Weed Management—Major Crops
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
Exposure to Herbicides in House Dust and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2013) 23, 363–370 & 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 1559-0631/13 www.nature.com/jes ORIGINAL ARTICLE Exposure to herbicides in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Catherine Metayer1, Joanne S. Colt2, Patricia A. Buffler1, Helen D. Reed3, Steve Selvin1, Vonda Crouse4 and Mary H. Ward2 We examine the association between exposure to herbicides and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dust samples were collected from homes of 269 ALL cases and 333 healthy controls (o8 years of age at diagnosis/reference date and residing in same home since diagnosis/reference date) in California, using a high-volume surface sampler or household vacuum bags. Amounts of agricultural or professional herbicides (alachlor, metolachlor, bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, pebulate, butylate, prometryn, simazine, ethalfluralin, and pendimethalin) and residential herbicides (cyanazine, trifluralin, 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), chlorthal, and dicamba) were measured. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression. Models included the herbicide of interest, age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, year and season of dust sampling, neighborhood type, and residence type. The risk of childhood ALL was associated with dust levels of chlorthal; compared to homes with no detections, ORs for the first, second, and third tertiles were 1.49 (95% CI: 0.82–2.72), 1.49 (95% CI: 0.83–2.67), and 1.57 (95% CI: 0.90–2.73), respectively (P-value for linear trend ¼ 0.05). The magnitude of this association appeared to be higher in the presence of alachlor. -
Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Field Pea Gregory J
Weed Control in Direct-seeded Field Pea Gregory J. Endres and Blaine G. Schatz Weed control and field pea response to selected soil- and POST-applied herbicides were evaluated in a randomized complete-block design with three replicates. The experiment was conducted on a Heimdahl loam soil with 6.7 pH and 2.9% organic matter at the NDSU Carrington Research Extension Center. Herbicide treatments were applied to 5- by 25-ft plots with a pressurized hand-held plot sprayer at 17 gal/A and 30 psi through 8002 flat-fan nozzles. Fall sulfentrazone treatments were applied October 25, 2004 to a moist soil surface with 47 F, 71% RH, 15% clear sky, and 11 mph wind. On April 28, 2005, inoculated 'Integra' field pea was seeded into standing wheat stubble in 7-inch rows at a rate of 300,000 pure live seeds/A. PRE treatments were applied to a dry soil surface on April 30 with 31 F, 64% RH, 30% clear sky, and 10 mph wind. Rainfall totaled 1.22 inches 8 d following PRE application. The trial area was treated on May 6 with a PRE burn-down application of glyphosate at 0.75 lb ae/A plus ammonium sulfate at 1% v/v. The early POST (EPOST) treatment was applied on May 23 with 73 F, 35% RH, 100% cloudy sky, and 6 mph wind to 2-inch tall field pea, 1- to 2-leaf green and yellow foxtail, 0.5-inch tall common lambsquarters, 0.5-inch tall prostrate and redroot pigweed, and 0.5-inch tall wild buckwheat. -
Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008
INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 APPENDIX C - WILDLIFE C-1 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 C-2 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 Appendix C ......................................................................................................................... 1 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................... 1 Exposure Groups for Forest Service Sensitive Wildlife ................................................. 6 Effects of the Alternatives on Sensitive Wildlife ........................................................... 7 Tables C-5 – C-13 Herbicides ................................................................................... 11 Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Herbicide Spray Buffers ................ 12 Aquatics............................................................................................................. 15 Wildlife .............................................................................................................. 15 Worker Health: Based on backpack spray applications. ................................. 15 Public Health: ................................................................................................... 16 Summary of Herbicide Effects to Wildlife -
INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401 -
Multiple Resistance to Glyphosate, Paraquat and Accase
