DOCSLIB.ORG

Constructing Mixed Race: Racial Formation in the United States of America and Great Britain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Constructing Mixed Race: Racial Formation in the United States of America and Great Britain Constructing Mixed Race: Racial Formation in the United States of America and Great Britain A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2016 Chinelo L. Njaka School of Social Sciences Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................... 5 Declaration ............................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 7 Chapter One: Introduction ........................................................................................ 8 Critical Mixed Race Studies................................................................................. 10 Research Scope .................................................................................................. 14 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 17 A Note on Terminology ........................................................................................ 19 Chapter Summaries ............................................................................................. 20 Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 25 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................ 25 Mixed Race Literature ......................................................................................... 26 Mixed Race “Pathology”: Historical Mixed Race Theory .................................. 28 Celebration, Response, and Radical: Current Mixed Race Theorisation .......... 35 Critical Mixed Race Studies ............................................................................. 40 Racial Formation Theory ...................................................................................... 46 Racial Formation Theory Overview ................................................................... 46 Ethnicity, Class, and Nationality ....................................................................... 48 Racial Projects ................................................................................................. 49 Critical Responses to Racial Formation Theory ................................................ 50 Racial Formation Theory in my approach ............................................................ 54 Contrasting Macro and Meso ........................................................................... 56 Cross-National Comparative Framework ............................................................. 57 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 60 Chapter Three: Methodology .................................................................................. 63 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................ 63 Setting the Context.............................................................................................. 64 Research Design ................................................................................................. 65 Development of Research Terminology............................................................ 65 Macro-Level and Meso-Level Mixed Racial Projects........................................ 66 Research Sites ................................................................................................. 67 Facet Methodology .......................................................................................... 68 Data Sources ................................................................................................... 71 Mixed Race Discourses .................................................................................... 73 2 Doing the Research ............................................................................................. 75 Census Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................... 75 Mixed Race Organisations Data Collection and Analysis ................................. 79 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 86 Chapter Four: Macro-Level Mixed Race Constructions .......................................... 88 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................ 88 Terminologies ...................................................................................................... 90 “Race” Versus “Ethnicity” ................................................................................ 91 Racialised Categories....................................................................................... 94 Mixed Race: A New Category? .......................................................................... 102 Demographic Information ............................................................................... 106 Areas of Need ................................................................................................ 109 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 115 Chapter Five: Macro-Level and Meso-Level Interactions ...................................... 118 Chapter Overview .............................................................................................. 118 Meso-Level Projects in Racial Formation Theory............................................... 120 Meso-Level Mechanisms of Racialisation .......................................................... 122 External Mechanisms of Mixed Race Construction ........................................... 125 Macro-Level and Meso-Level Interactions......................................................... 131 Great Britain ................................................................................................... 133 USA ................................................................................................................ 140 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 146 Chapter Six: Meso-Level Mixed Race Constructions............................................ 149 Chapter Overview .............................................................................................. 149 Intragroup Mechanisms of Mixed Race Construction ........................................ 150 Constructing Mixed Race .................................................................................. 154 Race: “A sub-group of the human race” ........................................................ 155 Mixedness through Generations .................................................................... 166 “Race is a social construction, but….” ........................................................... 170 “We are all a part of one big human mixed race family….” ............................ 172 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 178 Chapter Seven: Conclusion .................................................................................. 