Mythical Structures in Representations of National Identity of the Romanian Communities in Serbia and Ukra

CEU eTD Collection

Mythical structures in representations of national identity of of identity of national inrepresentations structures Mythical In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree Masterof Arts of the Romanian communities in Serbia andUkraine. Serbia in communities the Romanian comparative discourse analysis of online news data ofonlinenews analysis discourse comparative Supervisor: Professor Lea Sgier D Central European University epartment ofPolitical Science Imagining the nation: the Imagining Budapest, Hungary Rareş DumitraşRareş Submitted to (2012) By

CEU eTD Collection asanUkraine independent itexists pattern. with conjunction in mostly appears refer When depending framing different a given is nation the of decay contemporary the but Ukraine), or Serbia (on articles of categories historical of myth The Ukraine. and Serbia in communities Romanian the of status the about awareness raise to regeneration and decay of structures mythical employs media the that indicate Gl Romanian and articl of formed is research this in analyzed data of body main The 2000). Smith 1997, (Schöpflin strategies” 2009), (Brubaker nationalism homeland of concepts theoretical the on draws The Ukraine. and Serbia in minorities speaking Romanian the of identification appeal to are how show Romanians) and (Moldovans Ukraine emotions the stimulate to media online the constructedin and Romanians) and (Vlachs Serbia This es that where published in 2010 in published where that es

the media disseminate disseminate media the o te mrvmn o mnrt rgt sau ad uiid collective unified a and status rights minority of improvement the for ig o h Rmnas iig n eba te yhcl eln o te nation the of decline mythical the Serbia, in living Romanians the to ring f c of thesis looks into how the identities of Romanian speaking minorities minorities speaking Romanian of identities the how into looks thesis ntutn ntoa iett (oa 1999) (Wodak identity national onstructing obal News, that report about Romanians living abroad. abroad. living Romanians about report that News, obal decline which affected the communities in the past is present in both in present is past the in communities the affected which decline myths on the Abstract

embedded in a in embedded and 2011 on two on two on 2011 and h minority the regeneration theme, whereas for the case of of case the for whereas theme, regeneration i

on “homeland nationalism” “homeland

which Romanian nation Romanian - line platforms, Timoc Press Timoc platforms, line h mda s reporting is media the n ntoait myths nationalist and The findings findings The

members. I members.

ideology research “macro in - .

CEU eTD Collection see community this thelarger picture about Valley. Timok from the to me enabled it since “Vlach”, term the behind ambiguities the understand me helping useful supervision of my thesis. the for grateful the during especially me provided she am solutions practical and I criticism constructive bibliography, paper. this writing of process whole the I would li would I superv my thank to like would I ke to thank my Serbian friends, Marina Vasi Marina friends, Serbian my thank to ke

Acknowledgements isor, Professor Lea Sgier, for guiding me through through me guiding for Sgier, Lea Professor isor, ii

and Predrag and

Babić , for for , CEU eTD Collection Romanians in Ukraine 5.2. regeneration and decline of Myths 5.1.1. Romanians in Serbia 5.1. ANALYSIS V. body Data 4.2. design research and Methods 4.1. METHODOLOGY IV. Ukraine 3.2. Serbia 3.1. ANDUKRAININ SERBIA SOCIO III. of Myths 2.3. discourses and narrations Nationsas 2.2. communities” “imagined as The nations 2.1. FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION II. THE INTRODUCTION I. Content 5.2.1. Myths of decline and regeneration and decline of Myths 5.2.1. throu Regeneration 5.1.5. myth rituals through Regeneration 5.1.4. regeneration and decline contemporary of Myths 5.1.3. myth decline historical The 5.1.2. identity project Moldovan the of The origins 3.2.2.4. Bessarabia Southern 3.2.2.3. Maramureş Northern 3.2.2.2. Bukovina Northern 3.2.2.1 Ukraine in communities Romanian of the background Historical 3.2.2 socio The 3.2.1. Histori 3.1.2. Vojvodina 3.1.1.5 Vlachs the of status minority rights The 3.1.1.4. language theVlach of classification The disputed 3.1.1.3. Vlach theword of understanding The ambiguous 3.1.1.2. Valleyregion Timok The 3.1.1.1. socio The 3.1.1.

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OF NATIONALISTOF RHETO

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22 11 47 40 . . 22 22 16 14 11 61 61 57 53 52 48 47 47 43 40 38 37 37 35 34 31 31 28 27 26 24 23 22

CEU eTD Collection DATABODY VIII. (ARR REFERENCES VII. CONCLUSIONS VI. 5.2.4. Regeneratio 5.2.4. of decline myth Contemporary 5.2.3. myth decline historical The 5.2.2. n through mobilization myth mobilization through n

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CEU eTD Collection 2012) Factbook while 129), 1995: the of boundaries the outside Ukraine from Russians million bounda the outside ethnics of millions of displacement the in resulted Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia Union, Soviet the like states multinational of disintegration the end; an to come did minorities Curtain thepolitical t disputes ethnic minorities. displaced the of leaders the respectively states, kin the states, host the region: tens nationalist of accumulation the Balkans to contributed the and Europe Eastern across communities ethnic of distribution dispersed The 1999). (Panayi Hungarians million 1.5 approximately with population its increased th of boundaries the within displaced themselves a had found Germans states ethnic million configured 3 about newly example, For these landscape. population multiethnic all defeated; the of detriment the to borders Czechos or Poland like states founded newly of emergence the for allowed empires Romanov and break The empires. multinational of boundaries fo situation new completely a brought IntroductionI. In the aftermath of World War I, the change in the international political order order political international the in change the I, War World of aftermath the In After the conclusion of the Second World War and the fall of the of fall the and War World Second the of conclusion the After lovakia, while other countries like Ro like countries other while lovakia,

fe te inn o te atn gemn. h stain f these of situation The Agreement. Dayton the of signing the after

1.7 million Serbs remained to live in Bosnia in live to remained Serbs million 1.7 ries of their motherland. their of ries

hat emergedproblematicdispersed from the ethnic statusof ehi mnrte etbihd ihn the within established minorities ethnic r 1 The dissolution of the Soviet Union left 11.4 left Union Soviet the of dissolution The

mania and Serbia, and mania - p f h Otmn Austro Ottoman, the of up Cehsoa sae wie Romania while state, Czechoslovak e ions between political actors from the from actors political between ions - Herzegovina (CIA World World (CIA Herzegovina

ir managed to expand their their expand to managed

ohrad (Brubaker motherland f all of the Iron the of all - Hungarian CEU eTD Collection ethno an possesses group the that fact the of state host the from recognition seeks it themselves; nationali minority the is ideology this of form third The motherland. the of citizens the with community displaced the by shared allegedly relations kinship the by justified is minority the protect and monitor to elite homeland anothe of policies nationalizing the against minority ethnic ideology homeland national external is type second The state. the of background of proprietors legitimate the by takenbe might that reparatory potential measures justifies a to dis of due legacy the weak past; the as in members portrayed core by experienced is discrimination state the nation; core the is state the of owner legitimate the features: following the contains it and countries independent the from emerged nationalism” “nationalizing the as known type, first The politics. nationalist on literature extensive the in described movements seeking state the from different nationalism, of forms competing three between struggle rise gave that factors the of one was Europe people”2). (Brubaker 2000: diaspora accidental while borders”, across people of movement the by “characterized are which diasporas labor familiar more the with contrast in them described He 2). 2000: (Brubaker space” cryst “communities diasporas”: “accidental of term umbrella the under them defined who Brubaker Rogers scholar nationalism prominent the of attention the captured minorities ethnic displaced - cultural identity different from the majority, therefore the members are entitled to entitled are members the therefore majority, the from different identity cultural h peec o “cietl isoa” ihn h rcniue nto sae of states nation reconfigured the within diasporas” “accidental of presence The s draw their fundaments from the “movement of borders across across borders of “movement the from fundaments their draw s lie sdel floig daai rcniuain f political of reconfiguration dramatic a following suddenly allized

2 , according to Brubaker (2000) Brubaker to according ,

m f h “cietl diasporas” “accidental the of sm sae te tuge f the of struggle the state; r political :

it fights to protect an an protect to fights it elite ,

of the newly newly the of to a polit a to crimination ical CEU eTD Collection (Brubaker 2005). independence for fight Croat the of coordinates historical the on more focused he media; b Yugoslavia, of up break the to lead that nationalism nationalizing Croat and nationalism homeland Serbian between interplay dynamic the discussed also He (2000). nationalisms homeland Russia importanc secondary of was rhetoric the of discussion the while networking), organizational policies, (borders, aspects ofthephenomenonnationalism, heputtoomuch emphasis but onthe institutional a As Brubaker Rogers fact, of matter Romania. interwar of practices nationalizing the about writings his in remarks few a makes 2005) (2000, Brubaker although yet, explored been not has nationalism k my To Serbia. and Ukraine in dispersed diasporas” “accidental protecting towards oriented nationalism scarce. homeland the of a ideology nationalist research the 2009) 2005; (2000; Brubaker by discussed been have (Brubaker 2005). o variety a in exist they that is mention to important is what and other each with dynamically interact they nationalisms; minority and homeland nationalizing, between nexus” relational “triadic to rise gave ( rights cultural and political certain

While the general features of the interactions contained within this triadic nexus nexus triadic this within contained interactions the of features general the While The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of Romanian homeland homeland Romanian of understanding an develop to is study this of aim The

ut he barely covered the construction of homeland nationalism in the in nationalism homeland of construction the covered barely he ut nowledge, the discursive construction of Romanian homeland homeland Romanian of construction discursive the nowledge, e in his comparative analysis of Weimar Germany and post and Germany Weimar of analysis comparative his in e nd of the rhetoric tools employed in its construction has been rather rather been has construction its in employed tools rhetoric the of nd

appears to be the only scholar who researched homeland homeland researched who scholar only the be to appears f forms, depending on the polities where they emerge emerge they where polities the on depending forms, f rbkr 00 4 2000: Brubaker 3

- 5). All these competing stances stances competing these All 5). - Soviet Soviet

CEU eTD Collection common to according structured are politicians Romanian the of and leaders minority The communities. alienated the towards favorable elit political the to belong they nor minority national the of representatives neither are they nexus, Brubaker’scapturednotin is journalists the ofdiscourse umbrellacalled“homelandis becausethis the termI nationalism” employ why to decided i be should Ukraine) in Romanians and Moldovans Serbia, in Romanians and (Vlachs Romanian to related language a speaking groups ethnic all countries, two the in residing ethnics Romanian to awarded be should rights more issues: basic on agree press) Timoc all discourses, media in found and News Global be (Romanian platforms online analyzed the in quoted actors rarely nationalistic can Romania of elite homeland the and nationalism. homeland Romanian called generally one, single a into stances ideological both merge to decided I why is this Ukraine; and Serbia in minorities displaced the of nationalisms the and nationalism homeland my of stage to According community. ethnic the of status the improve can that measures the motherlandaboutfrequentlythe candisagreefrom politicians leadersandethnic since disp the of interests the defend to claims elite homeland external the (since messages same the share to nationalisms homeland and nationalisms minority for obvious seem might Bruba etfe b te uhrte o te ot tts s tncly Romanian. ethnically as states host the of authorities the by dentified laced national minority), according to Brubaker (2005: 5), this is not always the case, the always not is this 5), (2005: Brubaker to according minority), national laced ker’s (2005) understanding of homeland nationalism. Although, at first sight, it it sight, first at Although, nationalism. homeland of understanding (2005) ker’s t s motn t pit out point to important is It e of the motherland the of e

data

analysis there seem to be no contradictions between Romanian Romanian between contradictions no be to seem there analysis

but , they nevertheless they ,

that for the purpose of this paper paper this of purpose the for that 4

C discourses of discourses ontradictions between ethnic leaders leaders ethnic between ontradictions

disseminate nationalistic ideology nationalistic disseminate (2005) (2005) theorization of theorization the journalists, national journalists, the nte reason Another expanded I

the triadic the th e initial initial e more more

CEU eTD Collection referr Eastern of thecountry, part all Moldovans are Romanians the in spoken Romanian of dialect a simply is Moldovan and Romanian, is motherland 2) Romanian; from different is language spoken the where country a Moldova, is motherland their Moldovanists: the 1) following: the are claims identity competing the Romanians, and Moldovans between distinction the to regard language Romanian the to specific subdialect Oltenian repr Serbian is language native whose Serbs Romanianized are they claim organizations minority some which about Vlachs, the belo as group frame might others whereas homeland, external the to ties kinship by related being as minority the see might members community some cases, such In group. the of identity members several 113) (2005: Brubaker nexus; triadic the of actor minority national the of feature fundamental a is Romanian) vs. Moldovan motherland ideology. politicians) Romanian leaders, actors nationalistic these of discourses the between differences the ideology.homeland the of construction discursive the to contribute they that argue I and themes nationalistic esentative associations argue that they are Romanian ethnics who speak the Banat or Banat the speak who ethnics Romanian are they that argue associations esentative ing to it, Brubaker (2005: 110) does not define it as the “actual” homeland where homeland “actual” the as it define not does 110) (2005: Brubaker it, to ing nging to the core nation of the adoptive country. This is particularly the case for for case the particularly is This country. adoptive the of nation core the to nging h sm abgos nesadn apis o h “oead cnet when concept; “homeland” the to applies understanding ambiguous same The identit disputed The can fight to speak on its behalf, while holding opposing views about the about views opposing holding while behalf, its on speak to fight can I have to mention that to I have

y affiliation (in the case of this study: Vlach vs. Romanian; vs. Vlach study: this of case the (in affiliation y , but to see in what way they are aggregated in a unitary unitary a in aggregated are they way what in see to but ,

Dnu .321; hc 19.02.2012) Ghica 9.03.2011; (Dancu wrote

the purposethe that a national minority is not a “fixed entity”, “fixed a not is minority national a that 5

of this paper will not be to unravelto benot paper will this of ( Păiuşan & Cionchin 2005) Cionchin & Păiuşan

