United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management
Spokane District Programmatic Noxious Weed & Invasive Plant Management Environmental Assessment Appendices DOI-BLM-ORWA-W000-2017-0001-EA August 2018
Spokane District Office 1103 N. Fancher Road Spokane Valley, WA 99212 (509) 536-1200
APPENDIX A Herbicides and Surfactants Approved for Use on BLM-administered Lands in Washington This appendix includes the list of herbicide formulations and adjuvants approved for use on BLM-administered lands. This list was updated on January 6, 2017, and is subject to change. The information is based upon (1) the Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Record of Decision (ROD), (2) the Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on BLM Lands in Oregon EIS ROD, and (3) the Vegetation Treatments Using Aminopyralid, Fluroxypyr, and Rimsulfuron on BLM Lands in 17 Western States EIS and ROD. The manufacturer and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration number are provided to assist in the preparation of the Pesticide Use Proposal. When using adjuvants approved for use on the BLM-administered lands, first refer to the herbicide label and identify which type of approved adjuvant is required with the particular formulation (e.g., non-ionic surfactant, crop oil concentrate, or deposition agent). Then refer to the attached list to identify the approved adjuvant and select the one that fits the application criteria.
ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Aminopyralid Milestone Dow AgroSciences 62719-519 Aminopyralid + ForeFront HL Dow AgroSciences 62719-630 2,4-D GrazonNext HL Dow AgroSciences 62719-628 Aminopyralid + Sendero Dow AgroSciences 62719-645 Clopyralid Aminopyralid + Chaparral Dow AgroSciences 62719-597 Metsulfuron Opensight Dow AgroSciences 62719-597 Methyl Aminopyralid + Capstone Dow AgroSciences 62719-572 Triclopyr Bromacil 80DF Alligare, LLC 81927-4 Bromacil 80WG Alligare, LLC 81927-4 Ceannard Bromacil 80DF Ceannard, Inc. 58035-19 Bayer Environmental Hyvar X 432-1546 Bromacil Science Hyvar X DuPont Crop Protection 352-287 Bayer Environmental Hyvar X-L 432-1548 Science Hyvar X-L DuPont Crop Protection 352-346
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Bromacil/Diuron 40/40 Alligare, LLC 81927-3 Ceannard Diuron/Bromacil Ceannard, Inc. 58035-18 80DF DiBro 2+2 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-227 DiBro 4+2 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-386 Bromacil + Diuron DiBro 4+4 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-235 Bayer Environmental Krovar I DF 432-1551 Science Krovar I DF DuPont Crop Protection 352-505 Weed Blast 4G SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-19 Weed Blast Res. Weed Cont. Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-576 Alligare Chlorsulfuron Alligare, LLC 81927-43 Chlorsulfuron 75 Alligare, LLC 81927-43 Chlorsulfuron E-Pro 75 WDG Nufarm Americas Inc. 79676-72 Nufarm Chlorsulf SPC 75 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-672 Chlorsulfuron WDG Herbicide Telar DF DuPont Crop Protection 352-522 Bayer Environmental 432-1561 Telar XP Science DuPont Crop Protection 352-654 CleanSlate Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-491 42750-94-81927 Clopyralid 3 Alligare, LLC 81927-14 Pyramid R&P Albaugh, Inc. 42750-94 Clopyralid Reclaim Dow AgroSciences 62719-83 Spur Albaugh, Inc. 42750-89 Stinger Dow AgroSciences 62719-73 Transline Dow AgroSciences 62719-259 Cody Herbicide Alligare, LLC 81927-28 Commando Albaugh, Inc. 42750-92 Clopyralid + 2,4-D Curtail Dow AgroSciences 62719-48 Cutback Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-72 2,4-D 4# Amine Weed Killer UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 34704-120 2,4-D Amine Helena Chemical Company 5905-72 2,4-D Amine Setre (Helena) 5905-72 2,4-D 2,4-D Amine 4 Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-19 2,4-D Amine 4 Helena Chemical Company 42750-19-5905 Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-15 2,4-D LV 4 Setre (Helena) 5905-90
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-20 2,4-D LV 6 Helena Chemical Company 4275-20-5905 Setre (Helena) 5905-93 2,4-D LV 6 Ester Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-95 Agriliance, LLC Agrisolution 2,4-D Amine 4 1381-103 Winflied Solutions, LLC Agriliance, LLC Agrisolution 2,4-D LV4 1381-102 Winflied Solutions, LLC Agriliance, LLC Agrisolution 2,4-D LV6 1381-101 Winflied Solutions, LLC Alligare 2,4-D Amine Alligare, LLC 81927-38 Alligare 2,4-D LV 6 Alligare, LLC 81927-39 Amine 4 Wilbur-Ellis Co. 2935-512 228-378 Aqua-Kleen Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-4 Barrage HF Helena Chemical Company 5905-529 Barrage LV Ester Setre (Helena) 5905-504 Base Camp Amine 4 Wilbur-Ellis Co. 71368-1-2935 Base Camp LV6 Wilbur-Ellis Co. 2935-553 Broadrange 55 Wilbur-Ellis Co. 2217-813-2935 Clean Amine Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-120 Clean Crop Amine 4 UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 34704-5 CA Clean Crop Low Vol 6 Ester UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 34704-125 Clean Crop LV-4 ES UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 34704-124 Cornbelt 4 lb. Amine Van Diest Supply Co. 11773-2 Cornbelt 4# LoVol Ester Van Diest Supply Co. 11773-3 Cornbelt 6# LoVol Ester Van Diest Supply Co. 11773-4 D-638 Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-36 De-Amine 4 Drexel Chemical Company 19713-650 De-Amine 6 Drexel Chemical Company 19713-651 De-Ester LV4 Drexel Chemical Company 19713-345 De-Ester LV6 Drexel Chemical Company 19713-655 Esteron 99C Nufarm Americas Inc. 62719-9-71368 Five Star Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-49 Formula 40 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-357 HardBall Helena Chemical Company 5905-549 Hi-Dep PBI/Gordon Corporation 2217-703 Lo Vol-4 Wilbur-Ellis Co. 228-139-2935
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Low Vol 4 Ester Weed Killer Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-124 Lo Vol-6 Ester Wilbur-Ellis Co. 228-95-2935 Low Vol 6 Ester Weed Killer Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-125 Opti-Amine Helena Chemical Company 5905-501 Phenoxy 088 Winfield Solutions, LLC 42750-36-9779 Platoon Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-145 Rugged Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-247 Saber Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-803 Salvo Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-609 Salvo LV Ester UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 34704-609 Loveland Products, Inc. Savage DS 34704-606 UAP-Platte Chem. Co. Shredder 2,4-D LV4 Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-102 Shredder Amine 4 Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-103 Shredder E-99 Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-195 Solution Water Soluble Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-260 Solve 2,4-D Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-22 Unison Helena Chemical Company 5905-542 Weedar 64 Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-1 WEEDestroy AM-40 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-145 Weedone LV-4 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-139-71368 Weedone LV-4 Solventless Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-14 Weedone LV-6 Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-11 Whiteout 2,4-D Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-1032 Arysta LifeScience N.A. 66330-276 Banvel Corp. Micro Flo Company 51036-289 Clarity BASF Corporation 7969-137 Cruise Control Alligare, LLC 42750-40-81927 Diablo Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-379 Dicamba DMA Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-40 Dicamba Kam-Ba Drexel Chemical Company 19713-624 Rifle Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-861 Sterling Blue Winfield Solutions, LLC 7969-137-1381 Syngenta Professional Vanquish 100-884 Products Vanquish Herbicide Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-397 Albaugh, Inc. 42750-98 Vision Helena Chemical Company 5905-576 4
ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Brash Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-202 Brush-Rhap Helena Chemical Company 5905-568 Dicamba + 2,4-D DMA Alligare, LLC 81927-42 KambaMaster Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-34 Latigo Helena Chemical Company 5905-564 Dicamba + 2,4-D Outlaw Helena Chemical Company 5905-574 Range Star Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-55 Rifle-D Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-869 BASF Ag. Products 7969-133 Weedmaster Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-34 Veteran 720 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-295 Dicamba + Distinct BASF Corporation 7969-150 Diflufenzopyr* Overdrive Alligare Diquat Alligare, LLC 81927-35 Diquat E-Ag 2L Nufarm Americas Inc. 79676-75 Diquat E-Pro 2L Nufarm Americas Inc. 79676-75 Diquat Diquat SPC 2 L Herbicide Nufarm Americas Inc. 79676-75 NuFarm Diquat SPC 2 L Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-675 Herbicide Syngena Professional Reward 100-1091 Products Ceannard Diuron 80DF Ceannard, Inc. 58035-16 DuPont Crop Protection 352-678 Direx 4L Griffin Company 1812-257 Makhteshim Agan of N. A. 66222-54 Direx 80DF Griffin Company 1812-362 Alligare, LLC 81927-44 Drexel Chemical Company 19713-36 Diuron 4L Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-854 Diuron Makteshim Agan of N.A. 66222-54 Diuron 80 Drexel Chemical Company 19713-274 Agriliance, LLC 9779-318 Diuron 80DF Alligare, LLC 81927-12 Winfield Solutions, LLC 9779-318 Loveland Products, Inc. Diuron 80 WDG 34704-648 UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 00352-00-508- Diuron-DF Wilbur-Ellis Co. 02935
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER DuPont Crop Protection 352-692 Karmex DF Makhteshim Agan of N. A. 66222-51 Karmex IWC DuPont Crop Protection 352-692 Karmex XP DuPont Crop Protection 352-692 Parrot DF Makhteshim Agan of N. A. 66222-51 Parrot 4L Makhteshim Agan of N. A. 66222-54 Vegetation Man. Diuron 80 Vegetation Man., LLC 66222-51-74477 DF Alligare Fluridone Alligare, LLC 81927-45 Avast! SePRO Corporation 67690-30 Fluridone 4L Albaugh, LLC 42750-280 Fluridone Sonar AS SePRO Corporation 67690-4 Sonar Precision Release SePRO Corporation 67690-12 Sonar Q SePRO Corporation 67690-3 Sonar SRP Alligare Fluroxypyr Alligare, LLC 66330-385-81927 Fluroxypyr Comet Selective Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-87 Vista XRT Dow AgroSciences 62719-586 Fluroxypyr + Truslate Selective Herbicide Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-86 Clopyralid Fluroxypyr + Surmount Dow AgroSciences 62719-480 Picloram Trooper Pro Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-599 Fluroxypyr + PastureGard Dow AgroSciences 62719-637 Triclopyr Fluroxypyr + 2,4-D E-2 Herbicide Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-442 + Dicamba Accord Concentrate Dow AgroSciences 62719-324 Accord SP Dow AgroSciences 62719-322 Accord XRT Dow AgroSciences 62719-517 Accord XRT II Dow AgroSciences 62719-556 Agrisolutions Cornerstone Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-191 Agrisolutions Cornerstone 5 Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-241 Plus Glyphosate Agrisolutions Cornerstone Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-192 Plus Agrisolutions Rascal Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-191 Agrisolutions Rascal Plus Winfield Solutions, LLC 1381-192 Aqua Neat Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-365 Aqua Star Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-59 Aquamaster Monsanto 524-343 6
ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER AquaPro Aquatic Herbicide SePRO Corporation 62719-324-67690 Buccaneer Tenkoz 55467-10 Buccaneer Plus Tenkoz 55467-9 ClearOut 41 Plus Chem. Prod. Tech., LLC 70829-3 Credit Xtreme Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-81 Foresters Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-381 Forest Star Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42570-61 Four Power Plus Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-890 Gly Star Gold Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-61 Gly Star Original Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-60 Gly Star Plus Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-61 Gly Star Pro Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42750-61 Universal Crop Protection Gly-4 42750-60-72693 Alliance, LLC Universal Crop Protection 72693-1 Gly-4 Plus Alliance, LLC 42750-61-72693 Glyfos Cheminova 4787-31 Glyfos Aquatic Cheminova 4787-34 Glyfos PRO Cheminova 67760-57 GlyphoMate 41 PBI/Gordon Corporation 2217-847 Glyphosate 4 Vegetation Man., LLC 73220-6-74477 Glyphosate 4 + Alligare, LLC 81927-9 Glyphosate 4 PLUS Glyphosate 5.4 Alligare, LLC 81927-8 Glypro Dow AgroSciences 62719-324 Glypro Plus Dow AgroSciences 62719-322 Honcho Monsanto 524-445 Honcho Plus Monsanto 524-454 Imitator 25% Concentration Drexel Chemical Company 19713-628 Imitator Aquatic Drexel Chemical Company 19713-623 Imitator DA Drexel Chemical Company 19713-586 Imitator Plus Drexel Chemical Company 19713-526 Imitator RTU Drexel Chemical Company 19713-607 KleenUp Pro Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-890 Mad Dog Plus Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-890 Makaze Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-890 Mirage Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-889 Mirage Herbicide UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 524-445-34704
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Mirage Plus Loveland Products, Inc. 34704-890 Mirage Plus Herbicide UAP-Platte Chem. Co. 524-454-34704 Rattler Setre (Helena) 524-445-5905 Razor Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-366 Razor Pro Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-366 Rodeo Dow AgroSciences 62719-324 Roundup Custom Monsanto 524-343 Roundup Original Monsanto 524-445 Roundup Original II Monsanto 524-454 Roundup Original II CA Monsanto 524-475 Roundup PRO Monsanto 524-475 Roundup PRO Concentrate Monsanto 524-529 Roundup PRO Dry Monsanto 524-505 Roundup PROMAX Monsanto 524-579 Glyphosate Showdown Helena Chemical Company 71368-25-5905 Campaign Monsanto 524-351 Imitator Plus D Drexel Chemical Company 19713-635 Glyphosate +2,4-D Albaugh, Inc./Agri Star 42570-62 Landmaster BW Monsanto 524-351 Pronone 10G Pro-Serve 33560-21 Pronone 25G Pro-Serve 33560-45 Pronone MG Pro-Serve 33560-21 Pronone Power Pellet Pro-Serve 33560-41 Velossa Helena Chemical Company 5905-579 Hexazinone Velpar DF DuPont Crop Protection 352-581 Bayer Environmental Velpar DF VU Science 432-1576 Velpar L DuPont Crop Protection 352-392 Bayer Environmental Velpar L VU Science 432-1573 Velpar ULW DuPont Crop Protection 352-450 Bayer Environmental 432-1553 Science Hexazinone + Oustar DuPont Crop Protection 352-603 Sulfometuron methyl* Bayer Environmental 432-1558 Science 352-626 Westar DuPont Crop Protection
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Nufarm Imazapic 2SL Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-99 Imazapic Panoramic 2SL Alligare, LLC 66222-141-81927 Plateau BASF 241-365 Imazapic + Journey BASF 241-417 Glyphosate Arsenal BASF 241-346 Arsenal Applicators Conc. BASF 241-299 Imazapyr Arsenal PowerLine BASF 241-431 Arsenal Railroad Herbicide BASF 241-273 Chopper BASF 241-296 Alligare, LLC 81927-22 Ecomazapyr 2SL Vegetation Man., LLC 74477-6 Habitat BASF 241-426 Habitat Herbicide SePRO Corporation 241-426-67690 Vegetation Man., LLC 74477-4 Imazapyr 2 SL Alligare, LLC 81927-23 Vegetation Man., LLC 74477-5 Imazapyr 4 SL Alligare, LLC 81927-24 Polaris Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-534 241-299-228 Imazapyr Polaris AC Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-480 Polaris AC Complete Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-570 Polaris AQ Nufarm Americas Inc. 241-426-228 Polaris Herbicide Nufarm Americas Inc. 241-346-228 Polaris RR Nufarm Americas Inc. 241-273-228 228-536 Polaris SP Nufarm Americas Inc. 241-296-228 Rotary 2 SL Alligare, LLC 81927-6 SSI Maxim Arsenal 0.5G SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-23 SSI Maxim Arsenal 5.0G SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-24 Stalker BASF 241-398 79676-54 Imazuron E-Pro Etigra, LLC
Mojave 70 EG Alligare, LLC 74477-9-81927 Imazapyr + Diuron Mojave 70 EG Alligare, LLC 81927-25 Sahara DG BASF 241-372 SSI Maxim Topsite 2.5G SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-22
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Bayer Environmental Imazapyr + Science 432-1578 Metsulfuron methyl Lineage Clearstand DuPont Crop Protection 352-766 Bayer Environmental Imazapyr + Lineage HWC Science 432-1577 Sulfometuron DuPont Crop Protection 352-765 methyl + Bayer Environmental 432-1579 Metsulfuron Lineage Prep Science methyl* DuPont Crop Protection 352-767 AmTide MSM 60DF AmTide, LLC 83851-3 Herbicide Escort DF DuPont Crop Protection 352-439 Bayer Environmental 432-1549 Escort XP Science DuPont Crop Protection 352-439 Metsulfuron methyl Metsulfuron Methyl DF Vegetation Man., LLC 74477-2 MSM 60 Alligare, LLC 81927-7 MSM E-AG 60 EG Herbicide Etigra, LLC 81959-14 MSM E-Pro 60 EG Herbicide Etigra, LLC 81959-14 Patriot Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-391 PureStand Nufarm Americas Inc. 71368-38 Bayer Environmental 432-1572 Metsulfuron methyl Science + Chlorsulfuron Cimarron Plus DuPont Crop Protection 352-670 Cimarron X-tra DuPont Crop Protection 352-669 Bayer Environmental Metsulfuron methyl 432-1555 Cimarron MAX Science + Dicamba + 2,4-D 352-615 DuPont Crop Protection Grazon PC Dow AgroSciences 62719-181 OutPost 22K Dow AgroSciences 62719-6 Picloram 22K Alligare, LLC 81927-18 Picloram K Alligare, LLC 81927-17 Picloram Tordon 22K Dow AgroSciences 62719-6 Tordon K Dow AgroSciences 62719-17 Triumph 22K Albaugh, Inc. 42750-79 Triumph K Albaugh, Inc. 42750-81 Trooper 22K Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-535 Graslan L Dow AgroSciences 62719-655 Picloram + 2,4-D Grazon P+D Dow AgroSciences 62719-182 GunSlinger Albaugh, Inc. 42750-80
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ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER HiredHand P+D Dow AgroSciences 62719-182 Pathway Dow AgroSciences 62719-31 Picloram + D Alligare, LLC 81927-16 Tordon 101 R Forestry Dow AgroSciences 62719-31 Tordon 101 Mixture Dow AgroSciences 62719-5 Tordon RTU Dow AgroSciences 62719-31
Trooper 101 Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-561
Trooper P + D Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-530 Picloram + 2,4-D + Dicamba Trooper Extra Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-586 Laramie 25DF Alligare, LLC 81927-57 Rimsulfuron Matrix SG Dupont Crop Protection 352-768 Oust DF DuPont Crop Protection 352-401 Bayer Environmental 432-1552 Oust XP Science Sulfometuron DuPont Crop Protection 352-601 methyl* Alligare, LLC 81927-26 SFM 75 Vegetation Man., LLC 72167-11-74477 SFM E-Pro 75EG Etigra, LLC 79676-16 Spyder Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-408 Sulfometuron Bayer Environmental methyl + Science 432-1560 Chlorsulfuron* Landmark XP DuPont Crop Protection 352-645 Bayer Environmental 432-1557 Sulfometuron Science methyl + Oust Extra DuPont Crop Protection 352-622 Metsulfuron SFM Extra Alligare, LLC 81927-5 methyl* Spyder Extra Selective Nefarm Americas Inc. 228-690 Alligare Tebuthiuron 80 WG Alligare, LLC 81927-37 Alligare Tebuthiuron 20 P Alligare, LLC 81927-41 Tebuthiuron Spike 20P Dow AgroSciences 62719-121 Spike 80DF Dow AgroSciences 62719-107 SpraKil S-5 Granules SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-10 Tebuthiuron + SpraKil SK-13 Granular SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-15 Diuron SpraKil SK-26 Granular SSI Maxim Co., Inc. 34913-16 Boulder 6.3 Alligare, LLC 81927-54 Triclopyr Ecotriclopyr 3 SL Vegetation Man., LLC 72167-49-74477 Element 3A Dow AgroSciences 62719-37 11
ACTIVE EPA REG. TRADE NAME MANUFACTURER INGREDIENT NUMBER Element 4 Dow AgroSciences 62719-40 Forestry Garlon XRT Dow AgroSciences 62719-553 Garlon 3A Dow AgroSciences 62719-37 Garlon 4 Dow AgroSciences 62719-40 Garlon 4 Ultra Dow AgroSciences 62719-527 Pathfinder II Dow AgroSciences 62719-176 Relegate Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-521 Relegate RTU Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-522 Remedy Dow AgroSciences 62719-70 Remedy Ultra Dow AgroSciences 62719-552 Renovate 3 SePRO Corporation 62719-37-67690 Renovate OTF SePRO Corporation 67690-42 228-384 Tahoe 3A Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-518 228-520 Tahoe 4E Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-385 Tahoe 4E Herbicide Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-517 Triclopyr 4 Alligare, LLC 81927-11 Triclopyr 3 Alligare, LLC 81927-13 Triclopyr 3 SL Vegetation Man., LLC 72167-53-74477 Albaugh, LLC 42750-173 Triclopyr RTU Alligare, LLC 81927-33 Trycera Helena Chemical Company 5905-580 Vastlan Dow AgroSciences 62719-687 Aquasweep Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-316 Candor Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-565 Triclopyr + 2,4-D Crossbow Dow AgroSciences 62719-260 Everett Alligare, LLC 81927-29 Brazen Nufarm Americas Inc. 228-564 Triclopyr + Prescott Herbicide Alligare, LLC 81927-30 Clopyralid Redeem R&P Dow AgroSciences 62719-337 * NOTE: The aerial application of this herbicide is prohibited in accordance with the ROD for the Vegetation Treatments Using Herbicides on BLM Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic EIS.
