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Clopyralid (Transline) - Final Report

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Clopyralid (Transline) - Final Report SERA TR 99-21-11/12-01d Clopyralid (Transline) - Final Report Prepared for: USDA, Forest Service Task Nos. 11/12 USDA/FS Contract No. 53-3187-5-12 USDA/FS Order Nos.43-3187-8-0167 and 43-3187-8-0220 Submitted to: Leslie Rubin, COTR Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Biotechnology, Biologics and Environmental Protection Environmental Analysis and Documentation United States Department of Agriculture Suite 5A44, Unit 149 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 Submitted by: Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Telephone: (315) 637-9560 Fax: (315) 637-0445 Internet: [email protected] Report Date: April 11, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................... v ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS ............................. vi COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS ........................................... viii CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ................................... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................x 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1-1 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION .............................................. 2-1 2.1. OVERVIEW ...................................................... 2-1 2.2. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS ........ 2-2 2.3. APPLICATION METHODS .......................................... 2-2 2.4. MIXING AND APPLICATION RATES ................................. 2-4 3. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ................................... 3-1 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ......................................... 3-1 3.1.1. Overview .................................................. 3-1 3.1.2. Acute Toxicity .............................................. 3-1 3.1.3. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects ...................... 3-1 3.1.4. Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects ............................ 3-1 3.1.5. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity ................................ 3-2 3.1.6. Effects on the Skin and Eyes ................................... 3-2 3.1.7. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure ...................... 3-3 3.1.8. Inhalation Exposure .......................................... 3-4 3.1.9 Impurities, Metabolites, and Inerts ............................... 3-4 3.1.10. Toxicological Interactions ..................................... 3-6 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT .......................................... 3-7 3.2.1. Overview .................................................. 3-7 3.2.2. Workers ................................................... 3-7 3.2.3. General Public ............................................. 3-12 3.2.4. Hexachlorobenzene ......................................... 3-12 3.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT ................................... 3-17 3.3.1. Overview ................................................. 3-17 3.3.2. Existing Guidelines .......................................... 3-17 3.3.3. Dose-Response and Dose-Severity Relationships ................... 3-18 3.4. RISK CHARACTERIZATION ....................................... 3-24 3.4.1. Overview ................................................. 3-24 3.4.2. Workers .................................................. 3-24 3.4.3. General Public ............................................. 3-26 3.4.4. Sensitive Subgroups ......................................... 3-28 3.4.5. Connected Actions .......................................... 3-28 3.4.6. Cumulative Effects .......................................... 3-28 4. ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ...................................... 4-1 4.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ......................................... 4-1 4.1.1. Overview .................................................. 4-1 4.1.2. Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms ................................ 4-1 4.1.3. Aquatic Organisms ........................................... 4-3 4.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT .......................................... 4-4 4.2.1. Terrestrial Animals ........................................... 4-4 4.2.2. Terrestrial Plants ............................................ 4-9 4.2.3. Aquatic Organisms .......................................... 4-13 4.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT ................................... 4-14 4.3.1. Overview ................................................. 4-14 4.3.2. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals ................................. 4-14 4.3.3. Aquatic Organisms .......................................... 4-18 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 4.4. RISK CHARACTERIZATION ....................................... 4-19 4.4.1. Overview ................................................. 4-19 4.4.2. Terrestrial Organisms ........................................ 4-19 4.4.3. Aquatic Organisms .......................................... 4-25 5. REFERENCES ........................................................ 5-1 6. GLOSSARY ......................................................... 6-1 7. SUBJECT INDEX ...................................................... 7-1 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Toxicity of clopyralid to mammals Appendix 2: Toxicity of clopyralid to birds after oral administration. Appendix 3: Toxicity of clopyralid to terrestrial invertebrates. Appendix 4: Toxicity of clopyralid to non-target terrestrial plants. Appendix 5: Toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants. Appendix 6: Field studies on the fate of clopyralid in soil. Appendix 7: GLEAMS modeling of hexachlorobenzene runoff. WORKSHEETS Clopyralid Hexachlorobenzene iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1. Identification and physical/chemical properties of clopyralid and the monethanolamine salt of clopyralid ............................... 2-3 Table 2-2. Uses of clopyralid by the Forest Service in 1997 ..................... 2-4 Table 3-1. Clopyralid - summary of worker exposure scenarios .................. 3-8 Table 3-2. Clopyralid - summary of exposure scenarios for the general public ...... 3-12 Table 3-3. Clopyralid residue levels in strawberries .......................... 3-16 Table 3-4. Hexachlorobenzene - summary of worker exposure scenarios .......... 3-18 Table 3-5. Hexachlorobenzene - summary of exposure scenarios for the general public 3-19 Table 3-6. Summary of risk characterization for workers associated with exposure to clopyralid .................. 3-33 Table 3-7. Summary of risk characterization for the general public associated with exposure to clopyralid .................. 3-35 Table 4-1. Summary of exposure scenarios for terrestrial animals ............................................ 4-8 Table 4-2. Summary of the degradation times and apparent first-order rates for clopyralid at a concentration of 0.3 mg/kg soil in different soils under different conditions4-13 Table 4-3. Summary of dose-severity relationships in terrestrial plants ............ 4-16 Table 4-4. Summary of quantitative risk characterization for terrestrial animals ........................................ 4-20 v ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS a.e. acid equivalents a.i. active ingredient AEL adverse-effect level ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BCF bioconcentration factor bw body weight CBI confidential business information cm centimeter CNS central nervous system DAA days after application DAT days after treatment d.f. degrees of freedom ECx concentration causing X% inhibition of a process EC50 concentration causing 50% inhibition of a process F female F1 first filial generation g gram HQ hazard quotient ka absorption coefficient ke elimination coefficient kg kilogram Ko/c organic carbon partition coefficient Ko/w octanol-water partition coefficient Kp skin permeability coefficient L liter lb pound LC50 lethal concentration, 50% kill LD50 lethal dose, 50% kill LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level m meter M male MCS multiple chemical sensitivity mg milligram mg/kg/day milligrams of agent per kilogram of body weight per day mL milliliter mM millimole MW molecular weight MOS margin of safety MSDS material safety data sheet NCI National Cancer Institute NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health vi ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS (continued) NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level NOEL no-observed-effect level NOS not otherwise specified NRC National Research Council OPP Office of Pesticide Programs OPPTS Office of Pesticide Planning and Toxic Substances OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration ppm parts per million RBC red blood cells RfD reference dose ROW right-of-way UF uncertainty factor U.S. United States U.S. EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization µ micron > greater than $ greater than or equal to < less than # less than or equal to = equal to • approximately equal to - approximately vii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS To convert ... Into ... Multiply by ... acres hectares (ha) 0.4047 acres square meters (m2) 4,047 atmospheres millimeters of mercury 760 centigrade Fahrenheit 1.8CE+32 centimeters inches 0.3937 cubic meters (m3) liters (L) 1,000 Fahrenheit centigrade 0.556FE-17.8 feet per second (ft/sec) miles/hour (mi/hr) 0.6818 gallons (gal) liters (L) 3.785 gallons per acre (gal/acre) liters per hectare (L/ha) 9.34 grams (g) ounces, (oz) 0.03527 grams (g) pounds, (oz) 0.002205 hectares (ha) acres 2.471 inches (in) centimeters (cm) 2.540 kilograms (kg) ounces, (oz) 35.274 kilograms (kg) pounds, (lb) 2.2046 kilograms per hectare (hg/ha)
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