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Mapa Etnolingüístico Del Perú*

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Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2010; 27(2): 288-91. SECCIÓN ESPECIAL MAPA ETNOLINGÜÍSTICO DEL PERÚ* Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo de Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos y Afroperuanos (INDEPA)1 RESUMEN Para brindar una adecuada atención de salud con enfoque intercultural es necesario que el personal de salud conozca la diversidad etnolingüística del Perú, por ello presentamos gráficamente 76 etnias que pertenecen a 16 familias etnolingüísticas y su distribución geográfica en el país. Palabras clave: Población indígena; Grupos étnicos; Diversidad cultural; Peru (fuente: DeCS BIREME). ETHNOLINGUISTIC MAP OF PERU ABSTRACT To provide adequate health care with an intercultural approach is necessary for the health care personnel know the Peruvian ethnolinguistic diversity, so we present 76 ethnic groups that belong to 16 ethnolinguistic families and their geographical distribution on a map of Peru. Key words: Indigenous population; Ethnic groups; Cultural diversity; Peru (source: MeSH NLM). La Constitución Política del Perú 1993 en su Capítulo nativas y hablantes de lenguas indígenas a nivel nacional I sobre los derechos fundamentales de la persona en base al II Censo de Comunidades Indígenas de la humana reconoce que todo peruano tiene derecho a su Amazonía Peruana 2007 y Censos Nacionales 2007: XI identidad étnico-cultural. Pero cuales son las identidades de Población y VI de Vivienda; y también los datos de étnicas culturales y lingüísticas que existen en el país. COfOPRI sobre comunidades campesinas. Para cumplir con este mandato constitucional el Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo de Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos Así tenemos que 3 919 314 personas de 5 a más años y Afroperuanos (INDEPA) ha formulado una propuesta hablan lenguas indígenas, de las cuales 3 261 750 son del Mapa Etnolingüístico del Perú, para recibir los quechuahablantes, 434 370 aymarahablantes y, 223 194 aportes de todas las instituciones y personas vinculadas hablan otra lengua nativa; todos ellos están organizados con asuntos indígenas para la respectiva validación y en torno a 7 849 comunidades de las cuales 6 063 son su consecuente oficialización. Este mapa ubica en el campesinas y 1 786 son nativas. territorio nacional los asentamientos ancestrales de todos los pueblos indígenas (descendientes de las Este trabajo es producto de investigaciones de campo poblaciones originarias) del país. de más de 10 años y del ejercicio de la docencia en la facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional Para su elaboración se ha recurrido a disciplinas federico Villarreal, de un equipo de destacados como la Antropología y Lingüística con las cuales se profesionales dirigidos por el antropólogo Jose Luis ha elaborado una matriz por familias Etnolingüísticas Portocarrero Tamayo, responsable técnico del Mapa. (poblaciones con culturas y lenguas emparentadas entre Se espera que los profesionales vinculados con asuntos sí), etnias (poblaciones unidas por vínculos culturales indígenas brinden sus aportes para enriquecer la y lingüisticos) y lenguas basada en la identificación propuesta del Mapa Etnolingüístico del Perú 2009, que de identidades culturales y lenguas que existen en el INDEPA da a conocer a fin de validarlo y oficializarlo el territorio nacional. Asimismo, se hace uso de la en forma consensuada. estadística oficial proporcionada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, al tomar como fuente cifras La matriz mencionada da cuenta de la coexistencia oficiales sobre población de comunidades indígenas no siempre pacífica de 76 etnias, de las cuales 15 se de la Amazonía al año 2007, número de comunidades ubican en el área andina: Cañaris, Cajamarca, Huancas, 1 Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo de Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos y Afroperuanos (INDEPA). Lima, Perú. * Esta publicación resume la propuesta del mapa etnolingüistico que está disponible en www.indepa.gob.pe. Recibido: 15-04-10 Aprobado: 25-05-10 288 Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2010; 27(2): 288-91. Mapa etnolingüístico del Perú Choccas, Wari, Chancas, Vicus, yauyos, Queros, existen pueblos indígenas pertenecientes a algunas Jaqaru, Aymaras, Xauxas, yaruwilcas, Tarumas y Uros; familias etnolingüísticas (Arawak, Harakmbut y Pano) y 60 en el área amazónica que están especificadas y etnias (Matsiguenga, yine, Amarakaeri, Iscobaquebu, en el mapa y una en la costa: Walingos, todas las Morunahua, yaminahua y yora) las que el Estado y cuales están agrupadas en 16 familias etnolingüísticas los gobiernos regionales sobre la base a la Ley N.