Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast LOST LANGUAGES LANGUAGES LOST
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ANDEAN PREHISTORY – Online Course ANTH 396-003 (3 Credits
ANTH 396-003 1 Andean Prehistory Summer 2017 Syllabus ANDEAN PREHISTORY – Online Course ANTH 396-003 (3 credits) – Summer 2017 Meeting Place and Time: Robinson Hall A, Room A410, Tuesdays, 4:30 – 7:10 PM Instructor: Dr. Haagen Klaus Office: Robinson Hall B Room 437A E-Mail: [email protected] Phone: (703) 993-6568 Office Hours: T,R: 1:15- 3PM, or by appointment Web: http://soan.gmu.edu/people/hklaus - Required Textbook: Quilter, Jeffrey (2014). The Ancient Central Andes. Routledge: New York. - Other readings available on Blackboard as PDFs. COURSE OBJECTIVES AND CONTENTS This seminar offers an updated synthesis of the development, achievements, and the material, organizational and ideological features of pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean region of western South America. Together, they constituted one of the most remarkable series of civilizations of the pre-industrial world. Secondary objectives involve: appreciation of (a) the potential and limitations of the singular Andean environment and how human inhabitants creatively coped with them, (b) economic and political dynamism in the ancient Andes (namely, the coast of Peru, the Cuzco highlands, and the Titicaca Basin), (c) the short and long-term impacts of the Spanish conquest and how they relate to modern-day western South America, and (d) factors and conditions that have affected the nature, priorities, and accomplishments of scientific Andean archaeology. The temporal coverage of the course span some 14,000 years of pre-Hispanic cultural developments, from the earliest hunter-gatherers to the Spanish conquest. The primary spatial coverage of the course roughly coincides with the western half (coast and highlands) of the modern nation of Peru – with special coverage and focus on the north coast of Peru. -
Quichua-Spanish Language Contact in Salcedo, Ecuador: Revisiting Media Lengua Syncretic Language Practices
QUICHUA-SPANISH LANGUAGE CONTACT IN SALCEDO, ECUADOR: REVISITING MEDIA LENGUA SYNCRETIC LANGUAGE PRACTICES BY MARCO SHAPPECK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Hans Henrich Hock, Director of Research Professor Rajeshwari Vijay Pandharipande, Chair Associate Professor Anna María Escobar Professor José Ignacio Hualde Abstract The purpose of the current thesis is to develop a better understanding of the interaction between Spanish and Quichua in the Salcedo region and provide more information for the processes that might have given rise to Media Lengua, a ‘mixed’ language comprised of a Quichua grammar and Spanish lexicon. Muysken attributes the formation of Media Lengua to relexification, ruling out any influence from other bilingual phenomena. I argue that the only characteristic that distinguishes Media Lengua from other language contact varieties in central Ecuador is the quantity of the overall Spanish borrowings and not the type of processes that might have been employed by Quichua speakers during the genesis of Media Lengua. The results from the Salcedo data that I have collected show how processes such as adlexification, code-mixing, and structural convergence produce Media Lengua-type sentences, evidence that supports an alternative analysis to Muysken’s relexification hypothesis. Overall, this dissertation is developed around four main objectives: (1) to describe the variation of Spanish loanwords within a bilingual community in Salcedo; (2) to analyze some of the prominent and recent structural changes in Quichua and Spanish; (3) to determine whether Spanish loanword use can be explained by the relationship consultants have with particular social categories; and (4) to analyze the consultants’ language ideologies toward syncretic uses of Spanish and Quichua. -
Viewing an Ancient Peruvian Legend Through the Lens of Onomastics Matthias Urban and Rita Eloranta Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, the Netherlands