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APPENDIX B Washington State Noxious Weed List This appendix identifies the current list of noxious weeds, by class. This list was current as of 2017 and is subject to change.
Class A Noxious Weeds Bighead knapweed Centaurea macrocephala Buffalobur Solanum rostratum Clary sage Salvia sclarea Common cordgrass Spartina anglica Common crupina Crupina vulgaris Denseflower Cordgrass Spartina densiflora Dyers woad Isatis tinctoria Eggleaf spurge Euphorbia oblongata European hawkweed Hieracium sabaudum False brome Brachypodium sylvaticum Floating primrose-willow Ludwigia peploides Flowering rush Butomus umbellatus Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata Giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum Goatsrue Galega officinallis Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata Italian thistle Carduus pycnocephalus Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense Kudzu Pueraria montana var. lobata Meadow clary Salvia sclarea Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis Milk thistle Silybum marianum Oriental clematis Clematis orientalis Purple star-thistle Centaurea calcitrapa Ravanna grass Saccharum ravennae Reed sweetgrass Glyceria maxima Ricefield bulrush Schoenoplectus mucronatus Salt meadow cordgrass Spartina patens Shiny geranium Geranium lucidum Silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Slenderflower thistle Carduus tenuiflorus Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Spanish broom Sparium junceum Spurge flax Thymelaea passerina Syrian bean-caper Zygophyllum fabago Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris Variable-leaf milfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti 13
Vochin knapweed Centaurea nigrescens Wild four o’ clock Mirabilis nyctaginea Yellow devil hawkweed Hieracium floribundum Class B Noxious Weeds Annual Bugloss Anchusa arvensis Black knapweed Centaurea nigra Blueweed Echium vulgare Brazillian elodea Egeria densa Brown knapweed Centaurea jacea Butterfly bush Buddleja davidii Camelthorn Albagi maurorum Common bugloss Anchusa officinalis Common fennel Foeniculum vulgare Common reed Phragmites australis Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica ssp.dalmatica Diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Fanwort Cabomba caroliniana Garden loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris Giant knotweed Thymelaea passerina Gorse Ulex europaeus Grass-leaved Arrowgrass Sagittaria graminea Hairy willowherb Epilobium hirsutum Hawkweeds Hieracium spp. Pilosella spp. Hawkweed oxtongue Picris hieracioides Herb Robert Geranium robertianum Himalayan knotweed Polygonum polystachyum Hoary alyssum Berteroa incana Houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale Indigobush Amorpha fruticosa Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum Kochia Kochia scoparia Laurel spurge Daphne laureola Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula Lesser celandine Ficaria verna Meadow knapweed Centaurea jacea x nigra Musk thistle Carduus nutans Myrtle Spurge Euphorbia myrsinites Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum Parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum Perenial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium Plumeless thistl Carduus acanthoides Poison hemlock Conium maculatum Policeman’s helme Impatiens glandulifera 14
Puncturevine Tribulus terrestris Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Rush skeletonweed Chondrilla juncea Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens Salt cedar Tamarix ramosissima Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium Shiny geranium Geranium lucidum Spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta Tansy ragwort Senecia jacobaea Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti Wand loosestrife Lythrum virgatum Water primrose Ludwigia hexapetala White bryony Bryonia alba Wild chervil Anthriscus sylvestris Yellow floating heart Nymphoides peltata Yellow hawkweed Hieracium caespitosum Yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus Yellow star-thistle Centaurea solstitialis
Class C Noxious Weeds Absinth wormwood Artemisia absinthium Austriam fieldcress Rorippa austriaca Babysbreath Gypsophila paniculata Black hebane Hyoscyamus niger Blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides Buffalobur Solanum rostratum Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Common barberry Berberis vulgaris Common catsear Hypochaeris radicata Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris Common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum Common tansy Tanacetum vulgare Common teasel Dipsacus fullonum Cereal rye Secale cereale Curly-leaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus English hawthorne Crataegus monogyna English ivy Hedera helix Evergreen blackberry Rubus lacinatus Field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Fragrant waterlily Nymphaea odorata Hairy whitetop Lepidium appelianum Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus 15
Hoary cress Cardaria draba Italian arum Arum italicum Japanese eelgrass Zostera japonica Jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica Jubata grass Cortaderia jubata Lawnweed Soliva sessilis Longspine sandbur Cenchrus longispinus Medusahead Taeniatherum caputmedusae Non-native cattail Typha spp. Old man’s beard Clematis vitalba Oxeye daisy Leucanthemumvulgare Pampas grass Cortaderia selloana Perennial sowthistle Sonchus arvensis Reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Scentless mayweed Matricaria perforate Smoothseed alfalfa dodder Cuscuta approximate Spikeweed Centromadia pungens Spiny cocklebur Xanthium spinosum Swainsonpea Sphaerophysa salsuls Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima Ventenata Ventenata dubia White cockle Silene latifolia spp. Alba Wild carrot Daucus carota Yellow flag iris Iris pseudoacorus Yellow toadflax Linaria vulgaris
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APPENDIX C
Appendix C contains a list of prevention measures, standard operating procedures, and mitigation measures, and conservation measures that are included as part of the alternatives in the Spokane District Programmatic Noxious Weed and Invasive Plant Management Environmental Assessment. These prevention measures, standard operating procedures, mitigation measures, and conservation measures are the management controls and performance standards intended to protect and enhance natural resources that could be affected by vegetation treatments involving the use of herbicides. In September 2007, the BLM issued a Record of Decision (ROD) for Vegetation Treatments using Herbicides on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States, Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. That ROD identified standard operating procedures (SOPs) that would be followed to ensure that risks to human health and environment are kept to a minimum. In addition to the SOPS, the ROD also identified mitigation measures to reduce potential adverse environmental effects. The BLM also identified prevention measures to minimize the amount of non-target vegetation that is disturbed during noxious weed and invasive plant treatments using herbicides. In August 2016, the BLM issued a ROD for Vegetation Treatments using Aminopyralid, Fluroxypyr, and Rimsulfuron. The 2016 ROD reaffirmed the SOPs, mitigation measures, and prevention measures with some changes to clarify procedures or update information. Some new SOPS were also included. The SOPs, mitigation measures, prevention measures, and conservation measures applicable to the Spokane District BLM are repeated here. For site-specific herbicide treatments, the Spokane BLM field offices will identify the applicable mitigation measures, including site-specific mitigation, based on site conditions (e.g., soil type, rainfall, vegetation type, herbicide treatment method, and herbicide application rate). In addition, Spokane BLM may use timing restrictions or similar practices to reduce the level of risk to an acceptable level.
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Appendix C-1: Prevention Measures
BLM Activity Prevention Measures
Project Planning • Incorporate prevention measures into project layout and design, alternative evaluation, and project decisions to prevent the introduction or spread of weeds. • Determine prevention and maintenance needs, including the use of herbicides, at the onset of project planning • Before ground-disturbing activities begin, inventory weed infestations and prioritize areas for treatment in project operating areas and along access routes. • Remove sources of weed seed and propagules to prevent the spread of existing weeds and new weed infestations. • Pre-treat high-risk sites for weed establishment and spread before implementing projects. • Post-weed awareness messages and prevention practices at strategic locations such as trailheads, roads, boat launches, and public land kiosks. • Coordinate project activities with nearby herbicide applications to maximize the cost-effectiveness of weed treatments.
Project Development • Minimize soil disturbance to the extent practical, consistent with project objectives. • Avoid creating soil conditions that promote weed germination and establishment. • To prevent weed germination and establishment, retain native vegetation in and around project activity areas and keep soil disturbance to a minimum, consistent with project objectives. • Locate and use weed-free project staging areas. Avoid or minimize all types of travel through weed-infested areas, or restrict travel to periods when the spread of seeds or propagules is least likely. • Prevent the introduction and spread of weeds caused by moving weed-infested sand, gravel, borrow, and fill material. • Inspect material sources on site, and ensure that they are weed- free before use and transport. • Treat weed-infested sources to eradicate weed seed and plant parts, and strip and stockpile contaminated material before any use of pit material. • Survey the area where material from treated weed-infested sources is used for at least 3 years after project completion to ensure that any weeds transported to the site are promptly detected and controlled. 18
BLM Activity Prevention Measures
• Prevent weed establishment by not driving through weed-infested areas. • Inspect and document weed establishment at access roads, cleaning sites, and all disturbed areas; control infestations to prevent weed spread within the project area. • Avoid acquiring water for dust abatement where access to the water is through weed-infested sites. • Identify sites where equipment can be cleaned. Clean equipment before entering public lands. • Clean all equipment before leaving the project site if operating in areas infested with weeds. • Inspect and treat weeds that establish at equipment cleaning sites. • Ensure that rental equipment is free of weed seed. • Inspect, remove, and properly dispose of weed seed and plant parts found on workers’ clothing and equipment. Proper disposal entails bagging the seeds and plant parts and incinerating them.
Revegetation • Include weed prevention measures, including project inspection and documentation, in operation and reclamation plans. • Retain bonds until reclamation requirements, including weed treatments, are completed, based on inspection and documentation. • To prevent conditions favoring weed establishment, reestablish vegetation on bare ground caused by project disturbance as soon as possible using either natural recovery or artificial techniques. • Maintain stockpiled, un-infested material in a weed-free condition. • Re-vegetate disturbed soil (except travel ways on surfaced projects) in a manner that optimizes plant establishment for each specific project site. For each project, define what constitutes disturbed soil and objectives for plant cover revegetation. Revegetation may include topsoil replacement, planting, seeding, fertilization, liming, and weed-free mulching, as necessary. • Where practical, stockpile weed-seed-free topsoil and replace it on disturbed areas (e.g., road embankments or landings). • Inspect seed and straw mulch to be used for site rehabilitation (for wattles, straw bales, dams, etc.) and certify that they are free of weed seed and propagules. • Inspect and document all limited term ground-disturbing operations in noxious weed infested areas for at least 3 growing seasons following completion of the project.
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BLM Activity Prevention Measures
• Use native material where appropriate and feasible. Use certified weed-free or weed-seed-free hay or straw where certified materials are required and/or are reasonably available. • Provide briefings that identify operational practices to reduce weed spread (for example, avoiding known weed infestation areas when locating fire lines). • Evaluate options, including closure, to regulate the flow of traffic on sites where desired vegetation needs to be established. Sites could include road and trail rights-of-way (ROW), and other areas of disturbed soils.
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Appendix C-2: Standard Operating Procedures
Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
General • Prepare operational and spill contingency plan in advance of treatment. • Conduct a pretreatment survey before applying herbicides. • Select herbicide that is least damaging to the environment while providing the desired results. • Select herbicide products carefully to minimize additional impacts from degradate adjuvants, inert ingredients, and tank mixtures. • Apply the least amount of herbicide needed to achieve the desired result. • Follow herbicide product label for use and storage. • Have licensed applicators apply herbicides. • Use only USEPA-approved herbicides and follow product label directions and “advisory” statements. • Review, understand, and conform to the “Environmental Hazards” section on the herbicide product label. This section warns of known pesticide risks to the environment and provides practical ways to avoid harm to organisms or to the environment. • Consider surrounding land use before assigning aerial spraying as a treatment method and avoid aerial spraying near agricultural or densely populated areas. • Minimize the size of application area, when feasible. • Comply with herbicide-free buffer zones to ensure that drift will not affect crops or nearby residents/landowners. • Post treated areas and specify reentry or rest times, if appropriate. • Notify adjacent landowners prior to treatment. • Keep a copy of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) at work sites. MSDSs are available for review at http://www.cdms.net/. • Keep records of each application, including the active ingredient, formulation, application rate, date, time, and location. • Avoid accidental direct spray and spill conditions to minimize risks to resources. • Consider surrounding land uses before aerial spraying. • Avoid aerial spraying during periods of adverse weather conditions (snow or rain imminent, fog, or air turbulence). • Make helicopter applications at a target airspeed of 40 to 50 miles per hour (mph), and at about 30 to 45 feet above ground. • Take precautions to minimize drift by not applying herbicides when winds exceed >10 mph (>6 mph for aerial applications), or a serious rainfall event is imminent. • Use drift control agents and low volatile formulations.
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Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
• Conduct pre-treatment surveys for sensitive habitat and special status species within or adjacent to proposed treatment areas. • Consider site characteristics, environmental conditions, and application equipment in order to minimize damage to non-target vegetation. • Use drift reduction agents, as appropriate, to reduce the drift hazard to non-target species. • Turn off applied treatments at the completion of spray runs and during turns to start another spray run. • Refer to the herbicide product label when planning revegetation to ensure that subsequent vegetation would not be injured following application of the herbicide. • Clean OHVs to remove seeds.
Air Quality • Consider the effects of wind, humidity, temperature inversions, and heavy rainfall on herbicide effectiveness and risks. • Apply herbicides in favorable weather conditions to minimize drift. For example, do not treat when winds exceed 10 mph (>6 mph for aerial applications) or rainfall is imminent. • Use drift reduction agents, as appropriate, to reduce the drift hazard. • Select proper application equipment (e.g., spray equipment that produces 200- to 800-micron diameter droplets [spray droplets of 100 microns and less are most prone to drift]). • Select proper application methods (e.g., set maximum spray heights, use appropriate buffer distances between spray sites and non-target resources).
