The Owners. Creative process and personhood in the Peasant Community of San Pablo de Inkawasi (Lambayeque, Peru) Luz Helena Martinez Santamaria This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews December 2020 Candidate's declaration I, Luz Helena Martinez Santamaria, do hereby certify that this thesis, submitted for the degree of PhD, which is approximately 90,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for any degree. I was admitted as a research student at the University of St Andrews in September 2012. I, Luz Helena Martinez Santamaria, received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of language, grammar, spelling and syntax, which was provided by Tim Hiley. I received funding from an organisation or institution and have acknowledged the funder(s) in the full text of my thesis. Date December 2020 Signature of candidate Supervisor's declaration I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date December 2020 Signature of supervisor Permission for publication In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand, unless exempt by an award of an embargo as requested below, that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that this thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use and that the library has the right to migrate this thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I, Luz Helena Martinez Santamaria, confirm that my thesis does not contain any third-party material that requires copyright clearance. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis: Printed copy No embargo on print copy. Electronic copy No embargo on electronic copy. Date December 2020 Signature of candidate Date December 2020 Signature of supervisor Underpinning Research Data or Digital Outputs Candidate's declaration I, Luz Helena Martinez Santamaria, hereby certify that no requirements to deposit original research data or digital outputs apply to this thesis and that, where appropriate, secondary data used have been referenced in the full text of my thesis. Date December 2020 Signature of candidate Acknowledgements This thesis was only possible due to the generosity and patience of many people to whom I am deeply in debt. First, I want to thank my parents to whom I owe everything; this thesis was only possible with their contribution and effort. I want to also thank my husband who helped me finishing this thesis, with his support, patience and love. I am also grateful to many Inkawasinos: Julia Manayay Purihuamán, her mother Segunda Purihuamán Manayay, and her brothers, sisters and children who opened their houses and lives to me and made me feel part of their family; the brothers Oscar and Pascual Bernilla Carlos, and all the bilingual teachers of the Equipo de Materiales EIB (Educational Materials Team) who taught me all I know about the singular variety of Quechua they speak; Ana Cecilia Manayay Calderón, Rosa Manayay Vilcabana, Felicita Purihumán and all the weavers from ASAMCEI and other weavers’ associations, expert weavers who patiently taught me their art; Natividad Cajo, Nativo Huamán, Cesar Sánchez and Mario Lucero Calderón, all active members of the mayordomias who let me participate in the festivities of their patron saints, and patiently answered my clumsy questions. I am also in debt to the presidents of the Peasant Community during my fieldwork: Cristobal Huamán, Salvador Sánchez, Julio César Manayay and Rolando Carlos; and to the mayors of the Inkawasi District Cesar Manayay and Fernando Díaz. Of course, the responsibility for the errors and misinterpretations in this thesis is all mine. I am thankful for their support in Peru to David Salamanca Mamani and Soledad Mujica, part of the Oficina de Patrimonio Immaterial of the Ministry of Culture; Carlos Elera Arévalo, director of the Museo Nacional de Sicán; and Pedro Alva Mariñas at the head of the Lambayeque Peasant Communities’ organisation FEDECCAL. At St Andrews, I am in debt to my supervisors Tristan Platt and Sabine Hyland, and to Paloma Gay Blasco and Christos Lynters for their support and patience helping me finishing this thesis. This investigation was generously financed with a Formación del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education (Grant reference: AP2010-1578 EDU/61/2011), between December 2011 and December 2015, and supported between 2016 and 2017 by the Museo Nacional de Sicán. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction________________________________________________1 The owners: creative processes, personhood and decoloniality______________5 The ‘ontological turn’ in the Andes: animism, technology, mountains and politics ______________________________________________________________7 Cosmopolitics and postcolonial history Mastery and personhood__________________________________________15 Amerindian mastery Mastery and technical knowledge Creative processes and personhood Decolonizing academia: vulnerability and collaborative anthropology_________25 Collaborative Anthropology Chapter 2 The Peasant Community of San Pablo de Inkawasi__________________40 The highlands of Lambayeque and the ‘Huancabamba Depression’ Lambayeque Quechua The northern coast and highlands The northern shamanism Note on orthography Chapter 3 Amitunchik: the owners of land and people. The mayordomía fiesta system and (post)colonial land struggle______________________________________________61 Land ownership, the mayordomías fiesta system and identity in the 18th- 21st centuries _____________________________________________________________64 The town and the parish of Inkawasi: colonial haciendas and land struggle in the 18th century The end of the colonial order, republican haciendas and the mayordomías system The Agrarian Reform Neoliberalism and the new threads over the land Ownership, kinship and fertility in the mayordomía fiesta system____________87 Conclusion____________________________________________________94 Chapter 4 Building kinship and community: households, the Inkawasi community church and the ownership of the immaterial_________________________________95 Building kinship: the minka inter-household solidarity and the wasi lanta rite___99 Wasi lanta or haircut of the house The household: co-residence, commensality and making/owning __________111 Technical and dwelling transformations Building Community: the Inkawasi church rethatching and the ownership of the immaterial____________________________________________________117 The declaration of the Inkawasi church rethatching as ICH of Peru: commodification of culture and identity Conclusion___________________________________________________127 Chapter 5 Weaving the world: technology, personhood and textile craft production_________________________________________________________128 Textile craft production in Inkawasi: weavers’ associations and training courses __________________________________________________________________130 Technical encounters: weaving and sewing from shape-patterns___________133 Organizational encounters: associations and the ayllu____________________143 Growing textiles_______________________________________________147 The upay and the material Inverted worlds: people and things Conclusion___________________________________________________157 Chapter 6 The Owners of the animals: the kwartu relation and cattle fertility______159 Cattle raising and the capitalist economy in Inkawasi ___________________163 Raising cattle: the kwartu relation, love and care________________________167 The kwartu descent theory The owners of the animals: mountains and ownership___________________174 Illas and swirti The owner of the animals Conclusion___________________________________________________183 Chapter 7 Making persons: appropriation and ownership_____________________185 Making persons _______________________________________________189 Conception, pregnancy and ethno-obstetric procedures Birth Placenta and post-partum period The shutinshikuy, the entrance in the Christian and human realms Form, force and descent: the kwartu relation Midwives and biomedicine _______________________________________207 Becoming an owner: the lanta , or first haircut ________________________211 Conclusion___________________________________________________216 Chapter 8 A world of owners: mountains, shamanism, power and alterity________218 Sirkakuna: power, duality and alterity________________________________220 Encantos, colonial mastery and alterity Northern shamanism: vision and control ____________________________228 A World of Owners_____________________________________________234 Conclusion___________________________________________________235 Chapter 9