(King 2000) h Rmnait: their Romanianists: the

. junlss ethnic (journalists,

wie other while , . With . CEU eTD Collection on literature the whereas Moldova, in living ethnics the to refer that writings in analyzed sci discursive level. at representative as seen be should unravel I aspects the proposals, policy nationali homeland Romanian the of features discursive the disentangle to purposes, analytical for only label this use I states” “nationalizing as Ukraine and Serbia of speak I when i actions for ask media the by quoted actors that fact the and nationalizing as perceived are Ukraine, and Serbia states, host the of activities the that is media the of discourse the to regard c ethnic impoverished the affect which denationalization of policies actual pursue to have necessarily (Brubaker 2005: 110). int the of interests the protectand promote monitor, to homeland the importantly more but state, the by defended be should interests their and monitored be should situation their that nati of part as minority ethnic the see elite national external the of members certain that is concept the of definition the in matters really What country. that of territory the to attachment of sort any feel or homeland their as state external the see ev not mightgroup minoritya of members Thegiven”. not areconstructed, homelands category; ethnographic an not political a is “homeland came; ethnics the of ancestors the ne s eas ntoaim agtn Romanians targeting nationalism because is ence

A not does state nationalizing criticized the that out point to important also is It t dooy I o o epo i t ciiie h nihoig tts r o make to or states neighboring the criticize to it employ not do I ideology. st

reason why the study of Romanian homeland ideology is important for political for important is ideology homeland Romanian of study the why reason n order to counteract them. Therefore, the reader has to keep in mind that mind in keep to has reader the Therefore, them. counteract to order n ommunity

, according to Brubaker (2005) Brubaker to according , (Romania for this case) case) this for (Romania 6

erest of the ethnically related group group related ethnically the oferest who

live abroad was mostly mostly was abroad live . What is important with important is What . onal collective, pretend pretend collective, onal does take some actions some take does allegedly en en

CEU eTD Collection are patterns discursive mythical to platforms online on employed how of understanding an develop to aim I (1997) for an ethnic by given myths of definition the th share not do community the of members individual if identity, national unique a hold to claim collectivity (1991:14)a cannot accordingcore concept; thetoSmith nationalism of its in analysis, discourse is nationalism homeland given (2000).understandingGill by Romanian of study the for use will I that methodology The 1999). (Wodak identity national of construction the for 1997; (Schöpflin myths nationalistic communities Serbia in minorities Romanian the of media homeland the by differences the are What media? online the in constructed Ukraine andSerbia in living Romanians referringnationalismto the construction of in employed tools discursive the while the movement, on the focused of development analysis historical his but (1994), King by researched prominently more was virtua is Ukraine and Serbia from communities Romanian targeting discourses nationalistic ese common cultural elements. For the analysis of homeland nationalism I will refer to to refer will I nationalism homeland of analysis the For elements. cultural common ese l non lly olwn te aeoiain o mts y mt ( Smith by myths of categorizations the Following The homeland is how analysis: my through me guide will questions research Two esn coe yh t srcue y nlss s eas te sad t the at stand they because is analysis my structure to myths chose I reason

community. - in Ukraine? The concepts that I will employ to research the topic are are topic the research to employ will I that concepts The Ukraine? in xset Te pan The existent. this rhetoricinthe mediathis w

oains ntoaim retd oad Moldovans towards oriented nationalism Romanianist raise awareness among the the among awareness raise Sch and similarities in the national identity representations identity national the in similarities and

ö Smith 1999, 2000) and discursive macro discursive and 2000) 1999, Smith pflin (1997: 19) (1997: pflin ere onlysuperficially covered. 7

way s ethnics

1999; of understanding the w the understanding of versus 20 (be they in Romania Romania in they (be 0 ad Sch and 00)

h Romanian the - strategies strategies ö pflin orld orld CEU eTD Collection about. reporting are they situations the on perspective emotional an hold to appear journalists articles: the of tone engaged generally the and impoverished as status rights minority nation, same the of part are Moldovans and that Vlachs areRomanians, outlets both a present doing doctrine nationalistic after of discovered Elements analysis. I preliminary that ideology nationalist underlying the is comparable p articles make that features the of One collaborators. own their by created stories news are News Global Romanian and Press Timoc by articles the abroad. living minorities Romanian with dealing news functio News they because standpoint sociological a from Global representative Romanian abroad: are outlets media two The living (www.timocpress.info). Press Timoc and Romanians (www.rgnpress.ro) about report that agencies decline and regeneration. of typologies mythical of presence the to according structured was that research the of content the refining for employed are they nationalism; homeland Romanian of analysis Macro etc. ancestry shared age, golden territory, of myths structures: discursive such of set larger a de the to only refer will although regenerationtypologies, I ideology homeland the in embedded myths nationalistic of analysis my in paper, this for available space limited the Considering the to and Romanians as identification national unitary their of abroad) or

endangered national identity of the ethnic communities in Serbia and Ukraine. Ukraine. and Serbia in communities ethnic the of identity national endangered

h dtbs fr y td cnit i ne in consists study my for database The - taeis Wdk 99 wl sre s scnay concep secondary a as serve will 1999) (Wodak strategies

Smith ( Smith 1999; 8

2000) and Sch and 2000) ws items published on online news news online on published items ws Nevertheless ublished on these websites websites these on ublished ö pflin

h dpcin f their of depiction the n as an aggregator of aggregator an as n , an important part of of part important an , (1997) came up with cameup (1997)

draw attention on attention draw ul ol n my in tool tual cline and and cline CEU eTD Collection Press. Timoc and News Global Romanian platforms nationalistic theaccess to thepossibility have Ukraine or Serbia in residing ethnics fewRomanian canassumeone that Therefore, 2010). report (OpenNet small in Initiative, OpenNet by published report 2010 a to according and in 2008 internet to access had % ofthe citizens 14.6 worse: only issituation even InUkraine the 2010). in villag situated % ofresidences only 24.1 smaller, is considerably areas rural for whilethe average internet, to access 1 important thesegeneral. is rhetoric elements in nationalist The theoretical of discussion in are what and 2006) (Anderson community” “imagined an as seen paper, this of content the within to refer will I that nation of concept the to understanding homeland nationalism authorities toaward rig more Ukrainian and Serbian the pressuring into class political Romanian the consequently is agencies news the of objective the main the analysis, in observed I As 2009). resources Romanian for Studies of (Center history long a with outlets among even countries, both in low relatively is press difficu is internet to access where areas rural in live and 2002 Serbia of office Statistical ( states host the of populations only and Serbia The Ukraine. in groups minority Romanian of members the in consists one secondary public the and journalists makers, policy of comprised is one principal The public. of categories two among abroad living ethnics Romanian ofPress Newssituation the andRomanianGlobal awareness agencies raise aboutthe isto

In Serbia, internet connectivity in 2010 was reported within low levels: 39 % of the households have have households within% ofthe low39 waslevels: reported in 2010 internet connectivity InSerbia, secondary a After familiarizing the reader with the historical and and historical the readerwith the Afterfamiliarizing we their by provided information the to According re are three are re es benefit from access to a computer connected to the World Wide Web (RATEL report (RATEL report Web Wide the World to connected computer a fromto access es benefit

public in th in

reasons why I think the ethnics living in Serbia and Ukraine are Ukraine and Serbia in living ethnics the think I why reasons 1 : is hts to the Romanian minorities. theRomanian hts to

) introductory chapter, in the second chapter I will discuss the I discussthe will chapter introductory inthe second chapter,

hy ersn ol a ml p small a only represent they ; 2 ); tt Saitc Cmite f kan 2001 Ukraine of Committee Statistics State )

ueos tnc ae ory ieae n Romanian in literate poorly are ethnics numerous 9

to influence the public opinion and opinion public the influence to ternet penetration in rural areas is very areas in rural penetration ternet pno i Rmna hl the while Romania in opinion lt 1

the bsites the aim of the the of aim the bsites ; 3 ; ) ercentage of the overall overall the of ercentage theoretical

readership of Romanian of readership

the key themes present present themes key the nta sae f my of stage initial back

ground Ukraine; Timoc Timoc

CEU eTD Collection ideology. conclusions mythical regeneration nationalist and the decline in the present structures of analysis an is chapter fifth The chapter. s data to regard with adopted I that approach The analysis. discourse proper a conduct to order in background social context” and text between reading “careful a fac the considering mytopic, researchof the for important is chapter This history. of course the within evolution their describe socio provide will I chapter third the In the paper. of section analytical the in employed be framework unitary a drew I which from 2000), (1999, Smith and (1997) Schöpflin by forth typologysetmyths nationalistic the of o section last The structures. mythical of analysis my refining for employed 1999) (Wodak identity “macro national the of of construction discursive theorization the is chapter second the in discuss ideology homeland the how explain will it therefore ideologies, nationalistic most in present patterns general uncovers it because - political background of the Romanian communities in Serbia and Ukraine, and and Ukraine, and Serbia in communities Romanian the of background political

I nae the unravel yhcl tutrs rsn i te oain homeland Romanian the in present structures mythical election, methods, and analysis are explained in the fo the in explained are analysis and methods, election, ic

ei, hl i te it chapter sixth the in while media, t that my understading of discourse analysis is of of is analysis discourse ofunderstading mythat t

10 can the reader with information concerning the the concerning information with reader the

(Gill 2000: 188) 2000: (Gill

be be f the chapter will contain a description description a contain will chapter the f structured. Another point that I will will I that point Another structured. , one has to understand the the understand to has one , - taeis fr the for strategies”

dedicated to to dedicated u rth CEU eTD Collection contem Most nationalism. of study the in approach analytic discourse a suits community” “imagined an the as of nation definition his while phenomenon, political modern a as nationalism of spread among was (2006) Anderson constructed. socially is media the in promoted discourse nationalistic that and 76) 1994: The “imagined nations 2.1. as communities” myths regeneration present and decline the of presence the to according structured was that analysis, empirical my based I which on units reference the were they because important un their in rhetoric, nationalist of construction the in utilized concepts “myths” the of theorization macro discursive and pro to actors nationalistic by employed are that tools discursive of description the with continues part second The 2006). (Anderson community” “imagined an as paper, this within nation of concept the The analysis. my through me guide framework The II. constructionofnationalist A rhetoric. theoretical

This paper starts from the assumption that all nations nations all that assumption the from starts paper This will that framework theoretical the of presentation the make will I chapter this In in the data. esadn gvn y mt (99 20) n Schöpflin and 2000) (1999; Smith by given derstanding

- strategies mote the national identity rhetoric: narratives of national culture culture national of narratives rhetoric: identitynational the mote porary researchers in discourse analysis consider that language that consider analysis discourse in researchers porary the first authors to acknowledge the role of the media in the the in media the of role the acknowledge to authors first the

Wdk 99. h tid and third The 1999). (Wodak first section explains the understanding that I give to give I that understanding the explains section first 1 1

are ”invented” are

at eto cnan the contains section last

(1997) Te atr are latter The .

(Hobsbawm CEU eTD Collection generally is it world; the of citizens the all encompassing nation for no aim that project means building This defined. roughly are boundaries their where nations, of internalizethat citizens specific alinkage valueswhichestablish past. withthe historical socio common of set a def tradition”: who 118) 1998: Smith in Eric by (quoted made Hobsbawm was point similar A them. between affiliation of sort of some is there that impression the with live nevertheless will they but other, each know to get never imagined is nation claim The sovereignty. a towards and limitation are features basic whose community”, political “imagined an as it conceived who 6) (2006: Anderson by provided nation of concept the of definition fail tosee backgrounds theideological rhetoric. ofnationalist they because paper, present the of case the is it as approaches, analytic deconstructivist d frequently ties. and kinship themselves nationalists or by adopted although customs latter, the religion, from coming language, Assumptions on based are and times immemorial of explanations na with contrasts It 20). 1999: Wodak in cited (Richter differentiations we vs. us of terms in community the defines that interpretation” of pattern constructed a argument theoretical latter The construction. social of process the through negotiated are meanings 175); 2000: (Gill realities empirical about more out find to resource transparent a not is inl dniy ht oe rm rmrilss wo li ta ntos xs from exist nations that claim who primordialists, from come that identity tional Anderson (2006: 7) argued that all nation all that argued 7) (2006: Anderson t I a ffects the understanding of the nation concept which is now seen as a “sociallya as seen isnow nation concept which the of understanding ffects the k e isseminated in the media (Madianou 2005: 9) are of little help for for help little of are 9) 2005: (Madianou media the in isseminated

s eeec pit o the for point reference as - symbolic practices promoted repeatedly by the state so so state the by repeatedly promoted practices symbolic

12 hoeia bcgon o m aayi the analysis my of background theoretical

ipy eas ms o is ebr will members its of most because simply s are limited; they exist within a world a within exist they limited; are s ined the nation as an “invented “invented an as nation the ined

- CEU eTD Collection agencies news and News the Global Romanian of websites the platforms, the online disseminate through that ideology individuals nationalistic of group a of effort concerted a to but movement, 61) 2009: (Smith nation.” the of symbolism and ideology an by inspired movement active “an fact in being population, human a of members the by belonging of feelings communal of together ‘nation’ potential or actual an constitute to it believe members whose of some population, a of behalf on identity and unity autonomy, maintain and attain to movement ideological an “as analyze: I that suffi is that term the of definition nationali by understand I what living abroad) isbuilt. whic ideology the as (defined nationalism homeland Romanian which upon constructs unravel to paper: present the of purpose main the is this fact, In ideology. nationalistic a of features structural the understand to variety large a for principles organizing These as function they community.that show will I but the sight, first at general within very seem might assumptions exist might that inequalities the of spite in linkages, a messages nationalistic in depicted are communion, nation all that contends (2006) Anderson least, not but Last state. mother the of guarantee a as framed is freedom in living that nation A population. human specified to confined This

research cannot be be cannot research .