Soil • Minimize treatments in areas where herbicide runoff is likely, such as steep slopes when heavy rainfall is expected. • Minimize use of herbicides that have high soil mobility, particularly in areas where soil properties increase the potential for mobility. • Do not apply granular herbicides on slopes of more than 15% where there is the possibility of runoff carrying the granules into non-target areas.
Water Resources • Consider climate, soil type, slope, and vegetation type when developing herbicide treatment programs. • Select herbicide products to minimize impacts to water. This is especially important for application scenarios that involve risk from active ingredients in a particular herbicide, as predicted by risk assessments. • Use local historical weather data to choose the month of treatment. Considering the phenology of the target species, schedule treatments based on the condition of the water body and existing water quality conditions. 22
Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
• Plan to treat between weather fronts (calms) and at appropriate time of day to avoid high winds that increase water movements, and to avoid potential storm water runoff and water turbidity. • Review hydro geologic maps of proposed treatment areas. Note depths to groundwater and areas of shallow groundwater and areas of surface water and groundwater interaction. • Minimize treating areas with high risk for groundwater contamination. • Conduct mixing and loading operations in an area where an accidental spill would not contaminate an aquatic body. • Do not rinse spray tanks in or near water bodies. Do not broadcast pellets where there is danger of contaminating water supplies. • Maintain buffers between treatment areas and water bodies. Buffer widths should be developed based on herbicide- and site-specific criteria to minimize impacts to water bodies. • Minimize the potential effects to surface water quality and quantity by stabilizing terrestrial areas as quickly as possible following treatment.
Wetlands and • Use a selective herbicide and a wick or backpack sprayer. Riparian Areas • Use appropriate herbicide-free buffer zones for herbicides not labeled for aquatic use based on risk assessment guidance, with minimum widths of 100 feet for aerial, 25 feet for vehicle, and 10 feet for hand spray applications.
Vegetation • Refer to the herbicide label when planning revegetation to ensure that subsequent vegetation would not be injured following application of the herbicide. • Use native or sterile species for revegetation and restoration projects to compete with invasive species until desired vegetation establishes. • Use weed-free feed for horses and pack animals. Use weed-free straw and mulch for revegetation and other activities. • Identify and implement any temporary domestic livestock grazing and/or supplemental feeding restrictions needed to enhance desirable vegetation recovery following treatment. Consider adjustments in the existing grazing permit, to maintain desirable vegetation on the treatment site. • Select the herbicide that is least damaging to the environment while providing the desired results. • Apply the least amount of herbicide needed to achieve the desired result. • Avoid accidental direct spray and spill conditions to minimize risks to resources. • Take precautions to minimize drift by not applying herbicides when winds exceed >10 mph (>6 mph for aerial applications), or a serious rainfall event is imminent. 23
Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
• Use drift reduction agents, as appropriate, to reduce the drift hazard to non-target species. • Refer to the herbicide label when planning revegetation to ensure that subsequent vegetation would not be injured following application of the herbicide. • Limit the aerial application of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron methyl to areas with difficult land access, where no other means of application are possible. • Establish herbicide-specific buffer zones around downstream water bodies, and nearby habitats and non-target plant species/populations of interest for aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, and rimsulfuron. Consult the ecological risk assessments for more specific information on appropriate buffer distances under different soil, moisture, vegetation, and application scenarios. • To protect special status plant species, implement all conservation measures for plants presented in the Vegetation Treatments Using Aminopyralid, Fluroxypyr, and Rimsulfuron on BLM Lands in 17 Western States Biological Assessment. Apply these measures to all special status plant species.
Pollinators • Time vegetation treatments to take place when foraging pollinators are least active both seasonally and daily. • Design vegetation treatment projects so that nectar and pollen sources for important pollinators and resources are treated in patches rather than in one single treatment. • Minimize herbicide application rates. Use typical rather than maximum rates where there are important pollinator resources. • Maintain herbicide free buffer zones around patches of important pollinator nectar and pollen sources. • Maintain herbicide free buffer zones around patches of important pollinator nesting habitat and hibernacula. • Make special note of pollinators that have single host plant species, and minimize herbicide spraying on those plants (if invasive species) and in their habitats
Fish and Other • Use appropriate buffer zones based on label and risk assessment Aquatic Organisms guidance. • Minimize treatments near fish-bearing water bodies during periods when fish are in life stages most sensitive to the herbicide(s) used, and use spot rather than broadcast or aerial treatments. • Use appropriate application equipment/method near water bodies if the potential for off-site drift exists. • For treatment of aquatic vegetation, 1) treat only that portion of the aquatic system necessary to achieve acceptable vegetation 24
Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure management, 2) use the appropriate application method to minimize the potential for injury to desirable vegetation and aquatic organisms, and 3) follow water use restrictions presented on the herbicide label. • Limit the use of terrestrial herbicides in watersheds with characteristics suitable for potential surface runoff that have fish-bearing streams during periods when fish are in life stages most sensitive to the herbicide(s) used. • Consider the proximity of application areas to salmonid habitat and the possible effects of herbicides on riparian and aquatic vegetation. Maintain appropriate buffer zones around salmonid-bearing streams (see Appendix C, Table C-16, of the 2007 PEIS, and recommendations in the individual ERAs). • Avoid using the adjuvant R-11® in aquatic environments, and either avoid using glyphosate formulations containing polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), or seek to use formulations with the least amount of POEA, to reduce risks to aquatic organisms in aquatic environments. • For all fish-bearing waters, the herbicide no-application buffers in Appendix C-4a apply. For herbicides not listed in C-4a, aerial application, and non-fishbearwaters outside of watersheds containing federally listed fish species, follow the buffer guidelines listed in Appendix C-2a.
Wildlife • Use herbicides of low toxicity to wildlife, where feasible. • Use spot applications or low-boom broadcast operations where possible to limit the probability of contaminating non-target food and water sources, especially non-target vegetation over areas larger than the treatment area. • Use timing restrictions (e.g., do not treat during critical wildlife breeding or staging periods) to minimize impacts to wildlife. • When conducting herbicide treatments in or near habitats used by sensitive and listed terrestrial arthropods, design treatments to avoid the use of fluroxypyr, where feasible. • To protect special status wildlife species, implement conservation measures for wildlife presented in the Vegetation Treatments Using Aminopyralid, Fluroxypyr, and Rimsulfuron on BLM Lands in 17 Western States Biological Assessment (USDOI BLM 2015a).
Threatened, • Consider effects to special status species when designing herbicide Endangered, and treatment programs. Sensitive Species • Use a selective herbicide and a wick or backpack sprayer to minimize risks to special status plants.
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Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
• Avoid treating vegetation during time-sensitive periods (e.g., nesting and migration, sensitive life stages, bloom times, ) for special status species in area to be treated.
Livestock • Whenever possible and whenever needed, schedule treatments when livestock are not present in the treatment area. Design treatments to take advantage of normal livestock grazing rest periods, when possible. • As directed by the herbicide product label, remove livestock from treatment sites prior to herbicide application, where applicable. • Use herbicides of low toxicity to livestock, where feasible. • Take into account the different types of application equipment and methods, where possible, to reduce the probability of contamination of non-target food and water sources. • Avoid use of diquat in riparian pasture while pasture is being used by livestock. • Notify permittees of the herbicide treatment project to improve coordination and avoid potential conflicts and safety concerns during implementation of the treatment. • Notify permittees of livestock grazing, feeding, or slaughter restrictions, if necessary. • Provide alternative forage sites for livestock, if possible.
Cultural Resources, • Consultation on a project-by-project basis would be conducted with the Native American WA SHPO and appropriate tribes in an effort to identify cultural Interests and Uses, resources and traditional cultural properties. and Paleontological • Consult with tribes to locate any areas of vegetation that are of Resources significance to the tribe and that might be affected by herbicide treatments. • Apply water-soluble dyes to herbicides and post signs in treated areas so traditional use practitioners are aware where and when applications have occurred. • Work with tribes to minimize impacts and/or limitations to access of traditional use resources, particularly where treatments occur during peak gathering seasons. • Follow guidance under Human Health and Safety in areas that may be visited by traditional use practitioners. • Monitor significant paleontological localities where surface exposure has directly or indirectly resulted from project activity.
Visual Resources • Minimize the use of broadcast foliar applications in sensitive watersheds to avoid creating large areas of browned vegetation. • Consider the surrounding land use before assigning aerial spraying as an application method.
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Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
• Minimize off-site drift and mobility of herbicides (e.g., do not treat when winds exceed 10 mph; minimize treatment in areas where herbicide runoff is likely; establish appropriate buffer widths between treatment areas and residences) to contain visual changes to the intended treatment area. • If the area is a Class I or II visual resource, ensure that the change to the characteristic landscape is low and does not attract attention (Class I), or if seen, does not attract the attention of the casual viewer (Class II). • Lessen visual impacts by: 1) designing projects to blend in with topographic forms; 2) leaving some low-growing trees or planting some low-growing tree seedlings adjacent to the treatment area to screen short-term effects; and 3) revegetating the site following treatment. • When restoring treated areas, design activities to repeat the form, line, color, and texture of the natural landscape character conditions to meet established Visual Resource Management (VRM) objectives.
Wilderness and Other • Encourage backcountry pack and saddle stock users to feed their Special Areas livestock only weed-free feed for several days before entering a wilderness area. • Encourage stock users to tie and/or hold stock in such a way as to minimize soil disturbance and loss of native vegetation. • Re-vegetate disturbed sites with native species if there is no reasonable expectation of natural regeneration. • Provide educational materials at trailheads and other wilderness entry points to educate the public on the need to prevent the spread of weeds. • Use manual methods treat noxious and invasive vegetation, relying primarily on the use of ground-based tools, including backpack pumps, hand sprayers, and pumps mounted on pack and saddle stock. • Use chemicals only when they are the minimum method necessary to control weeds that are spreading within the wilderness or threaten lands outside the wilderness. • Give preference to herbicides that have the least impact on non-target species and the wilderness environment. • Implement herbicide treatments during periods of low human use, where feasible. • Address wilderness and special areas in management plans. • Maintain adequate buffers for Wild and Scenic Rivers (¼ mile on either side of river).
Recreation • Schedule treatments to avoid peak recreational use times, while taking into account the optimum management period for the targeted species.
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Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
• Notify the public of treatment methods, hazards, times, and nearby alternative recreation areas. • Adhere to entry restrictions identified on the herbicide product label for public and worker access. • Post signs noting exclusion areas and the duration of exclusion, if necessary. • Use herbicides during periods of low human use, where feasible.
Social and Economic • Consider surrounding land use before selecting aerial spraying as a Values method, and avoid aerial spraying near agricultural or densely- populated areas. • Post treated areas and specify reentry or rest times, if appropriate. • Notify grazing permittees of livestock feeding restrictions in treated areas, if necessary, as per herbicide product label instructions. • Notify the public of the project to improve coordination and avoid potential conflicts and safety concerns during implementation of the treatment. • Control public access until potential treatment hazards no longer exist, per herbicide product label instructions. • Observe restricted entry intervals specified by the herbicide product label. • Notify local emergency personnel of proposed treatments. • Use spot applications or low-boom broadcast applications where possible to limit the probability of contaminating non-target food and water sources, especially vegetation over areas larger than the treatment area. • Consult with Native American tribes to locate any areas of vegetation that are of significance to the tribes and Native groups and that might be affected by herbicide treatments. • To the degree possible within the law, hire local contractors and workers to assist with herbicide application projects and purchase materials and supplies, including chemicals, for herbicide treatment projects through local suppliers. • To minimize fears based on lack of information, provide public educational information on the need for vegetation treatments and the use of herbicides in an integrated pest management program for projects proposing local use of herbicides.
Rights-of-way • Coordinate vegetation management activities where joint or multiple use of a ROW exists. • Notify other public land users within or adjacent to the ROW proposed for treatment. • Use only herbicides that are approved for use in ROW areas.
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Resource Element Standard Operating Procedure
Human health and • Establish a buffer between treatment areas and human residences based Safety on guidance given in the HHRA, with a minimum buffer of ¼ mile for aerial applications and 100 feet for ground applications, unless a written waiver is granted. • Use protective equipment as directed by the herbicide product label. • Post treated areas with appropriate signs at common public access areas. • Observe restricted entry intervals specified by the herbicide product label. • Provide public notification in newspapers or other media where the potential exists for public exposure. • Have a copy of MSDSs at work site. • Notify local emergency personnel of proposed treatments. • Contain and clean up spills and request help as needed. • Secure containers during transport. • Follow label directions for use and storage. • Dispose of unwanted herbicides promptly and correctly.
Appendix C-2a: Streamside, Wetland, and Riparian Habitat Restrictions for Herbicide Use
Herbicide Max. No Herbicide Application Buffer Aquatic Level of Concern Application Method Wind Category* for Authorized Speed Herbicides
Aerial 5 mph >0.5 mile from RHCAs containing ESA- Low and Moderate listed species and their critical habitat, or Columbia spotted froga,b.
Aerial 5 mph >150 feet from outer edge of riparian Low and Moderate areas associated with perennial water (includes both fish bearing and non-fish bearing streams) that contain or are upstream of reaches that contain sensitive and other BLM special status aquatic speciesa.
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Herbicide Max. No Herbicide Application Buffer Aquatic Level of Concern Application Method Wind Category* for Authorized Speed Herbicides
Aerial 5 mph >150 feet from outer edge of riparian Low and Moderate areas for intermittent streams that are upstream of reaches containing sensitive and other BLM special status aquatic speciesa. Ground/broadcast 8 mph <0.5 mile of RHCAs that contain ESA- Low and Moderate Spraying Methods listed species and their critical habitat, and Columbia spotted frog, all herbicide applications will be ground- based spot treatments of noxious weeds.
Ground/broadcast 8 mph >100 feet from live waters within upland Low and Moderate spraying methods areas where ground-based herbicide applications may influence perennial waters, RHCAs, and aquatic habitats containing ESA-listed and candidate species and other BLM special status speciesb. Ground/spot 8 mph >15 feet from live waters or shallow Low spraying, wicking, water tables, or within RHCAs and wiping, dipping, aquatic habitats containing ESA-listed painting, injecting and candidate aquatic species and other BLM special status species. Selective spraying of target species only (e.g. spot treatment of individual plants)
Backpack sprayer, 5 mph >10 feet from live water or shallow water Aquatic approved herbicides hand sprayer, tables only. wicking, wiping, dipping, painting, and No use of surfactants will be injecting authorized. Selective spraying of target species only (e.g. spot treatment of individual plants)
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Appendix C-3: Mitigation Measures
Resource Mitigation Measures
Water Resources and • Establish appropriate (herbicide-specific) buffer zones to Quality downstream water bodies, habitats, and species/populations of interest (see Appendix C of PEIS, Table C-16). • Areas with potential for groundwater for domestic or municipal water use shall be evaluated through the appropriate, validated USEPA model(s) to estimate vulnerability to potential groundwater contamination, and appropriate mitigation measures shall be developed if such an area requires the application of herbicides and cannot otherwise be treated with nonchemical methods.
Vegetation • Minimize the use of terrestrial herbicides (especially bromacil, diuron, and sulfometuron methyl) in watersheds with down gradient ponds and streams if potential impacts to aquatic plants are identified. • Establish appropriate (herbicide-specific) buffer zones (see Tables 4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 of the Final PEIS) around downstream water bodies, habitats, and species/populations of interest. Consult the ecological risk assessments (ERAs) prepared for the PEIS for more specific information on appropriate buffer distances under different soil, moisture, vegetation, and application scenarios. • Limit the aerial application of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron methyl to areas with difficult land access, where no other means of application are possible. Do not apply sulfometuron methyl aerially. • To protect special status plant species, implement all conservation measures for plants presented in the Vegetation Treatments on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic Biological Assessment.
Fish and Other Aquatic • Limit the use of diquat in water bodies that have native fish and Organisms aquatic resources. • Limit the use of terrestrial herbicides (especially diuron) in watersheds with characteristics suitable for potential surface runoff that have fish-bearing streams during periods when fish are in life stages most sensitive to the herbicide(s) used. • To protect special status fish and other aquatic organisms, implement all conservation measures for aquatic animals presented in the Vegetation Treatments on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic Biological Assessment. 32
Resource Mitigation Measures
• Establish appropriate herbicide-specific buffer zones for water bodies, habitats, or fish or other aquatic species of interest (see Final PEIS Appendix C, Table C-16, and recommendations in individual ERAs). • Consider the proximity of application areas to salmonid habitat and the possible effects of herbicides on riparian and aquatic vegetation. Maintain appropriate buffer zones around salmonid- bearing streams (see Appendix C, Table C-16, of the Final PEIS, and recommendations in the individual ERAs). • Avoid using the adjuvant R-11® in aquatic environments and either avoid using glyphosate formulations containing polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), or seek to use formulations with the least amount of POEA, to reduce risks to aquatic organisms in aquatic environments. • At the local level, consider effects to special status fish and other aquatic organisms when designing treatment programs.
Wildlife • To minimize risks to terrestrial wildlife, do not exceed the typical application rate for applications of dicamba, diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, or triclopyr, where feasible. • Minimize the size of application areas, where practical, when applying 2,4-D, bromacil, diuron, and Overdrive® to limit impacts to wildlife, particularly through contamination of food items. • Where practical, limit glyphosate and hexazinone to spot applications in rangeland and wildlife habitat areas to avoid contamination of wildlife food items. • Avoid using the adjuvant R-11® in aquatic environments and either avoid using glyphosate formulations containing POEA, or seek to use formulations with the least amount of POEA, to reduce risks to amphibians. • Do not apply bromacil or diuron in rangelands, and use appropriate buffer zones (see Tables 4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 of the Final PEIS) to limit contamination of off-site vegetation, which may serve as forage for wildlife. • Do not aerially apply diquat directly to wetlands or riparian areas. • When conducting herbicide treatments in or near habitats used by sensitive and listed terrestrial arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans), design treatments to avoid the use of fluroxypyr, where feasible.