183 Chapter Overview .............................................................................................. 183 Summary of Findings ......................................................................................... 184 Meso-Level Groups: Overlooked but Important ................................................ 186 Mixed-Race: Furthering Race Theorisation ....................................................... 187 3 Cross-National Racial Theorisation ................................................................... 191 Limitations and Further Research ...................................................................... 192 Concluding Comments ...................................................................................... 195 References............................................................................................................ 196 Appendix A ........................................................................................................... 216 United States Census Specimens ..................................................................... 216 England and Wales Census Specimens ............................................................ 217 Appendix B ........................................................................................................... 218 Profiles of Mixed Race Organisations ................................................................ 218 Word Count: 73,248 4 Constructing Mixed Race: Racial Formation in the United States of America and Great Britain Chinelo L. Njaka University of Manchester PhD Sociology 16 December 2016 Abstract The aim of the thesis is to examine contemporary constructions of mixed race in the United States and Britain through the examination of two types of racial projects: the national census and voluntary and community organisations focused on mixed race. Using a combination of critical discourse analysis and qualitative interviews, the research analyses the ways in which mixed race is being described, conceptualised, and constructed through macro- and meso level racial projects
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attitudes Towards Linguistic Diversity in the Hebrew Bible
    Many Peoples of Obscure Speech and Difficult Language: Attitudes towards Linguistic Diversity in the Hebrew Bible The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Power, Cian Joseph. 2015. Many Peoples of Obscure Speech and Difficult Language: Attitudes towards Linguistic Diversity in the Hebrew Bible. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845462 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA MANY PEOPLES OF OBSCURE SPEECH AND DIFFICULT LANGUAGE: ATTITUDES TOWARDS LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE A dissertation presented by Cian Joseph Power to The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2015 © 2015 Cian Joseph Power All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Peter Machinist Cian Joseph Power MANY PEOPLES OF OBSCURE SPEECH AND DIFFICULT LANGUAGE: ATTITUDES TOWARDS LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE Abstract The subject of this dissertation is the awareness of linguistic diversity in the Hebrew Bible—that is, the recognition evident in certain biblical texts that the world’s languages differ from one another. Given the frequent role of language in conceptions of identity, the biblical authors’ reflections on language are important to examine.
    [Show full text]
  • Europeanness in Aarhus 2017'S Programme of Events: Identity
    Culture, Practice & Europeanization, 2020, Vol. 5, No. 1, 16-33 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Europeanness in Aarhus 2017’s programme of events: Identity constructions and narratives Antoinette Fage-Butler ([email protected]), Katja Gorbahn ([email protected]) Aarhus University, Denmark _________________________________________________________________________ According to EU cultural policy, European Capitals of Culture (ECOCs) should include a ‘Eu- ropean dimension’ that promotes cultural collaborations across EU countries and high- lights the diversity and similarity of European cultures. However, the European dimension has been underplayed in ECOC events (Lähdesmäki, 2014b) and has not been particularly visible in official communication about ECOC events (European Commission, 2010). The purpose of this study is to investigate narratives of Europeanness that provide templates for identification in the official programme of events for Aarhus 2017, using a qualitative discourse analytical approach and computational tools. The findings reveal that ‘Europe’ is linked to other spatial/geopolitical levels, and that narratives of Europeanness draw on discourses of categorical identity and relational identity. The various representations of Europeanness in Aarhus 2017’s programme of events are discussed with respect to exist- ing empirical studies and theories of European identity, as well as the evolving aims of ECOC. Keywords: European Capitals of Culture (ECOCs), Narratives, Europeanness, European identity, Discourse, Digital text analysis, Aarhus 2017, ECOC programme of events 1. Introduction The European Capitals of Culture (ECOC) project has been in existence since 1985. It has been described as “a flagship cultural initiative of the European Union” (Barroso, 2009, 1), which should further civic identification with the EU, and political integration (Shore, 2000) by winning over EU citizens’ “hearts and minds” (Patel, 2013, 2).
    [Show full text]
  • The Heart of the Metropole: Urban Space and Interracial Relationships
    This is a repository copy of The heart of the metropole: Urban space and interracial relationships in ‘Fidelidade’ by Vimala Devi, ‘Um Encontro Imprevisto’ by Henrique de Senna Fernandes, and ‘Nina’ by Orlanda Amarílis. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105264/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Melo e Castro, P (2017) The heart of the metropole: Urban space and interracial relationships in ‘Fidelidade’ by Vimala Devi, ‘Um Encontro Imprevisto’ by Henrique de Senna Fernandes, and ‘Nina’ by Orlanda Amarílis. Forum for Modern Language Studies, 53 (4). pp. 405-429. ISSN 0015-8518 https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqx038 (c) The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press for the Court of the University of St Andrews. All rights reserved. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article published in Modern Language Studies uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The version of record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqx038 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.