It is It

important to mention that by movement I do not refer to a social social a to refer not do I movement by that mention to important ”. The author rejects the claim that nationalism is the putting the is nationalism that claim the rejects author The ”.

io pes Te oil eeac o ti “movement” this of relevance social The press. Timoc m Atoy . mt ( Smith D. Anthony sm. understood ciently general to be representative of the the of representative be to general ciently of nationa of 13 pooe poeto o Rmna ethnics Romanian of protection promotes h

of explanation an with providing without - ebr, y ite f hi imagined their of virtue by members, lisms; therefore they can help a scholar scholar a help can thereforethey lisms;

also claims sovereignty, which means means which sovereignty, claims also s being bounded by fraternity fraternity by bounded being s 2009:

1 cm u wt a with up came 61) phenomenon phenomenon

CEU eTD Collection selfhood and actions of shaping the to meanings of construction the through contributes are “ more discourses, prominently inculcated attachment collective, the of members the of minds the into quest fundamental the community, Nations as narrations2.2. Ianalytical thatuseinmy tools will research. t satisfied are conditions all Therefore communities). those of members simple by also in (but Ukraine communities and the Serbia of leaders ethnic by made generally are nation Romanian the to iden and unity autonomy, safeguarding to referencing The Ukraine. and Serbia in Romanians of statuses minority the about awareness raise that media Romanian the from articles of aggregators news and press Timoc for News; Global Romanian working journalists by interviewed were countries two the in that entails one second the news Ukraine and Serbia in that communities is one first the factors: several by given - making (they sent their own n own their sent (they making ntoa clue a b dfnd s dsore te rcia mdlt which modality practical the discourse: a as defined be can culture national A imagined an as nation of description (2006) Anderson`s to back Referring ?

Wodak (1999: 22) suggests the means for attaining this objective objective this attaining for means the suggests 22) (1999: Wodak the th the tity is embedded in the news stories; while claims of belonging of claims while stories; news the in embedded is tity icue mt’ udrtnig f ainls aog the among nationalism of understanding Smith’s include o

political actors political

and discoursesand ird factor refers to the fact that fact the to refers factor ird narratives of national culture”. national narratives of ion that one should pose is how does does how is pose should one that ion ews, press ews, and

who leaders of their organizations contributed to to contributed organizations their of leaders 14

have knowledge of knowledge have outlets); the to interviews give or releases

ebr o te oain speaking Romanian the of members n te words other in

both platforms function as function platforms both

the minority situation minority o i subjective is how the nation the

get s

CEU eTD Collection subcategorie two theorized Wodak 33). 1999: messages the of receiver the to identity new a for alternative viable a provide to are them to related which conventionallywell cri to subject to past; the in members nation by taken were that actions controversial relativise or legitimize an reproduce to identity, national and identification dif also unification, solidaritybut of issues the to referring by identity national a create discourses. of dism and transformation justification, macro macro these that argues 33) (1999: Wodak study. applying scholars nat researchof the manyto analysisdiscourse for useful be can concepts these that contend I and identity “macro several 1999: 23). and identity to contributing it, about told memories historical images narratives, the from stem they nation”; “the with identification of points cultur National individuals. the to specific perceptions

- ucin” use b dsore ismntr: osrcin perpetuation, construction, disseminators: discourse by pursued functions” has already been defined in the discourse by the message disseminator. Closely Closely disseminator. message the by discourse the in defined been already has In an extensive study on Austrian natio Austrian on study extensive an In

reinforce, conserve and protect a collective perception of selfhood that was was that selfhood of perception collective a protect and conserve reinforce,

iim r blame or ticism osrcie strategies Constructive - taeis ta ae tlzd o te icrie osrcin f national of construction discursive the for utilized are that strategies” dismantling strategies dismantling - constructed national identity into another ofallegiance, form national nationalconstructed into identity fer entiation . . d preserve it preserve d Strategies of perpetuation of Strategies taeis f transformation of Strategies antling, which might be interrelated in the structure the in interrelated be might which antling,

ionalistic outlets, including the case of the present the of case the including outlets, ionalistic r a ubel tr fr icrie teps to attempts discursive for term umbrella an are , the only difference being the fact that they fail fail they that fact the being difference onlythe , 15 .

s that are specific to the transformation and transformation the to specific are that s nal identity, Ruth Wodak (1999) described described (1999) Wodak Ruth identity, nal Strategies of justification of Strategies - strategies refer to 5 “main social social “main 5 to refer strategies - s rvd hmn ens with beings human provide es building (Hall quoted in Wodak in quoted (Hall building

aim to protect an endangered an protect to aim

i t tasiue a transfigure to aim

are employed to employed are

(Wodak CEU eTD Collection they Although reproduced. and standardized stored, is community a of culture the which through means are Myths values. other and morality of understanding own its through facts true reality, in being history, from with coming confused be not should myths 19) (1997: Schöpflin to according but 1394), 2000: (Smith nation a within bonds solidarity of formation the to contribute they exist generallyMyths members. individual by accepted generally are that world) the understanding of (ways myths of monopoly” cognitive and “intellectual an imposing by existence their recon preserve only can communities 19) (1997: Schöpflin “nation”. by implied as entities, such other among nation unique a as itself label cannot population human a elements, cultural common 2. publicized communities by dismantled isprotected, orreconstructed. themedia ethnic the of identity the whether reveal can they data, the in present structures mythical macro dimensions. same the with relation in “heterogeneity” of message a convey latter The relations. human or spatiality temporality, of issues to regard with members nation homoge and “similarity of idea an promote to designed are former The dismantling 3 . Myths. ofnationalism - strategies that I described in this chapter will serve for refin for serve will chapter this in described I that strategies Myths lie at the core of the natio the of core the at lie Myths

macro - strategies:

taeis f assimilation of strategies ways in which a community perceives world order, world perceives communitya which in ways n concept, since without the possession of such of possession the without since concept, n

firmed this assumption by asserting that that asserting by assumption this firmed Smith (1991: 14) in his definition of the term term the of definition his in 14) (1991: Smith 16 in conjunction with historical memories when when memories historical with conjunction in

and taeis f dissimilation of strategies ing my analysis of the the of analysis my ing neity” among among neity”

The . CEU eTD Collection the in myths use Politicians 25). 1997: (Schöpflin communication” public of language the “control that ones the are simply elites not, these arebecause which and promoted be to suitable are which myths, of propagation (Schöpflin 1997:20 public divided a among nationhood and ethnicity on based attachments create can they since governors, for resource valuable extremely an them make myths of power unifying in consistency of sense world the In ceremonies. to participants among action and a communication creating by without opinions, together of act consensus to reaching members necessarily community for possible it make Rituals beliefs. necessarily not do who ceremonies, at participants between links nation create they because which maintenance community for crucial are in Rituals participate. members rituals are elements cultural such of expressions tangible the while first stage of inthe construction conspiracy (Schöpflin theories 1997:25). a being strategy discursive this outsiders, evil to attributed frequently are passed nation 20 1997: (Schöpflin failures its for accounting by community a strengthen they respectively members), nation among solidarity promoting (by society and rulers political between communication facilitate the and community the between boundaries establish They cohesion. generalcontent nothistorical precision accurate, historically be not might Politicians and intellectuals are the segme the are intellectuals and Politicians part integral as symbols comprise which ideas of sets are Myths communitarian for important them make that functions several share Myths - 21).

- 5. n h lte cs, h misfor the case, latter the In 25). for community members, what matters most is their is most matters what members, community for

(Schöpflin 1997: 19 1997: (Schöpflin 17

nts of the population who command the the command who population the of nts r icuss o ban n emotional an obtain to discourses ir - 20). tunes through which the the which through tunes

have to share uniform uniform share to have rest of the world; world; the of rest

of their content, their of

of politics, the politics, of

CEU eTD Collection the descriptionstwoauthors: given by wh and nation the mobilize to given are they framing the analyze to aimed I which for articles, the in present myths common of list initial an established fact that theyRomanianmaking speak themvi the basis, kinship a on countries neighboring the in living ethnics the with empathetic be should who producers, content the by targeted also are motherland the from Romanians t only 1398) 2000: the (Smith by states” posed problems “bureaucratic the overcome can they and identity national same the share Romanians, and Moldovans respectively Romanians, and Vlachs that idea the myths li ethnics the of solidarity the for appeal I analyze thatThe identity. media communal of sense a with providing them members, by nation affects which situation critical a solving for hope and solidarity for foundation the 139 (2000: Smith of ideas the point reference as takes me by forth set framework theoretical The statuses. rights minority their of improvement the for ask who Ukraine and Serbia in minorities speaking Romanian case my for 1398), e of interests special and needs the legitimate and “serve leadersclaimauthority 26 legitimacy1997: and impose their (Schöpflin can myths Therefore, actions. their of correctness the challenge not do citizens that sure make and comprehension for rational possibility the block to being aim underlying their population, the from response olwn te yoois e u b Sih 19; 00 ad Sch and 2000) (1999; Smith by up set typologies the Following to employed are they because analysis my of purpose the for relevant are Myths 1.

Myths orethnogenesis; origin oftemporal also ving in Serbia and Ukraine by promoting through promoting by Ukraine andSerbia in ving be un be

rtually sonsofRomania. derstood as means through which political which through means as derstood hrough unity and collective action. action. collective and unity hrough 8) who argues that myths arrange arrange myths that argues who 8)

hi groups” thnic ether they correspond to to correspond theyether

- 27). ö

fi (97 I (1997) pflin Sih 2000: (Smith

CEU eTD Collection 1403 (2000: Smith 1403). 2000: (Smith members nation among partisanship dividing and individualism increasing the by caused structure, unitary community’s the of crumbling the by narrative mythical d moral of type This disappeared. societal ancient hierarchies sound the because or members nation traditional stoic, of the spirit replaced sacrificial decadence that fact the to values, moral old the of abandonment res be can it how and decay internal of process regeneration. of myths the and decline myths the researching the to research my restrict to me forced themselves in analyses separate a separates require which myth), mobilization through regeneration decline, myth historical (e.g: subcategories into structured are renewal and regeneration of myths that revealed data the of mapping assimilatio of effects the fight to struggling as depicted nation, the of regeneration the and decline the to refer that those are articles the in present structures yh o decline of Myths mythical frequent most the that realized I analysis the with progressed I As 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.

Myths ofet Myths ofregeneration; Myths ofdecline; Mythsgolden age; ofa Myths and oflocation Mythsand shared ofancestry descent; serve to show the extent to which a nation passed through a a through passed nation a which to extent the show to serve hnic electionhnic - 1404) considers that that considers 1404)

territory;

cy s eeal acmaid n the in accompanied generally is ecay tored. This is mainly attributed to the the to attributed mainly is This tored. myths of decline pertain not only to to only not pertain decline of myths

teeoe h lmtd space limited the therefore ; n policies. The initial The policies. n CEU eTD Collection qualities (Schöpflin 1997:31). moral superior their recognize should which world, whole the for suffered community athat is myths both of implication underlyingThe 30). 1997: (Schöpflin force divine a of thecommunitywaswhatTherefore, they are. being for ethnics the persecuted who actor”, “malign a by caused experience negative a suffered group the that implying significance, religious of emptied are vehicles cultural 29 1997: (Schöpflin God or history to agents, external evil to attributed are suffering for causes the case, this in hardships; these experiencing for guilty are who ones the actually are sometimes that, idea the disregards tool discursive this that nation argues He claims. by moral by backed experienced is which passiveness, power their for account of to members, lack the justify to serves myths of set this author, the for or nation the for purification moral of process a fact in was passed community a which through hardship the that implies category first The treatment”. unjust of “myths or suffering” or and redemption of “myths as them labeling beingevil external or“lack actors self of self became members formed identity” “collective its forgetting by alienated got and past the in established reference of point its lost who community, the of downfalls contemporary the to also but records, historical in present situations For Schöpflin (1997: 29) myths of decline have a rather reli rather a have decline of myths 29) (1997: Schöpflin For - 0. n h cs o te eod category second the of case the In 30). - xld n aadnd omnl is te epnil agents responsible the aims, communal abandoned and exiled

- rule” (Smith 2000: 2000: rule” (Smith 20

og ie g. h rsl i ta nation that is result The ago. time long helpless, but it was the result of destiny, not result was it but the helpless,

(“myths of unjust treatment”), the the treatment”), unjust of (“myths 1403 , individual nation members members nation individual ,

ol. codn t the to According world. - 1404). gious understanding, understanding, gious

CEU eTD Collection th regeneration/ then reappeared. and declined it origins, period; humble glorious from a emerged underwent community the myth: age golden the of reiteration a just is tool nationalistic this view, his In efforts. heroic after liberated concomitantly communal obtain to itself, purify to seeks nation the understanding: historico ana gave 1404) (2000: Smith is which to mythology nationalist of Regeneration element them. by taken be should actions what promote to and members is aim Its autonomy. and authenticity of concepts the with conjunction era 32 for 1997: starts, hopefuture a bringing (Schöpflin brighter au the that assure to note, special a in but “novation” of idea an promoting released, is “foundation” of myth related closely the politics, of realm the in shifts important legitimize To changes. political major of moment chaotic a in order respectiv refreshment, of sense a induce times, older from records negative erase to purports tool discursive this reasons, political for employed is it When hope. but nothing bring should future the while demonized, are past the of Memories universe. be a create to sanitized, be must it impure, is nation the of state present the that idea the promote renewal” and “rebirth of myths that considers 32) (1997: Schöpflin decay. For Smith (2000: 1404) the myth of regeneration lies at the core of nationalism, in nationalism, coreof the at regenerationlies theofmyth 1404) (2000: ForSmith M yths of regeneration regeneration of yths

mainly serve to mobilize the nation to exit from a state of of state a from exit to nation the mobilize to serve mainly 21

dience is aware that a new new a that aware is dience - 33).