Livestock • Minimize potential risks to livestock by applying diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr at the typical application rate, where feasible.
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Resource Mitigation Measures
• Do not apply 2,4-D, bromacil, dicamba, diuron, Overdrive®, picloram, or triclopyr across large application areas, where feasible, to limit impacts to livestock, particularly through the contamination of food items. • Where feasible, limit glyphosate and hexazinone to spot applications in rangeland. • Do not aerially apply diquat directly to wetlands or riparian areas used by livestock. • Do not apply bromacil or diuron in rangelands, and use appropriate buffer zones (see Tables 4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 of the Final PEIS) to limit contamination of off-site rangeland vegetation.
Native American • Do not exceed the typical application rate when applying 2,4-D, Interests and Uses and bromacil, diquat, diuron, fluridone, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and Cultural Resources triclopyr in known traditional use areas. • Avoid applying bromacil or tebuthiuron aerially in known traditional use areas. • Limit diquat applications to areas away from high residential and traditional use areas to reduce risks to Native Americans.
Human Health and • Use the typical application rate, where feasible, when applying Safety 2,4-D, bromacil, diquat, diuron, fluridone, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr to reduce risk to occupational and public receptors. • Avoid applying bromacil and diuron aerially. Do not apply sulfometuron methyl aerially. • Limit application of chlorsulfuron via ground broadcast applications at the maximum application rate. • Limit diquat application to ATV, truck spraying, and boat applications to reduce risks to occupational receptors; limit diquat applications to areas away from high residential and subsistence use to reduce risks to public receptors. • Evaluate diuron applications on a site-by-site basis to avoid risks to humans. There appear to be few scenarios where diuron can be applied without risk to occupational receptors. • Do not apply hexazinone with an over-the-shoulder broadcast applicator.
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Appendix C-4: Conservation Measures for Federally-listed Species
Species Conservation Measures
Grizzly Bear • Within the North Cascades Recovery Zone, ensure that all treatment activities comply with the Interagency Grizzly Bear Guidelines (Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee 1987) and the Final Conservation Strategy for the Grizzly Bear in the Yellowstone Ecosystem (Interagency Conservation Strategy Team 2003). To minimize the potential for displacement/mortality risk during treatments: • Within the Recovery Zone, ensure that any vehicular travel off highway or on restricted roads adheres to access standards/directions as provided in local or regional interagency agreements, biological opinions, or local land use plans. • Limit all activities requiring overnight stays or establishment of a base camp to less than 20 individuals and less than 5 days within the Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone. • Limit firewood collection within the Recovery Zone to roadside hazard tree removal, road maintenance, or campground maintenance activities. • Within the Recovery Zone, do not conduct vegetation treatment activities in riparian meadows and stream corridors between April 1 and July 1, or complete these activities in 1 day. • Within the Recovery Zone, do not implement vegetative treatments that would substantially change the vegetative community in huckleberry producing sites. To minimize the potential for habituation/human conflict: • Within the Recovery Zone, ensure that all treatment activities adhere to interagency grizzly bear guidelines and standards for sanitation measures and storage of potential attractants, and enforce food storage and garbage disposal stipulations. • Ensure all workers at treatment sites are aware of appropriate personal safety measures and behavior in grizzly bear habitat. • Within the Recovery Zone, do not use domestic animals to control weeds. • Within the Recovery Zone, do not plant or seed highly palatable forage species near roads or facilities used by humans. To minimize the likelihood that grizzly bears would suffer negative health effects as a result of exposure to herbicides: • Do not use 2,4-D in the Recovery Zone; do not broadcast spray 2,4-D within ¼ mile of the Recovery Zone
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Species Conservation Measures
• Where feasible, avoid use of the following herbicides in the Recovery Zone: bromacil, clopyralid, diquat, diuron, glyphosate, ® hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, Overdrive , picloram, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr. • Do not broadcast spray bromacil, clopyralid, diquat, diuron, ® glyphosate, hexazinone, Overdrive , picloram, or triclopyr in the Recovery Zone; do not broadcast spray these herbicides in areas adjacent to the Recovery Zone under conditions when spray drift into the Recovery Zone is likely. • If broadcast spraying imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, or tebuthiuron in or near the Recovery Zone, apply at the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. • If conducting manual spot applications of glyphosate, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, tebuthiuron, or triclopyr to vegetation in the Recovery Zone, utilize the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. Canada Lynx • Prior to vegetation treatments, map lynx habitat within areas in which treatments are proposed to occur. Identify potential denning and foraging habitat, and topographic features that may be important for lynx movement (major ridge systems, prominent saddles, and riparian corridors). • Design vegetation treatments in lynx habitat to approximate historical landscape patterns and disturbance processes. • Avoid the construction of permanent firebreaks on ridges or saddles in lynx habitat. • Where possible, keep linear openings out of mapped potential habitat and away from key habitat components, such as denning areas. • When planning vegetation treatments, minimize the creation of linear openings (fire lines, access routes, and escape routes) that could result in permanent travel ways for competitors and humans. • Obliterate any linear openings constructed within lynx habitat in order to deter future uses by humans and competitive species. • Design burn prescriptions to regenerate or create snowshoe hare habitat (e.g., regeneration of aspen and lodgepole pine). • Ensure that no more than 30% of lynx habitat within a Lynx Analysis Unit (as defined in Ruediger et al. 2000) would be in an unsuitable condition at any time. • If deemed necessary, defer livestock grazing following vegetation treatments to ensure the re-establishment of key plant species. Bureau of Land Management personnel should use resource goals
36
Species Conservation Measures and objectives to determine the need for this restriction and the length of deferment on a case-by-case basis. • Give particular consideration to amounts of denning habitat, condition of summer and winter foraging habitat, as well as habitat linkages, to ensure that that treatments do not negatively impact lynx. If there is less than 10% lynx habitat in a Lynx Analysis Unit, defer vegetation treatments that would delay development of denning habitat structure. Protect habitat connectivity within and between Lynx Analysis Units. • Do not use 2,4-D in Canada lynx habitat; do not broadcast spray 2,4-D within ¼ mile of Canada lynx habitat. • Where feasible, avoid use of the following herbicides in Canada lynx habitat: bromacil, clopyralid, diquat, diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, picloram, and triclopyr. • Do not broadcast spray clopyralid, diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, picloram, or triclopyr in Canada lynx habitat; do not broadcast spray these herbicides in areas adjacent to Canada lynx habitat under conditions when spray drift onto the habitat is likely. • If broadcast spraying bromacil, diquat, imazapyr, or metsulfuron methyl in or near Canada lynx habitat, apply at the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. • If conducting manual spot applications of glyphosate, hexazinone, or triclopyr to vegetation in Canada lynx habitat, utilize the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. Gray Wolf • Avoid human disturbance and/or associated activities within 1 mile of a den site during the breeding period (March 15 – July 31). • Avoid human disturbance and/or associated activities within 1 mile of a rendezvous site during the breeding period. • Do not use 2,4-D in areas where gray wolves are known to occur; do not broadcast spray within ¼ mile of areas where gray wolves are known to occur. • Where feasible, avoid use of the following herbicides in gray wolf habitat: bromacil, clopyralid, diquat, diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, picloram, and triclopyr. • Do not broadcast spray clopyralid, diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, picloram, or triclopyr in gray wolf habitat; do not broadcast spray these herbicides in areas adjacent to gray wolf habitat under conditions when spray drift onto the habitat is likely.
37
Species Conservation Measures
• If broadcast spraying bromacil, diquat, imazapyr, or metsulfuron methyl in or near gray wolf habitat, apply at the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. • If conducting manual spot applications of glyphosate, hexazinone, or triclopyr to vegetation in gray wolf habitat, utilize the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. Northern Spotted Owl • Survey for northern spotted owls (and their nests) on suitable proposed treatment areas, prior to developing treatment plans. • Delineate a 100-acre buffer around nests prior to mechanical treatments or prescribed burns. • Do not allow human disturbance within ¼ mile of nest sites during the nesting period (March 1 – August 15). • Ensure that nest sites are at least 1 mile from downwind smoke effects during the nesting period. • Protect and retain the structural components of known or suspected nest sites during treatments; evaluate each nest site prior to treatment and protect it in the most appropriate manner. • Maintain sufficient dead and down material during treatments to support spotted owl prey species. • Do not conduct treatments that alter forest structure in old-growth stands. • Do not use 2,4-D in northern spotted owl habitats; do not broadcast spray 2,4-D within ¼ mile of northern spotted owl habitat. • Where feasible, avoid use of the following herbicides in northern spotted owl habitat: bromacil, clopyralid, diquat, diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, picloram, and triclopyr. • Do not broadcast spray clopyralid, glyphosate, hexazinone, picloram, or triclopyr in northern spotted owl habitat; do not broadcast spray these herbicides in areas adjacent to northern spotted owl habitat under conditions when spray drift onto the habitat is likely. • Do not broadcast spray diuron in northern spotted owl habitat; do not broadcast spray these herbicides in areas adjacent to northern spotted owl habitat under conditions when spray drift onto the habitat is likely. • If broadcast spraying imazapyr or metsulfuron methyl in or adjacent to northern spotted owl habitat, apply at the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. • If broadcast spraying bromacil or diquat in or adjacent to northern spotted owl habitat, apply at the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate.
38
Species Conservation Measures
• If conducting manual spot applications of glyphosate, hexazinone, or triclopyr to vegetation in northern spotted owl habitat, utilize the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. Columbia Basin • Prior to treatments, survey all suitable habitat for pygmy rabbits. Pygmy Rabbit • Address pygmy rabbits in all management plans prepared for treatments within the range of the species’ historical habitat. • Do not burn, graze, or conduct mechanical treatments within 1 mile of known pygmy rabbit habitat. • Do not use 2,4-D, diquat, or diuron in pygmy rabbit habitats; do not broadcast spray these herbicides within ¼ mile of pygmy rabbit habitat. • Where feasible, avoid use of the following herbicides in pygmy rabbit habitat: bromacil, clopyralid, fluridone, glyphosate, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, picloram, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr. • Where feasible, spot treat vegetation in pygmy rabbit habitat rather than broadcast spraying. • Do not broadcast spray clopyralid, glyphosate, hexazinone, picloram, or triclopyr in pygmy rabbit habitat; do not broadcast spray these herbicides in areas adjacent to pygmy rabbit habitat under conditions when spray drift onto the habitat is likely. • If broadcast spraying bromacil, imazapyr, fluridone, metsulfuron methyl, or tebuthiuron in or near pygmy rabbit habitat, apply at the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. • If conducting manual spot applications of bromacil, glyphosate, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, or triclopyr to vegetation in pygmy rabbit habitat, utilize the typical, rather than the maximum, application rate. Bull Trout • Unless otherwise stated, these conservation measures apply within Chinook Salmon all Riparian Habitat Conservation Areas (RHCAs). Steelhead Trout • Non-native invasive plant control projects will not exceed 10% of Essential Fish Habitat acres within a RHCA within 1 year. • Where feasible, access work site only on existing roads, and limit all travel on roads when damage to the road surface will result or is occurring. • Within riparian areas, do not use vehicle equipment off of established roads. • Within 150 feet of wetlands or riparian areas, do not fuel/refuel equipment, store fuel, or perform equipment maintenance (locate all fueling and fuel storage areas, as well as service landings outside of protected riparian areas). • Prior to helicopter fueling operations prepare a transportation, storage, and emergency spill plan and obtain the appropriate 39
Species Conservation Measures approvals; for other heavy equipment fueling operations use a slip-tank not greater than 250 gallons. Prepare spill containment and cleanup provisions for maintenance operations. • For mechanical treatments, lessen impacts by minimizing the use of heavy equipment in riparian areas, avoiding treatments that create bare soil in large or extensive areas, reseeding and mulching following treatments, and avoiding work when soils are wet and subject to compaction. • Outside riparian areas, avoid hydro-mulching within buffer zones established at the local level. This precaution will limit adding sediments and nutrients and increasing water turbidity. • Within riparian areas, ensure that revegetation activities incorporate knowledge of site-specific conditions and project design. • Maintain equipment used for transportation, storage, or application of chemicals in a leak-proof condition. • Use herbicides only in an integrated weed or vegetation management context where all treatments are considered and various methods are used individually or in concert to maximize the benefits while reducing undesirable effects. • Carefully consider herbicide impacts to fish, wildlife, non-target native plants, and other resources when making herbicide choices. • Treat only the minimum area necessary for effective control. Herbicides may be applied by selective, hand-held, backpack, or broadcast equipment in accordance with state and federal law and only by certified and licensed applicators to specifically target invasive plant species. • Herbicide application rates will follow label direction, unless site specific analysis determines a lower maximum rate is needed to reduce non-target impacts. • An herbicide safety/spill response plan is required for all projects to reduce the likelihood of spills, misapplication, reduce potential for unsafe practices, and to take remedial actions in the event of spills. Spill plan contents will follow agency direction. • Pesticide applicator reports must be completed within 24 hours of application. • When aquatic herbicides are required, the only surfactants and adjuvants permitted are those allowed for use on aquatic sites, as listed by the Washington State Department of Ecology. The surfactants R-11, Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), and herbicides that contain POEA (e.g., Roundup) will not be used. • Herbicide carriers (solvents) are limited to water or specifically labeled vegetable oil.
40
Species Conservation Measures
• Herbicides will be mixed more than 150 feet from any natural waterbody to minimize the risk of an accidental discharge. Impervious material will be placed beneath mixing areas in such a manner as to contain any spills associated with mixing/refilling. • Spray tanks shall be washed further than 300 feet away from surface water. All hauling and application equipment shall be free from leaks and operating as intended. • When using mechanical methods, lessen impacts by minimizing the use of heavy equipment in riparian areas, avoiding treatments that create bare soil in large or extensive areas, reseeding and mulching following treatments, and avoiding work when soils are wet and subject to compaction. • Dyes or colorants, (e.g., Hi-Light, Dynamark) will be used to assist in treatment assurance and minimize over-spraying within 100 feet of live water. • Do not spray when wind speeds exceed 10 miles per hour to reduce the likelihood of spray/dust drift. Winds of 2 mph or less are indicative of air inversions. The applicator must confirm the absence of an inversion before proceeding with the application whenever the wind speed is 2 mph or less. • Do not broadcast spray within 100 feet of open water when wind velocity exceeds 5 mph. • Be aware of wind directions and potential for herbicides to affect aquatic habitat area downwind. • Keep boom or spray as low as possible to reduce wind effects. • Avoid or minimize drift by utilizing appropriate equipment and settings (e.g., nozzle selection, adjusting pressure, drift reduction agents). Select proper application equipment (e.g., spray equipment that produces 200-800 micron diameter droplets [Spray droplets of 100 microns or less are most prone to drift]). • Follow herbicide label directions for maximum daytime temperature permitted (some types of herbicides volatilize in hot temperatures). • Do not spray during periods of adverse weather conditions (snow or rain imminent, fog, etc.). Wind and other weather data will be monitored and reported for all pesticide applicator reports. • Herbicides shall not be applied when the soil is saturated or when a precipitation event likely to produce direct runoff to fish-bearing waters from a treated site is forecasted by NOAA National Weather Service or other similar forecasting service within 48 hours following application. Soil-activated herbicides can be applied as long as label is followed. Do not conduct any applications during periods of heavy rainfall.
41
Species Conservation Measures
• Herbicide active ingredients are restricted to the following: aminopyralid (e.g., terrestrial: Milestone VM); chlorsulfuron (e.g., terrestrial: Telar, Glean, Corsair); clopyralid (e.g., terrestrial: Transline); dicamba (e.g., terrestrial: Vanquish, Banvel); diflufenzopyr + dicamba (e.g., terrestrial: Overdrive); glyphosate (e.g., aquatic: Aquamaster, AquaPro, Rodeo, Accord); imazapic (e.g., terrestrial: Plateau); imazapyr (e.g., aquatic: Habitat; terrestrial: Arsenal, Chopper); metsulfuron methyl (e.g., terrestrial: Escort); picloram (e.g., terrestrial: Tordon, Outpost 22K); sethoxydim (e.g., terrestrial: Poast, Vantage); sulfometuron methyl (e.g., terrestrial: Oust, Oust XP); triclopyr (e.g., aquatic: Garlon 3A, Tahoe 3A, Renovate 3, Element 3A; terrestrial: Garlon 4A, Tahoe 4E, Pathfinder II); 2,4-D (e.g., aquatic: 2,4-D Amine, Clean Amine; terrestrial: Weedone, Hi-Dep). • Herbicide buffer distances (Appendix C-4a below) will be observed during herbicide applications. Herbicide applications based on a combination of approved herbicides will use the most conservative buffer for any herbicide included. Buffer widths are measured as map distance perpendicular to the bankfull for streams, the upland boundary for wetlands, or the upper bank for roadside ditches. • Prescribed burning will focus on restoring the plant species composition and structure that would occur under natural fire regimes. • Burn plans are required for each action and shall include, but not be limited to the following: a description of existing and desired future fire classifications, existing and target stand structure and species composition (including basis for target conditions); other ecological objectives, type, severity, area, and timing of proposed burn; and measures to prevent destruction of vegetation providing shade and other ecological functions important to fish habitat. • Low-severity burns will be used except where the objective is to restore deciduous trees, as describe below, with a goal of creating a mosaic pattern of burned and unburned landscape. Low severity burns are characterized by the following: Low soil heating or light ground char occurs where litter is scorched, charred, or consumed, but the duff is left largely intact. LW accumulation is partially consumed or charred. Mineral soil is not changed. Minimal numbers of trees, typically pole/saplings, will be killed. • Moderate-severity burns are permitted only where needed to invigorate decadent aspen stands, willows, and other native deciduous species and may be targeted in no more than 20% of the area within RHCAs or Riparian Reserves/6th field HUC/year. Such burns shall be contained within the observable historical 42
Species Conservation Measures boundaries of the aspen stand, willow site, other deciduous species, and associated meadows; additional area outside of the “historical boundaries” may be added to create controllable burn boundaries. Moderate severity are characterized by the following: Moderate soil heating or moderate ground char occurs where the litter on forest sites is consumed and the duff is deeply charred or consumed, but the underlying mineral soil surface is not visibly altered. Light colored ash is present. LW is mostly consumed, except for logs, which are deeply charred. • Fire lines will be limited to five feet in width, constructed with erosion control structures, such as water bars, and restored to pre- project conditions before the winter following the controlled fire. To the extent possible, do not remove vegetation providing stream shade or other ecological functions that are important to streams. • Ignition can occur anywhere within the RHCAs as long as project design criteria are met. • Avoid water withdrawals from fish bearing streams whenever possible. Water drafting must take no more than 10% of the stream flow and must not dewater the channel to the point of isolating fish. Pump intakes shall have fish screens consistent with NMFS fish screening criteria (NMFS 2011e).
