12 Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast LOST LANGUAGES LANGUAGES LOST ESTUDIOS INDIANA 12 LOST LANGUAGES ESTUDIOS INDIANA OF THE PERUVIAN NORTH COAST COAST NORTH PERUVIAN THE OF This book is about the original indigenous languages of the Peruvian North Coast, likely associated with the important pre-Columbian societies of the coastal deserts, but poorly documented and now irrevocably lost Sechura and Tallán in Piura, Mochica in Lambayeque and La Libertad, and further south Quingnam, perhaps spoken as far south as the Central Coast. The book presents the original distribution of these languages in early colonial Matthias Urban times, discusses available and lost sources, and traces their demise as speakers switched to Spanish at different points of time after conquest. To the extent possible, the book also explores what can be learned about the sound system, grammar, and lexicon of the North Coast languages from the available materials. It explores what can be said on past language contacts and the linguistic areality of the North Coast and Northern Peru as a whole, and asks to what extent linguistic boundaries on the North Coast can be projected into the pre-Columbian past. ESTUDIOS INDIANA ISBN 978-3-7861-2826-7 12 Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz | Gebr. Mann Verlag • Berlin Matthias Urban Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast ESTUDIOS INDIANA 12 Lost Languages of the Peruvian North Coast Matthias Urban Gebr. Mann Verlag • Berlin 2019 Estudios Indiana The monographs and essay collections in the Estudios Indiana series present the results of research on multiethnic, indigenous, and Afro-American societies and cultures in Latin America, both contemporary and historical. It publishes original contributions from all areas within the study of the Americas, including archaeology, ethnohistory, sociocultural anthropology and linguistic anthropology. The volumes are published in print form and online with free and open access. En la serie Estudios Indiana se publican monografías y compilaciones que representan los resultados de investigaciones sobre las sociedades y culturas multiétnicas, indígenas y afro-americanas de América Latina y el Caribe tanto en el presente como en el pasado. Reúne contribuciones originales de todas las áreas de los estudios americanistas, incluyendo la arqueología, la etnohistoria, la antropología socio-cultural y la antropología lingüística. Los volúmenes se publican en versión impresa y en línea con acceso abierto y gratuito. Editado por: Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut – Preußischer Kulturbesitz Potsdamer Straße 37 D-10785 Berlin, Alemania e-mail: [email protected] http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de Consejo editorial: Andrew Canessa (University of Essex), Michael Dürr (Zentral- und Landes­­ bibliothek Berlin), Wolfgang Gabbert (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover), Barbara Göbel (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut), Ernst Halbmayer (Philipps-Universität Mar burg), Maarten Jansen (Universiteit Leiden), Ingrid Kummels (Freie Uni versität Berlin), Karoline Noack (Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn), Heiko Prümers (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut), Bettina Schmidt (University of Wales Trinity Saint David), Gordon Whittaker (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen). Jefa de redacción: Iken Paap (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut) Tipografía: Iken Paap (Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut) Información bibliográfica de la Deutsche Nationalbibliothek: La Deutsche Nationalbibliothek recoge esta publicación en la Deutsche National bibliografie. Los datos bibliográficos están disponibles en la direc- ción de Internet http://www.dnb.de. Pedidos de la versión impresa: Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berliner Str. 53, D-10713 Berlin http://www.reimer-mann-verlag.de Versión digital, acceso libre: http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de/es/publicaciones/estudios-indiana.html Impresión: H. Heenemann GmbH & Co. KG, Bessemerstraße 83-91, D-12103 Berlin Impreso en Alemania ISBN 978-3-7861-2826-7 Copyright © 2019 Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut – Preußischer Kulturbesitz Todos los derechos reservados Table of Contents Acknowledgments 9 Abbreviations and symbols 10 I. Introduction 11 II. Geographical and sociopolitical background: Peru’s North Coast 17 Peru’s North Coast: Basic geographical givens 19 A view of the Peruvian North Coast from the perspectives of archaeology and ethnohistory 23 III. The linguistic situation in Northern Peru reconstituted 45 Introduction 47 Colonial references to the languages of the Peruvian North Coast 49 Coastal linguistic boundaries 55 Linguistic neighbors 65 The presence of ‘highland’ languages on