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1768-1830S a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate A PLAGUE ON BOTH HOUSES?: POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FRONTIER, 1768-1830S A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Andrew Robarts, M.S.F.S. Washington, DC December 17, 2010 Copyright 2010 by Andrew Robarts All Rights Reserved ii A PLAGUE ON BOTH HOUSES?: POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FRONTIER, 1768-1830S Andrew Robarts, M.S.F.S. Dissertation Advisor: Catherine Evtuhov, Ph. D. ABSTRACT Based upon a reading of Ottoman, Russian, and Bulgarian archival documents, this dissertation examines the response by the Ottoman and Russian states to the accelerated pace of migration and spread of disease in the Black Sea region from the outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 to the signing of the Treaty of Hünkar Iskelesi in 1833. Building upon introductory chapters on the Russian-Ottoman Black Sea frontier and a case study of Bulgarian population movements between the Russian and Ottoman Empires, this dissertation analyzes Russian and Ottoman migration and settlement policies, the spread of epidemic diseases (plague and cholera) in the Black Sea region, the construction of quarantines and the implementation of travel document regimes. The role and position of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia as the “middle ground” between the Ottoman and Russian Empires in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is also addressed. The basic argument of this dissertation is that in response to significant increases in human mobility and the concomitant spread of epidemic diseases in the Black Sea region in the iii late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Ottoman and Russian states – identifying epidemic diseases (plague and cholera) as the primary “security threats” to their subject populations – moved to check the spread of disease across the Black Sea region through the imposition of stern anti-disease measures and the creation of new institutions of border and social control (quarantines). Drawing upon world-historical methodology, this dissertation adopts a regional framework to balance the prevailing historiography of Ottoman-Russian antagonism and conflict in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. While not discounting geo-strategic and ideological confrontation between the Ottoman and Russian Empires, this dissertation emphasizes the “transnational” character of Ottoman-Russian relations in the Black Sea region in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. On the issues of migration management and disease control, Ottoman and Russian officials – at the imperial, provincial, and local levels – communicated about and coordinated their response to surges in population movements and the mutual threat posed by the spread of epidemic disease across the Ottoman-Russian Black Sea frontier. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a combined 9 years as a Master’s and Ph.D. student at Georgetown University. During this period I have been fortunate to meet, work with, and learn from distinguished scholars and friends in the fields of Russian, Ottoman, and World History. First and foremost, I would like to thank Professor Catherine Evtuhov. I first met Professor Evtuhov at Georgetown University in 1994 and she has been a consistent source of support and encouragement ever since. This dissertation would never have seen the light of day without her intellectual guidance. Professor Gabor Agoston showed me how to approach the history of the Ottoman Empire and shepherded me through the pitfalls attendant with the study of this multi-faceted empire. Besides roughing me up on the basketball court, Professor John McNeill taught me how to teach a course in World History and provided keen insight during the dissertation-writing and dissertation-defense stages of my Ph.D. candidacy. Professor Charles King, provided me with important advice and guidance during the earlier stages of my dissertation research and supported an invaluable research trip to Odessa, Ukraine in February 2009. Besides teaching me Turkish, Professor Sylvia Önder made a home for me with her father Bob Wing during an intensive summer of modern Turkish study in Columbus, Ohio. She also was always ready to provide a recommendation when needed. I would also like to thank Professor David Goldfrank and Professor John Voll for their wisdom and guidance during both my Master’s days at Georgetown. I owe my colleague Kahraman Şakul more than I could ever hope to re-pay. Besides sharing v intellectual interests in things Russian and Ottoman, he was always ready to lend a helping hand in Istanbul including accompanying me while I was on crutches during an eight-hour journey from Istanbul to the Aegean island of Cunda. It was pleasure, as well to meet and befriend John Corcoran and Ben Fulwider during my time at Georgetown. A very special thanks goes to Kathy Gallagher of the Georgetown History Department. For years and years