All TES Plants • Prevention measures during project planning, development, and revegetation phases to minimize the risk of introducing or spreading noxious weeds. • Procedures specific to site revegetation after treatments to promote establishment and/or recovery by the native plant community. • Special precautions to minimize impacts to special status species, including a survey of each project site for listed and proposed species prior to vegetation treatment activities and associated consultation with the Service. • Survey for special status species before treating an area. Consider effects to special status species when designing herbicide treatment programs. • Use a selective herbicide and a wick or backpack sprayer to minimize risks to special status plants. • Avoid treating vegetation during time-sensitive periods (e.g., nesting and migration, sensitive life stages) for special status species in an area to be treated. • Implement all conservation measures for special status plant and animal species presented in the 2007 BA. • In areas where wind erosion is likely, do not apply within 1.2 miles of TEP plant species (an alternative suitable buffer may be 43
Species Conservation Measures developed at the local level based on an analysis of site conditions). • Do not use rimsulfuron in watersheds where annual precipitation exceeds 50 inches. • In watersheds where annual precipitation exceeds 10 inches, prior to use of rimsulfuron conduct a local-level analysis of site conditions and develop suitable conservation measures for protection of TEP plant species from surface runoff. • Survey all proposed action areas within potential habitat using a botanically qualified biologist, botanist, or ecologist to determine the presence/absence of the species. • Establish site-specific no activity buffers using a qualified botanist, biologist, or ecologist in areas of occupied habitat within the proposed project area. To protect occupied habitat, do not conduct treatment activities within these buffers. • Collect baseline information on the existing condition of TEP plant species and their habitats in the proposed project area. • Establish pre-treatment monitoring programs to track the size and vigor of TEP populations and the state of their habitats. These monitoring programs would help in anticipating the future effects of vegetation treatments on TEP plant species. • Assess the need for site revegetation post-treatment to minimize the opportunity for noxious weed invasion and establishment. • Include the following in management plans: — Off-highway use of motorized vehicles associated with treatments should be avoided in suitable or occupied habitat. — Post-treatment monitoring should be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the project. • Do not conduct herbicide treatments in areas where TEP plant species may be subject to direct spray by herbicides during treatments. • To avoid negative effects to TEP plant species from off-site drift, surface runoff, and/or wind erosion, establish suitable buffer zones between treatment sites and populations (confirmed or suspected) of TEP plant species, and take site-specific precautions. • Follow all instructions and SOPs to avoid spill and direct spray scenarios into aquatic habitats that support TEP plant species. • Treated areas that are prone to downy brome or noxious weed invasions should be seeded with an appropriate seed mixture to reduce the probability of noxious weeds or other undesirable plants becoming established on the site.
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Species Conservation Measures
• In suitable habitat for TEP plant species, do not use non-native species for revegetation. • Vehicles and other equipment used during treatment activities should be washed prior to arriving at a new location to avoid the transfer of noxious weeds. • Follow all BLM operating procedures for avoiding herbicide treatments during climatic conditions that would increase the likelihood of spray drift or surface runoff. • Do not apply aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, or rimsulfuron by ground methods at the typical application rate within 200 feet of terrestrial TEP plant species. • Since the risks associated with using a high boom are unknown, use only a low boom during ground applications of aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, or rimsulfuron within 200 feet of terrestrial TEP plant species. • Do not apply aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, or rimsulfuron by aerial methods within ½ mile of terrestrial TEP plant species. • In areas where wind erosion is likely, do not apply aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, or rimsulfuron within ½ mile of TEP plant species. Spalding’s catchfly • Prior to treatments, survey all suitable habitat for these species. (Silene spaldingii) • Known occurences of these plants will be protected with a minimum 20-foot buffer to protect plants from drift. Wenatchee Mountain • Long-lived herbicides will not be used within 200 feet of known checkermallow occurrences: aminopyralid, clopyralid, tebuthiuron, imazapic, and (Sidalcea oregana diquat. var. calva) • Spot treatments with protective barriers, such as buckets or panels to block herbicide spray from around individual plants could Bradshaw's desert- occur on case-by-case basis with the Botanist on site during parsley (Lomatium treatment. These treatment methods and appropriate mitigation bradshawii) measures would be made and supervised by qualified BLM personnel prior to manual, herbicide, and/or biological agent Nelson's treatments in sensitive plant habitat. checkermallow • Manual treatments may be used inside the no spray buffer if an (Sidalcea nelsoniana) agency botanist has identified individual plants for that treatment or is on site during treatment. Umtanum desert • Applicators would be trained in sensitive plant identification for buckwheat those habitats being treated. (Eriogonum codium) • Herbicide formulations (i.e., do not use granular treatments) that are not easily carried by social insects to hives, hills, nests and other “homes” in areas with TES plants. • Drift would be managed near blooming plants to decrease the impact on flying insects.
45
Species Conservation Measures
• When prescribed fire is used, TES plant occurences would be buffered with a 330-foot buffer and conditions (soil moisture etc. as determined by fire personnel) would be those best for a low- intensity burn when TES plants occur in the area.
Ute ladies’-tresses • Prior to treatments, survey all suitable habitat for these species. (Spiranthes diluvialis) • Known occurrences will be protected with a minimum 50-foot buffer to protect plants from drift. White Bluffs • Long-lived herbicides will not be used within 200 feet of known bladderpod (Physaria occurrences: aminopyralid, clopyralid, tebuthiuron, imazapic, and douglasii var. diquat. tuplashensis) • Spot treatments with protective barriers, such as buckets or panels to block herbicide spray from around individual plants could occur on case-by-case basis with the Botanist on site during treatment. These treatment methods and appropriate mitigation measures would be made and supervised by qualified BLM personnel prior to manual, herbicide, and/or biological agent treatments in sensitive plant habitat. • Manual treatments may be used inside the no spray buffer if an agency botanist has identified individual plants for that treatment or is on site during treatment. • Applicators would be trained in sensitive plant identification for those habitats being treated. • Herbicide formulations (i.e., do not use granular treatments) that are not easily carried by social insects to hives, hills, nests and other “homes” in areas with these plants. • Drift would be managed near blooming plants to decrease the impact on flying insects. • When prescribed fire is used, plant occurences would be buffered with a 200-foot buffer and conditions (soil moisture etc as determined by fire personnel) would be those best for a low- intensity burn when TES plants occur in the area.
Water howellia • Prior to treatments, survey all suitable habitat for this species. (Howellia aquatilis) • Long-lived herbicides will not be used within 200 feet of known occurrences: aminopyralid, clopyralid, tebuthiuron, imazapic, and diquat. • Spot treatments with protective barriers, such as buckets or panels to block herbicide spray from around individual plants could occur on case by case basis with the Botanist on site during treatment. These treatment methods and appropriate mitigation measures would be made and supervised by qualified BLM personnel prior to manual, herbicide, and/or biological agent treatments in sensitive plant habitat. 46
Species Conservation Measures
• Manual treatments may be used inside the no spray buffer if an agency botanist has identified individual plants for that treatment or is on site during treatment. • Applicators would be trained in sensitive plant identification for those habitats being treated. • Herbicide formulations (i.e., do not use granular treatments) that are not easily carried by social insects to hives, hills, nests and other “homes” in areas with TES plants. • Drift would be managed near blooming plants to decrease the impact on flying insects. • When prescribed fire is used, TES plant occurrences would be buffered with a 330-foot buffer and conditions (soil moisture etc as determined by fire personnel) would be those best for a low- intensity burn when TES plants occur in the area.
Whitebark Pine • Prior to treatments, survey all suitable habitat for this species. (Pinus albicaulis) • Long lived herbicides will not be used within 200 feet of known occurences: aminopyralid, clopyralid, tebuthiuron, imazapic, and diquat. • Spot treatments with protective barriers, such as buckets or panels to block herbicide spray from around individual plants could occur on case-by-case basis with the Botanist on site during treatment. These treatment methods and appropriate mitigation measures would be supervised by qualified BLM personnel prior to manual, herbicide, and/or biological agent treatments in sensitive plant habitat. • Manual treatments may be used inside the no spray buffer if an agency botanist has identified individual plants for that treatment or is on site during treatment. • Applicators would be trained in sensitive plant identification for those habitats being treated. • Do not use herbicide formulations (i.e., granular formulations) that are easily carried by social insects to hives, hills, nests and other “homes” in areas with TES plants. • Drift would be managed near blooming plants to decrease the impact on flying insects. • When prescribed fire is used, TES plant occurences would be buffered with a 200 foot buffer and conditions (soil moisture etc. as determined by fire personnel) would be those best for a low- intensity burn when TES plants occur in the area.
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Appendix C-4a: No-application buffer widths in feet for herbicide application, by stream types and application methods.
Herbicide Perennial Streams and Dry Intermittent Streams, Dry Wetlands, and Intermittent Intermittent Wetlands, Dry Streams and Roadside Ditches Roadside Ditches with flowing or standing water present Broadcas Spot Hand Broadcas Spot Hand t Sprayin Selective t Sprayin Selectiv Spraying g Spraying g e Labeled for Aquatic Use Aquatic Glyphosate 100 waterline waterlin 50 0 0 e Aquatic Imazapyr 100 waterline waterlin 50 0 0 e Aquatic Triclopyr-TEA Not 15 waterlin Not 0 0 Allowed e Allowed Aquatic 2,4-D (amine) 100 waterline waterlin 0 0 e Low Risk to Aquatic Organisms Aminopyralid 100 15 waterlin 50 0 0 e Dicamba 100 15 15 50 0 0 Dicamba+diflufenzopy 100 15 15 50 0 0 r Imazapic 100 15 bankfull 50 0 0 elevation Clopyralid 100 15 bankfull 50 0 0 elevation Metsulfuron-methyl 100 15 bankfull 50 0 0 elevation Moderate Risk to Aquatic Organisms Imazapyr 100 50 bankfull 50 15 bankfull elevation elevatio n Sulfometuron-methyl 100 50 5 50 15 bankfull elevatio n Chlorsulfuron 100 50 bankfull 50 15 bankfull elevation elevatio n High Risk to Aquatic Organisms
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Herbicide Perennial Streams and Dry Intermittent Streams, Dry Wetlands, and Intermittent Intermittent Wetlands, Dry Streams and Roadside Ditches Roadside Ditches with flowing or standing water present Broadcas Spot Hand Broadcas Spot Hand t Sprayin Selective t Sprayin Selectiv Spraying g Spraying g e Triclopyr-BEE Not 150 150 Not 150 150 Allowed Allowed Picloram 100 50 50 100 50 50 Sethoxydim 100 50 50 100 50 50 2,4-D (ester) 100 50 50 100 50 50
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APPENDIX D Species Specific Treatment Options The following information displays species-specific and integrated pest management treatments for noxious weeds and invasive plants known to occur on the Spokane District and for species likely to be invaders in the future. Management recommendations are provided as examples of common and effective control methods. In all cases, application rates would be those indicated on herbicide labels. Ongoing testing may result in new instructions on rates and target species. Invasive species control from post-emergent herbicides is influenced by plant community tolerance, weed species, weed size, and climatic conditions. These factors would be considered in determining the herbicide selection and rate range. The lowest rate of post-emergent herbicides that would be effective under favorable growing conditions and when weeds are small and actively growing. The highest labeled rate would be used under adverse conditions and for well-established weeds.
Bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa L.) Bulbous bluegrass was introduced to North America accidentally, as contaminant of alfalfa and clover seed and intentionally for research purposes. Its native habitat is in Europe and mid-East Asia. It will invade disturbed shallow soils that are moist during the early winter and early spring. It is a short-lived, perennial, cool-season grass that produces true bulbs. The bulbs are normally dormant from mid-May through early October. It can grow slowly in the winter months and by early March be 3 inches tall.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There is no biological control available.
Mechanical Spring tillage is very effective at controlling bulbous bluegrass. Fall tillage is less effective. Burning is not effective because it rarely reduces the number of bulbets in the soil. Intensive grazing can reduce bulbous bluegrass if applied over multiple growing seasons. However, intensive grazing may damage native plants.
Cultural Establishment of a stand of competitive perennial grasses can help control the spread of bulbous bluegrass.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply pre emergence or very early post emergence when the Imazapic 6 to 8 ounces per acre weeds have three or fewer leaves. (Plateau) Add 1pint per acre of methylated seed oil (rate is less harmful to cool season perennials). Apply post emergence in spring after all seedlings are up and before heading or fall. Apply Glyphosate 12 to 16 ounces per acre minimum rate for selective control (Buccaneer) in spring. Add a water conditioner, e.g., Choice, at label rate.
Apply as a pre emergence or early Sulfometuron post emergence. 3 to 5 ounces per acre methyl Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Oust Extra) ounces per gallon of water.
Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Bull thistle is a native of Eurasia and widely established in North America through seed contamination. It is a biennial thistle that is capable of forming dense stands that are practically impenetrable because of the spiny herbage and large stature. This thistle is a problem because it diminishes wildlife and livestock forage through competition and reduces recreational opportunities by acting as an “armed fence” preventing access to areas it borders. It reproduces from seed, of which it is capable of producing thousands , and occurs primarily in disturbed habitats such as degraded pastures and rangelands, along trails and roadsides, and in seepage areas or along streambanks.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Gall fly (Urophora stylata).
Mechanical Biennial thistles do not reproduce by their roots so any mechanical treatment that severs the roots below the soil surface is effective. Tilling, hoeing, or hand pulling should be successful, if done before flowering.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Cultural Maintaining healthy native plant communities and minimizing disturbance.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply from rosette to bolting Clopyralid stage of growth. 2/3 to 1 1/3 pints per acre (Transline or Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 Stinger) ounces per gallon of water.
Apply in the spring and early 3 to 5 ounces per acre. summer to rosette or bolting Apply 4 to 5 ounces per acre plants or in the fall to seedlings Aminopyralid when plants are at the late bolt and rosettes. (Milestone) through early flowering growth stages. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Picloram Apply to rosettes in spring or fall. 0.5 to 2 quarts per acre (Tordon 22K) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply pre-bloom to bloom and fall rosette. Chlorsulfuron 1 to 2.6 ounces per acre (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Canada thistle is native to southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean area, and was probably introduced to North America in the 1600’s as a contaminant of crop seed and/or ship's ballast. It is a creeping perennial that adapts to a wide range of habitats, including riparian areas. This species reproduces from vegetative buds in its root system and from seed. Canada thistle has the potential to rapidly form dense infestations through vegetative reproduction. Canada thistle is also difficult to control because its extensive root system allows it to recover from control attempts. Seed can remain viable in soil up to 20 years, and deep burial promotes survival longevity.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Biological controls include Ceutorhyncus litura and Urophora carduii. Cattle, goats, and sheep will graze on Canada thistle when plants are young and succulent in the spring.
Mechanical Canada thistle has a deep extensive root system that makes mechanical control difficult because small root fragments left in the soil can stimulate the growth of new plants. Mowing can be effective if it is done every 10 to 21 days throughout the growing season.
Cultural Maintaining healthy native plant communities can help control the establishment Canadian thistle. Prevent a disturbance that exposes bare ground and continually monitor for new infestations.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring until flowering and/or fall regrowth. Aminopyralid 5 to 7 ounces per acre (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Aminopyralid + Apply in spring until flowering Chlorsulfuron 4 to 7 ounces aminopyralid + 1 and/or fall regrowth. (Milestone + Telar ounce chlorsulfuron per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 XP) ounces per gallon of water.
Apply in spring until flowering Clopyralid + and/or fall regrowth. Triclopyr 3 pints per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Prescott) ounces per gallon of water.
Apply in spring until flowering Picloram + 2,4-D 1 quart picloram + 1 quart 2,4-D and/or fall regrowth. (2,4D Amine + per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 Tordon 22k) ounces per gallon of water.
Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) Cheatgrass is native to Eurasia and was introduced to the United States as a seed impurity in the late 1800s. It is an annual that is highly competitive in dry rangelands and is found in both
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disturbed and undisturbed shrub-steppe. Cheatgrass is a self-perpetuating winter annual that spreads easily across upland landscapes altered by fire, through a prolific seed source. This grass is capable of altering entire ecosystems by increasing the fire frequency and forming monocultures. It is tolerant of grazing and is both adapted to and promotes frequent fire cycles, potentially leading to a transition from native perennial communities to pure stands of annual grasslands.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol The following bio controls are still being researched and not currently available for application. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7, Pyrenophora semeniperda, Ustilago bullata.
Mechanical Cutting is not recommended. Disking and other mechanical control methods alone are often ineffective. A combination of methods is needed: deep disking several times at intervals to bury seeds 4 to 6 inches then over seeding or shallow disking to initiate seed germination, then either disking again or spraying with glyphosate, followed by broadcast or drill seeding. Sites must be revegetated with perennial grasses with an established groundcover of 15-25%. Burning is an ineffective method for controlling cheatgrass due to its prolific seed production. Livestock grazing can be purposely manipulated to control cheatgrass. Plants must be grazed before they turn purple in color. At least two defoliations are needed in the spring of each year for at least two consecutive years and there must be an existing stand of native perennial grasses. Cultural Establishment of native grasses can help control the spread of cheatgrass. Maintaining healthy rangelands and minimizing exposed soil can limit opportunity for weed establishment.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply pre emergence or very early post emergence when the weeds have three or fewer leaves. Imazapic 6 to 10 ounces per acre. (Plateau) Add 1 pint per acre of methylated seed oil (rate is less harmful to cool season perennials).
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply post emergence in spring after all seedlings are up and before heading or fall. (Minimum Glyphosate 12 to 16 ounces per acre rate for selective control in (Buccaneer) spring). Add a water conditioner, e.g., Choice, at label rate.
Apply as a pre emergence or early Sulfometuron post emergence. 3 to 5 ounces per acre methyl Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Oust Extra) ounces per gallon of water.
Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) Dalmatian toadflax is native to the Mediterranean and Eurasia and was introduced to the United States as a folk remedy, fabric dye, and ornamental. It is a deep-rooted, short-lived perennial with multiple stems that reproduces by seed and by vegetative buds on the roots (Sheley and Petroff 1999). A single plant produces 500,000 seeds, most of which fall within 18 inches of the parent plant. Seeds can remain viable for at least 10 years. Dalmatian toadflax is a highly aggressive plant that can genetically adapt to varied environmental conditions and herbicide controls. Its extreme competitiveness is due to early spring regeneration from vegetative buds on roots that are not dependent on soil moisture or native plant competition. Once established, toadflax quickly overruns native plants and becomes a monoculture that severely reduces forage, productivity, biodiversity, and wildlife habitat. This species can occupy a wide variety of conditions, but is often found along roadsides, trails, and other disturbed areas. Dalmatian toadflax invades disturbed open sites with well-drained coarse-textured soils, and is highly competitive in dry areas.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Toadflax moth (Calophasia lunula), root-boring moths (Eteobalia intermediella and E. serratella), and stem-boring weevil (Mecinus anthinus) have shown dramatic impact on Dalmatian toadflax at some locations.
Mechanical Hand-pulling must remove all roots, best in sandy or moist soils (annually, 10-15 years to eradicate). Requires regular cultivation. Mowing and fire are not effective.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Cultural Toadflax seedlings are initially very vulnerable to competition from established, vigorous vegetation. Restricting spring cattle grazing on sites with toadflax can help maintain vigorous competition from native species.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Before full flower or during fall re-growth. Picloram 1 to 2 quarts per acre (Tordon 22k) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Before full flower or during fall re-growth. Chlorsulfuron 1 1/3 ounces per acre (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water
Before full flower or during fall re-growth. Aminopyralid 4 to 6 ounces per acre (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water
Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Diffuse knapweed is a biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. During the first year of growth, diffuse knapweed appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring, the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. Once the plant dries up, it breaks off at the ground level and becomes a tumbleweed which disperses the still viable seeds over long distances. Diffuse knapweed can produce up to 18,000 seeds per plant. Flowers bloom July through August. Seed set usually occurs by mid-August. It invades disturbed areas, including rangeland, roadsides, riparian areas, and trails. It is a tough competitor that rapidly invades and dominates disturbed areas.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol The seedhead weevil (Larinus minutus) and the root weevil fly (Cyphocleonus achates) provide fair to good control when used in combination with each other. Expect to wait at least 3 to 5 years for the insects to establish and achieve optimum results. This is an option for large infestations.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Mechanical Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill diffuse knapweed. Mowing or chopping is most effective when diffuse knapweed plants are at full-bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants, since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Cultural Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of diffuse knapweed. Maintain healthy plant cover and prevent bare spots.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring at rosette to early bolt stage and/or in the fall to rosettes. Aminopyralid 5 to 7 ounces per acre Add 1 quart per acre of 2, 4-D if (Milestone) treating in the bolting to flowering growth stages. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply to spring/fall rosettes before flowering stalk lengthens. Add 1 quart per acre of 2, 4-D Clopyralid 0.67 to 1.33 pints per acre when treating in the bolting to (Transline) flowering growth stage. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) Hoary cress is also known as whitetop. This species is native to Eurasia and was introduced to the United States as a seed contaminant. It is found in non-shaded, disturbed conditions, including roadsides, waste places, fields, gardens, feed lots, watercourses, open grasslands, and along irrigation ditches. This species is not particular about soil type, even saline soils, except for highly acidic soils. Most aggressive, rapid expansion occurs in irrigated conditions or during moist years. It is an herbaceous, relatively long-lived, deep-rooted perennial with numerous stems. It spreads by seeds and rhizomes. Roots can grow from 12 to 30 feet deep and 12 feet in the first year. The deep root system and ability to reproduce vegetatively and by seed make this weed difficult to control. One plant can produce 1,200 to 4,800 seeds and emerge from a rosette in late April. They flower from May to June and set seed by mid-summer. If conditions remain suitable, it will flower and produce a second crop of seeds late in the summer. 57
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There is no biological control available.
Mechanical In general, mechanical control yields little success. Mowing or grazing with sheep multiple times before the plants bolt can stress the plant and force it to use nutrient reserves stored in the root system. Hand-pulling or digging must remove all roots and continue for 2 to 5 years to eradicate. Repeated mowing combined with herbicides can enhance control. Cultural Presence of competing vegetation, particularly shrubs, vetch, lupine, and other nitrogen-fixing legumes will help suppress whitetop.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Treat prior to or at early flowering and fall regrowth. Metsulfuron .5 to 2 ounces per acre (Escort XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Apply at prebloom to bloom growth stage or to rosettes in fall. Chlorsulfuron .75 to 2 ounces per acre Early spring to early summer. (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Treat prior to or at early flowering and fall regrowth. Imazapic 8 to12 ounces per (Plateau) Add methylated seed oil or crop oil concentrate at 2 pints per acre
Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale) Houndstongue was introduced to North America as a crop seed contaminant from Europe. It is a highly invasive, biennial or short-lived perennial forb with a thick woody taproot that often occurs in dense stands. It is adapted to a wide range of conditions, is shade tolerant, and thrives on wetter soils. Houndstongue contains poisonous alkaloids that are toxic to horses and cattle. Houndstongue can be found on disturbed pastures, roadsides, forest edges, and meadows. It spreads by barbed seeds, which readily attach to wool, hair, or clothing.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Root weevil (Mogulones cruciger).
Mechanical Cut or pull plants to remove entire root crown when plants are in the rosette stage. Reduce seed production by mowing or cutting flowering stems before seeds develop. Cultural Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production, and maintaining healthy native plant communities.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring rosette to early Picloram + 2,4-D .5 to 2 quarts of picloram + 1 bud growth stages. (Tordon 22k + 2,4- quart of 2,4-D per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 D Amine) ounces per gallon of water.
Metsulfuron Apply in spring rosette to early bud growth stages. Methyl + 20 ounces per acre Chlorsulfuron Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Cimarron X-tra) ounces per gallon of water.
Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) Japanese brome was introduced from Europe and will invade depleted rangelands, dry soils, or disturbed areas (Whitson et al. 1996). It is a cool season, annual grass that reproduces by seed only. It can grow in many soil types but grows best in fine textured soils with high amounts of litter. Successful establishment can be highly influenced by the quantity of litter because it can capture soil moisture and compensate for low precipitation. It will usually germinate in the fall and overwinter in a vegetative growth stage and then resume vegetative growth in the spring from May to early July. Once seeds are ripe, the plants will die soon after but the seeds will remain attached to the plant until fall or winter when they are dispersed (USDA NRCS 2017). Japanese brome competes with native perennials for resources and its presence on reclamation sites can slow succession toward desirable perennials.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There is no biological control available.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Mechanical Disking followed by a second disking or herbicide treatment after the germination period can reduce Japanese brome. Fire tends to reduce Japanese brome populations but the reduction usually lasts for only 1 or 2 years. Some seed is killed by fire, but seed bank reserves, reproductive capacity, and competitive ability of Japanese brome are usually sufficient to allow for repopulation within 2 years unless the site is reburned. Cultural A healthy perennial plant community should be fairly resistant to Japanese brome invasion. Maintain a desirable plant community and remediate disturbance areas prone to brome invasion.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply pre emergence or very early postemergence when the weeds have three or fewer leaves. Imazapic 6 to 8 ounces per acre (Plateau) Add 1pt/acre methylated seed oil (rate is less harmful to cool season perennials). Apply postermergence in spring after all seedlings are up and before heading or fall. Glyphosate 12 to 16 ounces per acre Apply minimum rate for selective (Buccaneer) control in spring. Add a water conditioner, e.g., Choice, at label rate.
Apply as a preemergence or early Sulfometuron postemergence. 3 to 5 ounces per acre methyl Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Oust Extra) ounces per gallon of water.
Kochia (Bassia scoparia) Kochia is native to central and eastern Europe and Asia and was likely introduced as an ornamental in the mid- to late 1800s. It can be found in a wide range of temperatures and climatic regions throughout the world, but is particularly adapted to arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Canadian prairies and the Great Plains region of the United States. Kochia exhibits early germination that makes it capable of utilizing limited spring soil moisture in arid to semi- 60
arid regions. It is an annual herb that reproduces solely by seed. Germination of seeds can occur multiple times throughout the growing season, enabling it to take advantage of moisture when it is available. Seeds are able to germinate under high stress conditions, such as lack of moisture, high salinity, or extremes in ph. Kochia is highly invasive and is able to establish and persist in harsh environments were other plants are limited. Due to the tumble weed type spread of seeds and the documented herbicide resistance, kochia may be hard to control once it is established in an area. Kochia is common in rangelands, pastures, fields, disturbed sites, gardens, roadsides, and ditchbanks. It can be found in areas with as little as 6 inches of annual rainfall.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There is currently no biological control agent approved for use.
Mechanical Mowing can be used to control Kochia in pastures. Mowing should be done periodically to prevent seed formation. Cultural Disturbance seems to be a key factor in allowing this plant to become established in new areas. This factor should be considered when planning any activities in areas where infestations have the potential to spread.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply post-emergence. Most effective on seedling and small Dicamba 0.5 to 2 pints per acre plants. (Banvel) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Apply preemergence or Chlorsulfuron + postemergence from seedling to 1 ounce chlorsulfuron + 1 quart 2,4-D bolting stage. 2,4-D per acre (Telar XP + 2, 4-D Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 Amine) ounce per gallon of water.
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) Leafy spurge is native to Eurasia and was imported to the United States as a seed impurity around 1827. It is an aggressively spreading, long-lived, deep-rooted, perennial forb that forms dense clumps that sprout from its deep and extensive root and rhizome system. Leafy spurge will thrive in many soil types, especially after soil disturbance. It prefers disturbed soils and commonly occupies fields, roadsides, stream valleys, open woodlands, and waste places. Leafy
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spurge is one of the earliest plants to emerge in the spring. Flower clusters develop 1 to 2 weeks after stem emergence which is from mid-April to late May. One large leafy spurge plant can produce up to 130,000 seeds. The three-sided seed capsules explode when ripe and project the seeds up to 15 feet away from the parent plant. Leafy spurge can rapidly invade disturbed sites by establishing from seed and by sprouting from existing roots and root crowns. Once established, leafy spurge tends to expand and persist and is capable of displacing native vegetation and forming monocultures. Leafy spurge seeds float on water, often resulting in new infestations along rivers and in areas that are periodically flooded. Due to its extensive root system repeated applications of herbicide over several years are usually necessary to achieve control.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Both sheep and goats can be effective grazers of leafy spurge. Flea beetles (Apthona nigriscutis, A. lacertosa, and A. cyparissiae) are effective especially when combined with grazing and/or herbicides.
Mechanical Due to the extensive root system, hand-pulling this plant is not a viable option. Mowing will reduce seed production if repeated every 2 to 4 weeks during the growing season, but will provide little long-term control.
Cultural Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of leafy spurge. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots. Bare ground is prime habitat for weed invasions.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring, just after full Picloram 1 quart per acre bloom and/or fall. (Tordon 22k) Add non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in fall prior to hard freeze. Imazapic 12 ounces per accre Add a methylated seed oil (Plateau) surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in early spring and fall. Prevents seed formation only. 2,4-D 2-3 quarts per acre Retreatment will be necessary. (2,4-D Amine) Do not apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Add non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Medusahead originates from Eurasia and was first reported in North America in the 1880s. Medusahead typically establishes in areas where the existing perennial vegetation is absent or weakened. It can colonize intact native plant communities but will not overrun them until a disturbance decreases competition for resources. Medusahead is very prominent in the inland valleys of California, Intermountain West including the Great Basin, and is becoming prominent in the Columbia Basin. A moderate defoliation of bluebunch wheatgrass can result in increased medusahead density. Medusahead, like cheatgrass, is a fire-adapted species. Both species complete their lifecycles prior to the normal wildfire season. Medusahead germinates in the fall, overwinters as a seedling, and commences growth in the spring.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There currently are no biological control agents developed for this species.
Mechanical Medusahead is susceptible to tillage. Effective tillage must sever the roots before the plants flower thus preventing seed production. Medusahead can have multiple flushes. Consequently, multiple tillage operations and/or tillage plus other control techniques need to be employed for effective control.
Cultural Vehicles, clothing, camp gear, and pets should be cleaned of adhering seed after driving, camping, and walking in medusahead-infested areas. Livestock should not be moved from infested pastures to fields free of medusahead. Excessive roadside and rangeland disturbance should be avoided.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply preemergence or very early postemergence when the weeds have three or fewer leaves. Imazapic 6 to 8 ounces per acre (Plateau) Add 1 pint per acre of methylated seed oil (rate is less harmful to cool season perennials).
Apply postermergence in spring 12 to 16 ounces per acre after all seedlings are up and Glyphosate (Minimum rate for selective before heading or fall. (Buccaneer) control in spring). Add a water conditioner, e.g., Choice, at label rate.
Apply as a preemergence or early Sulfometuron postemergence. 3 to 5 ounces per acre methyl Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Oust XP) ounces per gallon of water.
Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) Musk thistle is native to southern Europe and western Asia and was introduced to North America early in the 20th century. It is a biennial thistle capable of forming dense stands that are practically impenetrable because of the spiny herbage and large stature. This thistle is a problem because it diminishes wildlife and livestock forage through competition and reduces recreational opportunities by acting as an “armed fence” preventing access to areas it borders. Musk thistle can grow under a wide range of conditions and moves into disturbed sunny areas and establishes well on bare soil. It invades rangelands, forestlands, and stream banks and has the potential to form dense stands, displacing native vegetation. A healthy plant can produce 100 or more flowers that produce up to 20,000 seeds per plant; only about one-third of the seeds are viable. Musk thistle seeds may remain viable for more than 10 years in the soil. It solely reproduces from seed, so a key for successful management is preventing seed production.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Livestock may avoid grazing on musk thistle. Insects such as the thistle rosette weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus), flea beetle (Psyliodes chalcomera), thistle crown fly (Cheilosa corydon), and thistle-defoliating beetle (Cassida rubiginosa) are effective on large infestations.
Mechanical Mechanical control is effective on musk thistle. Tilling, hoeing, and hand- pulling must be completed either in the rosette stage or early after the 64
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations flower stalk bolts, but before the plant flowers and produces seed. To be effective, a successful revegetation program must follow tilling. If this is not done, re-infestation of musk thistle is inevitable. Mowing is an option, but it can allow some musk thistle plants to recover and possibly sow seeds. Mowing does reduce seed production but should not be the single means of control in a management program. Mowing is most effective at the flower bud stage. Mowing combined with an herbicide is more effective.
Cultural Establishment of native grasses can effectively control the spread of musk thistle. Maintaining healthy rangelands and minimizing exposed soil can limit opportunity for weed establishment.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring to rosettes. Picloram 0.5 quarts to 2 quarts per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at (Tordon 22k) 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in spring from rosette through very early flower growth Metsulfuron 1 ounce per acre stages. (Escort XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in spring from rosette through very early flower growth Aminopyralid 3 to 5 ounces per acre stage. (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in spring from rosette through very early flower growth Chlorsulfuron 1 to 2 ounces per acre stage. (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) Perennial pepperweed is an invasive forb introduced from Europe and Asia in 1900 as containment in sugar beet seed. Perennial pepperweed invades a wide variety of habitats, from intermountain, mountainous areas and marshes. Its dense cover blocks sunlight from reaching 65
the soil, thus suppressing the growth of other plants. Roots are enlarged at the soil surface in a woody crown and can extend into the water table. The species is a prolific seed producer, capable of producing more than six billion seeds per acre. Seeds lack a hard cover; therefore, viability may be short. In addition to seeds, the species can spread by rhizomes which may grow to a length of 10 feet. Pepperweed reproduces both by seed and vegetatively by roots and shoots. Root fragments as small as 0.5 inch can grow into new plants. A serious threat, pepperweed alters ecosystems by acting as a “salt pump” absorbing salts from deep in the soil. The plant then excretes the salt through the leaves and deposits it on the surface soil. Since most desirable plants do not tolerate high saline concentrated soils, the plant composition and diversity of the area changes.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol None approved.