the coast 70 Spanish 72 IV. The Tallán languages 73 The name Tallán 75 Sources on Tallán 76 Sound system 86 Morphosyntax 92 The fate of the Tallán languages 94 V. Sechura 97 The name Sechura 99 Sources on Sechura 99 Sound system 104 Morphosyntax 108 The fate of Sechura 110 VI. Mochica 113 The name Mochica 115 Sources on Mochica 116 Secondary Mochica scholarship 120 Sound system 122 Morphosyntax 128 The fate of Mochica 142 VII. Quingnam 145 The name Quingnam 147 Sources on Quingnam 149 The sound(s) of Quingnam 163 A glance at lexical and grammatical structures 173 The fate of Quingnam 175 VIII. Previous classification attempts 177 IX. Shared vocabulary items 191 Introduction 193 Comparisons 193 Discussion 207 X. Typological aspects of the North Coast languages 209 Introduction 211 Root monosyllabism 212 Final plosives and syllable structure 213 Lexical reduplication 214 Headedness 216 Affixes on nouns indicating person of possessor 217 Voicing in plosives 217 The vowel system 218 Palatal nasals and laterals 218 The labiodental fricative [f] 219 Discussion 220 XI. Language and the Prehistory of the North Coast 223 XII. Conclusion and possible directions for further research 235 References cited 241 Appendix A Annotated wordlist from Martinez Compañón for Colán, Catacaos, and Sechura 275 Appendix B A new transcription of Spruce’s wordlist along with a comparison to the version published by von Buchwald and Jijón y Camaaño 281 Appendix C Lexical items of possible North Coast origin in local Spanish 285 Appendix D Personal Names of the Far North 299 Appendix E Aspects of Spanish orthography and diachronic phonology 307 The author 312 Acknowledgments I owe a debt of gratitude to many, but would like to mention first and foremost Willem F. H. Adelaar for giving me the opportunity to become an Andeanist and to develop my own research interests freely within this context. Without him this book would not exist. I am also grateful to Nick Emlen, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, Matthias Pache, Martin Kohlberger, Rita Eloranta for discussing aspects of the data with me. My gratitude extends also to an anonymous reviewer for Estudios Indiana and to the series editor, Iken Paap, for her continuous commitment and assistance. Finally, financial support from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement n° 295918 and, in the final stages of manuscript preparation, also the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), grant UR 310/1-1, is gratefully acknowledged. It goes without saying that no one but myself is responsible, accountable, or answerable for errors of fact or interpretation that this book may (and inevitably will) contain. Abbreviations and symbols 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person abl ablative ADJR adjectivalizer AGT agentive CAUS causative COP copula DAT dative DIST distal GER gerund IMP imperative INV inverse LOC/ALL locative-allative NOM nominative NPOSS non-possessed OBL oblique PASS passive PL plural POSS possessed PRES.PRTC present participle PROX proximate PURP purposive SG singular <...> orthographic representation /.../ phonemic representation [...] phonetic representation ~ alternates with - morpheme boundary / variant readings of identical personal names in colonial documents; variant in copies † inferred identity of Quingnam toponyms and anthroponyms I. Introduction I. Introduction 13 To the people of the North Coast, past and present A la gente de la costa norte, del pasado y del presente Linguists have assembled an impressive array of documentary materials for those languages of the Central Andes that survived Inca expansion, the Spanish conquest, and the resulting changes and hardships these events involved for their speakers in the colo- nial period and thereafter. Following pioneers of linguistic documentation like Santo Tomás (1560a), Bertonio (1603), and others, both Quechua and Aymara have been studied extensively during the past 50 years or so. Chipaya, another survivor, is now also well-described (see Cerrón-Palomino 2006). This documentation constitutes an important harbor of cultural knowledge of the indigenous peoples of the Central Andes. But it has also proven valuable for further purposes: the languages of the Central Andes play a significant role in a more general attempt to understand the prehistory of this cultural area. Recent efforts aim at an explicit linguistic contribution to the prehistory of the Central Andes. Here, the focus lies on the question of how the expansion of the major Andean language families, Quechua and Aymara, relate to the Chavín phenom- enon and the expansion of the Wari state (Heggarty & Beresford-Jones 2012; Kaulicke et al. 2010). On the other hand, in a quite different vein, the conceptual structure found in Andean languages has been a source of inspiration for the interpretation of pre-Columbian art and worldviews (e.g. Urton