    [Show full text]
  • 15Th-17Th Century) Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary (15Th-17Th Century) Edited by Giovanna Siedina
    45 BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI Giovanna Siedina Giovanna Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World Civilization in the Slavic World (15th-17th Century) Civilization in the Slavic World of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Essays on the Spread (15th-17th Century) edited by Giovanna Siedina FUP FIRENZE PRESUNIVERSITYS BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI ISSN 2612-7687 (PRINT) - ISSN 2612-7679 (ONLINE) – 45 – BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI Editor-in-Chief Laura Salmon, University of Genoa, Italy Associate editor Maria Bidovec, University of Naples L’Orientale, Italy Scientific Board Rosanna Benacchio, University of Padua, Italy Maria Cristina Bragone, University of Pavia, Italy Claudia Olivieri, University of Catania, Italy Francesca Romoli, University of Pisa, Italy Laura Rossi, University of Milan, Italy Marco Sabbatini, University of Pisa, Italy International Scientific Board Giovanna Brogi Bercoff, University of Milan, Italy Maria Giovanna Di Salvo, University of Milan, Italy Alexander Etkind, European University Institute, Italy Lazar Fleishman, Stanford University, United States Marcello Garzaniti, University of Florence, Italy Harvey Goldblatt, Yale University, United States Mark Lipoveckij, University of Colorado-Boulder , United States Jordan Ljuckanov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Roland Marti, Saarland University, Germany Michael Moser, University of Vienna, Austria Ivo Pospíšil, Masaryk University, Czech Republic Editorial Board Giuseppe Dell’Agata, University of Pisa, Italy Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World (15th-17th Century) edited by Giovanna Siedina FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2020 Essays on the Spread of Humanistic and Renaissance Literary Civilization in the Slavic World (15th- 17th Century) / edited by Giovanna Siedina. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Interracial Contact and Racial Formations W. Matthew Henderson
    ABSTRACT Contact in Context: Interracial Contact and Racial Formations W. Matthew Henderson, M.A. Thesis Chairperson, Jerry Z. Park, Ph.D. Building from a synthesis of Interracial Contact Theory and Racial Formations Theory, this study updates the Contact Hypothesis, focusing on contemporary issues of racial identity and ideology and on the experiences of those outside of the Black/White racial dichotomy. Using a nationally representative sample, I examine the effects of interracial contact on the distinct Racial Projects of Whites, Blacks and Non-Black Minorities. Hypotheses predict contact effects for Whites at the level of racial awareness and ant-structuralism, but not for colorblindness. For Blacks, contact is predicted to have no effects. For Non-Black Minorities, racial projects are predicted to be isomorphic. OLS regression analysis provided support for most, but not all hypotheses. Notably, for Non- Black Minorities, contact predicted greater racial awareness, but also greater antistructuralism and mixed effects for colorblindness. Copyright © 2014 by W. Matthew Henderson All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments............................................................................................................. vii Dedication .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Subject and Title Index 47
    SUBJECT AND TITLE INDEX 47 Aerospace .names of objects in, 35.241 affectionate names, 34.175-184 Afghan placenames A transcriptions of, 34.185-197 African names chapter on (review), 45.234 A Farewell for children and adults, 41.128-131 by Thomas J. Gasque, as Editor, handbook of, 43.70-71 40.327-328 influence of Romance languages on, abbreviations 40.58 dictionary of, 39.67 popular presentation of, 41.128 metalanguage of, 37.296 suppressed before the nineteenth of periodical titles (review), 33.281-283 century, 37.205 academia African Names: People and Places need to legitimize onomastics in, 42.67- rev. by Robert M. Rennick, 32.78-79 78 African placenames Acoma Indians, 36.95 origins and meanings (review), 44.141- Acronymania 142 (review), 41.117-120 African Studies Journal acronyms, 35.248, 37.295-296 naming of Soweto, 32.463 computer (review), 35.52 African systems of naming dictionary of, 39.67 typological shift from contact with international, 35.248-249 colonial power, 45.4 pronunciation important, 41.118 African toponyms reverse, 35.248, 33.204-206, 35.49-53 in the South-West and Namibia, 35.59- Acronyms, lnitialisms & Abbreviations 63 Dictionary African-American rev. by Kelsie B. Harder, 32.90-92, baby names, 42.218 34.116-118, 35.49-53 ethnic personal names, 34.437-439 Acts in Naming: The Family Plot in Fiction naming practices, 34.422 rev. by L.R.N. Ashley, 35.103-106 power of names in literature, 42.181- Adam 199 name of Chaucer's scribe, 31.86 n.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Dissertation Draft Revised Final.