Mechanical With the exception of continual flooding, no non-chemical treatments have been found to effectively control this species. Mechanical methods are not recommended and can actually propagate, spread, and increase the density of pepperweed.
Cultural Prolonged spring flooding of new growth will kill pepperweed. Grazing is not recommended because the plant may be toxic. Reestablishing native or desired plants can take years, so plantings must be repeated, but it can aid in controlling populations.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply when plant is bolting to Chlorsulfuron 1 ounce per acre early flower growth stages. (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply when plant is in bolting growth stage (spring). Metsulfuron 1 ounce per acre (Escort XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Apply when plant is in flower to late flower growth stage (early Imazapic 12 ounces per acre summer to mid-summer). (Plateau) Add methylated seed oil at 2 pints per acre.
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Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) Puncturevine is a mat forming annual that is native to the Mediterranean. It spreads by seed and is most often found on sandy, dry, or gravelly sites. This weed typically can be found on sandy soils disturbed by roads, trails, and waste areas where it easily spread by animals, bicycles, people, and vehicles. Puncturevine produces sharply pointed burs that puncture tires and injure feet, reducing the recreational potential of many areas. Seeds can stay dormant in the soil for 4 to 5 years, which makes eradication difficult (Whitson et al. 1996).
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There are two biological controls available, Microlarinus lareynii (a seed feeding weevil) and Microlarinus lypriformis (a stem boring weevil).
Mechanical Hand pull or dig when soil is moist, but make sure to wear gloves. Bag specimens carefully so as not to scatter seeds. This is helpful unless infestations are too large. The key to effective control is to prevent seed production and/or spread.
Cultural Cultural control for puncturevine is difficult because seed reserves can stay viable for 4 to 5 years. Preventing the plants from establishing, by eliminating bare ground can assist in the process.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply pre-emergence or early Chlorusulfuron 1 to 3 ounces per acre post-emergence. (Telar XP) Add non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in spring at emergence of seedlings and continue through 2,4-D + Dicamba 1 to 2 pints per acre growing season. (Outlaw) Add non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply early postemergence. Imazapic 8 to 12 ounces per acre Add a methylated seed oil (Plateau) surfactant at 1.5 to 2 pints per acre.
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Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Purple loosestrife is non-native, tap rooted, perennial forb. It is native to Europe and was introduced to North America as an ornamental plant for gardens. Purple loosestrife reproduces primarily by seed. A single, mature plant can produce up to 3 million seeds per year. The seeds can remain viable in the soil for 5 to 20 years. Pieces of roots or stems also can produce new plants. Flowers appear from late June through September. Although this species tolerates a wide variety of soil conditions, its typical habitat includes cattail marshes, sedge meadows, and bogs. It also occurs along ditches, streams, riverbanks, lake shores, and other wet areas. In such habitats, purple loosestrife forms dense, monospecific stands that can grow to thousands of acres in size, displacing native, sometimes rare, plant species and eliminating open water habitat. The loss of native species and habitat diversity is a threat to wildlife, including birds, amphibians, and butterflies, that depend on wetlands for food and shelter. Purple loosestrife monocultures also cause agricultural loss of wetland pastures and hay meadows by replacing more palatable native grasses and sedges.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol The most promising insects appear to be the root-mining weevil, Hylobius transversovittatus, and the two leaf-eating beetles, Galerucella calmariensis and Galerucella pusilla, because of their broad geographic ranges and the amount of damage done to the host plant.
Mechanical Mowing, burning, and flooding are largely ineffective. Hand removal is effective for small populations and isolated plants. Younger plants (1-2 years old) can be pulled by hand. Plants should be removed, prior to seed set, with minimal disturbance to the soil. Follow-up treatments are recommended for 3 years after plants are removed.
Cultural Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in summer during the Glyphosate/Rodeo 4 quarts per acre flowering stage. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. 2,4-D/Aquatic 2,4- Apply in early spring to prevent 1 to 2 quarts per acre D Amine seed formation. Retreatment is necessary.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Do not apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) Rush skeletonweed dominates millions of acres of western rangelands and under favorable conditions may develop extremely high densities. Rush skeletonweed is native to Eurasia and thrives in well-drained, sandy textured or rocky soils; along roadsides; and in rangelands, pastures, and grain fields. There are three widespread forms of rush skeletonweed in the United States. These forms, designated A, B, and C, have narrow, intermediate, and broad rosette leaves respectively (Sheley and Petroff 1999). This long-lived perennial plant of the sunflower family has the capacity to invade relatively undisturbed perennial plant communities and has a “dandelion-like” seed that spreads on the wind, resulting in widespread infestations that may be hard to detect. Soil disturbance aids establishment and the extensive and deep root system makes rush skeletonweed difficult to control.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol A rust fungus (Puccinia chondrilla), gall mite (Aceria chondrillae), and gall midge (Chystiphora schmidti) could be used to control rush skeletonweed.
Mechanical Consistent hand-pulling or digging can be effective at controlling small populations of rush skeletonweed. New plants can establish from small root parts so any mechanical treatments may need to be repeated often. Hand pulling or digging when soil is moist may assist the removal of all roots.
Cultural Maintaining healthy native plant communities and minimizing exposed soil can minimize habitat for weed establishment.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and Herbicide Rate + (Trade Name) Surfactant Rate Apply at rosette growth stage Aminopyralid 5 to 7 ounces per acre (spring to early summer). (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply before full flower or during Picloram 1 to 2 quarts per acre fall re-growth. (Tordon 22k) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) Russian knapweed is native to Eurasia and was introduced into North America in the late 1800s. It is a deep-rooted perennial that spreads by seed and aggressive, creeping, rhizomes. Roots can grow to a depth of more than 8 feet the first year and 16 to 23 feet in the second season. The vertical and horizontal roots can act as the primary means for propagation and spreading. Severed root pieces as small as 2.5 cm can generate new shoots from depths to 15 cm. It emits allelopathic compounds that can inhibit other plants. It cannot readily establish in healthy native vegetation; it requires disturbance. It will continuously fill in disturbed areas and can establish dense monocultures (Sheley and Petroff 1999). Flowering can occur from June to September. A single plant can produce up to 1200 seeds, which can remain viable for 2-3 years.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Gall-forming nematode (Subanguina picridis), seed head gall fly (Urophora quadrifasciata), and seed head gall fly (U. affinis).
Mechanical Cultivation, cutting/mowing, and/or hand-pulling are not recommended unless done three times per year (spring, summer, fall) to force the plants to use nutrient reserve stored in roots, followed by herbicide treatment. This protocol must be followed for at least 3 years otherwise it will stimulate sprouting from rhizomes. It is difficult to remove all roots with a one-time effort. Whichever control combination is chosen, it is imperative to continually stress the plant because it does not do well under stressful conditions. The most preferred method of control is to mow the area of Russian knapweed once a month during the spring and summer months, then follow up with an herbicide application in the fall.
Cultural Establishment of native grasses can effectively control the spread of Russian knapweed. Maintaining healthy rangelands and minimizing exposed soil can minimize habitat for weed establishment. Long-term
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations reductions must include planting competitive species to occupy bare ground once infested by the weed, due to Russian knapweed's allelopathic qualities.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring to bud/early Picloram 1 quart per acre flower stage and/or fall rosette. (Tordon 22k) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in late spring before or Chlorosulfuron 1 to 3 ounces per acre during flower stem elongation. (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply in spring and summer to plants from bud to flowering Aminopyralid 4 to 6 ounces per acre stage, or in fall to plants in (Milestone) dormant stage. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Russian olive (Elaeagnus anustifolia) Russian olive is a fast growing tree, reaching heights from 10 to 25 feet. Introduced from Europe, Russian olive was promoted as a desirable ornamental shade tree. Russian olive can reproduce by seed or root suckers. Seeds are readily spread by birds and can remain viable for up to 3 years. Spring moisture and slightly alkaline soil tend to favor seedling growth. The plants extensive root system sprouts root suckers frequently. Russian olive can grow in a variety of soil and moisture conditions, but prefers open, moist riparian zones. It is shade tolerant and can be found along streams, floodplains, fields, and open areas up to approximately 8,000 feet in elevation. Russian olive can out-compete native plants, interfere with natural plant succession and nutrient cycling, and tax water reserves. Because it is capable of fixing nitrogen in its roots, it can grow on bare, mineral substrates and dominate riparian areas.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There is currently no biological control agent approved for use.
Mechanical Saplings can be pulled with weed-wrench or cut down. Trees can be girdled or cut with chainsaws. However, stump sprouting commonly 71
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations occurs after cutting and stump excavation without removing all parts of the roots can result in root sprouting. Treating cut-stumps with an herbicide can eliminate sprouting. Stump burning is practical when conditions support a long, hot fire and is most effective in summer or early fall. Saplings are most sensitive to mechanical treatment.
Cultural Replace Russian olives with native trees. Prevent establishment of new trees by removing seedlings and saplings before they mature.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example)
Imazapyr + water Diluted by mixing 8 to 12 Apply to the cambial layer of the (Habitat or ounces per gallon of water tree immediately after cutting. Arsenal)
Broadcast spray or spray Imazapyr individual trees; use low or high (Habitat or 4 to 6 pints per acre volume spray. Arsenal) Add a non-ionic surfactant at .32 ounces per gallon.
For best results, cover the top one- half of the plant, including the growing tip (over the top and Glyphosate 1.5 to 7.5 quarts per acre down coverage). (Buccaneer) Add a surfactant or water conditioner, e.g., Choice, at label rate.
Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) Russian thistle is an annual weed of rangelands, ditchbanks, and small acreages. It originated in Russia and was brought to the U.S. in the late 1800s as a contaminant of North Dakota flax seed. It only reproduces from seed; preventing seed set is important to successful management. It is a large, bushy, prickly, summer annual, and can grow to 3 feet tall. It dries out and becomes a tumbleweed, spreading seeds as it rolls with the wind across landscapes.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol No biological controls are available.
Mechanical Russian thistle is easily pulled or hoed out, at early growth stages. If plants are already producing seeds it is best to collect the plants and dispose of them.
Cultural Competition from desirable plant species will limit Russian thistle site dominance.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example)
Apply during the rosette stage. Dicamba + 2,4-D 1.75 pints per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 2 to (Outlaw) 4 pints per 100 gallons. Apply during the rosette stage. Glyphosate 1 to 1.5 quarts per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Rodeo) ounces per gallon of water.
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) Scotch broom is a woody perennial shrub growing up to 10 feet tall and reproduces from seed. The lower leaves are mostly three parted with small, rounded leaflets and the upper leaves are simple. Flowers are bright yellow about ¾ inch long, shaped like pea flowers, and bloom from April to June. Scotch broom has plenty of help from people to move it to new sites. Its seed is a regular hitchhiker on vehicle tires, heavy equipment, and infested gravel. Scotch broom spreads slowly, but persistently. Seedpods split suddenly at maturity and eject the seeds. Also, it is reported that ants aggressively collect the seeds assisting in dispersal. Birds also assist with spread, but how well the seeds survive digestion varies with the species of bird. Early settlers of the Pacific Coast introduced Scotch broom as a garden ornamental. It has spread far beyond the bounds of cultivation and now covers many acres west of the Cascades. It is an aggressive species that occupies pasture land and crowds out desirable forbs, grasses, and native species. It has been reported as toxic by Europeans, but no known losses of livestock in the U.S. have been reported. Scotch broom contains small amounts of toxic quinolizidine alkaloids spartene and isosparteine. These toxins are probably found in all parts of the plant.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Several biological control insects have been released in Washington State including Scotch broom bruchid (Bruchidius villosus), a beetle whose 73
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations larvae feed on developing seeds, and Scotch broom seed weevils (Exapion fuscirostre or Apion fuscirostre).
Mechanical When digging or pulling, make sure to remove as much root as possible so the plant will not re-sprout. This method can be highly labor-intensive and to be fully effective all mature plants in the site need to be pulled so that no new seeds are produced. Both methods are easier when soils are moist. Cutting can be an effective control method for older plants that are no longer green at the base. If cutting, it is best to cut the plants when they are stressed during the summer drought in late July to August. Cut stems as close to the ground as possible. Monitor for regrowth and cut again. The disadvantage of this method is that plants are typically in seed during the late summer. Cutting may spread the seeds around so try to cut the plants before the seed pods mature. Mowing, and other mechanical control techniques alone are generally not as effective as other methods and will either need to be repeated throughout the season or combined with other control methods to prevent re-sprouting, especially with younger plants. Mowing in the spring followed by a fall herbicide application, once plants have re-grown, can be an effective control method.
Cultural Prevent plants from spreading from existing populations by washing vehicles, boots and animals that have been in infested areas. If animals are being moved from an infested pasture to an un-infested pasture, if possible first hold them for at least 5 days so that any seeds pass out of the animals’ digestive system.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Foliar treatments are best when plants are growing rapidly at or Picloram 2 quarts per acre beyond early to full bloom stage. (Tordon 22k) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Triclopyr + 2,4-D 0.5 to 1.5% volume per volume Postemergence when plants are (Crowssbow) solution growing rapidly
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example)
Imazapyr Multiple application methods Postemergence when plants are (Arsenal, Habitat, require different rates. Refer to growing rapidly. Best when used Stalker) label. in late summer to early fall.
Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) Scoth thistle is a tap-rooted biennial that grows up to 12 feet tall. A rosette forms the first year, followed by a flowering elongated stem the second year. Scotch thistle reproduces from seed. Scotch thistle is native to central Asia. It was introduced to the eastern U.S. in 1900. Scotch thistle is competitive in range, pasture and waste areas. It often grows along streams and rivers making it difficult to access. Scotch thistle invades roadsides, rangelands, and disturbed areas. It thrives in sunny sites because it does not tolerate shade. Scotch thistle is drought tolerant, but can flourish along open streams. A single plant can produce up to 50,000 seeds; seeds are viable for 6 years. Repeated branching may result in plants 5 feet wide. Dense stands can create barriers that restrict wildlife and livestock.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Urophora stylata, a fly predator, is used to help control this thistle.
Mechanical Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill Scotch thistle. Mowing or chopping is most effective when Scotch thistle plants are at full-bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down.
Cultural Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Scotch thistle.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply in spring rosette to early bolting growth stages or in fall to Aminopyralid 5 to 7 ounces per acre rosettes. (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply during spring from bolting Chlorsulfuron 1 to 2.6 ounces per acre to flower bud stages. (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply during rosette to flower Metsulfuron + bud stages. Chlorsulfuron 2 ounces per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Cimmarron X-tra) ounces per gallon of water.
Spotted knapweed (Centaurea steobe L.) Spotted knapweed is native to Central Europe east to Central Russia, Caucasia, and Western Siberia. Spotted knapweed is a deeply taprooted, perennial forb that is a prolific seed producer. This perennial species can live up to 9 years and is capable of producing seeds each year (Boggs and Story 1987). Seeds are viable for a minimum of 7 years. Once established spotted knapweed can form monotypic stands and this species now dominates millions of acres of western rangelands. Spotted knapweed prefers rangelands, dry meadows, pastures, upland rocky areas, roadsides, and the sandy or gravelly floodplains of streams and rivers (Prather et al. 2002). Spotted knapweed establishes and dominates on dry, disturbed sites, especially along roads but is also found in riparian meadows. It also invades relatively undisturbed perennial native plant communities and is capable of establishing locally at elevations of more than 8,000 feet.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol There are eight flower head insects and five root-boring insects available. Gall-forming nematode (Subanguina picridis), seed head gall fly (Urophora quadrifasciata), seed head gall fly (Urophora affinis), flower head weevils (Larinus spp.), seed head moth (Metzneria spp.), root moth (Agapeta spp.), root weevil (Cyphocleonus spp.), and root borer (Sphenoptera spp.), root moth (Pelochrista spp.), root moth (Pterolonche spp.).
Mechanical Hand-pulling of small infestations would need to be repeated for 7 to 10 years. The entire root crown must be completely removed. In stands with little other vegetation, it may be possible to mow if mowing occurs just after most flowering has ended, but before seeds have matured. Mowing may cause low growing forms. Mowing is considered moderately effective.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Cultural Establishment of native grasses can effectively control the spread of spotted knapweed. Maintaining healthy rangelands and minimizing exposed soil can minimize habitat for weed establishment.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply during spring at rosette to early bolt stage and /or in the fall Aminopyralid 5 to 7 ounces per acre to rosettes. (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply to spring/fall rosettes Clopyralid + 2,4-D 2/3 to 1 pint per acre before flowering stalk lengthens. (Curtail) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply during spring at rosette to early bolt stage and /or in the fall Picloram 1 to 2 quarts per acre to rosettes. (Tordon 22k) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) St Johnswort is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and is widely distributed through temperate areas of the world. St Johnswort is most commonly found in grasslands, pastures, meadows, and rangelands. It also occurs in forested areas in natural clearings, openings, or areas that have been disturbed by fire, logging, or road construction. St. Johnswort grows in well-drained, coarse-textured soils, and does not grow well under wet conditions. Generally, the plants require more water (35–40 in) in areas with winter rains, and less (10–12 in) in areas with winter snow. St. Johnswort is an early-flowing forb (June or July) that requires full sun or part shade. It can be propagated by seed, by division, or by softwood cuttings. Each plant produces roughly 15,000-33,000 seeds. Seeds remain viable in the soil for long periods of time; as much as 50 years by some accounts.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol No biological control agent is available.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Mechanical Not recommended because of the weed’s ability to reproduce by stolons, rhizomes and root fragments. This often renders mechanical control obsolete.
