During the Second World War
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The Logic of Violence in Civil War Has Much Less to Do with Collective Emotions, Ideologies, Cultures, Or “Greed and Grievance” Than Currently Believed
P1: KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0 521 85409 1 March 27, 2006 20:2 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0 521 85409 1 March 27, 2006 20:2 TheLogic of Violence in Civil War By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against prevailing views that such violence is either the product of impenetrable madness or a simple way to achieve strategic objectives, the book demonstrates that the logic of violence in civil war has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, cultures, or “greed and grievance” than currently believed. Stathis Kalyvas distinguishes between indis- criminate and selective violence and specifies a novel theory of selective violence: it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and indi- vidual noncombatants trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what oppor- tunities their predicament affords them. Violence is not a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users; its profoundly interactive character defeats sim- ple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the “frontlines” of civil war. Civil war offers irresistible opportu- nities to those who are not naturally bloodthirsty and abhor direct involvement in violence. The manipulation of political organizations by local actors wishing to harm their rivals signals a process of privatization of political violence rather than the more commonly thought politicization of private life. Seen from this perspective, violence is a process taking place because of human aversion rather than a predisposition toward homicidal violence, which helps explain the para- dox of the explosion of violence in social contexts characterized by high levels of interpersonal contact, exchange, and even trust. -
Sofia-Bourgas Night Train Was on Time and So Was the Car That Iossif Had
13. The Hot Days 194 The Hot Days The wedding party went back and changed into their summer shirts and shorts. Father Ivan came with them to have another glass of wine and to warn them that right before five the fire should be extinguished for the three Hot Days. Mitzi ran to put few dozens eggs to be boiled, rushed the frozen bread into the oven and with the help of the girls finished cooking several vegetable dishes that could be eaten cold. Vesselin led the boys' team into grilling a mountain of meat while sampling it with some more Pilsner. At quarter to five, Konstantin went to tell his home snake that the fireplace would be cold for three days but its water would be there. He put out the fire in the oven, then the cooker and finally poured a bucket of water over the barrel that was used as a barbecue pit. The Hot Days started on time. It was an ancient tradition for all the fires to be put out and the household and fields work to stop for the three day in July - the belief was that three saints were responsible to oversee that it is done and punished the ones who did not obey by burning their crops. At the end of Saint Marina the Fiery a new fire would be started in a special way, the fireplace would be lit again with the young fire and not be extinguished for the entire year until the next Hot Days. May be the wise church elders had put the three-day restriction as the only way for the servants to have a break during the back-breaking work of mid summer and keep the people aware of the stormy days dangers, as it was almost certain that at least on one of the days there would be a thunderstorm. -
The Diary of Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov
DOCUMENTS FREDERICK B. CHARY, translator and editor (Gary, Ind., U.S.A.) The Diary of Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov (1883-1945) was prime minister of Bulgaria from 1940 to 1943 and a member of the regency couiicil from September, 1943 to September 9, 1944. One of the most important political leaders of the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the critical years of World War II, he wrote a diary of day-to-day events of that time which has great value for the historian. In it are revealed both the stresses of Balkan politics and the views of Axis leaders and their allies on the war. Before entering upon his political career, Filov was an art historian and an archaeologist. He was at one time a rector of Sofia University and