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An Economic and Pest Management Evaluation of the Herbicide Dacthal in California Agriculture

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An Economic and Pest Management Evaluation of the Herbicide Dacthal in California Agriculture An Economic and Pest Management Evaluation of the Herbicide Dacthal in California Agriculture Prepared for California Department of Food and Agriculture Office of Pesticide Consultation and Analysis Rachael Goodhue1 Steven Fennimore2 Daniel Tregeagle3 Tor Tolhurst4 Hanlin Wei4 1Professor and Chair, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2Extension Specialist and Weed Ecophysiologist, Department of Plant Sciences 3Post-Doc, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics 4PhD Student, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California, Davis 1 Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................7 Introduction................................................................................................................................8 Background...........................................................................................................................10 Dacthal use and Groundwater Protection Areas....................................................................11 Regulatory process................................................................................................................12 Dacthal Use...............................................................................................................................15 Statewide..............................................................................................................................15 Monterey County..................................................................................................................17 Santa Barbara County ...........................................................................................................19 San Luis Obispo County .........................................................................................................21 Frequency of dacthal applications.........................................................................................23 Tank mixes ............................................................................................................................24 Methods ...................................................................................................................................30 Current Herbicide Use on Crops Using Dacthal..........................................................................32 Frequency of applications of multiple herbicides ..................................................................34 IPM Overview ...........................................................................................................................43 Cultural and physical weed control before planting...............................................................43 Cultural and physical control after planting...........................................................................43 Alternative Herbicides...............................................................................................................45 Literature review...................................................................................................................47 Broccoli .............................................................................................................................47 Onion ................................................................................................................................47 Bok Choy ...........................................................................................................................48 Efficacy of potential partial alternatives ................................................................................48 Bensulide ..........................................................................................................................48 Bromoxynil........................................................................................................................48 Clethodim .........................................................................................................................49 Clomazone and clopyralid .................................................................................................49 Dimethenamid-P ...............................................................................................................49 Ethofumesate....................................................................................................................49 Oxyfluorfen .......................................................................................................................49 Napropamide ....................................................................................................................50 2 Pendimethalin...................................................................................................................50 Trifluralin ..........................................................................................................................50 Sulfentrazone....................................................................................................................50 UC IPM Program Spectrum of Control of Weeds by Herbicide: Cole Crops and Onion ...........50 Economic Analysis.....................................................................................................................56 Alternatives selected for economic analysis ..........................................................................56 Pesticide material cost per acre ............................................................................................58 Price..................................................................................................................................59 Application rate.................................................................................................................59 Pesticide material cost per acre.........................................................................................60 Application costs...................................................................................................................61 Weeding costs: hand weeding and cultivation.......................................................................62 Yield losses............................................................................................................................63 note on industry quantity and price ...............................................................................65 Gross revenue losses per acre by crop ..................................................................................65 Changes in net returns per acre by crop................................................................................66 Change in net returns by crop: California ..............................................................................68 Changes in net returns by crop: Monterey, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties .....70 Monterey County ..............................................................................................................70 Santa Barbara County........................................................................................................71 San Luis Obispo County .....................................................................................................72 Caveats and limitations.........................................................................................................74 Other Approaches.....................................................................................................................76 Appendix...................................................................................................................................77 Literature Cited.........................................................................................................................97 3 Tables Table 1. Dacthal Use by Pounds Active Ingredient Applied and Acres Treated: 2014-2016 ........16 Table 2. Dacthal Use by County: 2014-2016 ..............................................................................17 Table 3. Dacthal Treatments in Monterey County by Crop and Year: 2014-2016.......................18 Table 4. Dacthal Treatments in Santa Barbara County, by Crop and Year, 2014-2016................21 Table 5. Dacthal Treatments in San Luis Obispo County, by Crop and Year, 2014-2016 .............22 Table 6. Frequency of Dacthal Applications to Fields: 2014-2016, California .............................23 Table 7. Frequency of Dacthal Applications to Fields: 2014-2016, Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties ..........................................................................................................23 Table 8. Frequency of Product Types Used in Mixes with dacthal: 2014-2016, California ..........25 Table 9. Frequency of Product Types Used in Mixes with Dacthal by County and Year: 2014- 2016, Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties..................................................26 Table 10. Common Tank Mixes in Monterey County: 2014-2016...............................................27 Table 11. Common Tank Mixes in Santa Barbara County: 2014-2016 ........................................28 Table 12. Common Tank Mixes in San Luis Obispo County: 2014-2016......................................29 Table 13. Top Herbicide AIs by Acres 2014-2016, Percentages of All Herbicide-treated Acreage, and Main Product: Broccoli, Other
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