eepin being redemption, to mobilize nation mobilize to gle times golden e ely to install install to ely - religious religious tter tter CEU eTD Collection the declared inthe autonomous province Romaniansliving ofVojvodina. Bor, Branicevo, of districts (the region Valley Timok the region Valley Timok 3.1.1.1. The in Serbiacommunities The 3.1.1. soc Serbia 3.1. Ukraine understanding identity ofnational in ethnics speaking Romanian the of historicalUkraine, discusses events themain thedestiny lastsection thatshaped while the socio the on information provides the of origins the discusses chapter this of part third history.The throughout evolution their and Timokans Romanian which section a by followed is It specific Serbia. situation in minorities political and social the describes chapter this of subsection first historical The Ukraine. the and Serbia in to communities Romanian the refer of evolution and identity national of understanding Moldovan and Vlach disc Ukraine, and Serbia in Romanians the to specific background III .Socio The Romanian speaking ethnics speaking Romanian The socio the about information detailed provide will I chapter this In - historicalbackground oftheRomanian communities in

io - politicalbackground ofthe Romanian speaking

Serbiaand Ukraine .

oiia sau o te Romania the of status political in

Serbia are divided in 2 branches: the Vlachs Vlachs the branches: 2 in divided are Serbia 22

n te rgn o te Moldovan the of origins the and

Zaječar and Zaječar s n Mloas in Moldovans and ns uss the origins of the of origins the uss

o h Romanian the to

Pomoravlje

- political ) and and ) in

CEU eTD Collection a speak that groups ethnic various to refer to employed also is label this Balkans the In of understanding ambiguous 3.1.1.2. The local activities, cultural media, (schooling, administration and religious service). life public into language Romanian po Romanian and organizations local by made a which for Eastern Serbia, in Ireferring toethnicsliving am mostly paper this concentrated. are communities “Timok” simply more or Vlach region most which around river the of name the also being Valley latter the Timoc), (Romanian: Timok the call and activists journalists rights Romanian minority what to correspond roughly together administrative taken These dwellers. subdivisions rural being them of majority the (2000) Pomoravlje East the from districts Serbia of The ethnicity. real their declare to Vlachs discouraged which oppression ( censuses Serbian in history throughout b They inhabitants. 300.000 and 200.000 between somewhere is number real their that argued who scholars and activists Romanian by contested frequently was figure This border. com 2002 Serbia pact community of about 40.000 ethnics, who live in regions close to the Romanian the to close regions in live who ethnics, 40.000 about of community pact It is important to draw the attention the draw to important is It the to acording situation, demographic the to regard With ig ruet bsd n h arp dcess f h dcae Romanians declared the of decreases abrupt the on based arguments ring 2002 , Vlachs (or Valachians as mentioned in the document) form a relatively relatively a form document) the in mentioned as Valachians (or Vlachs ,

of Serbia reveals that Vlachs are mostly concentrated in neighboring neighboring in concentrated mostly are Vlachs that reveals Serbia of - Central Serbia: Branicevo (14000), Bor (16000), (16000), Bor (14000), Branicevo Serbia: Central To make it clear it make To

the word Vlach word the ia Pru 00 84 2010: Pârvu & Fira 23 to

the vagueness entailed by the term Vlach. Vlach. term the by entailed vagueness the

when I speak of Vlachs in the content of content the in Vlachs of speak I when iy aes o nrdc te use the introduce to makers licy

- 86 Statistical office of of office Statistical ) or the political political the or ) Statistical office Statistical Zaječar (7200), Zaječar ttempts are ttempts

f the of CEU eTD Collection a have not does which language, independent an is Vlach that Europe of Council the for in argued latter the 17.04.2012), website Badea Viorel (Senator andauthorities; theSerbianwhilea theformer consider thatVlach variety is of Romania language Vlach the of classification disputed 3.1.1.3. The referring(Tanaşoca person toarude,misbehaved term, this to understanding derogatory a gave sometimes documents historical medieval socio a as also population Romance of labeling the for only not contexts, specific in employed is “Vlach” as categorization general the that out pointed TheyAges. Middle the from sources historical Balkan by “Vlachs” as labeled frequently were groups underof Vlachs the umbrella2008). (Zbuchea term classified were groups these to belonging ethnics frequently quite languages, independent non languages, Romance of A Romanian, Although speakers designate to Balkans the throughout So the to specific Western parts of thecountry subdialects Banat and Oltenian the use they since Romanian, Vlachs the while Romanian, from independentrelatively idioms communicatein minorities these However Istro Romanian: to related language The language of the Vlachs is a point of contention between Bucharest officials Bucharest between contention of point a is Vlachs the of language The that confirmed (2004) Tanaşoca & Tanaşoca by book The employed Ages Middle the from back dating demonym a fact in is Vlach

- professional attribute, to refer to nomadic shepherds. Last but not least, not but Last shepherds. nomadic to refer to attribute, professional in

the Timok Valley are virtually understandable to every native native every to understandable virtually are Valley Timok the romanian, Istro romanian, , as Romanian authors put it put authors , as Romanian - - Romanian and Megleno and Romanian oain, Megleno Romanians, 24

& Tanaşoca 2004:67

( Păiuşan & 2005 Cionchin s residing in the Balkans but Balkans the in residing s - oain, A Romanians, - Romanian are practically practically are Romanian a response a hs vros ethnic various these - 69).

report issued report romanians. romanians. - ). Slavs. Slavs.

uth n CEU eTD Collection extent large a to words Serbian use they cities; the to moved that ethnics the forespecially valid is This majoritypopulation. Serbian the within self many that show Roman by made reports it, describe scholars Romanian as terms 269) 2005: 222 ( subdialects Oltenian the and Banat the as linguistics bydocumented ( Romanian of versions endangered(Ghicagroup ethnic1.03.2012). 29.02.2012;RomanianGlobal News represent leaders Serbian its Vla for 19.02. ( Romanian from different is which language, the of richness the show to printed, i publications that so created was alphabet the that press Serbian the to declared representative group minority The language. this of phonemes the accurately characters 5 which to alphabet Cyrillic versi a practicallyis which “Vlach”, the of transcription the for alphabet an developed Celojevic, Sinisa (VNMC), Council Minority National Vlach the of leaders the of one Recently, 10.3.2011). Europe of Council report Periodical 6.05.2009; Serbia Langu Minority or Regional for Charter (European yet form written standardized .

2012). The initiative outraged Romanian politicians, journalists and local activists local and journalists politicians, Romanian outraged initiative The 2012). ch minority rights; the latter the rights; minority ch The linguistic reality of the Timok Valley Vlachs should not be seen in clear cut clear in seen be not should Vlachs Valley Timok the of reality linguistic The spea undoubtedly are Serbia of Vlachs the scholars Romanian For ) enriched with many words of Serbian origin Serbian many) enrichedwords of with - elrd lcs r asmltd r ls t lnusi assimilation linguistic to close or assimilated are Vlachs declared bce & uht 08 Fr & âv 2010 Pârvu & Fira 2008; Buchet & Zbuchea

the interest of the Governing Party of Serbia, not of the the of not Serbia, of Party Governing the of interest the

maintained that the VNMC the that maintained

25 ee added were

(Simion quoted in Băluţoiu 2009: quoted in (Simion in their daily their in , to allegedly represent more more represent allegedly to ,

lost its legitimacy, sinc legitimacy, its lost a misra media mainstream ian Păiu - life conversations, life on of the Serbian the of on n Vlach can be be can Vlach n ş kers of regional of kers , hc were which ), an & Cionchin Cionchin &an

ages in in ages Ghica Ghica e CEU eTD Collection a the to subjected were Romanian parties) opposing other and authorities the in (by harassment service with churches establish to attempted who the to barriers buildin bureaucratic imposed state the with complicity in and politics in ties strong holds still Church Orthodox Serbian the that fact the to attributed is situation This Isacova(near and in available is it since problem, a also is fo not did authorities the well, as schools public in taught be to language the for asked parents some although and courses private in only Vl important where municipalities in use official in be actually should Romanian that experts Europe while standardized, be to needs authorities Serbian children. their to give Vlach that names the of Serbianization the also but ethnics the for language native their in available outlets media few Romanian, in service religious and Vlachs the of status rights minority 3.1.1.4. The spoken inRomania(Dancu 2.03.2011;Dancu 9.03.2011). one the to similar very language a speak villages mountain in residing Vlachs whereas r Regional or Minority Languagesr Regional or Minority 2009: 10 inSerbia May tnin f the of ttention g of Romanian religious establishments religious Romanian of g Religious service in Vlach/ Romanian for the ethnics living in the Timok Valley Valley Timok the in living ethnics the for Romanian Vlach/ in service Religious alleged the for causes The ach minorities live ( live minorities ach Ćup

do not use Vlach in local administration claiming that the language the that claiming administration local in Vlach use not do alaetr Asml o te oni o Europe of Council the of Assembly Parliamentary rija ); most priests employingSla priests old most ); in 2009 in Kučevo, Žagubica, Bor and Boljevac and Bor Žagubica, Kučevo, assimilation of the Vlach are various: lack of schooling of lack various: areVlach the of assimilation former leaders of the VNMC told the Council of Council the told VNMC the of leaders former two 26

churches only: in Malainiţa (Sb: (Sb: Malainiţa in only: churches implement

, but also due to the fact Romanian clerics Romanian fact the to due also but ,

their requests ( requests their

. This situation was brought in brought was situation This . vonic language in their preachtheir languagein vonic - 16).

). Vlach is taught taught is Vlach ). European European

(PACE) Malajnica Charter Charter who , ) . CEU eTD Collection Serbia Northern in Vojvodina Vojvodina 3.1.1.5 of minorityRomanian (revista rightscommunities for the 22website 1.03.2012). respec their assess to Commission European Serbian the by monitored the be should authorities that stipulates which agreement an signed Governments Romanian and Serbian the after surpassed was blockage The 29.02.2012). (euractiv.com 28 February on meet ministerial Affairs General the at status candidate EU of awarding Serbia’s block to threatened diplomats Romanian when 2012, in peak its reached conflict The Serbia the between negotiations and disputes diplomatic to CharterLanguagesMinority for or Regional inSerbia May 2009:13 ( authorities” the of goodwill the on practice in depend Vlach in children name to names family change to “requests that noted experts Europe 90 9.03.2011; (Dancu use in still is practice this that mention sources names Serbian with onlychildren baptize acceptto priests that claim who media, and activists Romanian 9.03.2011; F freedom whereby solution pra “a find to recommended were authorities Serbian the which in report a issued ), other ), While the Vlachsthe While minority problematic The by discussion into brought problem another was names of Serbianization s

that it was employed only in the past (Dancu 7.03.2011), while the Council of Council the while 7.03.2011), (Dancu past the in only employed was it that ira &2010: 89). ira Pârvu ,

hl atoiis o h sm wt rgr t brh certif birth to regard with same the do authorities while

the Timok Valley lack basic cultural rights, the Romanians Romanians the rights, cultural basic lack Valley Timok the of religion is made a reality in eastern Serbia” (Dancu (Dancu Serbia” eastern in reality a made is religion of benefit to a high degree from minority minority from degree high a to benefit rights situation of the Vlachs in Serbia has been has Serbia in Vlachs the of situation rights

and Romanian governments. Romanian and their Vlach form and to and form Vlach their ). Fira & Pârvu 2010: Pârvu & Fira

rights, including including rights, icates. Certain Certain icates. European

ing held ing

s ubject ctical ctical ting ting in

CEU eTD Collection or variants main 4 developed language Romanian the result a As South. the to other the the tribes Slavic and Danube river the the of North the to of one branches: main 2 into arrival split were communities the after but language relatively a Latin spoke unitary Romania and Balkans the in residing populations the period that 96 2008: Buchet & Zbuchea 68; 2004: Tanaşoca & Tanaşoca the before Ages, the changed invasion Middle Barbarian the of beginning the and Empire Roman the for existence of centuries last the during Romania of territory day present the and Peninsula Balkan de are Vlachs) and (Romanians backgroundHistorical 3.1.2. in communities oftheRomanian Serbia RegionalLanguages or Minority inSerbia 6.05.2009). ethn Romanian of status the to regard with positive generally is institution this by made report 2009 the Romanian), in schooling receive to children their send parents Romanian of number small a (only Romanians declared the of rights regard with t there are some problems Europe that still noted experts the to according in decla for the of Most 6.05.2009). Charter Serbia in Languages (European Minority or Regional Romanian in published also are decisions government local and level political at represented are They tongue. mother their in education and press

Serbia live in Vojvodina (30000), the majority being countryside dwellers (26000), (26000), dwellers countryside being majority the (30000), Vojvodina in live Serbia Most Romanian historians agree that Romanian speaking ethnics living in Serbia Serbia in living ethnics speaking Romanian that agree historians Romanian Most Statistical office of Serbia 2002 2002 Serbia of office Statistical scendants of the Latinized populations that inhabited the inhabited that populations Latinized the of scendants ethnic landscape of the region ( region the of landscape ethnic 28

of Serbia. Although the Council of of Council the Although Serbia. of

ics (European Charter for for Charter (European ics ). They claim that during that claim They ). Fira & Pârvu 2010: 43; 2010: Pârvu & Fira o respecting minority red Romanians Romanians red