president of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. His scholarly works were so numerous and impressive that even today they form a major contribution to the study of Bulgarian antiquities and medieval art. Filov first entered the Bulgarian government in November, 1938, as minister of education. Although he was a Germanophile (he had attended German universities and belonged to several German scholarly societies), his minor post and academic background kept him from the center of political controversy in 1939. At that time a power struggle between Georgi K'oseivanov, the prime minister, and Ivan Bagrianov, the minister of agriculture in the 1938-1939 cabinet, occupied Bulgarian politics. King Boris III had hand-picked K'oseivanov for the premiership in 1935, after the struggles following the Military League's coup d'etat of the previous year had brought the state under the domination of the throne. -
Personalism and Bulgarian Identity Discourse Between the Two World Wars (A Preliminary Exploration)
ISSN 2029–2236 (print) ISSN 2029–2244 (online) SOCIALINIŲ mokslų STUDIJOS SOCIETAL STUDIES 2012, 4(4), p. 1281–1298. PERSONALISM AND BULGARIAN IDENTITY DISCOURSE BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS (A PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION) Jordan Ljuckanov Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Literature Shipchenski Prohod blvd. 52, block 17, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Telephone (+359 2) 979 6341 E-mail: [email protected] Received on 5 May, 2012; accepted on 12 June, 2012 Abstract. In this paper I investigate the compatibility between personalist philosophy and the Bulgarian identity discourse between the two World Wars. Having outlined the variability and conceptual tensions (on “collective personality,” e.g.) within Russian and French personalism(s) of the 1910s-1940s, I delineate four prerequisites for emerging and adopting personalism in interwar Bulgaria: (1) the post-idealist crisis of identities and identifications; (2) the reception of foreign personalist (or close to such) philosophy; (3) the re- assessment of “home” (East-Christian) theological tradition and its philosophical implications; (4) the discovery of someone “other” needed worthy of being recognised as (collective) “Thee.” Postponing the exploration of the third prerequisite for a subsequent study, I conclude so far that within interwar Bulgarian secular thought only random juxtapositions between personalism and identity discourse can be expected, and I examine three such cases. Keywords: personalism, collective identity, Byzantium after Byzantium, morphology of history, conservative avant-garde, Bulgarian intellectual culture 1919–1944. Socialinių mokslų studijos/Societal Studies ISSN 2029–2236 (print), ISSN 2029–2244 (online) Mykolo Romerio universitetas, 2012 http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo_darbai/SMS/ Mykolas Romeris University, 2012 http://www.mruni.eu/en/mokslo_darbai/SMS/ 1282 Jordan Ljuckanov. -
THE UNIFIER KING and the RESCUE of the JEWS from UNIFIED Bulgariapage 1 of 200
THE UNIFIER KING AND THE RESCUE OF THE JEWS FROM UNIFIED BULGARIAPage 1 of 200 THE UNIFIER KING AND THE RESCUE OF THE JEWS FROM UNIFIED BULGARIA (ON THE ROLE OF KING BORIS III OF THE BULGARIANS DURING THE YEARS OF THE HOLOCAUST) Contents: БЪЛГАРС Two statements contradicting a third one (Foreign The "it was all Hitler's fault" argument BULGARI Minister and Prime Minister vs. President) The "it wasn't our jurisdiction" argument The issue and the response of official Bulgaria The impediments to a solution STARTING Why is it to the best Bulgarian public interest to What could the Prime Minister do today? POINT FOR name the culprits? Bulgarian Civil Society as a savior THOSE WIT Is there a place for Boris among the saviors? A magic formula: "Nothing could be done in NO PREVIOU The credit that goes to Boris Bulgaria without the King's involvement" KNOWLEDG The Government's responsibility The role of Bulgaria's diplomacy today ON THE The arguments in favor of Boris Who was saving the Jews from whom? SUBJECT The "they were not Bulgarian citizens" argument What is of greater importance - the label or the policy? ↓ The real saviors ☼ Two statements "The King must have obviously shown great ingenuity in negotiating with the contradicting a third Nazi leaders to substitute the internal administrative and police measures one (Foreign Minister for the deportation. A policy act of the magnitude of the revocation of the and Prime Minister vs. deportation, which had already begun, couldn’t be done without the support of the head of state." [...] "At the same time my compatriots deployed lots of President) efforts, alas, unsuccessful, to save 11000 Jews – who were not Bulgarian citizens – from Aegean Thrace and Macedonia, where, notwithstanding the Bulgarian military presence, the highest authority were the Nazis." Excerpts from the statement of Foreign minister Solomon Passy at the OSCE conference on anti- Semitism in Vienna, 19 June 2003 "We mourn, of course, the fate of those who could not be saved. -
Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Bulgaria
Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Bulgaria By Henry L. deZeng IV General Map Edition: November 2014 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Copyright © by Henry L. deZeng IV (Work in Progress). (1st Draft 2014) Blanket permission is granted by the author to researchers to extract information from this publication for their personal use in accordance with the generally accepted definition of fair use laws. Otherwise, the following applies: All rights reserved. No part of this publication, an original work by the authors, may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the author. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This information is provided on an "as is" basis without condition apart from making an acknowledgement of authorship. Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Airfields Bulgaria Introduction Conventions 1. For the purpose of this reference work, “Bulgaria” generally means the territory belonging to the country on 6 April 1941, the date of the German invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece. The territory occupied and acquired by Bulgaria after that date is not included. 2. All spellings are as they appear in wartime German documents with the addition of alternate spellings where known. Place names in the Cyrillic alphabet as used in the Bulgarian language have been transliterated into the English equivalent as they appear on Google Earth. 3. It is strongly recommended that researchers use the search function because each airfield and place name has alternate spellings, sometimes 3 or 4. -
Vom Österreichischen Gendarmerie-Offizier Zum Höheren SS- Und Polizeiführer Serbien, 1942-1944 August Meyszner: Stationen Einer Karriere
MARTIN MOLL Vom österreichischen Gendarmerie-Offizier zum Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer Serbien, 1942-1944 August Meyszner: Stationen einer Karriere Einleitung Seit den 1990er Jahren beschäftigt sich die sogenannte neuere Täterfor- schung mit jenen Männern (und wenigen Frauen), die als direkte oder indi- rekte Täter, mithin als Planer und/oder Ausführende in die nationalsozialis- tischen Mordaktionen gegen Juden, Slawen, Sinti und Roma sowie sonstige als rassische oder politische Gegner apostrophierte Gruppen involviert wa- ren.1 Gefragt wird hierbei nach den sozialen, generationellen, konfessio- nellen, bildungs- und herkunftsmäßigen sowie nicht zuletzt ideologischen Prägungen der Tätergruppen. Dabei fällt zugleich eine Konzentration des Forschungsinteresses auf die die eigentlichen Taten ausführenden Appara- te und deren Personal, insbesondere aus dem weit gespannten SS-Komplex, auf. Als Resultat dieser intensiven Forschungen sind zahlreiche Einzel- und Gruppenbiographien der wie auch immer definierten Täter erschienen, da- neben auch diverse Studien, die sich mit den situativen Rahmenbedingun- gen des Handelns der Täter vor Ort beschäftigen, meist im deutsch besetzten Ost- und Südosteuropa.2 Diese zuletzt intensiv betriebene Forschung hat bisher einen Mann aus dem engsten Kreis der Täter nicht einbezogen, der dies zweifellos verdient hätte, und sei es nur wegen seiner Funktion als Höherer SS- und Polizeifüh- rer (HSSPF) für das deutsch besetzte (Rumpf-) Serbien von Januar 1942 bis 1 Vgl. etwa, mit einleitenden methodischen Überlegungen, GERHARD PAUL (Hrsg.), Die Täter der Shoah. Fanatische Nationalsozialisten oder ganz normale Deutsche?, Göttingen 2002; HELGARD KRAMER (Hrsg.), NS-Täter aus interdisziplinärer Perspek- tive, München 2006; GEORGE C. BROWDER, Perpetrator Character and Motivation: An emerging Consensus?, in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17, 2003, S. -
Forced Labour in Serbia Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944
