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The Making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization And

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The Making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization And The making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization and Legitimacy Sinan Celiksu Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 ©2014 Sinan Celiksu All rights reserved ABSTRACT The making of the Padanian Nation: Corruption, Hegemony, Globalization and Legitimacy Sinan Celiksu This dissertation examines the relationship between state failures and state legitimacy in Italy. The study is based on a one-year ethnographic field research in Varese City. The political party Northern League and its followers (Leghisti) has been chosen to observe the state-society relationships. It has been discovered that among others, three factors were instrumental in the process by which the state-society relationships has been deteriorated so as to open the path for an alternative legitimacy claim such as Padanian nationalism. Initially, revelations of political corruption and illegal state practices, failure of the state to address problems related to globalization such as global economic integration and uncontrolled immigration were instrumental. Later, struggle of hegemony and subjugation between the League and the state has been another important cause for deteriorated relationships. This study also provides qualitative data on the processes by which those deteriorated relationships and state failures contributed the rise of xenophobia and suggests that this failures of the state coupled with the problems brought about by the uncontrolled immigration and global economic expansion is likely to open a path for criminalization of both immigrants and local people. Table of Contents LIST OF GRAPHS, IMAGES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... vii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ ix INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: Methodology ............................................................................... 11 Section 1.1: A Theoretically Informed Methodology ............................................... 11 Section 1.2: Ethical Concerns ............................................................................... 17 Section 1.3: Limitations ....................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review ....................................................................... 20 Section 2.1: Theories of Nationalism ..................................................................... 20 Section 2.1.1: Political Economy Approach ..................................................... 23 Section 2.1.2: The Political Transformation Approach ...................................... 25 Section 2.1.3: The Social-Transformation Approach ......................................... 29 Section 2.1.4: The Ethno-symbolism Approach ................................................ 34 Section 2.2 Diachronic Analysis: A Brief History of Italy ....................................... 35 Section 2.2.1 Unification and the Southern Question ......................................... 36 Section 2.2.2: Terrorism and the Cold War ...................................................... 37 Section 2.2.3: Eighties and Nineties: Pandora’s Box Opened ............................. 40 Section 2.2.4: Stay Behind Network of the NATO in Italy ................................. 41 Section 2.2.5: Politics of Electoral System ....................................................... 44 Section 2.2.6: Investigations on Corruption: Mani Pulite (Clean Hands) ............. 45 i CHAPTER THREE: Description of the Research Site and the Party ............................ 48 Section 3.1: Emergence an the History of the Northern League ................................ 48 Section 3.2: Description of the Research Site ......................................................... 61 Section 3.3: Description of the Varese Section of the League ................................... 65 Section 3.3.1: Barbari Sognanti: Maronians ..................................................... 71 Section 3.3.2: Movimento Giovanni Padani: Young Padanians Movement .......... 74 Section 3.3.3: Venice and Luca Zaia ............................................................... 76 Section 3.3.4: Eretici Della Terza Fila (Heretics of the Third Row) .................... 77 Section 3.3.5: Terra Insubre: ........................................................................... 78 Section 3.3.6: People in the Middle ................................................................. 80 Section 3.3.7: Bergamo and Roberto Calderoli ................................................. 81 Section 3.3.8: Followers of Bossi: Cerchio Magico and Bossians ....................... 82 CHAPTER FOUR: Direct Encounters with the State: Uomini Contro [Man Against] .... 84 Section 4.1: Taxation ........................................................................................... 85 Section 4.2: Redistribution ............................................................................................ 90 Section 4.3: Corruption .................................................................................................. 91 Section 4.4: The Mafia and Clientelism ........................................................................ 92 Section 4.5: Government Spending and the Salaries of Politicians .............................. 96 Section 4.6: Government Institutions: Schools and the Police ...................................... 98 CHAPTER FIVE: Hegemony and Passive Revolution ............................................. 104 Section 5.1: Passive Revolution and the League ......................................................... 106 Section 5.2: Common sense and the issue of Homogeneity ........................................ 107 Section 5.3: Direct Challenges to the State: Independence vs. Federalism ................. 113 ii Section 5.4: Reappearance of Subjugated Knowledge: ............................................... 118 Section 5.4.1: Alternative Ways of Spreading the Word .................................. 118 Section 5.4.2: The Party building as a School ................................................. 121 Section 5.4.3: Three movies and the Shame of Being Italian ............................ 128 Section 5.4.4: Conspiracy Theories ............................................................... 135 CHAPTER SIX: Globalization and the Failing State ................................................ 141 Section 6.1: Immigrant Experiences .................................................................... 144 Section 6.1.1: Legal Immigrants ................................................................... 144 Section 6.1.2: Illegal Immigrants .................................................................. 145 Section 6.2: Leghisti’s Views ............................................................................. 148 Section 6.2.1: Security or the fear of crime .................................................... 148 Section 6.2.2: Ghettoes ................................................................................ 150 Section 6.2.3: Invasion of Public Spaces ........................................................ 152 Section 6.2.4: Immigrant Mafias ................................................................ 156 Section 6.2.5: The Job Market ...................................................................... 159 Section 6.2.6: Ideology of Civility ................................................................. 161 Section 6.3: Muslims ......................................................................................... 163 Section 6.3.1: Stereotypes and Culture Clash ................................................. 163 Section 5.3.2 The Cross Issue ....................................................................... 165 Section 6.3.3: Islam and Women ................................................................... 169 Section 6.3.4: Mosques ................................................................................ 172 Section 6.3.5: Perception of Invasion ............................................................. 173 Section 6.3.6: Political Islam ........................................................................ 175 iii CHAPTER SEVEN: Globalization and the Vanishing State ..................................... 177 Section 7.1: A Period of Crisis .................................................................................... 177 Section 7.2: Diffuse Entrepreneurship ......................................................................... 178 Section 7.3: European Union, Economical Crises and the Vanishing Sovereignty .... 179 Section 7.4: Northern Work Ethic and the Spirit of Entrepreneurship ........................ 183 Section 7.5: Globalization and the Vanishing Pride .................................................... 186 Section 7.6: The influence of China and Chinese Immigrants .................................... 187 CHAPTER EIGHT: Corruption and the Changing League ....................................... 193 Section 8.1: Description of a Crisis of Leadership ................................................. 196 Section 8.1.1: The First Fire: Varese Elections
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