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9.2.2PesticideApplication

9.2.2.1General1-2

Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, ,mites,fungi,,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,,,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds.

AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment.

9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6

ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost .Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred applicationmethods(oravailableequipment)ofusers.Thetypesofformulationsaredry,liquid,and aerosol.

Dryformulationscanbedusts,granules,wettableandsolublepowders,waterdispersible granules,orbaits.Dustscontainsmallparticlesandaresubjecttowinddrift.Dustsalsomaypresent anefficacyproblemiftheydonotremainonthetargetplantsurfaces.Granularformulationsare larger,fromabout100to2,500micrometers(µm),andareusuallyintendedforsoilapplication. Wettablepowdersandwater-dispersiblegranulesbothformsuspensionswhenmixedwithwaterbefore application.Baits,whichareaboutthesamesizeasgranules,containtheAImixedwithafood sourceforthetargetpest(e.g.,branorsawdust).

Liquidformulationsmaybesolutions,emulsions(emulsifiableconcentrates),aerosols,or fumigants.Inaliquidsolution,theAIissolubilizedineitherwaterororganicsolvent.Truesolutions areformedwhenmiscibleliquidsorsolublepowdersaredissolvedineitherwaterororganicliquids. EmulsifiableconcentratesaremadeupoftheAI,anorganicsolvent,andanemulsifier,whichpermits thepesticidetobemixedwithwaterinthefield.AflowableformulationcontainsanAIthatisnot amenabletotheformationofasolution.Therefore,theAIismixedwithaliquidpetroleumbaseand emulsifierstomakeacreamyorpowderysuspensionthatcanbereadilyfield-mixedwithwater.

Aerosols,whichareliquidswithanAIinsolutionwithasolventandapropellant,areusedfor fogormistapplications.Therangesofoptimumdropletsize,bytarget,are10to50µmforflying

1/95 FoodAndAgriculturalIndustries 9.2.2-1 insects, 30 to 50 µm for foliage insects, 40 to 100 µm for foliage, and 250 to 500 µm for with drift avoidance.

Herbicides are usually applied as granules to the surface of the soil or are incorporated into the soil for field , but are applied directly to plant foliage to control brush and noxious weeds. Dusts or fine aerosols are often used for insecticides but not for herbicides. Fumigant use is limited to confined spaces. Some fumigants are soil-injected, and then sealed below the soil surface with a plastic sheeting cover to minimize vapor loss.

Several types of application equipment are used, including liquid pumps (manual and power operated), liquid atomizers (hydraulic energy, gaseous energy, and centrifugal energy), dry application, and soil application (liquid injection application).

9.2.2.3 Emissions And Controls1,7-14

Organic compounds and particulate matter are the principal air emissions from . The active ingredients of most types of synthetic used in have some degree of volatility. Most are considered to be essentially nonvolatile or semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) for analytical purposes, but a few are volatile (e. g., fumigants). Many widely used pesticide formulations are liquids and emulsifiable concentrates, which contain volatile organic solvents (e. g., xylene), emulsifiers, diluents, and other organics. In this discussion, all organics other than the AI that are liquid under ambient conditions, are considered to have the potential to volatilize from the formulation. Particulate matter emissions with adsorbed active ingredients can occur during application of dusts used as pesticide carriers, or from subsequent wind erosion. Emissions also may contain products, which may or may not be volatile. Most pesticides, however, are sufficiently long lived to allow some volatilization before degradation occurs.

Processes affecting emissions through volatilization of agricultural pesticides applied to or have been studied in numerous laboratory and field research investigations. The 3 major parameters that influence the rate of volatilization are the nature of the AI, the meteorological conditions, and soil adsorption.