Romanized Romanized

CEU eTD Collection also historians, Romanian some to according enlarged, was Timok from community Vlach The area. that in population Romanian established well and old an encountered already migrants the that argue theybut Vlachs, number the in increase the to contributed the ( ancestry Serbian a have not do Vlachs therefore identity; its lose not did which minority Serbian significant argument This Serbs. Romanianized as Valley Timok the to returned they Danube the of North the from lands the in spent period a after and language Serbian the forgot Ages, Middle taught are (or Serbs from children come schools Serbian In 8). 2007: (Zbuchea shepherds nomadic were Vlachs that Bulgarians) the that argue latter the while Thracians, Romanized a as born were they that earlier, said I as claim, former The historians. Serbian and Romanian understa foreigners by “Vlachs” exonym the attributed were them, between differences linguistic and cultural the of spite in groups, P Istro and Macedonia) and GreeceIstria ( in theCroatia) residingpeninsula, communities Romanian (spoken by small from villages few a in Megleno used Macedonia), (mainly andRomanian Albania Greece, of parts in spoken (mainly Aromanian Daco dialects: ârvu 2010: 43 2010: ârvu oain rniaiis o h Tmk aly ein n h 17 the in region Valley Timok the to principalities Romanian ain n h triois n hc te crety eie dsedn fo the from descending reside, currently they which in territories the in nation The origin of the Vlach people Vlach the of origin The nding ofthending identityattributed tothe Romanian Valley. speakersTimok from the

a rftd y lc atvss n h gon ta i Rmna tl eit a exist still Romania in that ground the on activists Vlach by refuted was that Vlachs are Serbs that migrated to the Romanian principalities during the the during principalities Romanian the to migrated that Serbs are Vlachs that - Romanian (spoken to the north of the Danube in Romania an Romania in Danube the of north the to (spoken Romanian - 44; Zbuchea 1999: 5 1999: Zbuchea 44; Dancu 9.03.2011 Dancu - 8; Zbuchea & Buchet 2008: 94 2008: Buchet &Zbuchea 8; .Rmna itrasareta irtos from migrations that agree historians Romanian ). in

at hc md ro fr h ambiguous the for room made which fact the Timok Valley is a contested issue between between issue contested a is Valley Timok the 29

- th 97

n 18 and ). All these ethnic ethnic these All ). d Moldova); d th

centuries Fira & - -

CEU eTD Collection acceptable cultural autonomy Fira level& 25.03.2003; 84). of (Longin Pârvu 2010: an enjoy nowadays who Vojvodina from Romanians the were minorities ethnic domestic an Romanian the by reached agreements the of beneficiaries only The officials. Bucharest the of requests the towards reluctant was government Serbian the Vlachs, of status the improve to 1990 after and period interwar att diplomatic some were there Although 115). using 167 children 2005: Cionchin their & baptize (Păiuşan names to Romanian allowed longer no were Timokans Vlach the while Sch autonomy. cultural to rights and status special their lost Vlachs historians, Romanian to according 1833, in region the 136 2005: Cionchin an lands their in settle to allowed not were of needs the to contribution military their of result a as facilities fiscal from benefiting status improved an preserved Vlachs 15 the in Ottomans the by kingdom Serbian the of conquest state Serbian the in incorporated the on Ansbertus by reporta Valley)in Timok is the Morava(orand Timok Pârvu 2010: 81 & (Fira there settled peninsula Balkan the of South the from coming Aromanians because The earliest written proof of the Vla the of proof written earliest The - 83; Zbuchea &83; Zbuchea Papari 2003:108 - 137). However, as soon as the Serbian principality gained control of control gained principality Serbian the as soon as However, 137).

ore of journey

ooling and religious service in Romanian were banned, banned, were Romanian in service religious and ooling in 1292, in

Fredrik Barbarossa. The Timok Valley area was was area Valley Timok The Barbarossa. Fredrik the Porte and enjoyed cultural autonomy (Turks (Turks autonomy cultural enjoyed and Porte the

by K by d ethnics had their own churches) (Păiu churches) own their had ethnics d 30 d the Serbian authorities on the protection of protection the on authorities Serbian the d ch presence in the region between the rivers the between region the in presence ch

ing Milutin ing empts by Romanian policy makers in the in makers policy Romanian by empts - 109). - 6; bce & aai 03 112 2003: Papari & Zbuchea 168;

dating back to 1198 AD, 1198 datingto back

(Du Nay 1996: 35) 1996: Nay (Du th

century, the Timok Valley Timok the century, .

After the the After authored

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century CEU eTD Collection the from institutions 42 in offered is Romanian in education preschool example, For aw autonomy cultural of degree Romanian the of history the with inUkraine.communities dealing chapter this of section the in discussed historico The authorities. Ukrainian the by employed oppression of means a as seen be necessarily not should and requirements CoE to according legal is media Romanian by blamed ethnics separ “artificial the Therefore, 7.07.2010). Ukraine Languages Minority or Regional for Charter (European separately and equally treated be should languages two the therefore standards; European at legislation language not should debate this that considered they but languages, Moldovan the and Romanian the between relationship the on controversy keep thatthe is inmind to important is what but report, CoE the by captured are problems all that mean not does This levels. satisfactory at rights minority of benefit Ukraine in Romanians authorities; Counc the by designed report the since Ukraine, from Romanians the of status the on view biased a reader the give might articles Newspaper Romanian. in service religious and schooling media, accessing empha while Moldovans, and Romanians between distinction artificial claimed the stress journalists Romanian general, In experts. (CoE) Europe of Council the by assessment its and nationalists) Romanian The 2010 CoE report on protection of minority languages generally describes the describes generally languages minority of protection on report CoE 2010 The Europe of Council The - ideological origins of the Moldova the of origins ideological picture present journalists it. than isbroader Romanian

sizing the problems faced by the ethnics with regard to to regard with ethnics the by faced problems the sizing arded to Romanian speakers in Ukraine in speakers Romanian to arded l f uoe s eeal pstv o te Ukrainian the of positive generally is Europe of il Committee 32

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the Odessa region. Although, the Council of Europe accepts their registration registration their accepts Europe of Council the Although, region. Odessa the

15.3.2011 schools) but it mentioned one notable problem: textbooks are old, old, are textbooks problem: notable one mentioned it but schools) 4.2.2009 ). ).

andard according to CoE experts. The report was also positive positive also was report The experts. CoE to according andard L

Ukraine 2010: 26). However 26). 2010: Ukraine ), the Council of Europe o Europe of Council the ), t disfavored ethnics are presented to be the Romanian the be to presented are ethnics disfavored t Viktor Yanukovych Viktor 33

e order adopted on April 25 2008 by the the by 2008 25 April on adopted order e L

mna, usa ad Hungarian and Russian omanian, Ukraine 2010:31). fficials refrained from making making from refrained fficials , the newly appointed Ministry appointed newly the , , after Yulia Tymoshenko lost lost Tymoshenko Yulia after ,

CEU eTD Collection Ukrainians, (Russian, landscape ethnic Germans, Hungarians etc.). diverse a by characterized nowadays are w population foreign of settlement the encouraged powers These occupations foreign S N (Popescucompact & Romanianpopulations Ungureanu 2009:357 with villages in located mainly are which churches, of number significant a in Romanian Chernivsti the from to Romanians contrast Odessa, In speakers. Romanian of proportion large a have that region Odessa the from villages in located establishments religious in used scarcely is language Moldovan t in confirmed 360) (2009: Ungureanu & receiv and churches groups minority the prevents state Ukrainian the newspapers, 7.02.201 (Dancu (and authorities monitored Ukrainian frequently are they that and ethnicity Romanian declareof themwere thefactnationalistic mediaforcedtheir emphasizes notto that many lan native their in education 3.2.2 Historical background Historical 3.2.2 communities oftheRomanian outhern Bessarabia outhern rhr Bukovina orthern The Romanian communities in Ukraine are located in the in located are Ukraine in communities Romanian The

ing

by the Habsburg Empire, the Tsarist the Empire, Habsburg the by (the Odessa Oblast) Odessa (the te hriti Oblast) Chernivtsi (the

religious service in Romanian ( Romanian in service religious

guage , “Moldovan” 1; Dancu 9.02.2011). According to Romanian Romanian to According 9.02.2011). Dancu 1; .

These territories have historical background of of background historical have territories These heir socio heir r aapti rgos a atn mse in masses attend can regions Zakarpattia or 34

, N rhr Maramure orthern

- ER Urie 2010) Ukraine (ECRM linguistic study that the Romanian/ the that study linguistic Timoc p Timoc

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CEU eTD Collection inhabitants occupation Rom 50000 approximately were there Some rule, Austrian under came one. territory the that Ukrainian say sources the and population Romanian the between ratio a establish to time Russo the of aftermath the in signed was which Kuchuk the of negotiations the during Empire Ottoman the con which Romanianandagree. Ukrainian scholars donot Halych and Rus Kyivan 9 the during belonged region the that consider sources Ukrainian 30.08.2011). Ţîbrigan 1983; (Dima Moldavia of principality Medieval the of Land Upper the within territory a mostly being history, its during time long a for region (Dima 1983: Poland and Principalities Romanian the between link commercial as 1408 as early as German: Cernăuţi; of city The Ukraine. from Oblast Chernivtsi the of boundaries South Bukovina 3.2.2.1 Northern trol of Austrian imperial authorities. The authorities. imperial Austrian of trol anians and 20000 Ruthenians. (Popescu & Ungureanu 2009: 78). After the the After 78). 2009: Ungureanu & (Popescu Ruthenians. 20000 and anians of the annexation the population in the region was Romanian, even though it is hard is it though even Romanian, was region the in population the annexation the of - at f Ukra of East t hsoy s sprt pltcl niy trs n 74 we i cm udr the under came it when 1774, in starts entity political separate a as history Its as exist not did Bukovina sources, Romanian to According Bukovina rw oty u t te ooiain oiis ht ruh i Gras and Germans in brought that policies colonization the to due mostly grew of Bukovina by the Habsburg Empire Empire Habsburg the by Bukovina of 19 ) .

s hsoia rgo stae i te north the in situated region historical a is Czernowitz ine .

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) , the administrative center of the region the of center administrative the 35

Habsburg Empire Habsburg –

Turkish war of 1768 of war Turkish

h p the - 13 - th utrl s iutd ihn the within situated is cultural

ooto o non of roportion to the Slavic Feudal states of of states Feudal Slavic the to - east of Romania and the the and Romania of east –

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1774. At the At 1774.

(Romanian: - Moldavian - cultural CEU eTD Collection because the of Tătarca is Bukovina Northern of occupation Soviet the media, Romanian the In 22). 1983: (Dima 2 War World of end (1941 time of period period short the to The authorities. Romanian ultimatum an giving after Bukovina Northern and Bessarabia annexed Union Paris Peace ConferenceBuchet (Zbuchea& 2008). offi was which Romania with union the proclaimed Bukovina of (Dima 1983:21). Romania of kingdom the with unification the in role key a played which organizations, 19 the of half last the in up set to managed Romanians situation, unfavorable the Despite settlements. Ukrainian encouraged who Karlowitz of archbishop the under placed was territory the Moldavia, of church the with ties the break o In population. Romanian the at targeted policy nationalization a pursuing began (Popescu 82) Ungureanu & 2009: terr the to Ukrainians

In the summer of 1940, as a result of the Ribbentrop Molotov Pact, The Soviet The Pact, Molotov Ribbentrop the of result a as 1940, of summer the In 28 Novemberon War, World First the of end the At

ia 18: 1 woe ht n 78 Ven akd o a ot o lyly and loyalty of oath an for asked Vienna 1778, in that wrote 21) (1983: Dima asce cmie against commited massacres policies

itory, but also because the Romanian population fled to Moldavia. to fled population Romanian the because also but itory,

of Russification of eaiey rmd msl bcue f the of because mostly framed, negatively

regions came back to the control of the Romanian army for a for army Romanian the of control the to back came regions -

1944), but were incorporated in the Soviet Union at the at Union Soviet the in incorporated were but 1944), implemented oain ouain uig h wr u also but war the during population Romanian 36

after 1945 2012). (Ţîbrigan 12.04. th th , 1918, the General Congress 1918, the ,

etr ter o their century cialized in 1920 by the the by 1920 in cialized âtn Ab and Albă Fântâna n political wn rder to to rder

the

CEU eTD Collection of principalityMedieval the to turn in belonged it changes: territorial of record long a has Bessarabia Southern 3.2.2.3. Rakhiv ra Maramure Northern of communities Romanian The Ukraine. independent newly the of control the under remained Maramureş & (Zbuchea Ukraine. Soviet the into incorporated slowly was region the 1944 After region. the of annexation Hungarian the for allowed Award Vienna First the of provisions the incorp be to region the for agreed was it conference,Peace Paris 1919 the during since outcome, political no had demand the but Romania, with territory the of unification & (Zbuchea Buchet 73). 2008: Oblast Zakarpattia the of boundaries administrative the to corresponds North The Hungary. of the kingdom under the came of history control its of part large a for but Ages, Middle the of beginning the at (princes) voivods independent by ruled was that river, Tisa upper the along Romania, Maramureş 3.2.2.2. Northern uht 08 7) I 19, fe te iitgain f h Sve Uin Northern Union Soviet the of disintegration the after 1991, In 75). 2008: Buchet orated into Czechoslovakia. After the disintegration of Czechoslovakia, in 1938, 1938, in Czechoslovakia, of disintegration the After Czechoslovakia. into orated The region of Southern Bessarabia (also known as in historiography as Budjak) as historiography in as known (also Bessarabia Southern of region The the for asked Maramureş Northern from delegation Romanian a 1918, In ethno an is Maramureş ions (Popescu &ions (Popescu Ungureanu 2009).

