1. Variability in Demonym Suffixes 3. Suffix Typology & Predictions 5. Results 6. Discussion Demonyms: nominal form(s) for residents of a given • Generally, suffix choice for real place names is explained • Average familiarity ratings for RC and RL were • Guessing stress properties of fctional bases in area, e.g. a person from X is a Y: Iceland à Icelander; by phonological conditioning (* = marginal cases): higher across items than for FS and FL. orthographic presentation may have been difficult for Vancouver à Vancouverite; California à Californian. participants. Panem Suffix Base ˈ ɛ Selected Demonym Suffixes of English ↓ Property (FL) ([ pæ.n m]) has

→ non-fnal stress but

Stress

V-Final V-Final

-ish -ian/-nian -an/-nan -ese/nese -er C-Final Example

Non-Final unclear stress Stress Shift [ɪʃ] [ɨjən]/[nɨjən] [ən]/[nən] [iz]/[niz] [ɹ̩] Final Stress -an/n ✔️ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗ Cuban shifting properties, -ite -(wo)man -ois -o -i thus varied responses. ɑɪ ʊ ə ɑ ʊ -ian/nian ✔️ ✔ ✗ ✔ ✔ Bostonian Demonym Suffix Typology C-fnal V-Final [ t] ([w ])[m n] [w ] [o ] [i] • Teir opposing preferences for stress shifting and fnal -er ✔ ✗ ✔ ✔ ✗ Portlander • Some places have many phonotactically acceptable stress in base could explain more frequent use of –ian Final Stress, no shift -er, -an -an -ese/nese ✔ ✔ ✔ ✗ ✔ Sudanese ʃ ˈ ɪ * * • vs. –an and –er in FS & FL. Tese were also frequent Non-Final Stress, no shift -er, -ite -an, -ite demonymic forms (e.g. Nashvillian ~ [næ . v .li. Average confdence ratings for RC and RL were ˌjən], Nashvillite ~ [ˈnæʃ.vɪ.ˌlaɪt]) -ite ✔ ✗* ✗ ✔ ✗ Dallasite higher across items than for FS and FL. choices as personal local demonym suffix for Final Stress, shift ok -ese -ese • Choice of demonymic is not arbitrary among • Familiarity Effect: RC & RL should be more familiar participants, indicating good ‘default’ suffix candidates. Non-Final Stress, shift ok -ian, -ese -ian phonotactically acceptable options. than FS & FL. Familiar forms need not be evaluated Personal Locality -an -ian -er -ese -ite Other

compositionally, supposing an existing mental Research Question: What kind of information does a Demonyms (n=50) 10 21 8 0 6 5 SE ISTED speaker use to select a demonym suffix when there are representation (i.e., U L (Zuraw 2000)). • Analogy to real demonyms may infuence suffix choice many (phonotactically) acceptable options? • Phonological Conditioning: When familiarity in Fictional responses: Virgin Islander (RC): Cinnabar doesn’t apply, conditioning explains selection of demonymic suffix(es) (i.e., PCSA (Smith, 2013)), but Islander (FL); Estonian (RC): Andorian (FS). 2. ‘Default’ Demonym Hypothesis • Phonological conditions exist on base and on suffixes; this may leave more than one acceptable option. environments that create conditions like vowel hiatus Hypothesis: When a speaker has existing knowledge of • ‘Default’: Another factor such as ‘use a Default’ must • Demonym suffix choices for real conditions tended a demonymic, compositional evaluation is bypassed; then select one suffix from the acceptable options. also infuence suffix selection. Some base + suffix else the demonym is compositionally formed: to match the documented ‘accepted’ demonymic combinations tolerate hiatus more than others, e.g. i. Affix selection is limited by phonological 4. Web Survey Methods form; use of demonymic suffixes was spread more Delhiite (RL) but *Chinaese (RC). constraints on the base and suffix(es). evenly across all options, as expected. • A follow-up study will test stress preferences in ii. If many phonotactically acceptable options remain, English-speaking participants (n=50) had 3 tasks per item: • Fictional conditions showed higher incidence of fctional and artifcial bases. a ‘default’ demonymic suffix is applied. 1. select from 5 orthographically-presented demonyms: selection of –ian and –er across items. • A web survey tests this hypothesis in a variety of o Saigonan • -ese and –ite were rarely chosen in FS and FL. 7. Implications familiarity conditions: o Saigonese • o Saigoner For novel/unfamiliar base + suffix formations, ‘Real’ Conditions ‘Fictional’ Conditions Saigonian o phonological conditions alone cannot fully determine Country Locality Non-Literary Literary o Saigonite a speaker’s allomorph selection. (RC) (RL) (FS) (FL) 2. Have you heard the term before? (Y/N) • Some additional information (other than Canada Brooklyn Jellystone Brobdingnag 3. Rate choice confdence from 1-5 stars phonological knowledge) is required in the formation • Only compared highly productive suffixes. • Survey presented using Qualtrics. of morphologically complex novel words. • Documented accepted demonymic forms in ‘Real’ • Participants saw 17 items from each of 4 conditions. • A ‘default’ allomorph (or a restricted set of conditions. • Participants noted L1 (if not English), home country allomorphs) must thus be available as options in • Documented stress properties in ‘Real’ conditions. and locality, and ‘personal’ demonyms. morphologically complex novel word formation.