NAMES, Vol. 65 No. 3, September, 2017, 154–166 Ñaimlap, the Birds, and the Sea: Viewing an Ancient Peruvian Legend through the Lens of Onomastics Matthias Urban and Rita Eloranta Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands Among the most intriguing oral testimonies of the late pre-Hispanic cultures of the Peruvian North Coast are the legends of origin that the Spanish were still able to record. In this article, we explore the names of the (mythological) first rulers and their associates which figure in one particularly famous North- Coast legend, that of Ñaimlap, the mythological founder of Lambayeque. We show that the name of Ñaimlap, as well as those of his courtiers and successors, can be attributed to the Mochica language. We also provide, to the extent possible, etymologies. Two names of the Ñaimlap dynasty, those of the dynastic founder Ñaimlap himself and his grandson Escuñain, reveal avian associations, while that of one of his officers, Ñina Cala, shows maritime connections. Both aspects match the structure of the Ñaimlap myth, in which the ruler arrives from a foreign land via a sea route. KEYWORDS anthroponyms, ancient Peru, Peruvian North Coast, Mochica language, mythology, etymology, Ñaimlap. The Ñaimlap legend In the second half of the 16th century, the Spanish secular priest Miguel Cabello de Valboa roamed the coast of Northern Peru questioning local Indians about their accounts of their origins. He compiled his findings in his Miscelánea Antártica (Cabello Valboa [1586] 2011), which provides an elaboration of a common concern among Christians at that time: how did the Amerindians reach the Americas, and how did they lose touch with their true origin as creations of the biblical God? In this context, it is no surprise that Cabello Valboa was interested in what the Indians themselves had to say about their origins. -
1St First Society Handbook AFB Album of Favorite Barber Shop Ballads, Old and Modern
1st First Society Handbook AFB Album of Favorite Barber Shop Ballads, Old and Modern. arr. Ozzie Westley (1944) BPC The Barberpole Cat Program and Song Book. (1987) BB1 Barber Shop Ballads: a Book of Close Harmony. ed. Sigmund Spaeth (1925) BB2 Barber Shop Ballads and How to Sing Them. ed. Sigmund Spaeth. (1940) CBB Barber Shop Ballads. (Cole's Universal Library; CUL no. 2) arr. Ozzie Westley (1943?) BC Barber Shop Classics ed. Sigmund Spaeth. (1946) BH Barber Shop Harmony: a Collection of New and Old Favorites For Male Quartets. ed. Sigmund Spaeth. (1942) BM1 Barber Shop Memories, No. 1, arr. Hugo Frey (1949) BM2 Barber Shop Memories, No. 2, arr. Hugo Frey (1951) BM3 Barber Shop Memories, No. 3, arr, Hugo Frey (1975) BP1 Barber Shop Parade of Quartet Hits, no. 1. (1946) BP2 Barber Shop Parade of Quartet Hits, no. 2. (1952) BP Barbershop Potpourri. (1985) BSQU Barber Shop Quartet Unforgettables, John L. Haag (1972) BSF Barber Shop Song Fest Folio. arr. Geoffrey O'Hara. (1948) BSS Barber Shop Songs and "Swipes." arr. Geoffrey O'Hara. (1946) BSS2 Barber Shop Souvenirs, for Male Quartets. New York: M. Witmark (1952) BOB The Best of Barbershop. (1986) BBB Bourne Barbershop Blockbusters (1970) BB Bourne Best Barbershop (1970) CH Close Harmony: 20 Permanent Song Favorites. arr. Ed Smalle (1936) CHR Close Harmony: 20 Permanent Song Favorites. arr. Ed Smalle. Revised (1941) CH1 Close Harmony: Male Quartets, Ballads and Funnies with Barber Shop Chords. arr. George Shackley (1925) CHB "Close Harmony" Ballads, for Male Quartets. (1952) CHS Close Harmony Songs (Sacred-Secular-Spirituals - arr. -
Resumen De Los Centros Poblados
