Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008

INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 APPENDIX C - WILDLIFE C-1 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 C-2 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 Appendix C ......................................................................................................................... 1 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................... 1 Exposure Groups for Forest Service Sensitive Wildlife ................................................. 6 Effects of the Alternatives on Sensitive Wildlife ........................................................... 7 Tables C-5 – C-13 Herbicides ................................................................................... 11 Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Herbicide Spray Buffers ................ 12 Aquatics............................................................................................................. 15 Wildlife .............................................................................................................. 15 Worker Health: Based on backpack spray applications. ................................. 15 Public Health: ................................................................................................... 16 Summary of Herbicide Effects to Wildlife ............................................................... 17 Citation Method Used in This Document.......................................................... 17 Herbicides Analyzed ......................................................................................... 17 Terms and acronyms used in this document. .................................................... 18 Inerts, Adjuvants and Impurities ....................................................................... 20 Inert Ingredient Effects ..................................................................................... 20 Surfactant Effects .............................................................................................. 22 Effects of Impurities .......................................................................................... 24 Metabolites ........................................................................................................ 24 Endocrine disruption ........................................................................................ 24 Synergistic Effects ............................................................................................. 26 Effects of Active Ingredients and Surrogate Species ........................................ 26 Toxicity Data and Exposure Analysis ............................................................... 26 The Use of Surrogate Species ........................................................................... 26 Doses and Responses ........................................................................................ 27 Factors that Influence Exposure and Dose ....................................................... 27 Summary of Exposure Scenarios .......................................................................... 29 Acute Exposures ................................................................................................ 29 Chronic Exposures ............................................................................................ 30 Summary of Herbicide Effects to Birds and Mammals ..................................... 34 Herbicide Effects on Reptiles ............................................................................... 38 Herbicide Effects on Amphibians ......................................................................... 38 Glyphosate ........................................................................................................ 39 Sulfometuron methyl ......................................................................................... 39 Triclopyr ........................................................................................................... 40 Herbicide Effects on Invertebrates ........................................................................ 41 Likelihood these exposures and effects will actually occur .................................. 44 Field Studies.......................................................................................................... 45 Chlorsulfuron .................................................................................................... 45 Clopyralid ......................................................................................................... 45 Glyphosate ........................................................................................................ 45 Imazapic, Sethoxydim, Sulfometuron methyl .................................................... 46 Imazapyr ........................................................................................................... 46 Metsulfuron methyl ........................................................................................... 46 C-3 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 Picloram ............................................................................................................ 46 Triclopyr ........................................................................................................... 46 Results of Exposure Analysis for Each Herbicide ................................................ 47 Chlorsulfuron .................................................................................................... 47 Clopyralid ......................................................................................................... 51 Glyphosate ........................................................................................................ 55 Imazapic ............................................................................................................ 60 Imazapyr ........................................................................................................... 64 Metsulfuron METHYL ....................................................................................... 68 Picloram ............................................................................................................ 72 Sethoxydim ........................................................................................................ 76 Sulfometuron Methyl ......................................................................................... 80 Triclopyr ........................................................................................................... 85 Literature Cited for Summary of Herbicide Effects to Wildlife ................................... 91 APPENDIX 1 of Summary of Herbicide Effects to Wildlife ....................................... 97 Worksheet G01 (modified): Summary of Exposure Scenarios for Terrestrial Animals ................................................................................................................................... 97 C-4 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 C-5 INVASIVE PLANT BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests Appendix C - Wildlife 9/8/2008 Exposure Groups for Forest Service Sensitive Wildlife Since exposure data do not exist for most individual wildlife species in the Region, the Forest Service Sensitive wildlife species evaluated in this BA were placed into exposure groups of similar relationship, body size, and food habits. Table C- 1 lists the exposure groups, the exposure scenarios, and the members of each group used for this analysis. Table C- 1- Exposure groups, exposure scenarios, and species included in each group. Grouping various wildlife species facilitates calculation of estimated exposures to herbicides. Exposure Group Exposure Scenarios Species Included** Large Consumption of 100% contaminated Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Herbivore – grass Mammal Small Consumption of 100% contaminated (Western gray squirrel, pygmy rabbit, Western (Mazama) pocket Herbivore – leaves and leafy vegetables gopher)* Mammal Direct spray on 50% of body, complete absorption Consumption of water contaminated by an accidental spill. Carnivore – Consumption of an entire days diet California wolverine, (Pacific fisher) Mammal of prey that has been directly sprayed on 50% of body surface Sm. Consumption of an entire day’s diet (Pacific pallid bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, spotted bat, Pacific Insectivore – of contaminated insects fringe-tailed bat, bats, Baird’s shrews, Pacific shrews) Mammal Herbivore – Consumption of 100% contaminated (Western sage grouse1, sharp-tailed grouse, Columbian sharp-tailed Bird grass grouse) Insectivore – Consumption of an entire days diet gray flycatcher, green-tailed towhee, upland sandpiper,(black swift, ash- Bird of contaminated small insects using throated flycatcher, yellow-billed cuckoo, tricolored blackbird, empirical relationships for residues bobolink, greater yellowlegs, yellow rail, bufflehead, harlequin duck ) in vegetation (no data available on concentrations of pesticides in insects) Predatory Consumption of an entire day’s diet American peregrine falcon2, (northern goshawk, ferruginous hawk,

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