she has helped me navigate the administrative and logistical issues attendant with the pursuit of a Ph. D. degree in history at Georgetown University. I enjoyed two summers of intensive Ottoman language study on the Turkish island of Cunda in the northern Aegean. My thanks go to Wheeler Thackston, Selim Kuru, Yorgos Dedes, and Nurcan Abacı for putting me through my paces and teaching me Ottoman Turkish. Over the course of these summers I was fortunate to make friends with fellow scholars of the Ottoman Empire, including James Baldwin and Alan Mikhail. During my own migrations through the archives and libraries of Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey, I have incurred many debts and forged many new relationships. In Bulgaria, I would like to thank Professor Alexei Kalionski of Sofia University who proved to be a great listener and a valuable source of advice on Ottoman, Russian, and Bulgarian history. He also made sure that my time in Bulgaria was not all about putting my nose to the grindstone. My old friend Matt Brown also kept me grounded in Sofia and helped me with a variety of logistical issues. Vanya Dimova supplied important recommendations in support of my research. In Sofia, it vi was my pleasure to meet and befriend Gergana Georgieva, Martin Ivanov, Vladimir Peev, and Margarita Dobreva. Thank you all. The archival and research staffs at the Bulgarski Istoricheski Arkhiv, the Narodna Biblioteka – Kiril i Metodi, and the Tsentralen Durzhaven Arkhiv were consistently helpful and supportive of my research project. In Moscow, I am forever in debt to my cousin Diann Henderson for her hospitality and for introducing me to her colleagues at the Anglo American School of Moscow (which led to a string of rent free cat-sitting gigs in Moscow). I would especially like to thank Polly Hahn and Elly Webber for their friendship during my time in Moscow. For three extraordinary months I rented a room from Olga Gulikova. Olga was a constant source of support and encouragement during some tough periods and was always willing to help me in any way she could. She also makes a mean eggs and bacon. My appreciation also goes to the staff of the Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii and Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Voenno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv for their professionalism. A special thanks goes to the very kind and helpful staff in the academic reading room of the Gosudarstvennaia Istoricheskaia Publichnaia Biblioteka. The staff at the Publichnaia displayed admirable patience in response to my odd questions and endless photocopy requests. In Turkey, Kahraman Şakul and Günhan Börekçi accompanied me during my initial forays into Istanbul’s archives and libraries. I’m quite convinced that their introductions to key staff members in these research institutions lent instant credibility to my research project and ensured that I would be treated with the utmost respect. vii Kahraman and Günhan also insisted that I wind down a day of hard work over tea or dinner at the back-alley establishments of Istiklal Caddesi. Thank you both. My thanks as well go the staff of the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi and Islam Arastirmalari Merkezi Kutuphanesi. The latter institution always provided a quiet, calm, and cool environment on chaotic and steamy summer days in Istanbul. Along these lines, it was my pleasure to stay at the American Research Institute in Turkey in Arnavutköy for several months in 2008. Although my stay in Odessa was far too brief, Lilia Belousova made sure that my time in the Odessa State Archives was as collegial and productive as possible. The lengths she went to during my short and intense research visit to Odessa will always be appreciated. Many institutions and organizations supported me financially during my Ph. D. candidacy in history at Georgetown University – first and foremost Georgetown itself. My thanks go to the Graduate School at Georgetown and the Department of History at Georgetown. A Dissertation Writing Fellowship in Eastern European Studies from the American Council of Learned Societies supported me during the dissertation-writing phase of my Ph. D. program from 2009-2010. A grant from the American Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT) supported my dissertation research in Istanbul, Turkey in 2008. An International Dissertation Field Research Fellowship (IDRF) from the Social Sciences Research Council supported my dissertation research in Bulgaria and Russia in 2007. An Individual Advanced Research Opportunities (IARO) grant from the International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX) also supported my dissertation viii research in Bulgaria and Russia in 2007. Two Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) grants supported Turkish and Ottoman language studies in Turkey in the summers of 2005 and 2006. I am also grateful to the Institute of Turkish Studies and the Cosmos Club Foundation for their generous financial support.
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