Of these 3 major parameters, the nature of the AI probably has the greatest effect. The nature of the AI encompasses physical properties, such as vapor pressure, Henry’s law constant, and water ; and chemical properties, including soil particle adsorption and hydrolysis or other degradative mechanisms. At a given temperature, every AI has a characteristic Henry’s law constant and vapor pressure. The evaporation rate of an AI is determined in large part by its vapor pressure, and the vapor pressure increases with temperature and decreases with adsorption of the AI to soil. The extent of volatilization depends in part on air and soil temperature. Temperature has a different effect on each component relative to its vapor pressure. An increase in temperature can increase or decrease volatilization because of its influence on other factors such as diffusion of the AI toward or away from the soil surface, and movement of the water in the soil. Usually, an increase in temperature enhances volatilization because the vapor pressure of the AI increases. Wind conditions also can affect the rate of AI volatilization. Increased wind and turbulence decrease the stagnant layers above a soil surface and increase the mixing of air components near the surface, thus increasing volatilization. The effects of the third major parameter, soil adsorption, depend not only on the chemical reactivity of the AI but to a great extent on the characteristics of the soil. Increased amounts of organic matter or clay in soils can increase adsorption and decrease the volatilization rate of many AIs, particularly the more volatile AIs that are nonionic, weakly polar molecules. The soil moisture content can also influence the rate of vaporization of the weakly polar AIs. When soil is very dry, the volatility of the AI is lowered significantly, resulting in a decrease in emissions. The presence of water in the soil can accelerate the

9.2.2-2 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 evaporation of pesticides because, as water evaporates from the soil surface, the AI present in the soil will be transported to the surface, either in solution or by codistillation or convection effects. This action is called the "wick effect" because the soil acts as a wick for movement of the AI.

Many materials used as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations are organic compounds that are volatile liquids or gases at ambient conditions. All of these compounds are considered to be volatile organic compounds (VOC). During the application of the pesticides and for a subsequent period of time, these organic compounds are volatilized into the atmosphere. Most of the liquid inert ingredients in agriculture pesticide formulations have higher vapor pressures than the AIs. However, not all inert ingredients are VOCs. Some liquid formulations may contain water, and solid formulations typically contain nonvolatile (solid) inert ingredients. Solid formulations contain small quantities of liquid organic compounds in their matrix. These compounds are often incorporated as carriers, stabilizers, , or emulsifiers, and after field application are susceptible to volatilization from the formulation. The VOC inert ingredients are the major contributors to emissions that occur within 30 days after application. It is assumed that 100 percent of these VOC inert ingredients volatilize within that time.

Two important mechanisms that increase emissions are diffusion and volatilization from plant surfaces. Pesticides in the soil diffuse upward to the surface as the pesticide at the soil surface volatilizes. A pesticide concentration gradient is thus formed between the depleted surface and the more concentrated subsurface. Temperature, pesticide concentration, and soil composition influence the rate of diffusion. The rate of volatilization from plant surfaces depends on the manner in which the pesticide covers the plant structure. Higher volatilization losses can occur from plant surfaces when the pesticide is present as droplets on the surface. Volatilization slows when the remaining pesticide is either left in the regions of the plant structure less exposed to air circulation or is adsorbed onto the plant material.

Alternative techniques for pesticide application or usage are not widely used, and those that are used are often intended to increase cost effectiveness. These techniques include (1) use of application equipment that increases the ratio of amount of pesticide on target plants or soil to that applied; (2) application using soil incorporation; (3) increased usage of water-soluble pesticides in place of solvent-based pesticides; (4) reformulation of pesticides to reduce volatility; and (5) use of integrated management (IPM) techniques to reduce the amount of pesticide needed. Microencapsulation is another technique in which the active ingredient is contained in various materials that slowly degrade to allow for timed release of pesticides.

9.2.2.4 Emission Factors1,15-21

The variety in pesticide AIs, formulations, application methods, and field conditions, and the limited data on these aspects combine to preclude the development of single-value emission factors. Modeling approaches have been, therefore, adopted to derive emission factors from readily available data, and algorithms have been developed to calculate emissions for surface application and soil incorporation from product-specific data, supplemented, as necessary, by default values. Emission factors for pesticide AIs, derived through modeling approaches, are given in Table 9.2.2-4. Factors are expressed in units of kilograms per megagram (kg/Mg) and pounds per ton (lb/ton). No emission factors are estimated beyond 30 days because after that time degradation processes (e. g., hydrolysis or microbial degradation) and surface runoff can have major effects on the loss of AIs, and volatilization after that time may not be the primary loss mechanism. The emission factors calculated using the model are rated "E" because the estimates are derived from mathematical equations using physical properties of the AIs. Because the factors were developed from a very limited data base, resulting emission estimates should be considered approximations. As additional data become

1/95 And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-3 available, the algorithm and emission factors will be revised, when appropriate, to incorporate the new data.