1. RESUMEN DE LOS CENTROS POBLADOS 2. 1.1 CENTROS POBLADOS POR DEPARTAMENTO Según los resultados de los Censos Nacionales 2017: XII Censo de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas, fueron identificados 94 mil 922 centros poblados, en el territorio nacional. Son 5 departamentos los que agrupan el mayor número de centros poblados: Puno (9,9 %), Cusco (9,4 %), Áncash (7,8 %), Ayacucho (7,8 %) y Huancavelica (7,1 %). En cambio, los departamentos que registran menor número de centros poblados son: La Provincia Constitucional del Callao (0,01 %), Provincia de Lima (0,1 %), Tumbes (0,2 %), Madre de Dios (0,3 %), Tacna (1,0 %) y Ucayali (1,1 %). CUADRO Nº 1 PERÚ: CENTROS POBLADOS, SEGÚN DEPARTAMENTO Centros poblados Departamento Absoluto % Total 94 922 100,0 Amazonas 3 174 3,3 Áncash 7 411 7,8 Apurímac 4 138 4,4 Arequipa 4 727 5,0 Ayacucho 7 419 7,8 Cajamarca 6 513 6,9 Prov. Const. del Callao 7 0,0 Cusco 8 968 9,4 Huancavelica 6 702 7,1 Huánuco 6 365 6,7 Ica 1 297 1,4 Junín 4 530 4,8 La Libertad 3 506 3,7 Lambayeque 1 469 1,5 Lima 5 229 5,5 Loreto 2 375 2,5 Madre de Dios 307 0,3 Moquegua 1 241 1,3 Pasco 2 700 2,8 Piura 2 803 3,0 Puno 9 372 9,9 San Martín 2 510 2,6 Tacna 944 1,0 Tumbes 190 0,2 Ucayali 1 025 1,1 Provincia de Lima 1/ 111 0,1 Región Lima 2/ 5 118 5,4 1/ Comprende los 43 distritos de la Provincia de Lima 2/ Comprende las provincias de: Barranca, Cajatambo, Canta, Cañete, Huaral, Huarochirí, Huaura, Oyón y Yauyos Fuente: INEI - Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas. -
Redalyc.Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They?
Desarrollo y Sociedad ISSN: 0120-3584 [email protected] Universidad de Los Andes Colombia Zegarra, Luis Felipe Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Desarrollo y Sociedad, núm. 68, diciembre, 2011, pp. 213-259 Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169122461007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista 68 213 Desarrollo y Sociedad II semestre 2011 Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Ferrocarriles en el Perú: ¿Qué tan importantes fueron? Luis Felipe Zegarra* Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution and main features of the railway system of Peru in the 19th and early 20th centuries. From mid-19th century railroads were considered a promise for achieving progress. Several railroads were then built in Peru, especially in 1850-75 and in 1910-30. With the construction of railroads, Peruvians saved time in travelling and carrying freight. The faster service of railroads did not necessarily come at the cost of higher passenger fares and freight rates. Fares and rates were lower for railroads than for mules, especially for long distances. However, for some routes (especially for short distances with many curves), the traditional system of llamas remained as the lowest pecuniary cost (but also slowest) mode of transportation. Key words: Transportation, railroads, Peru, Latin America. JEL classification: N70, N76, R40. * Luis Felipe Zegarra is PhD in Economics of University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). -
Las Regiones Geográficas Del Perú
LAS REGIONES GEOGRÁFICAS DEL PERÚ Evolución de criterios para su clasificación Luis Sifuentes de la Cruz* Hablar de regiones naturales en los tiempos actuales representa un problema; lo ideal es denominarlas regiones geográficas. Esto porque en nuestro medio ya no existen las llamadas regiones naturales. A nivel mundial la única región que podría encajar bajo esa denominación es la Antártida, donde aún no existe presencia humana en forma plena y sobre todo modificadora del paisaje. El medio geográfico tan variado que posee nuestro país ha motivado que a través del tiempo se realicen diversos ensayos y estudios de clasificación regional, con diversos criterios y puntos de vista no siempre concordantes. Señalaremos a continuación algunas de esas clasificaciones. CLASIFICACIÓN TRADICIONAL Considerada por algunos como una clasificación de criterio simplista, proviene de versión de algunos conquistadores españoles, que en sus crónicas y relaciones insertaron datos y descripciones geográficas, siendo quizá la visión más relevante la que nos dejó Pedro de Cieza de León, en su valiosísima Crónica del Perú (1553), estableciendo para nuestro territorio tres zonas bien definidas: la costa, la sierra o las serranías y la selva. El