the other was the Investigation and Restoration Programme for the stone houses in the village of Gostusa. Today we are proud to say that this for the heritage significant year there are even three Serbian projects awarded in different categories: Restoration and Proper Use of the Prince Michael’s Pavilion in Bukovicka Banja; the Dedinje Royal Palace State Art Collec- tion – processed and published in two volumes; and the Centuries of Bac, a comprehensive interdisciplinary project of the Bac Fortress complex and its surroundings restoration. This last one, according to the international jury members, was awarded the Grand Prix, despite a serious competition com- ing from successful projects from other European countries. The main rea- son: its comprehensive, interdisciplinary and interconfessional approach, as the entire heritage complex comprises the Roman Catholic,
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