This modeling approach estimates emissions from volatilized organic material. No emission estimates were developed for particulate because the available data were inadequate to establish reliable emission factors. The modeled emission factors also address only surface-applied and soil-incorporated pesticides. In , drift effects predominate over volatilization, and insufficient data are currently available to develop emission factors for this application method.

The model covers the 2 key types of volatilization emissions, (1) those of active (pesticidal) ingredients, and (2) those VOC constituents of the inert (nonpesticidal) ingredients. For some formulations (e. g., liquids and emulsifiable concentrates), emissions of inert VOCs may be an order of magnitude or more higher than those of the AIs, but for other formulations (e. g., granules) the VOC emissions are either relatively less important or unimportant. Thus, both parts of the model are essential, and both depend on the fact that volatilization rates depend in large measure on the vapor pressure of specific ingredients, whether AIs or inerts. Use of the model, therefore, requires the collection of certain information for each pesticide application.

Both the nature of the pesticide and the method by which it is applied must either be known or estimated. Pesticide formulations contain both an AI and inert ingredients, and the pesticide volatilization algorithm is used to estimate their emissions separately. Ideally, the information available for the algorithm calculation will match closely the actual conditions. The following information is necessary to use the algorithm.

- Total quantity of formulation applied;

- Method by which the formulation was applied (the algorithm cannot be used for aerially applied pesticide formulations);

- Name of the specific AI(s) in the formulation;

- Vapor pressure of the AI(s);

- Type of formulation (e. g., emulsifiable concentrate, granules, microcapsules, powder);

- Percentage of inert ingredients; and

- Quantity or percentage of VOC in the inerts.

9.2.2.5 Use Of The Algorithm1,18,20

The algorithm for estimating volatilization emissions is applied in a 6-step procedure, as follows:

1. Determine both the application method and the quantity of pesticide product applied. 2. Determine the type of formulation used. 3. Determine the specific AI(s) in the formulation and its vapor pressure(s). 4. Determine the percentage of the AI (or each AI) present.

9.2.2-4 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 5. Determine the VOC content of the formulation. 6. Perform calculations of emissions.

Information for these steps can be found as follows:

- Item 1 — The quantity can be found either directly from the weight purchased or used for a given application or, alternately, by multiplying the application rate (e. g., kg/acre) times the number of units (acres) treated. The algorithm cannot be used for aerial application.

- Items 2, 3, and 4 — This information is presented on the labels of all pesticide containers. Alternatively, it can be obtained from either the manufacturer, end-use formulator, or local distributor. Table 9.2.2-1 provides vapor pressure data for selected AIs. If the trade name of the pesticide and the type of formulation are known, the specific AI in the formulation can be obtained from Reference 2 or similar sources. Table 9.2.2-2 presents the specific AIs found in several common trade name formulations. Assistance in determining the various formulations for specific AIs applied may be available from the National Agricultural Statistics Service, U. S. Department Of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

- Item 5 — The percent VOC content of the inert ingredient portion of the formulation can be requested from either the manufacturer or end-use formulator. Alternatively, the estimated average VOC content of the inert portions of several common types of formulations is given in Table 9.2.2-3.

- Item 6 — Emissions estimates are calculated separately for the AI using Table 9.2.2-4, and for the VOC inert ingredients as described below and illustrated in the example calculation.

Emissions Of Active Ingredients - First, the total quantity of AI applied to the is calculated by multiplying the percent content of the AI in the formulation by the total quantity of applied formulation. Second, the vapor pressure of the specific AI(s) at 20 to 25°C is determined from Table 9.2.2-1, Reference 20, or other sources. Third, the vapor pressure range that corresponds to the vapor pressure of the specific AI is found in Table 9.2.2-4. Then the emission factor for the AI(s) is calculated. Finally, the total quantity of applied AI(s) is multiplied by the emission factor(s) to determine the total quantity of AI emissions within 30 days after application. Table 9.2.2-4 is not applicable to emissions from fumigant usage, because these gaseous or liquid products are highly volatile and would be rapidly discharged to the atmosphere.

Emissions Of VOC Inert Ingredients - The total quantity of emissions because of VOCs in the inert ingredient portion of the formulation can be obtained by using the percent of the inert portion contained in the formulated product, the percent of the VOCs contained in the inert portion, and the total quantity of formulation applied to the crop. First, multiply the percentage of inerts in the formulation by the total quantity of applied formulation to obtain the total quantity of inert ingredients applied. Second, multiply the percentage of VOCs in the inert portion by the total quantity of inert ingredient applied to obtain the total quantity of VOC inert ingredients. If the VOC content is not known, use a default value from Table 9.2.2-3 appropriate to the formulation. Emissions of VOC inert ingredients are assumed to be 100 percent by 30 days after application.