término sierra es quizá el de más importancia en su relato pues se refiere a la característica de un relieve accidentado por la presencia abundante de montañas (forma de sierra o serrucho al observar el horizonte). Este criterio occidental para describir nuestra realidad geográfica ha prevalecido por varios siglos y en la práctica para muchos sigue teniendo vigencia -revísense para el caso algunas de las publicaciones de nivel escolar y universitario-; y la óptica occidental, simplista y con vicios de enfoque,casi se ha generalizado en los medios de comunicación y en otros diversos ámbitos de nuestra sociedad, ya que el común de las gentes sigue hablando de tres regiones y hasta las publicaciones oficiales basan sus datos y planes en dicho criterio. -
Diversity and Endemism of Woody Plant Species in the Equatorial Pacific Seasonally Dry Forests
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Biodivers Conserv (2010) 19:169–185 DOI 10.1007/s10531-009-9713-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Diversity and endemism of woody plant species in the Equatorial Pacific seasonally dry forests Reynaldo Linares-Palomino Æ Lars Peter Kvist Æ Zhofre Aguirre-Mendoza Æ Carlos Gonzales-Inca Received: 7 October 2008 / Accepted: 10 August 2009 / Published online: 16 September 2009 Ó The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The biodiversity hotspot of the Equatorial Pacific region in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru comprises the most extensive seasonally dry forest formations west of the Andes. Based on a recently assembled checklist of the woody plants occurring in this region, we analysed their geographical and altitudinal distribution patterns. The montane seasonally dry forest region (at an altitude between 1,000 and 1,100 m, and the smallest in terms of area) was outstanding in terms of total species richness and number of endemics. The extensive seasonally dry forest formations in the Ecuadorean and Peruvian lowlands and hills (i.e., forests below 500 m altitude) were comparatively much more species poor. It is remarkable though, that there were so many fewer collections in the Peruvian departments and Ecuadorean provinces with substantial mountainous areas, such as Ca- jamarca and Loja, respectively, indicating that these places have a potentially higher number of species. We estimate that some form of protected area (at country, state or private level) is currently conserving only 5% of the approximately 55,000 km2 of remaining SDF in the region, and many of these areas protect vegetation at altitudes below 500 m altitude. -
1 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands 1. Date This Sheet Was
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands 1. Date this sheet was completed/updated: 2 December 1996 2. Country: Peru 3. Name of wetland: Los Manglares de Tumbes 4. Geographical coordinates: 3°25'S 80°17'W 5. Altitude: sea level 6. Area: 2,972 hectares 7. Overview: The Peruvian mangroves form one of the smallest and most fragile ecosystems and are found only in the extreme northwestern corner of the country, except for a small relic of mangrove at the mouth of the Rio Piura, some 358 kilometres south of the city of Tumbes. It is a vegetative community in which Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora harrisoni dominate. These two species are characterized by their adaptation to variable salinity and flooding. The Peruvian area of mangroves has been used for some time for a series of economic activities, namely, the exploitation of aquatic biological resources (shrimp, molluscs and fish), usually without planning for sustainable use. This has led to changes in the environment and a gradual decline of these resources. This mangrove covered approximately 6,000 hectares in 1982; it is now estimated that there are about 4,500 hectares. In 1988, the Peruvian government declared 2,972 hectares of this area as a national sanctuary in order to protect the mangroves, the aquatic invertebrates of economic importance and the American crocodile, as well as to promote recreation and tourism. The current legal status of this area must be supported by strong measures for this area by the government and the community. 8. Wetland type: 9. Ramsar criteria: 10. Map of site included? Please tick yes -or- no 11. -