- utrl reg cultural ş

are nowadays mostly located in the Tiachiv and and Tiachiv the in located mostly nowadays are 37 o nwdy slt ewe Urie and Ukraine between split nowadays ion

r pr, eogn t Urie roughly Ukraine to belonging part, ern -

administrative CEU eTD Collection (Bojoga speaking Russian was elite Bessarabian the of Mo large a that fact the of with coupled principality Medieval the to attachments feel to continued Prut river the of bank West the from inhabitants the of many 1919, in Administration Romanian under came province the After population. domestic the among promoted (1812 years 100 than more for lasted which Bessarabia of occupation Tsarist the by up set was Romanian the from 2itcameWar the rulePopescu back& Soviet (King 2009). 1994; Ungureanu under World of aftermath the in but 1941, in area the reoccupied troops Romanian Republic. Army Red the by 1940 of summer the in occupied, was territory The Kingdom. Romanian the with Union the for voted Assembly National Bessarabian the 1918 March in and borders Eastern t Romanian War, World First the of end the Near Romania. of name the took state formed newly the and Walachia with 1859, in united, Moldova of part Western The Budjak). (including Mol administrative the within boundaries Oblast.Odessa of the confined nowadays is It 2000). (King Ukraine and Union Ott the Moldavia, davia, n 82 Te usa Epr etne is oto oe te atr pr of part eastern the over control its extended Empire Russian The 1812, In The background for establishment of an independent Moldovan identity, distinct identity, Moldovan independent an of establishment for background The 3.2.2.4. n h rgo bten the between region the in roops crossed the Prut River, under the pretext of maintain order along its its along order maintain of pretext the under River, Prut the crossed roops The origi , being incorporated in the already existing Moldovan Soviet Socialist Soviet Moldovan existing already the in incorporated being , mn mie Tait usa te igo o Rmna te Soviet the Romania, of kingdom the Russia, Tsarist Empire, oman ns of the Moldovan identity project identity of theMoldovan ns - 98 ad nald pronoun a entailed and 1918)

rt n Dniester and Prut 38

e dge o Russification of degree ced

rivers , called Bessarabia Bessarabia called , dva ti being this ldavia,

CEU eTD Collection 2009: 245 (Bojoga MASSR the in population speaking Romance the for rights minority assuring on policy state’s host the of part became they 1944, in Union, Soviet the by province the of from Ro Bessarabian separation fightfor populationto the the encouraging for authorities, Soviet the by tools propaganda as designed mostly were language Moldovanidentity Theand to theBessarabianunintelligiblepopulation. it made bourge and French by corrupted got language Romanian official the that was movement Moldovanist this of idea core The language. Moldovan independent an standardizing towards attempts the started who authorities Soviet the by exploited speaking Romanian languag native their consistent in schooling from benefit not did a who minority existed Republic Socialist new the of boundaries the Within (MASSR). Republic Socialist Soviet Moldovan a Bessarabia of border eastern establi and opportunity an situation this in saw Romania with province the of unification the recognize not did who Russia, Soviet 2000). King 2009; - 260; King 2000: 57 260; King 2000: - 79).

mania, and after the occupation the occupation and after mania, hd n 94 ln the along 1924 in shed e. This situation was situation This e. ois influences, fact fact influences, ois CEU eTD Collection framed area homogenous of tobe nation. part which communities ethnic of situation the about awareness raising for employed are means discursive what understand help can they but level, societal at representative 174 2000: (Gill se per texts the of construction the in but generalizations empirical in interested c for are which appeal communities to constructed is ideology this of a how ofunderstandingbetter bring will study this that contend I Ukraine, and Serbia from minorities Romanian reveal will analysis my that claim not do I While Ukraine. and Serbia from minorities Romanian the of support in movements nationalist to related are outlets media the in present texts the case, my For 2001). Taylor 2008, Je (Bruhn phenomena and contexts social wider 2 (Gill ana T analysis. discourse comparative is Ukraine and Serbia from communities Romanian about articles Methods research design4.1. and IV . lysis as a re a as lysis Methodolo 000: 173; Schrøder 2002: 116), meaning 116), 2002: Schrøder 173; 000: h mto I mly o eerh h peec o mtia srcue i the in structures mythical of presence the research to employ I method The - e pseooia reason epistemological he 7) teeoe h rsls f hs study this of results the therefore 175), search tool in this thesis this in tool search gy

e facto de homeland lsiid s itnt Dsore nlss r not are analysts Discourse distinct. as classified ht rudd y opti my grounded that nationalism and particularly the Romanian version particularly andRomanian the nationalism

is the fact that discourses are socially constructed socially are discourses that fact the is

that texts published in the media refer to to refer media the in published texts that nsen 2002; Madianou 2005; Mautner Mautner 2005; Madianou 2002; nsen the social conditions specific to the the to specific conditions social the mua ietfcto o ethnic of identification ommunal

do not have a claim of being being of claim a have not do n o choosing for on discourse CEU eTD Collection s discursive particular a of analysis the in dimensions” psychological and/or sociological political, “historical, consider also butto the data features the linguistic of on focusshould only not pr triangulation the follows researcher the if minimized be can research a in bias of risk the that Wodak showed 17) (2008: Ukraine. respectively Serbia, from minorities Romanian the about reporting for allows it and research flawed producinga of potential the of limit helps it because extremelyimportant is reside socio the of consideration into taking the an historical consideration into takes that text a of interpretation based rational detailed a practically is It discourse”. of functions and organization context, and text between moves that reading close careful, “a 188) Ukraine with relations diplomatic Romania’s and EU the to accession Serbia’s towards opinion Serbi in minorities Romanian of propagation ideology and opinion public of relevance consu media of effects the of understanding the to contribute to is studies discourse many of aim the that wrote 116) (2002: Schrøder 248). 2002: Jensen (Bruhn research qualitative further My understanding of discourse analysis is the o the is analysis discourse of understanding My , as a result of its dissemination inthe dissemination media a result, as ofits h usefuln The tain Ti ipis ht h sinit hud con fr h cnet n a in context the for account should scientist the that implies This ituation. mption on social and cultural phenomena, by taking into consideration the consideration into taking by phenomena, cultural and social on mption ad kan my eut n n tiue hne f oain public Romanian of change attitude an in result may Ukraine and a s o cnutn a icus aayi poet s t ptnil for potential its is project analytic discourse a conducting of ess homeland inciple, which means that for discourse studies the scholar scholar the studies discourse for that means which inciple, h cmaaiiy f h to nt o aayi: h media the analysis: of units two the of comparability the nationalism aimed at protecting Romanian speaking speaking Romanian protecting at aimed nationalism d cultural context. For the purpose of this study, this of purpose the For context. cultural d 41 - political

erdcin Te oetaiy o the for potentiality The reproduction. . context

ne given by Rosalind Gill (2000: Gill Rosalind by given ne

in which the communities communities the which in CEU eTD Collection non virtually being world Saxon Anglo the in topic this on situati literature the present Ukraine, and the Serbia in on minorities authors Romanian foreign by published books and and studies to referencing poor the is study the of shortcomings the of One sources. other and institutes research by made reports Romania, bordering territories in living ethnics about books Romani articles countries, two the in ethnics newspaper speaking Romanian of situation the to Ukraine, pertaining and Serbia in provisions rights minority of application by bias the minimize to attempt will I study, this of case the In 173). 2000: (Gill processes “social from but itself” world the of “nature the from not emerge knowledge on views our that implies research understandi type this of background epistemological constructionist socio the of levels: 17 2008: (Wodak author the to according which research, analytic discourse

including in the analysis of the context reports made by the Council of Europe on the on Europe of Council the by made reports context the of analysis the in including

Gil 4) 3) 2) 1)

l (2000) shares the same ideas with Wodak (2008) with regard to the relevance the to regard with (2008) Wodak with ideas same the shares (2000) l practices”. socio the “context ofsituation” particular a to pertaining frames institutional and variables” “sociological the genres and intertextual at linkage the “the immediate, internal language ortext co g o te ol ae eaie n historico and relative are world the of ngs - cultural context in discourse analytic studies. In her view, the social social the view, her In studies. analytic discourse in context cultural

- political and historical contexts which are attached to the “discursive “discursive arewhichthe attachedto historical contexts and political

- existent

interdiscursive level between words, texts and texts words, between level interdiscursive Vah ae atclry n neetn case, interesting an particularly are Vlachs . 42

- text” - utrly pcfc ad ht our that and specific, culturally

- 18) has four four has 18) n of on an an - CEU eTD Collection web the representation the Concerning agencies. on news Press Timoc and 2011 News Global Romanian and 2010 in published Ukraine respectively Serbia, Data body 4.2. t Romanian (1918 unitary state national the of part ever was Serbia day present from territory no Ukraine differ ofthe situation theRomanianand ethnics hand, Ukraine. Onthe from other certain Serbia on reporting media the in patterns discursive resembling in result could this that assume specif backgrounds political and social the that fact project the Considering defined. the clearly yet been not when has design research the of stages early the at continuously account into taken this that wrote to approaches ethic and emic 2002: 236 qualitative researchJensen (Bruhn the between balance a by driven be will framework Vlachs called also are who socio the but region, Valley Timok the in population speaking Romance the of situation the discuss not do this to references make who authors foreign by written books the of most since raditions (which are relevant forof national thedepiction identity at folkfestivals). ences between the two units of analysis are inherent since, unlike in the case of of case the in unlike since, inherent are analysis of units two the between ences The body of data consists of articles reporting about the situation of Romanians in Romanians of situation the about reporting articlesof consists data of body The With regard to the internal or linguistic context of discourses, Taylor (2001: 23) (2001: Taylor discourses, of context linguistic or internal the to regard With aspect

ic to the two politically divided minority groups is similar, similar, is groups minority divided politically two the to ic - 1940), but also because of the distinct regionally based customs and and customs based regionally distinct the of because also but 1940), - cultural features of the Aromanian communities from the Balkans the from communities Aromanian the of features cultural

is is extremely important for comparative studies and it has to be be to has it and studies comparative for important extremely

( cf. Winnifrith 1987; Panayi 1999). Nevertheles 1999). Panayi 1987; Winnifrith 43 - 237).

s, my analytic my s, ie o the of sites

ethnicity I

could , CEU eTD Collection by financed is It effect. setting agenda an seeking the transmitting of purpose the info with abroad living communities Romanian about of and thearticlesalso English inSerbian. in about news report they that worl the of regions other in living Romanians mention to important is It Serbia. in ethnics speaking Romanian the of situation the on is agency this for working journalists the of focus of the Romanian GovernmentDepartment through its by financed is It Romanian). to related languages speak who etc. Meglenovlachs Istro like minorities (including live Romanians where areas the for (announcements conferences orexhibitions etc.). information factual only contained they if especially agencies, f minorities Romanian about Icountries.refrained from analyzingpressby alsonews releases short very the publicized stories news were focus my Ukraine, and Serbia of politics the about information general only reveal that articles analysis the from excluded I interests. my to correspond that articles only reveal will engine search the that Timok or Vlachs, Serbia, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, like keywords used I outlets two the News. Global Romanian in published Serb and News Global identified I Ukraine, in minorities speaking Romanian of mto t te oain ei, oenet Primn, n Peiet therefore President, and Parliament, Government, media, Romanian the to rmation a h sml ws opsd f 23 of composed was sample the ia Romanian Global News is according to their website a news agency that reports reports that agency news a website their to according is News Global Romanian elec an as itself defines Press Timoc 23

in Timoc Press; while in the case of the Romanian ethnics Romanian the of case the in while Press; Timoc in

When digging for the data within the websites of websites the within data the for digging When

44 tronic press agency which reports news from news reports which agency press tronic rils ulse i Tmc rs ad 32 and Press Timoc in published articles

d as well and, that the editors publish a part part a publish editors the that and, well as d

from the Romanians Abroad and the main main the Romanians andfrom Abroad the the Foundation of the Romanians All Romanians the of Foundation the 24

- rils n h Romanian the in articles Romanians, Aromanians, Aromanians, Romanians, o those rom

living in living so CEU eTD Collection whi situation materials, other’s each publicize agencies news two the Sometimes sources. Ukrainianbyoritems news published Serbian also but nationalisticcontent with websites medi other by published articles from materials their of part large a drawing aggregators, news as function outlets media both similarities: structural share News Global Romanian and activis by written macro discursive and myths of inclusion the articles, all in present nationalism homeland Romanian underlying the by given is data the of news ab itemsreporting the of case the in applied was procedure same The information. of sources primary and themes, content, to regard with homogenous sufficiently are articles, the items, research a Press Timoc by published Serbia in minorities Romanian about reports merged practically I Ukraine. in ethnics politico the depicting one the respectively dealin one first the articles: but alsofrom or private media fromsent theinformation by users. what exte to unclear is it but website, their to according Abroad, Romanians the the for Department from funding receive also the They over all world”. from Romanians the with relationship its in state unitary Romanian the O ver the World, whose aim is the is aim whose World, the ver h rvs ht h gtkees f hs mda ult cnie ta te share they that consider outlets media these of gatekeepers the that proves ch a organizations: Romanian and Moldovan local or national newspapers, blogs or or blogs newspapers, national or local Moldovan and Romanian organizations: a o te ups o ti suy h aayi wl b dvdd no w gop of groups two into divided be will analysis the study this of purpose the For nd they depend upon it. upon it. nd they depend ts or journalists. With regard to the sources of information, Timoc Press Timoc information, of sources the to regard With journalists. or ts out Romanian out g with the situation of Romanian speaking ethnics in Serbia, Serbia, in ethnics speaking Romanian of situation the with g nd Romanian Global News into a single group, because the the because group, single a into News Global Romanian nd Their news are gathered from their own correspondents, correspondents, owngathered fromTheir are their news

“realisation of programs subordinate to the interests o interests the to subordinate programs of “realisation speaking populations inUkrainespeaking populations 45 -

utrl iuto o Rmna speaking Romanian of situation cultural oain oenet hog its through Government Romanian - strategies strategies I could trace trace could I

. The homogeneity homogeneity The . in the texts the in f CEU eTD Collection NGOs, Governmentetc. officials councils, minority agenda: nationalist a with organizations by produced etc.) agreements volu a on write them of (many Ukraine and Serbia in correspondents have organizations press Both patterns. similar in things same the about write they values, ideological common ntary basis) and rely heavily on documents (press releases, meeting minutes, political minutes, meetingreleases, (press documents heavilyon rely and ntarybasis)

CEU eTD Collection affecting situation miserable allegedly an about speak articles many Although other. each with conjunction in appear frequently regeneration and decline of themes the because anal Forother. each fromindependently exist rarely they data my of content the within and nation a of existence the in decline of moment a point reference a as take concepts both that is problem The community. the mi of state a exit to people mobilize to employed mainly are latter the nation, the affected which decay of state a evoke former the While concepts. distinct as theorized were regeneration of myths and decline of myths (1997) regeneration and decline of Myths 5.1.1. Romanians Serbia5.1. in them tothe general nationalism. ofhomeland understanding present Romanian about materials the in Ukrainians structures mythical of research with continues data. the in identified be could analysis that regeneration and mydecline of structures mythical structured the to according I (1997) Schöpflin and 2000) (1999; Smith of theorizations Analysis V.