Total Emissions -

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-5 Add the total quantity of VOC inert ingredients volatilized to the total quantity of emissions from the AI. The sum of these quantities represents the total emissions from the application of the within 30 days after application.

Example Calculation - 3,629 kg, or 8,000 lb, of Spectracide® have been surface applied to cropland, and an estimate is desired of the total quantity of emissions within 30 days after application.

1. The active ingredient in Spectracide® is (Reference 2, or Table 9.2.2-2). The pesticide container states that the formulation is an emulsifiable concentrate containing 58 percent active ingredient and 42 percent inert ingredient.

2. Total quantity of AI applied:

0.58 * 3,629 kg = 2,105 kg (4,640 lb) of diazinon applied

= 2.105 Mg

2.105 Mg * 1.1 ton/Mg = 2.32 tons of diazinon applied

From Table 9.2.2-1, the vapor pressure of diazinon is6x10-5 millimeters (mm) mercury at about 25°C. From Table 9.2.2-4, the emission factor for AIs with vapor pressures between1x10-6 and1x10-4 during a 30-day interval after application is 350 kg/Mg (700 lb/ton) applied. This corresponds to a total quantity of diazinon volatilized of 737 kg (1,624 lb) over the 30-day interval.

3. From the pesticide container label, it is determined that the inert ingredient content of the formulation is 42 percent and, from Table 9.2.2.3, it can be determined that the average VOC content of the inert portion of emulsifiable concentrates is 56 percent.

Total quantity of emissions from inert ingredients:

0.42 * 3,629 kg * 0.56 = 854 kg (1,882 lb) of VOC inert ingredients

One hundred percent of the VOC inert ingredients is assumed to volatilize within 30 days.

4. The total quantity of emissions during this 30-day interval is the sum of the emissions from inert ingredients and from the AI. In this example, the emissions are 854 kg (1,882 lb) of VOC plus 737 kg (1,624 lb) of AI, or 1,591 kg (3,506 lb).

9.2.2-6 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-1. VAPOR PRESSURES OF SELECTED ACTIVE INGREDIENTSa

Vapor Pressure Active Ingredient (mm Hg at 20 to 25°C) 1,3-Dichloropropene 29 2,4-D 8.0x10-6 1.7x10-6 1.4x10-5 3.0x10-5 Aldoxycarb 9x10-5 2.6x10-6 Amitrole (aminotriazole) 4.4x10-7 2.9x10-7 Azinphos-methyl 2.0x10-7 Benefin () 6.6x10-5 Benomyl <1.0x10-10 Bifenox 2.4x10-6 Bromacil acid 3.1x10-7 butyrate 1.0x10-4 Butylate 1.3x10-2 Captan 8.0x10-8 1.2x10-6 6.0x10-7 Chlorobenzilate 6.8x10-6 Chloroneb 3.0x10-3 Chloropicrin 18 Chlorothalonil 1.0x10-3 (estimated) 1.7x10-5 (dimethazone) 1.4x10-4 1.6x10-9 3.4x10-9 DCNA (dicloran) 1.3x10-6 DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl; Dacthal®) 2.5x10-6 Diazinon 6.0x10-5 Dichlobenil 1.0x10-3 4.0x10-7 Dicrotofos 1.6x10-4 2.5x10-5 Dinocap 4.0x10-8

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-7 Table 9.2.2-1 (cont.).

Vapor Pressure Active Ingredient (mm Hg at 20 to 25°C) 1.5x10-4 Diuron 6.9x10-8 1.7x10-7 EPTC 3.4x10-2 Ethalfluralin 8.8x10-5 2.4x10-6 Ethoprop () 3.8x10-4 1.0x10-6 2.8x10-6 Fluometuron 9.4x10-7 3.4x10-4 Isofenphos 3.0x10-6 3.3x10-5 1.7x10-5 8.0x10-6 8.0x10-4 1.0x10-6 (mercaptodimethur) 1.2x10-4 5.0x10-5 Methyl 1.5x10-5 3.1x10-5 <1.0x10-5 Mevinphos 1.3x10-4 Molinate 5.6x10-3 2.0x10-4 Norflurazon 2.0x10-8 2.3x10-4 Oxyfluorfen 2.0x10-7 Parathion (ethyl parathion) 5.0x10-6 PCNB 1.1x10-4 9.4x10-6 1.3x10-8 6.4x10-4 4.9x10-7 9.0x10-7

9.2.2-8 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-1 (cont.).