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School ICT AND STEM EDUCATION AT THE COLONIAL BORDER: A POSTCOLONIAL COMPUTING PERSPECTIVE OF INDIGENOUS CULTURAL INTEGRATION INTO ICT AND STEM OUTREACH IN BRITISH COLUMBIA A Dissertation in Information Sciences and Technology by Richard Canevez © 2020 Richard Canevez Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2020 ii The dissertation of Richard Canevez was reviewed and approved by the following: Carleen Maitland Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Daniel Susser Assistant Professor of Information Sciences and Technology and Philosophy Lynette (Kvasny) Yarger Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Craig Campbell Assistant Teaching Professor of Education (Lifelong Learning and Adult Education) Mary Beth Rosson Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Director of Graduate Programs iii ABSTRACT Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have achieved a global reach, particularly in social groups within the ‘Global North,’ such as those within the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. It has produced the need for a computing workforce, and increasingly, diversity is becoming an integral aspect of that workforce. Today, educational outreach programs with ICT components that are extending education to Indigenous communities in BC are charting a new direction in crossing the cultural barrier in education by tailoring their curricula to distinct Indigenous cultures, commonly within broader science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) initiatives. These efforts require examination, as they integrate Indigenous cultural material and guidance into what has been a largely Euro-Western-centric domain of education. Postcolonial computing theory provides a lens through which this integration can be investigated, connecting technological development and education disciplines within the parallel goals of cross-cultural, cross-colonial humanitarian development.
    [Show full text]
  • Demonyms: Names of Nationalities [Demonym Is a Name Given to a People Or Inhabitants of a Place.] Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
    17. Useful Tables Th is chapter contains useful tables presented in GPO style. Th e tables display various design features most frequently used in Government publications and can be considered examples of GPO style. U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents President Years Vice President Years George Washington ....................................... (1789–1797) John Adams .................................................... (1789–1797) John Adams ..................................................... (1797–1801) Th omas Jeff erson ........................................... (1797–1801) Th omas Jeff erson ............................................ (1801–1809) Aaron Burr...................................................... (1801–1805) George Clinton .............................................. (1805–1809) James Madison ................................................ (1809–1817) George Clinton .............................................. (1809–1812) Vacant .............................................................. (1812–1813) Elbridge Gerry ............................................... (1813–1814) Vacant .............................................................. (1814–1817) James Monroe.................................................. (1817–1825) Daniel D. Tompkins ..................................... (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams ...................................... (1825–1829) John C. Calhoun ............................................ (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson .............................................. (1829–1837)
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Cultures of Fishing Communities
    When Fish is Water: Food Security and Fish in a Coastal Community in The Dominican Republic Item Type Report Authors Stoffle, Richard, W. Publisher Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Download date 08/10/2021 00:41:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292622 Understanding the cultures of fishing communities A key to fisheries management and food security Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Cover photo: Small -scale fishing community, West Indies, by J.R. McGoodwin FAO Understanding the cultures of FISHERIES TECHNICAL fishing communities PAPER A key to fisheries management 401 and food security by James R. McGoodwin Professor Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Boulder, USA Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2001 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92 -5- 104606 -9 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non -commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing and Multimedia Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e -mail to copyright @fao.org © FAO 2001 111 PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT The Fishery Policy and Planning Division of the FAO Fisheries Department regularly publishes technical documentation relevant for fisheries policy planning and management.