Research Article Received: 5 September 2017 Revised: 16 October 2017 Accepted article published: 26 October 2017 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 8 December 2017 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.4774 Multiple resistance to glyphosate, paraquat and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Italian ryegrass populations from California: confirmation and mechanisms of resistance Parsa Tehranchian,a* Vijay Nandula,b Mithila Jugulam,c Karthik Puttac and Marie Jasieniuka Abstract BACKGROUND: Glyphosate, paraquat and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides are widely used in California annual and perennial cropping systems. Recently, glyphosate, paraquat, and ACCase- and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor resistance was confirmed in several Italian ryegrass populations from the Central Valley of California. This research characterized the possible mechanisms of resistance. RESULTS: Multiple-resistant populations (MR1, MR2) are resistant to several herbicides from at least three modes of action. Dose–response experiments revealed that the MR1 population was 45.9-, 122.7- and 20.5-fold, and the MR2 population was 24.8-, 93.9- and 4.0-fold less susceptible to glyphosate, sethoxydim and paraquat, respectively, than the susceptible (Sus) population. Accumulation of shikimate in Sus plants was significantly greater than in MR plants 32 h after light pretreatments. Glyphosate resistance in MR plants was at least partially due to Pro106-to-Ala and Pro106-to-Thr substitutions at site 106 of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). EPSPS gene copy number and expression level were similar in plants from the Sus and MR populations. An Ile1781-to-Leu substitution in ACCase gene of MR plants conferred a high level of resistance to sethoxydim and cross-resistance to other ACCase-inhibitors. -
AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application
9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred -
12 Chemical Fact Sheets
1212 ChemicalChemical factfact sheetssheets A conceptual framework for Introduction implementing the Guidelines (Chapter 1) (Chapter 2) he background docudocu-- ments referred to in FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER SUPPORTING Tments referred to in INFORMATION thisthis chapterchapter (as the princi-princi- Health-based targets Public health context Microbial aspects pal reference for each fact (Chapter 3) and health outcome (Chapters 7 and 11) sheet) may be found on Water safety plans Chemical aspects (Chapter 4) (Chapters 8 and 12) thethe Water, Sanitation, HyHy-- System Management and Radiological Monitoring giene and Health web site assessment communication aspects at http://www.who.int/ (Chapter 9) Acceptability Surveillance water_sanitation_health/ aspects (Chapter 5) dwq/chemicals/en/indewater-quality/guidelines/x. (Chapter 10) htmlchemicals/en/. A complete. A complete list of rlist eferences of references cited citedin this in Application of the Guidelines in specic circumstances chapter,this chapter, including including the (Chapter 6) background documents Climate change, Emergencies, Rainwater harvesting, Desalination forfor each cchemical, hemical, is pro-pro- systems, Travellers, Planes and vided in Annex 22.. ships, etc. 12.1 Chemical contaminants in drinking-water Acrylamide Residual acrylamideacrylamide monomermonomer occursoccurs inin polyacrylamidepolyacrylamide coagulantscoagulants used used in in thethe treattreat-- ment of drinking-water. In general, thethe maximummaximum authorizedauthorized dosedose ofof polymerpolymer isis 11 mg/l. mg/l. At a monomer content of 0.05%, this corresponds to a maximum theoretical concen-- trationtration ofof 0.5 µg/l of the monomer in water.water. Practical concentrations maymay bebe lowerlower byby aa factor factor of 2–3. This applies applies to to thethe anionic anionic and and non-ionic non-ionic polyacrylamides, polyacrylamides, but but residual residual levelslevels fromfrom cationic polyacrylamides maymay bebe higher.higher. -
Use of Mesotrione for Annual Bluegrass (Poa Annua L.) at Cool
USE OF MESOTRIONE FOR ANNUAL BLUEGRASS (POA ANNUA L.) AT COOL- SEASON TURFGRASS ESTABLISHMENT by KATELYN A. VENNER A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Plant Biology written under the direction of Stephen E. Hart Ph.D. and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2011 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS USE OF MESOTRIONE AT COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS ESTABLISMENT By Katelyn Anne Venner Thesis director: Stephen E. Hart Annual bluegrass is a problematic weed in highly maintained turfgrass environments, and is difficult to control due to its adaptability to highly maintained turfgrass environments and lack of highly effective chemical control options. Mesotrione is a relatively new herbicide which has been found to show some level of control of annual bluegrass, and is safe to use at cool season turfgrass establishment. Thus, mesotrione has potential to be utilized for weed control in cultivated sod production. The objectives of this research were to evaluate mesotrione to determine: 1) tolerance of selected tall fescue cultivars, an important turfgrass species cultivated for sod, to applications of mesotrione; 2) the length of residual of mesotrione versus prodiamine, bensulide and dithiopyr for control of annual bluegrass; and 3) potential of mesotrione to control winter annual broadleaf weeds at Kentucky bluegrass establishment. Tall fescue cultivars were found to be tolerant to mesotrione applications made preemergence and preemergence plus 4 weeks after emergence at higher rates than required for weed control. -