Vapor Pressure Active Ingredient (mm Hg at 20 to 25°C) 7.7x10-6 Prometryn 1.2x10-6 2.3x10-4 4.0x10-5 Propargite 3.0x10-3 Propazine 1.3x10-7 9.7x10-6 Siduron 4.0x10-9 2.2x10-8 2.0x10-6 Terbacil 3.1x10-7 3.2x10-4 Thiobencarb 2.2x10-5 Thiodicarb 1.0x10-7 4.0x10-6 Triallate 1.1x10-4 Tribufos 1.6x10-6 Trichlorfon 2.0x10-6 1.1x10-4 Triforine 2.0x10-7 a Reference 20. Vapor pressures of other pesticide active ingredients can also be found there.

Table 9.2.2-2. TRADE NAMES FOR SELECTED ACTIVE INGREDIENTSa

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Insecticides AC 8911 Phorate Acephate-met Methamidophos Alkron® Ethyl Parathion Alleron® Ethyl Parathion Aphamite® Ethyl Parathion Bay 17147 Azinphos-methyl Bay 19639 Disulfoton Bay 70143 Carbofuran

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-9 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Bay 71628 Methamidophos Benzoepin Endosulfan Beosit® Endosulfan Brodan® Chlorpyrifos BugMaster® Carbaryl BW-21-Z Permethryn Carbamine® Carbaryl Carfene® Azinphos-methyl Cekubaryl® Carbaryl Cekudifol® Dicofol Cekuthoate® Dimethoate CGA-15324 Profenofos Chlorpyrifos 99% Chlorpyrifos Chlorthiepin® Endosulfan Comite® Propargite Corothion® Ethyl Parathion Crisulfan® Endosulfan Crunch® Carbaryl Curacron Profenofos Curaterr® Carbofuran Cyclodan® Endosulfan Cygon 400® Dimethoate D1221 Carbofuran Daphene® Dimethoate Dazzel® Diazinon Denapon® Carbaryl Devicarb® Carbaryl Devigon® Dimethoate Devisulphan® Endosulfan Devithion® Methyl Parathion Diagran® Diazinon Dianon® Diazinon Diaterr-Fos® Diazinon Diazajet® Diazinon Diazatol® Diazinon Diazide® Diazinon Dicarbam® Carbaryl

9.2.2-10 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Dicomite® Dicofol Dimethogen® Dimethoate Dimet® Dimethoate Dizinon® Diazinon DPX 1410 Oxamyl Dyzol® Diazinon E-605 Ethyl Parathion Ectiban® Permethryn Endocide® Endosulfan Endosol® Endosulfan ENT 27226 Propargite ENT27164 Carbofuran Eradex® Chlorpyrifos Ethoprop Ethoprop Ethoprophos Ethoprop Ethylthiodemeton Disulfoton Etilon® Ethyl Parathion Fezudin Diazinon FMC-5462 Endosulfan FMC-33297 Permethryn Fonofos Dyfonate Force® Fosfamid Dimethoate Furacarb® Carbofuran G-24480 Diazinon Gardentox® Diazinon Gearphos® Methyl Parathion Golden Leaf Tobacco Spray® Endosulfan Hexavin® Carbaryl Hoe 2671 Endosulfan Indothrin® Permethryn Insectophene® Endosulfan Insyst-D® Disulfoton Karbaspray® Carbaryl Kayazinon® Diazinon Kayazol® Diazinon Kryocide® Cryolite