º diferentes: Arawak, Aru, Cahuapana, Harakmbut, 28736 para la Protección de los Pueblos Indígenas u Huitoto, Jibaro, Pano, Peba-yagua, Quechua, Romance, Originarios en situación de aislamiento y en situación sin clasificación, Tacana, Tucano, Tupi-Guaraní, Uro- de contacto inicial y el D.S.N.º 008-2007-MIMDES Chipaya y Zaparo. Reglamento de la Ley N.º 28736 han reconocido y protegen mediante cinco reservas territoriales tales Al respecto, cabe señalar que hemos encontrado que como: Kugapakori-Nahua-Nantis y otros, Mashco- la relación entre identidad y lengua no siempre ha Piro, Madre de Dios (Amarakaeri, yaminahua y yora), sido unívoca, ya que las 76 etnias mencionadas están Isconahua y Morunahua. Dichas etnias enfrentan un relacionadas a 68 lenguas. Así tenemos, que en la choque intercultural con los foráneos ya sean estos Amazonía, a excepción de los Resigaros que si bien madereros o colonos, debido a la poca densidad hablan Huitoto todavía se identifican como parte de los poblacional y a los recursos naturales que poseen y Arawak y las etnias Quichua, Inga y Alamas son parte de que han convertido a la selva en el segundo destino la lengua Napo-Pastaza-Tigre; los Walingos de la costa migratorio del país, después de la costa. hablan castellano pero desean persistir conservando su propia identidad. En el área andina los Uros peruanos, En el área andina las etnias asentadas en ella a diferencia de los Uros bolivianos que hablan Uro, conservan en mayor o menor medida creencias, hablan Aymara pero siguen identificándose como Uros; prácticas socioculturales, económicas y la mayoría asimismo dentro de la familia lingüística Quechua no tienen lenguas que le confieren identidad. Así tenemos es unívoco, a excepción de los Vicos perteneciente a que, a excepción de los Aymaras y Jaqaru, los quechuas la lengua Ancash-yaru; así como dentro de la lengua han experimentado fuerte deterioro en su identidad Ayacucho-Cusco existen las etnias: Chopcca, Chancas, étnica y perviven en las denominadas comunidades Wari, Keros; dentro de la lengua Cañaris-Cajamarca campesinas. dos etnias: Cañaris y Cajamarca y, dentro de la lengua Jauja-Huanca las etnias: Huanca, Tarumas y Xauxas. Este mapa una vez oficializado debe constituir un Es decir no siempre existe una correspondencia entre instrumento de orientación para ejecutar políticas de etnia y lengua, y que para ser indígenas no siempre desarrollo sostenible y de interculturalidad en aspectos tienen que hablar su lengua ancestral que la pudieron de: educación bilingüe, etnomedicina, seguridad perder por diversos motivos y tuvieron que adoptar otra alimentaria, inscripción y titulación de tierras de para poder comunicarse, pero sin perder su identidad, comunidades campesinas y nativas etc. A su turno, como hemos apreciado líneas arriba. permitirá la plena visualización de los grupos originarios asentados en áreas geográficas que impliquen Las etnias de la zona amazónica se organizan, actividades económicas externas. mayoritariamente, en torno a comunidades nativas que están conectadas a la sociedad nacional, esto Para complementar la información que presenta el se traduce en la existencia de 1786 comunidades mapa damos a conocer la traducción al castellano y la nativas que están distribuidas en dicha zona. Asimismo ubicación de las familias etnolingüísticas y etnias. Visite los contenidos de la revista en: www.ins.gob.pe/rpmesp 289 Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2010; 27(2): 288-91. INDEPA 60 COLOMBIA 52.151.1 ECUADOR 52 51.352.3 68 25 26 27 27 24 24 5758 31 61 28 52 6667 23 51.252.2 46 32 67 46 30 57 55.156.1 52 63 64 5556 55 29 63 37 49 62 42 50 50 39 49 32.33.11 33 BRASIL 34 46.47.11 43 47.246.2 6 38.1 6 47 40 Arawaw 38 35 Aru 44 Cahuapana 361 44.145.1 3940 Castellano 51.150.1 4443 16.1 Harakmbut 51.250.2 44.1 51 Huitoto 50.351.3 41 22 21 Jíbaro 19 Pano 54 16 59 20 Peba-yagua 17 48.247.2 18 Quechua Sin Clasificación 48.147.1 48.347.3 Tacana 48 Tucano 48.447.4 Tupi-Guaraní Uro-Chipaya 65 Zaparo BOLIVIA Aquellas áreas con rayas demarcan zonas con indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial. Figura 1. Mapa etnolingüístico del Perú. Los números que se encuentran dentro de los círculos corresponden a las etnias, cuyos nombres se encuentran en la página adjunta. Para mayor detalle puede visualizar este mapa en www.indepa.gob.pe 290 Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2010; 27(2): 288-91. Mapa etnolingüístico