List of Herbicide Groups
List of herbicides Group Scientific name Trade name clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*, Hoegrass®), fenoxaprop (Cheetah® Gold* , Wildcat®), A Aryloxyphenoxypropionates fluazifop (Fusilade®, Fusion®*), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) butroxydim (Falcon®, Fusion®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim A Cyclohexanediones (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) A Phenylpyrazoles pinoxaden (Axial®) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, B Sulfonylureas Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron, (Logran®, Logran® B Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke®, Krismat®*) florasulam (Paradigm®*, Vortex®*, X-Pand®*), flumetsulam B Triazolopyrimidines (Broadstrike®), metosulam (Eclipse®), pyroxsulam (Crusader®Rexade®*) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®,), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, B Imidazolinones Lightning®*, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) B Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) C Amides: propanil (Stam®) C Benzothiadiazinones: bentazone (Basagran®, -
Persistence, Mobility, and Bioavailability of Pendimethalin and Trifluralin in Soil J
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Entomology Publications Entomology 7-31-2003 Persistence, Mobility, and Bioavailability of Pendimethalin and Trifluralin in Soil J. B. Belden Iowa State University T. A. Phillips Iowa State University K. L. Henderson Iowa State University B. W. Clark Iowa State University M. J. Lydy University of Southern Illinois SeFoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Entomology Commons, Environmental Health Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, and the Weed Science Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/357. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Persistence, Mobility, and Bioavailability of Pendimethalin and Trifluralin in Soil Abstract Pendimethalin and trifluralin are current-use pesticides that have been previously reported as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. In the studies presented here, dissipation of aged and fresh residues of pendimethalin and trifluralin were evaluated in soil, as well as the bioavailability of residues to earthworms and the movement of pendimethalin in a soil column. In a separate study, pond water receiving runoff from a golf course was measured for the presence of pendimethalin. -
Effect of Different Rates of Pendimenthalin on Weed Control in Bambara Groundnut ( Vigna Subterranean L
Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science (ISSN: 2315-5094) Vol. 4(12) pp. 905-910, December, 2015 Special Anniversary Review Issue. Available online http://garj.org/garjas/home Copyright © 2015 Global Advanced Research Journals Full Length Research Papers Effect of Different Rates of Pendimenthalin on Weed Control in Bambara Groundnut ( Vigna subterranean L. Verd. ) in Semi- Arid Savanna, Nigeria Yohanna Mamma Kwaga *, Monyamyah Simon and Samuel Bitrus Kwada Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi. Accepted 15 December, 2015 A field experiment was conducted in 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Adamawa State University, Mubi located in Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Two varieties of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L) Verdcout) (barnbos and idon bazaura) were evaluated using six levels of pendimethalin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kg a. i./ha) along with hoe —weeded and unweed as checks. These were laid out in a split-plot design with varieties in the main plots, pendimethalin in the sub -plots and replicated three times. The objective was to ascertain the optimum rates of pendimethalin for weed control in bambara groundnut. Genotype had no significant effect on crop performance except 100-grains weight, whereby bambos produced heavier grains than idon bazaura. Application of pendimethalin at 2.00 kg a. i. /ha and higher rates reduced crop vigour and canopy height at 3 weeks after sowing, All rates of pendimethelin produced comparable grain yield with the hoe weeded treatment. The study revealed that pendimenthalin at the rate of 0.5-1.5 kg a.