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-11 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Lannate® LV Methomyl Larvin® Thiodicarb Metafos Methyl Parathion Metaphos® Methyl Parathion Methomex® Methomyl Methyl Methyl Parathion Metiltriazotion Azinphos-methyl Nipsan® Diazinon Niran® Ethyl Parathion Nivral® Thiodicarb NRDC 143 Permethryn Ortho 124120 Acephate Orthophos® Ethyl Parathion Panthion® Ethyl Parathion Paramar® Ethyl Parathion Paraphos® Ethyl Parathion Parathene® Ethyl Parathion Parathion Parathion Ethyl Parathion Parawet® Ethyl Parathion Partron M® Methyl Parathion Penncap-M® Methyl Parathion Phoskil® Ethyl Parathion Piridane® Chlorpyrifos Polycron® Profenofos PP 557 Permethryn Pramex® Permethryn Prokil® Cryolite PT265® Diazinon Qamlin® Permethryn Rampart® Phorate Rhodiatox® Ethyl Parathion S276 Disulfoton SD 8530 Trimethacarb Septene® Carbaryl Sevin 5 Pellets® Carbaryl Soprathion® Ethyl Parathion

9.2.2-12 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Spectracide® Diazinon SRA 5172 Methamidophos Stathion® Ethyl Parathion Tekwaisa® Methyl Parathion Temik® Aldicarb Tercyl® Carbaryl Thimul® Endosulfan Thiodan Endosulfan Thiofor® Endosulfan Thiophos Ethyl Parathion Tricarnam® Carbaryl Trimetion® Dimethoate UC 51762 Thiodicarb UC 27867 Trimethacarb Uniroyal D014 Propargite Yaltox® Carbofuran None listed None listed Terbufos Herbicides A-4D 2,4-D AC 92553 Pendimethalin Acclaim Fenoxaprop-ethyl Acme MCPA 4® MCPA Aljaden® Amiben® Amilon®-WP Chloramben Amine® MCPA Aqua-Kleen® 2,4-D Arrhenal® DSMA Arsinyl® DSMA Assure® Quizalofop-ethyl Avadex® BW Triallate Banlene Plus® MCPA Banvel® Barrage® 2,4-D Basagran Bay 30130 Propanil

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-13 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Bay DIC 1468 Metribuzin Bay 94337 Metribuzin Benefex® Benefin Benfluralin Benefin Bentazon Bentazon Bethrodine Benefin BH® MCPA MCPA Bioxone® Methazole Blazer® Aciflurofen Bolero® Thiobencarb Border-Master® MCPA Brominex® Bromoxynil C-2059 Fluometuron Cekuiron® Diuron Cekuquat® Cekusima® Simazine CGA-24705 Metolachlor Checkmate® Sethoxydim Chloroxone® 2,4-D Classic® Chlorimuron-ethyl Clomazone Clomazone Command® Clomazone CP50144 Alachlor Crisuron® Diuron Croprider® 2,4-D Dacthal® DCPA Dailon® Diuron Depon® Fenoxaprop-ethyl Dextrone® Paraquat Di-Tac® DSMA Diater® Diuron DMA DSMA DMA-100® DSMA DPA Propanil DPX-Y6202 Quizalofop-ethyl EL-110 Benefin EL-161 Ethalfluralin

9.2.2-14 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Emulsamine® 2,4-D Esgram® Paraquat Excel® Fenoxaprop-ethyl EXP-3864 Quizalofop-ethyl Expand® Sethoxydim Far-Go® Triallate Farmco Diuron® Diuron Farmco Atrazine Gesaprim® Atrazine Fervinal® Sethoxydim Ferxone® 2,4-D Furore® Fenoxaprop-ethyl Fusilade 2000 -p-butyl G-30027 Atrazine G-34161 Prometryn G-34162 Ametryn Gamit® Clomazone Genate Plus® Butylate Salt Glyphosate Goldquat® 276 Paraquat Grasidim® Sethoxydim HerbAll® MSMA Herbaxon® Paraquat Herbixol® Diuron Higalcoton® Fluometuron Hoe 002810 Linuron Hoe-023408 Diclofop-methyl Hoe-Grass® Diclofop-methyl Hoelon® Diclofop-methyl Illoxan® Diclofop-methyl Kilsem® MCPA Lasso® Alachlor Lazo® Alachlor Legumex Extra® MCPA Lexone® 4L Metribuzin Lexone® DF® Metribuzin Linorox® Linuron LS 801213 Aciflurofen