Forced Labour in Serbia Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944 edited by: Sanela Schmid Milovan Pisarri Tomislav Dulić Zoran Janjetović Milan Koljanin Milovan Pisarri Thomas Porena Sabine Rutar Sanela Schmid 1 Project partners: Project supported by: Forced Labour in Serbia 2 Producers, Consumers and Consequences . of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944 This collection of scientific papers on forced labour during the Second World War is part of a wider research within the project "Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour - Serbia 1941-1944", which was implemented by the Center for Holocaust Research and Education from Belgrade in partnership with Humboldt University, Berlin and supported by the Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" in Germany. ("Stiftung Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft" - EVZ). 3 Impressum Forced Labour in Serbia Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour 1941-1944 Published by: Center for Holocaust Research and Education Publisher: Nikola Radić Editors: Sanela Schmid and Milovan Pisarri Authors: Tomislav Dulić Zoran Janjetović Milan Koljanin Milovan Pisarri Thomas Porena Sabine Rutar Sanela Schmid Proofreading: Marija Šapić, Marc Brogan English translation: Irena Žnidaršić-Trbojević German translation: Jovana Ivanović Graphic design: Nikola Radić Belgrade, 2018. Project partners: Center for Holocaust Research and Education Humboldt University Berlin Project is supported by: „Remembrance, Responsibility And Future“ Foundation „Stiftung Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft“ - EVZ Forced Labour in Serbia 4 Producers, Consumers and Consequences . of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944 Contents 6 Introduction - Sanela Schmid and Milovan Pisarri 12 Milovan Pisarri “I Saw Jews Carrying Dead Bodies On Stretchers”: Forced Labour and The Holocaust in Occupied Serbia 30 Zoran Janjetović Forced Labour in Banat Under Occupation 1941 - 1944 44 Milan Koljanin Camps as a Source of Forced Labour in Serbia 1941 - 1944 54 Photographs 1 62 Sabine Rutar Physical Labour and Survival. -
Bulgaria 2020 International Religious Freedom Report
BULGARIA 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. Religious groups may worship without registering, but registered groups receive benefits. The constitution recognizes Eastern Orthodox Christianity as the country’s “traditional” religion, and the law exempts the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (BOC) from registration. In December, the Plovdiv Appellate Court began hearing an appeal by 14 Romani Muslims convicted in 2019 of spreading Salafi Islam, among other charges. Muslim leaders again said several municipalities denied permission to build new or rehabilitate existing religious facilities. The Evangelical Alliance and some other religious groups stated the government did not apply COVID-19 restrictions on religious groups equally, favoring the BOC. The European Court of Human Rights stopped the deportation of three Uyghur Muslims to China. In February, a Shumen court ruled the municipality’s ordinance restricting proselytizing was unconstitutional. A parliamentarian and member of the governing political coalition criticized the ruling, which was being appealed, calling Jehovah’s Witnesses a “dangerous sect.” In February, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the Sofia mayor’s ban on the annual march honoring Hristo Lukov, leader of a pro-Nazi organization in the 1940s, restricting the event to laying flowers at Lukov’s plaque. The academy of sciences published a report, backed by several government ministries, denying the World War II-era government had sent Jews to forced labor camps but instead had tried to save them from the Nazis. The Jewish nongovernmental organization (NGO) Shalom reported death threats, increased incidents of anti-Semitic hate speech in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and periodic vandalism of Jewish cemeteries and monuments. -
The Fate of the Bulgarian Jews During the Holocaust – the Menace, the Rescue, the Aliya