As it was seen in chapter 3, in the works of Sm of works the in 3, chapter in seen was it As chapte this In h smlrte ad h dfeecs ewe te w bde o data of bodies two the between differences the and similarities the

in the second section second the in The chapter starts with the analysis of the group of articles on Serbia and it it and Serbia on articles of group the of analysis the with starts chapter The

r I will present the main findings of my analysis. my of findings main the present will I r

, while in the next chapter dedicated to the conclusions I conclusions the to dedicated chapter next the in while ,

ytical purposes, these myths will not be separated separated be not will mythsyticalthese purposes, 47

sery or induce a sense of refreshment to refreshment of sense a induce or sery ith (1999; 2000) and Schöpflin and 2000) (1999; ith

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by linking linking by CEU eTD Collection expression an is history” of “vicissitudes the to reference songs The 11.07.2010). their of because precisely history of vicissitudes the in survived ed.] n. [Romanians they and people, the of life the and land the joys, grieves, abou speak which Europe, in unequalled songs of collection a retain Romanians “[…] times: the difficult through pass them helped music while hardships of background a have Serbia in that stated media the by interviewed Valley Timok the from artist Romanian One collective. national the of vitality the of proof a being as representatives minority by that suffering of background a con have Serbia in Romanians that is myth this behind assumption underlying The ethnics. the by experienced times hard of period as framed dec of myth historical the is component renewal the containing without nation the of decay myth decline historical The 5.1.2. a wider into nation the of renewal the to referring those and decay of myths the merge to decided I why is This rare. are instances such Serbia on articles of groups the for but actions, of without nation the of decay the for relevant issue an describe simply which articles exceptions, course of are There(mythical regeneration). nation the safeguardingof the foractors mobilize or the Romanian communitiesabroa line, which refers to the evolution in the past of the Romanian communities in Serbia, Serbia, in communities Romanian the of past the in evolution the to refers which line, tinued for hundreds of years to the present times. The history of suffering is described is suffering of history The times. present yearsthe to of hundreds for tinued The only subcategory of myths of decline and regeneration that speak about a a about speak that regeneration and decline of myths of subcategory only The category calledmythscategory ofdeclineand regeneration. eig rset fr mrvmn o apaig o rmda political remedial for appealing or improvement for prospects fering Stanişa Păunovici, a famous folk singer from Timok, showed that that showed Timok, from singer folk famous a Păunovici, Stanişa

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CEU eTD Collection (Romanian bayonets” the with stabbed and cavalrymen bythe chased were survivors“the victims: the of situation the on focused is massacres Soviet the of depiction the audience, attachmentf attractemotional To Timocan2.02.2011). (Robu Press 2 War World the during satraps” “Soviet the by perpetrated massacres the after decreased Romanians of number the because also but identity national Moldovan the of imposition abusive the fr only not emerging as depicted was nation the of decline mythical the for cause The 10.03.2011). News Global (Romanian designation” “Moldovan” the under recorded were scho Romanian the of situation in the Maramureş, of region historical unlike the or Bukovina Northern Bessarabia, Southern “In Bessarabia: Southern in living ethnics by access negative fo produced effects it because demonized is era Soviet the during identity Moldovan “false”the of imposition The 30.08.2011).News (Ţîbrigan Global Romanian extremists.” when Nor decades, past the during correctly conducted was census not that say Ukraine] in [I.E. there living Romanians “The censuses: the falsified who authorities, Soviet the allegedly “false” the of creation the is denationalization of instrument mentioned frequently most The 2.02.2011). Press Timoc Robu 30.08.2011; News Global Romanian Tibrigan 29.10.2010; News Global Romanian Soros 2011; 4.04. News Global Romanian 2011; 9 News Global (Romanian losses territorial and massacres famine, deportations, to also but denationalization to only not references contains regime Soviet the under decay cont hr Bkvn ws ne amnsrto o te usas r f h Ukrainians the of or Russians the of administration under was Bukovina thern aining this myth focus more on the Soviet legacy of the Ukrainian state. The state of of state The state. Ukrainian the of legacy Soviet the on more focus myth this aining ols is more difficult due to the fact in the Soviet period the Romanians from this area area this from Romanians the period Soviet the in fact the to due difficult more is ols

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rom the rom .02. .02. om om CEU eTD Collection lot l apcs pcfc o h lf o te oain tnc ioiis acs to access minorities: ethnic Romanian the of life the to specific aspects all almost the of variety the to due disentangle to myth,contained aunitary theRomanianhomeland within message rhetoric being difficult the of features general only however, are, These tendencies. totalitarian have authorities Roma the denationalizing toward attempts the 2) main the is state nationalizing the 1) messages: fundamental two conveys Ukraine in living Romanians about reporting media decline of myth Contemporary 5.2.3. did” Stalin (Stefan 11.08.2010). Timoc press: “what to similar “division” of policy a promoting by 10.03.2011), News “Soviet the in born practice evil the continued who authorities Ukrainian the of policies nationalizing perceived the for explanation causal establishes also It population. overall the to compared as ethnics to difficult Romanian in schooling divided, is community the why nation: the of downfalls contemporary for explanation an offer to also but suffering) of depiction the (through receivers the from sympathy attract both Ro of construction the In survive. to struggling community endangered an of picture a creates media the since perpetuation, of strategy b Soviet the by away taken (Romanian Global4.04.2011). News were] [that “people 9.02.2011); News Global hn osrcig pcue f contemporary a of picture a constructing When macro a in embedded are times Soviet the of representation mythical these All period” of recording Moldovan ethnics (Romanian Global (Romanian ethnics Moldovan recording of period”

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manian homeland nationalism they serve serve they nationalism homeland manian in ae pof ht h Ukrainian the that proof a are nians ainl yhcl eln the decline mythical national ullets” - CEU eTD Collection C Orthodox Romanian the by erect patronized to establishments region that religious in living ethnics preventing allegedly for authorities Ukrainian the criticize journalists The Bessarabia). Southern as data the in mentioned frequently the in living Moldovans the on on particularly concentrated communities, strongly specific alleged more being the as framed 11.02.2011), is them press: against directed Timoc oppression (Dancu advantages” have only Russians “Hung that fact the considering agents, nationalizing to introducesthe Romanian communitiesinUkraine. anideaofvictimization nations ethnic of mass the from Romanians”) (“especially authorities Ukrainian the by were targeted Romanians deliberately that suggests paragraph quoted The 30). 1997: (Schöpflin are they mistr were ethnics the that implies it because subcategory, treatment” unjust of “myths the to belongs utterance discursive this framework, theoretical the to Referring perfidious”. “more its became they inherited state Ukrainian the that “evthe from practicesnationalizing suggests passage This 11.08.2010). press: Timoc (Ştefan Romanians.” especially minorities, denationalizing goal: same the have Rom denationalizing of policy Stalinist same the promotes Union European the enter to wishing country a “Ukraine, behaviors: authoritarian share who governors, Ukrainian by infringed deliberately being articles, the of content the Within language. native their in administration public and media service, religious schooling, lhuh oain ae eitd s h mi tre o te Ukrainian the of target main the as depicted are Romanians Although eated by a “malign actor” who oppressed the ethnics for being whatbeing for ethnics oppressedthe who actor” “malign a byeated ht ie ihn h budre o te onr, at which fact country, the of boundaries the within live that nas Te ehd ae o mr priiu, u they but perfidious, more now are methods The anians. il” Soviet Union, but also that it perfected them, since since them, perfected it that also but Union, Soviet il” the difficult access to minority rights is depicted as as depicted is rights minority to access difficult the 66

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CEU eTD Collection actions whose actors key three are There myth. mobilization through regeneration the of construction the in converge they nation; endangered the for renewal of wave a bring pra to refers media the when instances are there myth mobilization through Regeneration 5.2.4. rights minority about state. reports of number substantial in infringements a is there officials; Kiev the of policies denationalizing “Stalinist” the emphasizing for benchmark a as employed endange the to reference The wrong. be cannot they imply they which about situation, extreme an evoke to media nationalist homeland enables status rights minority their of mentioning the that schools, denationalization and ethnic press cleansing” (Timoc 2.02.2011). from banished language Romanian the cemeteries, desecrated monuments, vandalized beaten, were that priests churches, “demolished status: minority their about book a of review the in summarized are Oblast Odessa the from speakers Romanian the of decline mythical the to referring situations the All 24.10.2011). News Global Romanian Vasiliu e the harassing for also but 25.03.2011), News Global Romanian 23.03.2011; News Global (Romanian events cultural Romanian Vasiliu attend to 16.09.2011; 24.10.2011), News News Global Romanian Global Romanian 9.09.2011; News: Global Romanian his ht at o elr ter oain dniy Dnu io pes 11.02.2011; press: Timoc (Dancu identity Romanian their declare to want that thnics

Despite the fact that a general message of decline predominates within the data, the within predominates decline of message general a that fact the Despite my further To red national identity of the Romanian speakers from the Odessa Oblast is Oblast Odessa the from speakers Romanian the of identity national red

Southern Bessarabia, fact which enables the media to demonize the host the demonize to media the enables which fact Bessarabia, Southern

point about Romanian speakers from Southern Bessarabia, I argue I Bessarabia, Southern from speakers Romanian about point 67

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CEU eTD Collection h conference a during press the to given statement a In (RCI). Institute Horia nationalism, Romanian of promoter another by nation the of drawback the causes which issue an as mentioned thei to language Romanian the teaching in interest of lack The houses). cultural and publishing (schools, the press minorityrights gains terms of association in the toincrease of fight the in lie solutions proposed the while offspring, their to moth tongue the teach to parents Romanian by reluctance and pride exaggerate the are of nation decay the causing members community to specific defects the passage this In actions performed bytoimprove hisorganization theminority statu the also but Chernivtsi, in live Ukraine who ethnics in many by made association are that errors cultural the revealed Romanian a of leader the Bâcu, Vasile awareness. group the increase by to them by taken be shared should that actions the defects and members the mention instances discursive all achieved be to nation the of regeneration the For denationalization. of phenomenon the with contact direct in problem assimilation the solving for element important an as media the agents,state,members. external thenationalizing homeland i national the regenerate potentially could by areindicated minorityUkraine national from the of members orInternalagents our national values; that is our fight. With regard to other issues, only the the (Tibrigan News RomanianGlobal 30.08.2011). only de issues, can other states to regard of With heads fight. our is that values; national our celebrate to possible it make to Romanian, in houses publishing and press have con [their about to theRomanianlanguage, brag upschools thatteach build Romanian alive,to spirit the just keep to is fight Our who up. things stir to Chernivtsi] but nothing do and identity] fromnational [Romanians many are There vince parents that it is not useless to teach Romanian to their children, to children, their to Romanian teach to useless not is it that parents vince - oa Ptpeii te ed f h Rmna Cultural Romanian the of head the Patapievici, Roman al with them, when the proper moment will come come will moment proper the when them, with al 68 ett aaees f h ehis internal ethnics: the of awareness dentity

s of the community:s ofthe ir national identity national ir r descendants was was descendants r because they are are they because e suggested that that suggested e er er

CEU eTD Collection in community Romanian the of mission, our is This “[…] pride: Romanian of promotion tha shows press the to made he statement the of mobilization general a The nation. the regenerate for should that actions Census, 2012 the during ethnics Romanian also but roots” their to back them “bringing for a an in pleaded Parliament, Ukrainian the in deputy Romanian a IonPopescu, homeland. their of culture the about knowledge no have virtually and origins Romanian their of unaware are but Romanian speak that individuals th from villages few a in living group ethnic an are volohs the paper, the of chapter third the in showed I As ethnics. certain by shared identity Romanian their declare to reluctance the and volohs the of awareness identity m group of mobilization the in lies regeneration the which assure and preservation thereproduction of theRomanian national affiliation. is communities ethnic the of identity the that implies members group by children own their to Romanian teaching to reference the because macro a in embedded are above quoted were that passages Both `communities of ratherdest`assisted as communities`, but as themselves see to not abroad living communities Romanian the encouraged RCI of president the manner, same the In event. the at participants the to said ed] n. the [Patapievici children your teach patriots are you “`If nation: the to renewal of wave a bring be would support state than rather efforts their on rely to abroad living communities Romanianconvincing the behavior,alongwith abandoning this the of Other defects of the group members contributing to the state of national decay for for decay national of state the to contributing members group the of defects Other t the solution for national renewal lies in the the in lies renewal national for solution the t 69 rticle published by Timoc Press (24.10.2011) Press Timoc by published rticle

e Zakarpattia Oblast which consist of of consist which Oblast Zakarpattia e endangered, while taking action can can action taking while endangered, iny`.” (Timoc press 4.10.2011). 4.10.2011). press (Timoc iny`.” embers are the lack of national national of lack the are embers Romanian language!` he he language!` Romanian - strategy of perpetuation, of strategy