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-15 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc M.T.F.® Trifluralin Magister® Clomazone Mephanac® MCPA Merge 823® MSMA Methar® 30 DSMA Mezopur® Methazole Monosodium methane arsenate MSMA Nabu® Sethoxydim Option® Fenoxaprop-ethyl Oxydiazol Methazole Paxilon® Methazole Pillarquat® Paraquat Pillarxone® Paraquat Pillarzo® Alachlor Pilot® Quizalofop-ethyl Plantgard® 2,4-D Pledge® Bentazon PP 005 Fluazifop-p-butyl Primatol Q® Prometryn Probe Methazole Prop-Job® Propanil Propachlor Propachlor Prowl® Pendimethalin Rattler® Glyphosate RH-6201 Aciflurofen Rodeo® Glyphosate Roundup® Glyphosate S 10145 Propanil Sarclex® Linuron Saturno® Thiobencarb Saturn® Thiobencarb Scepter® SD 15418 Cyanazine Sencor® 4 Metribuzin Sencor® DF Metribuzin Shamrox® MCPA Sodar® DSMA

9.2.2-16 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Sonalan® Ethalfluralin Squadron® Imazaquin Squadron® Pendimethalin Strel® Propanil Surpass® Vernolate Targa® Quizalofop-ethyl Target MSMA® MSMA Telok® Norflurazon Tigrex® Diuron Total® Paraquat Toxer® Paraquat Trans-Vert® MSMA Tri-4® Trifluralin Tri-Scept® Imazaquin Tributon® 2,4-D Trifluralina 600® Trifluralin Trinatox D® Ametryn Tritex-Extra® Sethoxydim Tunic® Methazole Unidron® Diuron VCS 438 Methazole Vegiben® Chloramben Vernam 10G Vernolate Vernam 7E Vernolate Vonduron® Diuron Weed-Rhap® MCPA Weed-B-Gon® 2,4-D Weedatul® 2,4-D Weedtrine-II® 2,4-D Whip® Fenoxaprop-ethyl WL 19805 Cyanazine Zeaphos® Atrazine Zelan® MCPA None listed EPTC None listed None listed Molinate None listed Tridiphane

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-17 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Other Active Ingredients A7 Vapam® Aquacide® Avicol® PCNB Carbam (MAF) Metam Sodium Clortocaf Ramato® Chlorothalonil Clortosip® Chlorothalonil Aide HC® Cacodylic De-Green® Tribufos DEF® Tribufos Deiquat Diquat Dextrone® Diquat E-Z-Off D® Tribufos Earthcide® PCNB Exotherm Termil® Chlorothalonil Folex® Tribufos Folosan® PCNB Fos-Fall A® Tribufos Karbation® Metam Sodium Kobutol® PCNB Kobu® PCNB Kypman® 80 Maneb M-Diphar® Maneb Mancozin® Mancozeb Maneba® Maneb Manebe Maneb Manzate® 200 Mancozeb Manzeb Mancozeb Manzin® Mancozeb Maposol® Metam Sodium Metam for the Acid Metam Sodium Moncide® Cacodylic Montar® Cacodylic Nemispor® Mancozeb Pentagen® PCNB Quintozene PCNB Rad-E-Cate® 25 Cacodylic

9.2.2-18 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 Table 9.2.2-2 (cont.).

Trade Namesb Active Ingredientc Reglon Diquat Riozeb® Mancozeb RTU® PCNB PCNB Sectagon® II Metam Sodium SMDC Metam Sodium Soil-Prep® Metam Sodium Sopranebe® Maneb Superman® Maneb F Maneb Terrazan® PCNB Tersan 1991® Benomyl TriPCNB® PCNB Tubothane® Maneb Weedtrine-D® Diquat Ziman-Dithane® Mancozeb None listed Dimethipin None listed None listed Thiadiazuron a Reference 2. See Reference 22 for selected pesticides used on major field crops. b Reference 2. c Common names. See Reference 2 for chemical names.

Table 9.2.2-3. AVERAGE VOC CONTENT OF PESTICIDE INERT INGREDIENT PORTION, BY FORMULATION TYPEa

Average VOC Content Of Inert Position Formulation Type (wt. %) Oils 66 Solution/liquid (ready to use) 20 Emulsifiable concentrate 56 Aqueous concentrate 21 Gel, paste, cream 40 Pressurized gas 29 Flowable (aqueous) concentrate 21 Microencapsulated 23 Pressurized liquid/sprays/foggers 39 Soluble powder 12 Impregnated material 38

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-19 Table 9.2.2-3 (cont.).