Cultural Maintain healthy native plant community.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example)
Picloram Apply in fall, generally September 1 to 2 quarts per acre 15 to October 15. (Tordon 22K) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Metsulfuron methyl + Apply in fall, generally September Chlorsulfuron 1 ounce per acre 15 to October 15. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Cimarron X-tra) ounces per gallon of water.
Yellow Hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum) Yellow hawkweed was first introduced from Europe into northern New York about 1879. Yellow hawkweed can form monocultures with few other plants apparent on the dominated sites. It has a fibrous root system and can invade lawns, meadows, range, and pastures. It can also invade forested areas and is well-adapted to life at higher elevations. Yellow hawkweed is a perennial and spreads by seeds, stolons and rhizomes. It flowers from mid-May to July and usually sets seed by August.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol No biological control agent is available.
Mechanical Not recommended because of the weed’s ability to reproduce by stolons, rhizomes, and root fragments. This often renders mechanical control obsolete.
Cultural Maintain healthy native plant community.
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Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply when plants are in rosette to bolting stage. Spring to early Aminopyralid 6 to 7 ounces per acre summer. (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply when plants are in rosette to bolting stage. Spring to early Clopyralid 1.33 pints per acre summer. (Transline) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply when plants are in rosette to bolting stage. Spring to early Clopyralid + 2,4-D 2 quarts per acre summer. (Curtail) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
Yellow Star-thistle (Centaurea solstitialis) Yellow star-thistle is native to Eurasia and was first discovered near Seattle, Washington in 1898. By 1920 it became widely distributed in eastern Washington. Yellow star-thistle is one of the more invasive weeds of the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest. Yellow star-thistle prefers deep loamy soils with south-facing slopes and 12 to 25 inches or more of annual rainfall with a bimodal distribution in the fall and spring. It favors perennial bunchgrass communities dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass. Although it does not compete well with sagebrush, it readily invades sagebrush communities after disturbance. Yellow star-thistle has the ability to germinate and develop in nearly all of the semi-arid to sub- humid rangelands in the west. In Washington, it has its best performance in deep silt loams on the south slopes of the Blue Mountains. However, it also survives and forms dense infestations in shallow rocky soils with as little as 10 inches of precipitation. This adaptability enables it to be established on poor quality rangeland, edges of cropland, idle farmlands and pasture lands, roadsides, railways, and recreational areas. Yellow star-thistle is a winter annual dependent on seed production for population growth and spread. Plants normally produce 20 to 120 seeds each, but under ideal conditions production may exceed 100,000 seeds per plant. Up to 90 percent of the seeds have a short plume. These seeds disperse at maturity and readily germinate when moisture is available in the fall. The other 10 percent lack a plume, disperse over winter, and may remain dormant in the soil for 2-3 years. Seedling densities have been reported as high as 2,500 per square foot. Populations overwinter as seedlings or rosettes. Seed can also germinate in the spring.
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Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Five insect species have been released in the western United States for the management and control of yellow star-thistle. They feed on the flower buds and seed heads and can reduce seed production from 45 to 100 percent. There is also a rust fungus that reduces the vigor of yellow star-thistle plants.
Mechanical Hand pulling that removes the root crown is effective for new, small introductions of yellow star-thistle. Prescribed fire has been effective in reducing populations. Burns conducted for 3 consecutive years in late June and early July.
Cultural Following initial control, establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control. Maintain healthy rangelands and prevent bare spots.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Apply during rosette growth and bolting stages. Early spring to Aminopyralid 3 to 7 ounces per acre early summer. (Milestone) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply to young, actively growing Chlorsulfuron 1.5 ounces per acre weeds. (Telar XP) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water. Apply after rosettes have emerged Transline 0.25 to 1 pint per acre before bud formation. Best applied to actively growing weeds.
Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) Yellow toadflax is native to the Mediterranean and Eurasia and was introduced to the United States as an ornamental. It is a deep-rooted, short-lived perennial with multiple stems that reproduce by seed and by vegetative buds on the roots (Sheley and Petroff 1999). Yellow toadflax is adapted to a wide range of conditions and establishes along streambanks as well as dry rangeland. It develops an extensive root system, making control options varied. Yellow toadflax displaces desirable plant communities reducing ecological diversity and rangeland value. Decreases forage for domestic livestock, some big game species and decreases habitat for
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associated animal communities. The plant is known to be mildly poisonous to cattle. Goats and sheep have been known to graze the plants with little effect.
Integrated Weed Management Recommendations
Biocontrol Calophasia lunula, a predatory noctuid moth, feeds on leaves and flowers of Yellow toadflax. Eteobalea intermediella, a root boring moth, and Mecinus janthinus, a stem boring weevil, are also available.
Mechanical Handpulling or digging is not recommended for eradication of Yellow toadflax because it is unlikely that the entire root will be excavated and a new plant is likely to occur. A single new plant might be an exception. Tillage is not recommended due to the creeping root system.
Cultural Establishment of native grasses and forbs can act as an effective control of yellow toadflax. Maintaining healthy rangelands and minimizing exposed soil can limit opportunity for weed establishment.
Herbicide Rate Recommendations
Active Ingredient Application Timing and + (Trade Name Herbicide Rate Surfactant Rate Example) Picloram + Before full flower or during fall Chlorsulfuron 1 quart picloram + 1.25 ounces re-growth. (Tordon 22k + chlorsulfuron per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 Telar XP) ounces per gallon of water. Apply at flowering through fall. Chlorsulfuron 1 1/3 ounces per acre Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 (Telar XP) ounces per gallon of water. Apply in fall, late August through September. Re-treatment may be Picloram 1.5 quarts per acre necessary. (Tordon 22K) Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.32 ounces per gallon of water.
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APPENDIX E Table E-1. Threatened, Endangered, and Proposed Wildlife Species Occuring or with Potential to Occur in the Project Area Status Species Scientific Name Critical Habitat Endangered Columbia Basin pygmy Brachylagus None rabbit idahoensis Endangered Gray wolf Canis lupus None Threatened Canada lynx Lynx canadensis Present in project area Threatened Grizzly bear Ursus arctos horribilis None Threatened Northern spotted owl Strix occidentalis None in project area caurina Proposed North American Gulo gulo luscus None Threatened wolverine
Table E-2. BLM Sensitive Wildlife Species Occuring or with Potential to Occur in the Project Area Group Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Mammal Big horn sheep Ovis canadensis Mountain grasslands, foothills, river canyons Mammal Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus Sagebrush, rabbitbrush Mammal Gray wolf Canis lupus (northern Generalist, mainly Rocky Mtns.) forests Mammal Little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus Wide range of habitats; often uses human- made structures Mammal Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus Cliffs, talus, conifer forest, meadows Mammal Pygmy shrew Sorex hoyi Mesic, grassy coniferous forest openings Mammal Red-tailed chipmunk Tamias ruficaudus Dense montane coniferous forests Mammal Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus Various forest types, townsendii shrub steppe, ridges, cliffs and rock outcrops Mammal Townsend’s ground Spermophilus Open sagebrush-grass squirrel townsendii Mammal Washington ground S. washingtoni Shrub-steppe squirrel 82
Group Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Mammal Western gray squirrel Sciurus griseus Open forests of nut bearing trees Mammal White-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii Bunchgrass, rabbitbrush Bird Acorn woodpecker Melanerpes Oak woodlands formicivorus Bird American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Shrub-steppe, ridges, anatum cliffs, and rock outcrops Bird American white pelican Pelecanus Lakes and rivers erythrorhynchos Bird Ash-throated flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens Oak woodlands, riparian Bird Bald eagle Haliaeetus Riparian, open water leucocephalus Bird Black-throated sparrow Amphispiza bilineata Grasslands, shrublands Bird Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Grasslands Bird Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia Shrub-steppe Bird Clark’s grebe Aechmophorus clarkii Shallow lakes, marine Bird Common loon Gavia immer Nearshore marine, lakes Bird Ferruginous hawk Buteo regalis Shrub-steppe Bird Gray flycatcher Empidonax wrightii Open pine forests Bird Great gray owl Strix nebulosa Aspen, coniferous forests Bird Greater sage-grouse Centrocercus Shrub-steppe and urophasianus meadows (Columbia Basin) Bird Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus Open lowland agricultural areas, river deltas Bird Harlequin duck Histrionicus Forested riparian, histrionicus shoreline Bird Lesser goldfinch Carduelis psaltria Open habitats, garry oak woodlands Bird Lewis’s woodpecker Melanerpes lewis Ponderosa pine, oak woodland Bird Long-billed curlew Numenius americanus Grasslands Bird Mountain quail Oreortyx pictus Dense brush Bird Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis Coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forests Bird Sandhill crane Grus canadensis Open fields, river bottomlands
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Group Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Bird Sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus Shrub-steppe, steppe, phasianellus riparian Bird Short-eared owl Asio flammeus Open land, with low vegetation Bird White-headed woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus Coniferous forests Reptile Striped whipsnake Masticophis taeniatus Grasslands, sagebrush, dry rocky canyons Insect Astarte fritillary Boloria astarte Rock slides, windswept ridges and scree slopes above timberline Insect Barry’s hairstreak Callophrys gryneus Rocky Mountain barryi juniper Insect Columbia clubtail Gomphus lynnae Sandy to rocky, slow- flowing rivers Insect Eastern tailed blue Cupido comyntas Lightly wooded, dry habitats and weedy areas Insect Great basin fritillary Speyeria egleis Montane meadows, forest openings Insect Mardon skipper Polites mardon Grasslands and savanna/woodland Insect Subarctic bluet Coenagrion Wetlands, sedge interrogatum marshes Insect Subarctic darner Aeshna subarctica Fens, wet meadows, and bogs Insect Tawny-edged skipper Polites themistocles Grasslands, prairie, old fields Insect Western bumblebee Bombus occidentalis Generalist with nectar/pollen producing plants Insect Whitehouse emerald Somatochlora Open ponds and bogs whitehousei Mollusk Salmon coil Helicodiscus Dry rocky habitats, salmonaceus sagebrush and grasses Mollusk Thinlip tightcoil Pristiloma idahoense Low elevation forests Mollusk Western ridged mussel Gonidea angulata Streams Worm Giant palouse earthworm Driloleirus Palouse prairie americanus grasslands
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Table E-3. Threatened, Endangered, and Candidate Plant Species Occuring or with Potential to Occur in the Project Area Status Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Endangered Golden paintbrush Castilleja levisecta Prairie remnants and grasslands Endangered Showy stickseed Hackelia venusta Openings in Dry Forests Endangered Wenatchee Mountains Sidalcea oregano var. Meadows checker-mallow calva Endangered Bradshaw's desert- Lomatium bradshawii Wet grasslands parsley Threatened Water howellia Howellia aquatilis Riparian and wetland Threatened Kincaid's lupine Lupinus oreganus var Prairie remnants kincaidii Threatened Spalding’s catchfly Silene spaldingii Shrub steppe and grassland Threatened Ute ladies’-tresses Spiranthes dilubialis Riparian and wetland Threatened Nelson's checkermallow Sidalcea nelsoniana Riparian and grasslands Threatened Umtanum desert Eriogonum codium Shrub steppe and buckwheat grassland Threatened White Bluffs bladderpod Physaria douglasii Shrub steppe and ssp. tuplashensis grassland Candidate Whitebark Pine Pinus albicaulis Sub-Alpine Forest
Table E-4. BLM Sensitive Plant Species Occuring or with Potential to Occur in the Project Area Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Constricted Douglas’s Allium constrictum Riparian and wetland onion Arthur’s milkvetch Astragalus arthurii Shrub steppe and grassland Columbia milkvetch A. columbianus Shrub steppe and grassland Geyer’s milkvetch A. geyeri var. geyeri Shrub steppe and grassland Least bladdery milkvetch A. microcystis Forest and woodland Pauper milkvetch A. misellus var. pauper Shrub steppe and grassland Piper’s milkvetch A. riparius Shrub steppe and grassland Whited’s milkvetch A. sinuatus Shrub steppe and grassland 85
Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Green-band mariposa-lily Calochortus Shrub steppe and macrocarpus var. grassland maculosus Bristleleaf sedge Carex eburnea Riparian and wetland Many-headed sedge C. sychnocephala Riparian and wetland Naked-stemmed evening- Chylismia scapoidea ssp. Shrub steppe and primrose scapoidea grassland Beaked cryptantha Cryptantha rostellata Shrub steppe and grassland Narrow-stem cryptantha C. gracilis Shrub steppe and grassland Gray cryptantha C. leucophaea Shrub steppe and grassland Snake River cryptantha C. spiculifera Shrub steppe and grassland Yellow lady’s-slipper Cypripedium Riparian and wetland parviflorum Drummond’s mountain- Dryas drummondii var. Forest and woodland avens drummondii Dwarf evening-primrose Eremothera pygmaea Shrub steppe and grassland Basalt daisy Erigeron basalticus Shrub steppe and grassland Piper’s daisy E. piperianus Shrub steppe and grassland Green keeled cotton- Eriophorum Riparian and wetland grass viridicarinatum Suksdorf’s monkey- Erythranthe suksdorfii Shrub steppe and flower grassland Diffuse stickseed Hackelia diffusa var. Forest and woodland diffusa Sagebrush stickseed H. hispida var. disjuncta Shrub steppe and grassland Longsepal globemallow Iliamna longisepala Shrub steppe and grassland Nuttall’s quillwort Isoetes nuttallii Riparian and wetland Tiehm’s rush Juncus tiehmii Shrub steppe and grassland Twelfth rush J. uncialis Riparian and wetland Baker’s linanthus Leptosiphon bolanderi Forest and woodland Rollins’ lomatium Lomatium rollinsii Shrub steppe and grassland Snake Canyon desert L. serpentinum Shrub steppe and parsley grassland 86
Species Scientific Name Habitat Association Suksdorf’s desert parsley Lomatium suksdorfii Forest and woodland Hoover’s desert parsley L. tuberosum Shrub steppe and grassland Nuttall’s sandwort Minuartia nuttallii ssp. Shrub steppe and fragilis grassland Mousetail Myosurus clavicaulis Riparian and wetland Coyote tobacco Nicotiana attenuata Shrub steppe and grassland Adder’s-tongue Ophioglossum pusillum Riparian and wetland Wanapum crazyweed Oxytropis campestris Shrub steppe and var. wanapum grassland Slender crazyweed O. monticola Forest and woodland Snowball cactus Pediocactus nigrispinus Shrub steppe and grassland Barrett’s penstemon Penstemon barrettiae Forest and woodland Whited’s penstemon P. eriantherus var. Shrub steppe and whitedii grassland Chelan rockmat Petrophytum cinerascens Shrub steppe and grassland Sticky phacelia Phacelia lenta Shrub steppe and grassland Dwarf phacelia P. tetramera Riparian and wetland American pillwort Pilularia americana Riparian and wetland Washington polemonium Polemonium pectinatum Shrub steppe and grassland Fremont’s combleaf Polyctenium fremontii Shrub steppe and grassland Wax currant Ribes cereum var. Forest and woodland colubrinum Columbia cress Rorippa columbiae Riparian and wetland Northwest raspberry Rubus nigerrimus Riparian and wetland Black snake-root Sanicula marilandica Riparian and wetland Little bluestem Schizachyrium Riparian and wetland scoparium var. scoparium Strict blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium montanum Riparian and wetland Hoover’s tauschia Tauschia hooveri Shrub steppe and grassland Lichen Texosporium sancti- Shrub steppe and jacobi grassland Arrow thelypody Thelypodium sagittatum Riparian and wetland ssp. sagittatum Thompson’s clover Trifolium thompsonii Forest and woodland
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Table E-5. Threatened, Endangered, and Proposed Fish Species Occuring or with Potential to Occur in the Project Area Status Species Scientific Name Endangered Chinook salmon Upper Columbia Oncorhynchus tshawytscha spring/summer Threatened Chinook salmon, lower Columbia Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Threatened Chinook salmon, Snake River Oncorhynchus tshawytscha spring/summer Threatened Chinook salmon, Snake River fall Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Threatened Coho salmon Lower Columbia Oncorhynchus kisutch Threatened Steelhead Upper Columbia Oncorhynchus mykiss Threatened Steelhead Middle Columbia Oncorhynchus mykiss Threatened Steelhead Lower Columbia Oncorhynchus mykiss Threatened Steelhead Snake River Oncorhynchus mykiss Endangered Sockeye salmon, Snake River Oncorhynchus nerka
Table E-6. BLM Sensitive Fish Species Occuring or with Potential to Occur in the Project Area Species Scientific Name Mountain sucker Catostomus platyrhynchus Margined sculpin Cottus marginatus Tui chub Gila bicolor Leopard dace Rhinichthys falcatus Umatilla dace Rhinichthys umatilla Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentata River lamprey Lampetra ayresi Pygmy whitefish Prosopium coulteri Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi
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