Tesis Doctoral, 12-10-2014

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Tesis Doctoral, 12-10-2014 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Sincretismo paralitúrgico y representaciones escénicas asociados a la tradición festiva de América Latina MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Alberto José Díaz de Prado Maravilla Directores Eloy Gómez Pellón Francisco Javier Fernández Vallina Madrid, 2014 © Alberto José Díaz de Prado Maravilla, 2014 pág. 2 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS DE LAS RELIGIONES TESIS DOCTORAL SINCRETISMO PARALITÚRGICO Y REPRESENTACIONES ESCÉNICAS ASOCIADOS A LA TRADICIÓN FESTIVA DE AMÉRICA LATINA Alberto José Díaz de Prado Maravilla Madrid, 2014 pág. 3 pág. 4 Dedico el presente trabajo a mis hermanos Jesús y Mari Carmen y a mis tíos Salvador y Maruja por el apoyo que siempre me han brindado. pág. 5 pág. 6 Agradecimientos: A mi prima Cati, a Emilio de Cos y a Miguel Angel Silva por sus colaboraciones, a Silvana Parascandolo y Martha G. Robinson por sus traducciones al inglés, a mi amiga Lola por su hospitalidad, a mi amigo Nacho por su precisiones y a mi amiga Merche por su confianza. pág. 7 pág. 8 ÍNDICE GENERAL ABSTRACT (SUMMARY)…………………………………………………..…………..11 INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................. 15 Justificación de la investigación ....................................................................................... 17 Objetivo de la Tesis Doctoral ........................................................................................... 21 Teoría y método ................................................................................................................ 27 Marco geográfico e introducción histórica ....................................................................... 37 Marco lingüístico .............................................................................................................. 43 CAPÍTULO I: ..................................................................................................................... 49 El teatro universal, consecuencia de una adecuación ritualista ..................................... 49 1.1 Usos chamánicos y liturgias parateatrales ligadas al hecho escénico como fenómeno paralitúrgico ...................................................................................................................... 51 1.2 Artes Escénicas, litúrgia y parateatro………………………………………………..59 CAPÍTULO II ..................................................................................................................... 81 Hispanoamérica, la adaptabilidad como sistema de resistencia indígena ..................... 81 2.1 La religiosidad en el área de nuestro estudio .............................................................. 83 2.2 La imposición del régimen colonial ........................................................................... 91 2.3 El mestizaje .............................................................................................................. 101 2.4 La secularización de lo sagrado frente a la sacralidad de lo profano ....................... 106 CAPÍTULO III: ................................................................................................................ 133 El Güegüense, una representación teatral adscrita a la paraliturgia amerindia y mestiza. .............................................................................................................................. 133 3.1 Origen del teatro náhuatl…………………………………………………………...135 3.2 El problema de la autoría .......................................................................................... 152 3.3 El título, el nombre ................................................................................................... 165 3.4 La crítica implícita .................................................................................................... 172 3.5 El texto, los textos .................................................................................................... 176 3.6 La música .................................................................................................................. 184 3.7 El vestuario .............................................................................................................. 188 3.8 La puesta en escena: El Güegüense y la Iglesia. ...................................................... 190 pág. 9 CAPÍTULO IV: ................................................................................................................ 201 El Rabinal Achí, ritual precolombino asociado a la devoción católica ........................ 201 4.1 Rabinal, el municipio ................................................................................................ 203 4.2 Antecedentes históricos ............................................................................................ 204 4.3 Las fuentes literarias mayas: Mitos e historia .......................................................... 210 4.4 El teatro maya ........................................................................................................... 217 4.5 Otros bailes del Tun .................................................................................................. 228 4.6 Las danzas de Rabinal .............................................................................................. 230 4.7 La transcripción del texto ......................................................................................... 234 4.8 Las copias manuscritas y la pervivencia del drama .................................................. 243 4.9 Estructura y representación de la obra ...................................................................... 245 4.10 El argumento .......................................................................................................... 254 4.11 El tambor sagrado como elemento catalizador de la representación religiosa ....... 262 CAPÍTULO V: .................................................................................................................. 273 El Ollantay, la mitificación literaria de un hecho histórico .......................................... 273 5.1 Antecedentes del Imperio Inca ................................................................................. 275 5.2 Las postrimerías de un imperio ................................................................................ 277 5.3 Literatura y teatro incaicos. ...................................................................................... 282 5.4 Un argumento romántico .......................................................................................... 286 5.5 El origen del texto y su autoría ................................................................................. 296 5.6 Figuras históricas ...................................................................................................... 304 5.7 Ollantaytambo y el Antisuyo .................................................................................... 308 5.8 Esbozo biográfico de un revolucionario latinoamericano ........................................ 311 5.9 Las posibilidades subversivas en la interpretación de los textos .............................. 314 CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................ 319 EXTENDED ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………....333 BIBLIOGRAFÍA………………………………………………………………………...339 pág. 10 ABSTRACT (SUMMARY) pág. 11 pág. 12 In present day Colonial and pre-Columbian Latin America, paratheatrical practices still survive. Such practices, although barely recognizable, are associated with stage action, closely related to folklore and hosted by indigenous peoples – aborigines and mestizos- in the context of religious celebrations, thus, guaranteeing their survival. The current study analyzes those practices and the way in which they have adapted to circumstances whose new components of evangelization and European origin, responded to a violent process of acculturation. Often linked to religious festivities, they respond to two different natures : one that signifies all stage action and one which encompasses the entire religious sphere. At the same time, in such festivals also simultaneously, converge other non-canonical practices of strictly theatrical nature whose hieratic and spiritual elements give the same exclusive characteristics that allow their inclusion within celebrations of a paraliturgical nature . This approach is unprecedented and to rate them simply as "theatre" would entail a degradation, aimed at the denial of any kind of involvement with mysteriousness. The arguments presented in this dissertation address a syncretic process that has set up a tradition of knowing how to ensure and guarantee, at least for the moment, the survival of such exclusive theatrical phenomena ascribed to the gravitational field of Catholic commemorative celebrations. The constant shifting relationships between the past and the present, the religious and the pagan, transforms and sacrifices the theatrical genre by placing it at the service of religious celebrations. Therefore, these ambivalent relationships have become one of its most undeniable characteristics which also converge with the indisputable fact that we are faced with "other" forms of comprehending and performing theatre. The reasons are deeply routed in its scenic foundations which run parallel to the endemic theatrical act, albeit perceived and
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