del Perú I. Familia etnolingüística ARAWAW (Penon Alto) 43.1. Cashibo - Cacataibo 1. Asháninka (nuestro pariente) 44. Yaminahua (gente de hierro) 2. Ashéninka (hermano) 45. Yora (gente) 3. Atiri (paisano) IX. Familia etnolingüística PEBA-YAGUA 4. Caquinte (gente) 46. yihamwo (gente) 5. Chamicuro (gente) 6. Madija (gente) X. Familia etnolingüística QUECHUA (clima 7. Matsiguenga (persona) templado) 7.1. Noshaninkajeg 47. Ancash- yaru 8. Resígaro (gente) 47.1 Vicos (cosa entuertada) 9. Yanesha (nosotros la gente) 47.2 Yaruvilcas 10. Yine (gente) 48. Ayacucho - Cusco 10.1. Kapexuchi-Nawa 48.1 Chancas (piernas) 48.2 Chopccas (pueblo escogido) II. Familia etnolingüística ARU (hablar) 48.3 Quero (vaso de madera coloreado) 11. Aymara (voz antigua) 48.4 Wari (Alpaca) 12. Jakaru (hablar de la gente) 49. Cañaris - Cajamarca III. Familia etnolingüística CAHUAPANA 49.1 Cajamarca (pueblo o lugar de espinas) 13. Campo-Piyapi (nosotros la gente) 49.2 Cañaris (culebra y guacamaya) 14. Shiwlu (gente) 50. Chachapoyas - Lamas 50.1 Llacuash (mango de azada) IV.
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    TEXAS PAPER ON LATIN AMERICA Pre-publication working papers of the Institute of Latin American Studies University of Texas at Austin ISSN 0392-3507 Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru Gregory Knapp Department of Geography Paper No. 87-13 Linguistic and Cultural Geograpby of Contemporary Peru Gregory Knapp In view of the recent upsurge of interest in Peruvian regions and regional development (CDI- CEDESA 1984; González de Olarte 1985), it is surprising that none of these discussions of regional- ization adequately takes into account language or culture. In many countries, regional divisions have been primarily based on cultural or linguistic pattems, and the greatest challenge has been 10 achieve balanced development for all ethnic groups. The available etbnic maps for Peru are based on language. They show spheres of influence for various languages (pesce 1969) but lack a quantitative basis and do not indicate the numerically pre- ponderant languages and cultures. They also do not distinguish between cultural groups that are not indigenous language speakers. This report, by using quantitative data of language and ethnicity as found in various censuses, will attempt to map the cultural regions of Peru. Language as a Cultural Indicator There are three advantages to using language as a point of departure in mapping and defining culture regions: (1) language is strongly implicated in the transmission of culture and is thus linked to many nonlinguistic cultural traits, such as folklore, religion, and music; (2) language frontiers between groups impede cultural transmission and many times coincide with other cultural boundaries, including agricultural and housing traits; (3) language is a cultural trait that is relatively stable and easy 10 determine through census information.
  • Gender in Pre-Hispanic America

    Gender in Pre-Hispanic America

    This is an extract from: Gender in Pre-Hispanic America Cecelia F. Klein, Editor Jeffrey Quilter, General Editor Published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2001 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html Andean Androgyny and the Making of Men CAROLYN DEAN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ n 19 March 1804, Doña Pasquala Quigua, an indigenous Andean, completed her last will and testament in Cusco, Peru.1 In the will, she Odenounced her second husband as a wastrel, subject to numerous vices, who squandered the major portion of the wealth she had brought to their union. Doña Pasquala complained bitterly about her husband’s failure to generate any income, his inability to father children by her, and the fact that he kept a mistress for the twelve years of their marriage. Claiming, nonetheless, to have pardoned his manifold shortcomings, she bequeathed him two Chuncho dance costumes and a parrot, probably intending its colorful feathers to be used in the Chuncho headdress.2 “Chuncho” was the generic highland Andean des- ignation for a number of cultural or ethnic groups native to the montaña, the heavily forested zone of the eastern Andean piedmont, particularly the region of the Inka empire known as Antisuyu, to the east of the capital of Cusco (Steward 1963).3 The montaña dwellers were stereotyped by highlanders, serranos, as savage cannibals; it was also said that male Chunchos were effeminate. In leaving Chuncho costumes to her husband, the “forgiving” Doña Pasquala was apparently offering one final insult.4 1 Archivo Departmental del Cusco: Pedro Joaquin Gámarra, leg.