The Fate of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust – the Menace, the Rescue, the Aliya Assoc. Prof. Rumyana Dimitrova Marinova-Christidi, Ph.D. Faculty of History Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" Bulgarians and Jews have for centuries lived together in a tolerant and loyal manner. The very first Bulgarian Constitution, adopted in 1979 upon the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman Rule, guaranteed the political equality of the ethnical and religious minorities in a period when Jews had a major role not only in the economic, but also in the political and cultural life of the country. Bulgarian Jews were internationally recognized individuals like the painter Jules Pascin, originally from Vidin and the Nobel Prize winner for literature Elias Canetti, born in Rousse, as well as many other members of the Bulgarian intellectual elite. The Bulgarian Jewish Community maintained excellent relations with the state and in 1909 the Bulgarian Monarch family attended the grand opening of the impressive new Sofia Synagogue – the third largest in Europe and among the most beautiful. As loyal subjects of the Bulgarian state the Jews took part in the wars for Bulgarian national unification. During the Serb-Bulgarian War of 1885 some Jews reached the rank of colonel in the Bulgarian army. The names of some Jewish soldiers and officers are prominent during the Balkan wars of 1912-1913 and during the First World War. The total number of Jews, killed in these wars is 952. In the period between the two world wars the Jewish Community in Sofia accounts for around 0.8% of the total Bulgarian population, reaching approximately 50 000 people. -
1768-1830S a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate
A PLAGUE ON BOTH HOUSES?: POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FRONTIER, 1768-1830S A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Andrew Robarts, M.S.F.S. Washington, DC December 17, 2010 Copyright 2010 by Andrew Robarts All Rights Reserved ii A PLAGUE ON BOTH HOUSES?: POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FRONTIER, 1768-1830S Andrew Robarts, M.S.F.S. Dissertation Advisor: Catherine Evtuhov, Ph. D. ABSTRACT Based upon a reading of Ottoman, Russian, and Bulgarian archival documents, this dissertation examines the response by the Ottoman and Russian states to the accelerated pace of migration and spread of disease in the Black Sea region from the outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 to the signing of the Treaty of Hünkar Iskelesi in 1833. Building upon introductory chapters on the Russian-Ottoman Black Sea frontier and a case study of Bulgarian population movements between the Russian and Ottoman Empires, this dissertation analyzes Russian and Ottoman migration and settlement policies, the spread of epidemic diseases (plague and cholera) in the Black Sea region, the construction of quarantines and the implementation of travel document regimes. The role and position of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia as the “middle ground” between the Ottoman and Russian Empires -
The Role of Military Education in Harmonizing Civil-Military Relations (The Bulgarian Case)
THE ROLE OF MILITARY EDUCATION IN HARMONIZING CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS (THE BULGARIAN CASE) FINAL REPORT Todor D. Tagarev Presented in fulfillment of the Fellowship Agreement NATO Democratic Institutions Fellowship Programme Sofia, Bulgaria June 10, 1997 Tagarev, T.D. The Role of Military Education in Harmonizing Civil- Military Relations (the Bulgarian Case). NATO Democratic Institutions Individual Fellowship Project, Final Report, June 1997. - 50 pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by an individual grant from the NATO Democratic Institutions Fellowships Programme. The author received helpful suggestions from Col. (Ret.) J.A. Warden, USAF, Dr. Karl Magyar and Dr. Abigail Gray, US Air Command and Staff College, Lt.Col. Jan Kinner, USAF, Dr. Plamen Pantev, Director of the Institute for Security and International Studies, Bulgaria, and Col. Valeri Ratchev, Center for National Security Studies, Bulgarian Ministry of Defense. The author is especially grateful to Col. (Ret.) Russi Russev, Bulgarian Ministry of Defense, and Lt.Col. Georgi Tzvetkov, General Staff of the Bulgarian Armed Forces, for their assistance in providing all necessary documentation and invitations for participation in all major events, related to the reform of the Bulgarian system of military education, as well as to Dr. Detlef Herold who provided a copy of the NATO Defense College Monograph Series, No. 3 on “Democratic and Civil Control Over Military Forces - Case Studies and Perspectives.” Ms Petya Ivanova’s technical assistance, especially in preparing computer charts and tables, saved valuable time and allowed the author to accomplish the project on schedule. The selfless support of all these people made the study possible. However, the author alone is responsible for the concepts, opinions, omissions, and mistakes in this report.