Average VOC Content Of Inert Position Formulation Type (wt. %) Pellet/tablet/cake/briquette 27 Wettable powder 25 Dust/powder 21 Dry flowable 28 Granule/flake 25 Suspension 15 Paint/coatings 64 a Reference 21.

Table 9.2.2-4 (Metric And English Units). UNCONTROLLED EMISSION FACTORS FOR PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTSa

EMISSION FACTOR RATING: E

Emission Factorc Vapor Pressure Range (mm Hg at 20 to 25°C)b kg/Mg lb/ton Surface application (SCC 24-61-800-001) 1x10-4 to1x10-6 350 700 >1x10-4 580 1,160 Soil incorporation (SCC 24-61-800-002) <1x10-6 2.7 5.4 1x10-4 to1x10-6 21 42 >1x10-4 52 104 a Factors are functions of application method and vapor pressure. SCC = Source Classification Code. b See Reference 20 for vapor pressures of specific active ingredients. c References 1,15-18. Expressed as equivalent weight of active ingredients volatilized/unit weight of active ingredients applied.

References For Section 9.2.2

1. Emission Factor Documentation For AP-42 Section 9.2.2, Pesticide Application, EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0159, Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, September 1994.

2. Farm Chemicals Handbook - 1992, Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH, 1992.

9.2.2-20 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95 3. N. G. Akesson and W. E. Yates, Pesticide Application Equipment And Techniques, Food And Agricultural Organization Of The United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1979.

4. L. E. Bode, et al., eds., Pesticide Formulations And Applications Systems, Volume 10, American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia, PA, 1990.

5. T. S. Colvin and J. H. Turner, Applying Pesticides, 3rd Edition, American Association Of Vocational Materials, Athens, Georgia, 1988.

6. G. A. Matthews, Pesticide Application Methods, Longham Groups Limited, New York, 1979.

7. D. J. Arnold, "Fate Of Pesticides In Soil: Predictive And Practical Aspects", Environmental Fate Of Pesticides, & Sons, New York, 1990.

8. A. W. White, et al., "Trifluralin Losses From A Field", Journal Of Environmental Quality, 6(1):105-110, 1977.

9. D. E. Glotfelty, "Pathways Of Pesticide Dispersion In The Environment", Agricultural Chemicals Of The Future, Rowman And Allanheld, Totowa, NJ, 1985.

10. J. W. Hamaker, "Diffusion And Volatilization", Organic Chemicals In The Soil Environment, Dekker, New York, 1972.

11. R. Mayer, et al., "Models For Predicting Volatilization Of Soil-incorporated Pesticides", Proceedings Of The American Soil Scientists, 38:563-568, 1974.

12. G. S. Hartley, "Evaporation Of Pesticides", Pesticidal Formulations Research Advances In Chemistry, Series 86, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1969.

13. A. W. Taylor, et al., "Volatilization Of And From A Field", Journal Of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 24(3):625-631, 1976.

14. A. W. Taylor, "Post-application Volatilization Of Pesticides Under Field Conditions", Journal Of Air Control Association, 28(9):922-927, 1978.

15. W. A. Jury, et al., "Use Of Models For Assessing Relative Volatility, Mobility, And Persistence Of Pesticides And Other Trace Organics In Soil Systems", Assessment Of Chemicals: Current Developments, 2:1-43, 1983.

16. W. A. Jury, et al., "Behavior Assessment Model For Trace Organics In Soil: I. Model Description", Journal Of Environmental Quality, 12(4):558-564, 1983.

17. W. A. Jury, et al., "Behavior Assessment Model For Trace Organics In Soil: II. Chemical Classification And Parameter Sensitivity", Journal Of Environmental Quality, 13(4):567-572, 1984.

18. W. A. Jury, et al., "Behavior Assessment Model For Trace Organics In Soil: III. Application Of Screening Model", Journal Of Environmental Quality, 13(4):573-579, 1984.

1/95 Food And Agricultural Industries 9.2.2-21 19. Alternative Control Technology Document: Control Of VOC Emissions From The Application Of Agricultural Pesticides, EPA-453/R-92-011, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1993.

20. R. D. Wauchope, et al., "The SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database For Environmental Decision-making", Reviews Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.

21. Written communication from California Environmental Protection Agency, Department Of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA, to D. Safriet, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 6, 1993.

22. Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1991 Field Crops Summary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, March 1992.

9.2.2-22 EMISSION FACTORS 1/95