Folleto Inglés (1.995Mb)
Impressive trails Trekking in Áncash Trekking trails in Santa Cruz © J. Vallejo / PROMPERÚ Trekking trails in Áncash Áncash Capital: Huaraz Temperature Max.: 27 ºC Min.: 7 ºC Highest elevation Max.: 3090 meters Three ideal trekking trails: 1. HUAYHUASH MOUNTAIN RANGE RESERVED AREA Circuit: The Huayhuash Mountain Range 2. HUASCARÁN NATIONAL PARK SOUTH AND HUARAZ Circuit: Olleros-Chavín Circuit: Day treks from Huaraz Circuit: Quillcayhuanca-Cójup 3. HUASCARÁN NATIONAL PARK NORTH Circuit: Llanganuco-Santa Cruz Circuit: Los Cedros-Alpamayo HUAYHUASH MOUNTAIN RANGE RESERVED AREA Circuit: Huayhuash Mountain Range (2-12 days) 45 km from Chiquián to Llámac to the start of the trek (1 hr. 45 min. by car). This trail is regarded one of the most spectacular in the world. It is very popular among mountaineering enthusiasts, since six of its many summits exceed 6000 meters in elevation. Mount Yerupajá (6634 meters) is one such example: it is the country’s second highest peak. Several trails which vary in length between 45 and 180 kilometers are available, with hiking times from as few as two days to as many as twelve. The options include: • Circle the mountain range: (Llámac-Pocpa-Queropalca Quishuarcancha-Túpac Amaru-Uramaza-Huayllapa-Pacllón): 180 km (10-12 days). • Llámac-Jahuacocha: 28 km (2-3 days). Most hikers begin in Llámac or Matacancha. Diverse landscapes of singular beauty are clearly visible along the treks: dozens of rivers; a great variety of flora and fauna; turquoise colored lagoons, such as Jahuacocha, Mitucocha, Carhuacocha, and Viconga, and; the spectacular snow caps of Rondoy (5870 m), Jirishanca (6094 m), Siulá (6344 m), and Diablo Mudo (5223 m). -
Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion. -
Contextual Predictability Norms for Pairs of Words Differing in a Single Letter
H I LLINI S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007. ~66' Technical Report No. 260 CONTEXTUAL PREDICTABILITY NORMS FOR PAIRS OF WORDS DIFFERING IN A SINGLE LETTER Harry E. Blanchard, George W. McConkie and David Zola University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign August 1982 Center for the Study of Reading TECHNICAL REPORTS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 51 Gerty Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC. 50 Moulton Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02238 [LtHE LIBRARY OF TH-I The National Institute of Education U.S. Department of Education UNIVE.SITY OF ILL:S Washington. D.C. 20208 IT ^a -- CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF READING Technical Report No. 260 CONTEXTUAL PREDICTABILITY' NORMS FOR PAIRS OF WORDS DIFFERING IN A SINGLE LETTER Harry E. Blanchard, George W. McConkie and David Zola University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign August 1982 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. 51 Gerty Drive 50 Moulton Street Champaign, Illinois 61820. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02238 This research was conducted under grants MH 32884 and MH 33408 from the National Institute of Mental Health to the first author, and National Institute of Education contract HEW-NIE-C-400-76-0116 to the Center for the Study of Reading. Copies of this report can be obtained by writing to George W. McConkie, Center for the Study of Reading, 51 Gerty Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820. EDITORIAL BOARD William Nagy and Stephen Wilhite Co--Editors Harry Blanchard Anne Hay Charlotte Blomeyer Asghar Iran-Nejad Nancy Bryant Margi Laff Avon Crismore Terence Turner Meg Sallagher Paul Wilson Abstract Predictability Norms Four hundred sixty-seven pairs of short texts were written.