    [Show full text]
  • Fombandrazana Vezo: Ethnic Identity and Subsistence
    FOMBANDRAZANA VEZO: ETHNIC IDENTITY AND SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES AMONG COASTAL FISHERS OF WESTERN MADAGASCAR by EARL FURMAN SANDERS (Under the Direction of THEODORE GRAGSON) ABSTRACT The complex dynamic among coastal peoples of western Madagascar involves spread of cultural elements due to extensive seasonal migrations, tribes and ethnic groups merging into progressively broader ethnic groups, distinctions based on interethnic and intra-ethnic boundaries, and lumping of peoples with remotely similar subsistence patterns which has perpetuated ethnonym vagaries. This study analyzes the cultural bases of the Vezo, a group of marine fishers inhabiting the west coast of Madagascar, with the intent of presenting a clearer image of what is entailed within the ethnonym, Vezo, both with respect to subsistence strategies and cultural identity. Three broad areas of inquiry, ethnohistory, ecological niche as understood from the Eltonian definition, and geographical scope inform the field research. Access to these areas leans heavily on oral histories, which in turn is greatly facilitated by intensive participant observation and work in the native language. The analysis shows that the Vezo constitute a distinct ethnic group composed of diverse named patrilineal descent groups. This ethnic group is defined by common origins and a shared sense of common history, which along with the origins of the taboos are maintained within their oral histories. Within the ethnonym, Vezo, there are subsistence as well as other cultural distinctions, most notably the taboos. These distinctions are the bases of the ethnic boundaries separating those who belong to the Vezo cultural group and others who are referred to as Vezo (Vezom-potake and Vezo-loatse) due to geographical disposition.
    [Show full text]
  • White Attitudes Toward Latinos and Policy Preferences in Orange County California
    Mapping Latino Racialization: White Attitudes Toward Latinos and Policy Preferences in Orange County California By Celia Olivia Lacayo A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies In the Graduate Division Of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge Professor Stephen Small, Chair Professor Michael Omi Professor Taeku Lee Spring 2013 Abstract Mapping Latino Racialization: White Attitudes Toward Latinos and Policy Preferences in Orange County California by Celia Olivia Lacayo Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Stephen Small, Chair The dissertation develops our theorizing about the dynamics of racialization, and the role of race and ethnicity, in the United States, particularly in order to account for the dynamics and processes unique to Latinos. It does so by examining white attitudes towards Latinos in Orange County, California through public discourse analysis of the “Ask a Mexican” column, a survey instrument and a series of in-depth interviews to triangulate whites’ use and logic of racial stereotypes and policy preferences. Orange County is a good testing ground for contemporary Latino racialization because it is a majority minority area, which has a long history of migration from Mexico, with deep racial segregation that reflects racial inequalities between whites and Latinos. While Latinos in the United States as a whole are a heterogeneous group my data demonstrates how the current racialization of Latinos in the United States has a homogenizing effect. Empirically my data maps racial stereotypes whites have had and continue to reference as the Latino population has increased.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Ireland. Wikipedia. Last Modified
    Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Republic of Ireland Permanent link From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page information Data item This article is about the modern state. For the revolutionary republic of 1919–1922, see Irish Cite this page Republic. For other uses, see Ireland (disambiguation). Print/export Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, Ireland[a] pronounced [ˈeː.ɾʲə] ( listen)), also known as the Republic Create a book Éire of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign Download as PDF state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island Printable version of Ireland. The capital is Dublin, located in the eastern part of the island. The state shares its only land border Languages with Northern Ireland, one of the constituent countries of Acèh the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Адыгэбзэ Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Flag Coat of arms George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to Afrikaans [10] Anthem: "Amhrán na bhFiann" Alemannisch the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head "The Soldiers' Song" Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript of government, the Taoiseach, is nominated by the lower Ænglisc disabled or does not have any supported house of parliament, Dáil Éireann. player. You can download the clip or download a Aragonés The modern Irish state gained effective independence player to play the clip in your browser. from the United Kingdom—as the Irish Free State—in Armãneashce 1922 following the Irish War of Independence, which Arpetan resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
    [Show full text]