CEU eTD Collection the Russop n.ed.], elections and presidential Hungarian the Romanian, of round [first stage this “At reciprocity: and honesty of values moral the on based was it because regeneration national of guarantee th and parties minority Russophile and Hungarian Romanian, the by reached agreement political The administrators. public of trainers the among ethnics Romanian of inclusion and groups minority for Councils e where municipalities in languages minority of usage minorities; ethnic to unfavorable are that legislation educational the from provisions of annulment the government: Ukrainian the from received be to gains the depicted Cochino he 5.02.2010) 24.01.2010; press Timoc press (Timoc media the to deputy the by delivered interviews the In position. his from ethnics the of interests the for fighting continue to claimed he national the of representative a as time same the at appear him made situation This improved. be will legislative rights minority the on that provisions promises and list Regions’ of Party the on Parliament the in seat for exchange In elections. presidential 2010 January the during state) nationalizing the of representative (a Yanukovych Viktor of candidacy the promoted leaders ethnic Romanian other with together deputy the because happens an minority national endangered the between linkages establish they because construction regenerative mythical of process the in important ethnicity, their declare to yourbecause at Romanian pla being home afraid be not should people that demonstrate to Ukraine, h saeet md b te oain euy o Ppsu r particularly are Popescu Ion deputy Romanian the by made statements The e Party of Regions was described by the deputy as a a as deputy the by described was Regions of Party e hi rusaenmru;rpeetto i rayon in representation numerous; are groups thnic hile communities kept their word and voted in in voted and word their kept communities hile potential for nation renewal in terms of major major of terms in renewal nation for potential ce is not ashame.”24.10.2011). isnot ce (Timoc Press 70

minority and of the nationalizing state, but state, nationalizing the of and minority

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CEU eTD Collection duringF the thelaw 1 instituted the (9.02.2011); News Global Romanian in quoted Parliament Romanian the of Deputies exp is principle co This sacred. its protect to state the the of duty contain the that tools idea regenerative underlying mobilizing homeland of categories Both nation. the ethnics, the supporting for measures requires that those respectively practical take to authorities Romanian the ask that those construction: its for employed instances discursive of types two are there ethnic towards protective minorities. polity a to state nationalizing a from Ukraine to prospect transfigure a as framed is change government for possibility the instance discursive by honored be will commitments the that and full the to given be will contribution our that consider we and n.ed] elections presidential [of stage second the for waiting are We Yanukovych. Viktor for majority, u as truh h cptlzto o te od cuty; n hs atclr passage particular this in “country”; word the of capitalization the through also but “sacred” adjective the through only not expressed is nation the of character holy The regenerating the nation through the adop the through nation the regenerating With regard regenera With tothe ( [...]” publi the by known be to get will Romanians these by faced have ordeals the and We [...] Constitution the of truth historical the application, eventual its through 7 that, so bill, this elaborated art. in stated obligation policy, foreign objec main the among areUkraine and Moldova of Republic the in living Romanians the that fact the to due also but (sic), Country without left Romanians the towards state Romanian the of duty sacred the Considering

ântâna Romanian Global News 9.02.2011). st Albă massacreFamineAlbă inUkraine:and the

of April as theNational thememory Romanians for killed ofthe Day ressed openly in a legislative bill adopted by the Chamber of Chamber the by adopted bill legislative a in openly ressed diplomatic actions which should establish the dignity of of dignity the establish should which actions diplomatic tion through homeland mobilization mythicalmobilization through homeland typology tion both sides.” (Timoc press 24.01.2010). In this this In 24.01.2010). press (Timoc sides.” both 71 tion of a commemoration law is framed as a a as framed is law commemoration a of tion

ainl lvn ara is abroad living nationals tives of Romanian of tives c CEU eTD Collection

Ukrainian counterpart, `not to share relations of giving in` and that Romania should should Romania that and in` giving of relations share to its `not counterpart, with Ukrainian relations its in firm more be should Education of Ministry Romanian the “ universities: Romanian by issued diplomas the recognize Roma the asked who Ukraine an leader from group a made ethnic the endangered isin statement by national of regeneration the for elite homeland the mobilize the evoked is EU the to Romania the to according behaves a of standards which state European an is Romania that assumption the on based are community the of prestige the restoring for actions diplomatic take Romanian ethnics Romanian 31.10.2011). Global (Grozavu News as rights veto the of status the improving towards Ukraine pressure to NATO and EU the of member country’s the of use make to politicians Romanian asks journalist 19.07.2 press (Timoc Ukraine of territory the from journalists Romanian of expulsion abusive the towards reaction official an with up come to Băsescu, Traian president, Romanian the pleads organization media a nation: to meant are elite homeland external the from required actions the which in examples other are There nation. Romanian of dignity the restoring for prerequisite a as framed is homeland the of mobilizing the which group ethnic displaced the to attached feel massacres their coagainst perpetrated the about informed be should homeland the in residing members nation duty, moral show more dignity in its external policy, considering the fact the considering policy, external its in dignity more show Most of these instances in which the homeland elite is required in the media to media the in required is elite homeland the which in instances these of Most developed democracy. A representative passage when the belonging of of belonging the when passage representative A democracy. developed nian Ministry of Education to pressure the Ukrainian state to to state Ukrainian the pressure to Education of Ministry nian - nationals from thesothat neighboring they nationals from state 72

. This is one of the discursive instances in instances discursive the of one is This .

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f h sae lt) 3 t rqie rm h hmln t tk patcl esrs that measures practical take to homeland the from require to 3) elite); state the of member a is disseminator the when (only minorities toward protective to nationalizing interest the support actively to them encouraging for members nation of defects the reveal 1) roles: key three play to appear myths mobilization through regeneration Ukraine 25.03.20 co its nationals andthatthey are themain policies” News objectives(Romanian Global ofits forgets never institutions, its through State, Romanian the that signs clear ne Ukraine of regions other the and Bessarabia of South the from Romanians “The welfare: their of promotion the monitors state kin the that ethnics the towards reassurance of mode Ukrainian the for Romania language native their in outlets financing to 11.02.2011) press Timoc 25.03.2011; News Global (Romanian activities cultural of support the from range actions practical Such actors. same the by promoted actions diplomatic from or the stat kin the of elite the enforcedby of measures practical from either emerging as nation renewal the frame they issues: two these homeland mix mythical not do most utterances However, mobilizing nation. Romanian the of dignity the for restore recognition) actions diploma practical (assure ethnics take the to of both welfare the required safeguarding is state kin the which in utterance mobilization homeland of example an is This 11.08.2010). press Timoc (Ştefan state” assure t assure s of the group; 2) to transfigure the perception towards the host state from from state host the towards perception the transfigure to 2) group; the of s In the construction of homeland nationalism referring to Romanian speakers in speakers Romanian to referring nationalism homeland of construction the In he welfare of the ethnics or diplomatic actions that restore the dignity to the to dignity the restore that actions diplomatic or ethnics the of welfare he 11). ns (Timoc press 24.10.2011). These forms of material support are a support material framedasof formsThese 24.10.2011). press(Timoc ns ed constant support, solid solid support, constant ed

cultural 73

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p state host the of members agents, internal action: take to asked are that actors the upon dependant are roles these analysis the of subsection this in seen have we As nation. olitical elite elitemembers. orhomeland 74

CEU eTD Collection show to referenced are makers policy domestic by caused decay of period a experienced minorities national the when past the in Moments symbols. and culture their preserve stro a have ethnics the that evidence the is occupations foreign of history long the Ukrainians Romanian the to regard with religious; are Vlachs the and songs beautiful have Romanians Balkan the why explains t for identity: ethnic special their of proof a as stands which history, their throghout experienced suffering of background a having nation regeneration). the by and minorities displaced the of members the by performed be should that actions emergingfrom as renewal national possibilityfor betw commonality second e nation the when moments historical of depiction the throughstate kin the from opinion public the and community endangered the between t seek both they that is one first The messages. o construction the in similarities certain share articles of 1999, 2000) and macro discursive the to refered I Ukraine. and Serbia in communities about reporting nationalism homeland Romanian of construction ConclusionsVI. n hs td I explain I study this In The members of the Romanian communities from the two countries are framed as as framed are countries two the from communities Romanian the of members The groups analyzed two the from discourses homeland the that revealed analysis The

e te nlzd rus f data of groups analyzed the een ed

ocps f ainlsi mts Shpln 97 Smith 1997; (Schöpflin myths nationalistic of concepts h mi pten ta cnrbt t te discursive the to contribute that patterns main the - strategies (Wodakstrategies 1999). g ainl fiito, ic te srgld to struggled they since affiliation, national ng he case of Serbia, the long record of hardships hardships of record long the Serbia, of case he 7 5

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is that they present the the present they that is A . CEU eTD Collection c (funding, ethnics the of welfare the practical assuring for take actions to either asked are politicians Romanian authorities, nationalizing the on extent lesser a to and elite, the homeland of mobilization the mostlyconcentratedon is nationalizing and minority thenational elite are alwaysincompeting positions. the that assumption (2005) Brubaker’s refutes which situation a coalition), governing the minor (a state host the of and minority national the of representative a as time same the at acts that agent an of inten messages the in constructed is an message latter is The minorities. there towards protective Ukraine into on nationalizing from materials state host the the transfiguring in while law, of rule the and democracy of values the by backed requests legitimate as depicted are leaders minority by forth set demands the Serbia, of case the for terms: differentiated in state nationalizing real ethnicity. their declare to community: the of members the all by performed be should that myt of the Moldovanidentity). imposition the is one mentioned most (the era Soviet the in consecrated denationalization gov the Ukraine of case the for while minorities, ethnic against conducted were abuses numerous when period Milosevic the to similarly behaving as portrayed are authorities the Serbia on articles of groups nationalizing contemporary the that hical regeneration, texts from both groups of articles put an emphasis on an action action an on emphasis an put articles of groups both from texts regeneration, hical The prospect for renewal in the reports about the Romanian mino Romanian the about reports the in renewal for prospect The t with relationship the evoke renewal national of moment a to refering Myths a experience can minority national the which in situations to referring When

erning authorities are described as employing policies of policies employing as described are authorities erning practices of the host states are inherited. In the the In inherited. are states host the of practices 76

ultural activities) or to make make to or activities) ultural ity leader member of of member leader ity rities in Ukraine in rities

in of tion he CEU eTD Collection the on much too focused is nationalism on research that is argument My litterature. contemporary in nationalistic such animated present structures mythical the of disentangling the that consider I that However, movements. messages general the on focused he but media the 200 2005, (2000, Brubaker nationalisms), homeland and nationalizing minority, (national nexus triadic the of ideologies nationalist the between interplay dynamic discussed he where studies his In demoniz of purpose the serves the also constructing it and minorities endangered in allegedly of identity the preserving role at aimed messages key a play regeneration and decline of structures mythical hopealienated forethnics, thewhoarecompletely framedassimilated. as not co the and minority homeland of construction the emp In are rituals nationalism community. the strengthening at aimed rituals, public of power the on emphasis special a put Serbia from Romanians the about stories practica from emergingsolely as renewal national for potential the depict Ukrainians Romanian about reports the while nation: the of regeneration the bring should that factors the of construction discursive depicted as frequently is polity the since made, rarely are host the of Public governors the towards community. appeals oppressed the to dignity restore should which efforts diplomatic The findings show that Roma that show findings The n motn dfeec bet difference important An “Stalinist”.

9) did not put an emphasis on the mythical structures disseminated by disseminated structures mythical the on emphasis an put not did 9) ei dsore big a oiie otiuin o h nationalism the to contribution positive a brings discourses media - nationals living in the motherland, but also to suggest a prospect of of prospect a suggest to also but motherland, the in living nationals

loyed for disentangling the differences between the national the between differences the disentangling for loyed l actions (laws, declaration of ethnic identity etc.), the news news etc.),the identity ethnic of declaration (laws, actions l ing the perceived nationalizing policies of the host states. host the of policies nationalizing perceived the ing nian homeland nationalism is an ideology in which the which in ideology an is nationalism homeland nian en h aaye gop o atce le i the in lies articles of groups analyzed the ween 77

CEU eTD Collection with additional researches onthe Romanian homeland ideology. analysis, comprehensivemore a conducting from me prevented paper this for available time and even space limited The and myths. territorial descent shared election, ethnic age, golden of examples contains also data wh regeneration), of (decline structures mythical in general. media speaking Romanian the of but platforms analyzed the of only not representative m thi For aims. ideological their to conform which articles select they media, mainstream Romanian of aggregators also correspondents, own their by made stories news the of publishers besides are News) Global Romanian and press (Timoc fact th media isthe Romanian case of thegeneralizablefindings for the makes which aspect Another media. online the in disseminated ideology homeland Romanian the of representative fairly are patterns described the that contend I sample little given attention by thescholars. is states neighboring in living members nation of situation the depicting cit of situation the to refering messages media analzyes it or phenomenon this of development historical

The potential limits of the study are the fact that I analyzed only a small number of of number small a only analyzed I that fact the are study the of limits potential The la the considering findigs, the of generalizability the to regard With

zn lvn i te ohrad Blg 95, hl ntoait rhetoric nationalist while 1995), (Bilig motherland the in living izens

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at the analyzed outlets analyzed theoutlets at s reason the research the reason s rge amount of the of amount rge CEU eTD Collection canonice”, puterii a mentinere de procedeu ca limbaj prin manipularea 2008, April 9,2012. 3, November published newspaper, Maramureş http://www.gazetademaramures.ro/socant de Gazeta Romanians], the of April 14,2012 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the Review Sociology of rightsminorities respected are Center forResources, ofStudies Romanian and Quantitative Methodologies Klaus Europe National Homelands theNew in Europe. Institut ScienceOctober 2000. Series no.71, Present”. and Past Europe: Eastern andhistorica Cultural culturale şi istorice Coordonate european. in moldovenească 77. for oftheto the theRomaniansSouth Danube], living Craiova: editura Alma. April language], Vlach presei/news a of invention the accept not will ResourceEthnocultural Diversity Center. Spread ofNationalism ajung http://www.adevarul.ro/international/foreign_policy/web_exclusive/Romania an reach Serbia and [Romania minorităţilor VII.

or Vsl, Borbely Vasile, Boari

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nu Cluj he Qualitative Research Process Research Qualitative he

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- Daedalus - - 8220 Napoca: Risoprint. ig xrms i Romania in Extremism Wing - 79 Monitoring report on how the Romanian onhow report the Monitoring [ accepta - agreement concerning minorities protection]; minorities concerning agreement The Romanian identity in European context. context. European in identity Romanian The world - e for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Vienna, Studies, Advanced for e 409.

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