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Gabriel Rodriguez Thesis Final Draft Revised April 13 THE ENREGISTERMENT OF DIALECTS IN JAPANESE YOUTUBE COMMENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Linguistics By Gabriel R Rodriguez, B.A. Washington, DC March 29, 2018 Copyright 2018 by Gabriel Rodriguez All Rights Reserved ii THE ENREGISTERMENT OF DIALECTS IN JAPANESE YOUTUBE COMMENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Gabriel Rodriguez, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Anastasia Nylund, PhD. ABSTRACT This study attempts to contextualize the explosive valorization and commodification of dialect in Japan since the 1980s, the dialect boom, in terms of Japanese social and economic issues and the growing public interest within Japan in Japan’s internal diversity. While the dialect boom has been widely studied in sociolinguistics, little work has related the growing valorization of dialect to the growing valorization of diversity, and most recent work has focused primarily on the Kansai dialect. To these ends, I conduct an analysis of the enregisterment of six Japanese dialects, those of Osaka, Hakata, Nagoya, Aomori, Okinawa, and Kōshū. I analyze a corpus of YouTube comments responding to videos of dialect usage, using stance theory (DuBois 2007) to break down the social acts that produce enregisterment (Agha 2003). I draw on the theories of sociolinguistic indexicality (Johnstone and Kiesling 2008, Eckert 2008) and the discourse analytic concept of dialect performance (Schilling-Estes 1998, Coupland 2007) as guides to interpreting the micro-social interactions I observe, connecting them to a macro-social context through the theories of Standard Language Ideology (Lippi-Green 1997), identity construction (Bucholtz & Hall 2005), and folklorization (Fishman 1987). I examine evaluations of dialect based on attractiveness, humorousness, intelligibility, folklorization, and country-ness, evaluate their relative prestige by investigating the willingness of speakers to debate dialect performances’ fidelity, and finally examine the political conflicts dialects are implicated in by looking at how they are related to questions of diversity and nationalism. The similarities between evaluations of the dialects of Okinawa and Aomori, particularly in the category of folklorization, suggest that the dialects of Aomori have accrued certain affective traits of an Indigenous language despite iii being spoken by members of the ethnic majority. However, the conflicts that arise over the cases of Okinawa and Osaka suggest that the use of dialect as a marker of regional identity is now being integrated into a nationalist Japanese self-image as a country with rich internal diversity. This provides a means by which Japan can engage with the discourses of liberal multiculturalism and diversity without seriously threatening the hegemony of Japanese ethno-nationalism, suggesting a need to reevaluate the past focus on nihonjinron in building critiques of Japanese nationalist ideology. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my thanks to Anastasia Nylund, my thesis advisor and academic advisor, for her advice and insight on developing this thesis. Her eager engagement with the many data samples I brought her was a huge encouragement. I would also like to thank Natalie Schilling for her support of my interest in studying the Ainu language, which eventually led to this thesis. I would also like to thank Cynthia Gordon for teaching me about the methods of discourse analysis and the use of data extracts in text. At the Department of Linguistics, I would like to thank the graduate program coordinator Erin Esch Pereira for her assistance in navigating the process of submission. At the University of Michigan, I would like to thank Marlyse Baptista and Sarah Thomason for first fostering my interest in Japanese sociolinguistics and corpus analysis. At the Smithsonian’s Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, I would like to thank Mary Linn for her insight on the issues of folklorization and the social and political struggle of speakers of endangered languages and dialects around the world. Finally, I would like to thank Donald Topp, my parents, Sharon and Robert Rodriguez, and my grandmother, Carolyn Reifinger. Many thanks, Gabriel Rodriguez v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1 1.1. Motivation .............................................................................................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................2 2.1. Japanese Sociopolitical Context ............................................................................................2 2.2. Japanese Language History ....................................................................................................4 2.3. Present-Day Variation ............................................................................................................6 2.4. Language Attitudes and Social Beliefs ................................................................................14 2.5. Enregisterment, Indexicality, and Labeling .........................................................................18 2.6. Dialect Performance .............................................................................................................22 3. DATA AND METHODS ..........................................................................................................23 3.1. Data Collection ....................................................................................................................23 3.2. Coding Procedures ...............................................................................................................25 4. ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................27 4.1. Cuteness and Ugliness .........................................................................................................28 4.2. Trivialization and Humor .....................................................................................................34 4.3. Intelligibility and Foreignness .............................................................................................43 4.4. Sentimentality and Indigeneity ............................................................................................52 4.5. City vs Country ...................................................................................................................58 4.6. Dialect Fidelity and Power ...................................................................................................64 4.7. Diversity and Nationalism ...................................................................................................75 4.8. Synthesis and Discussion .....................................................................................................84 vi 5. CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................87 APPENDIX A: TRANSLITERATION CONVENTIONS ...........................................................89 APPENDIX B: VIDEO TITLES AND URLS ..............................................................................90 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................93 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Japan ....................................................................................................................7 Figure 2. Map of Kansai Region ......................................................................................................8 Figure 3. Map of Kyūshū Region ....................................................................................................9 Figure 4. Map of Chūbu Region ....................................................................................................10 Figure 5. Map of Okinawa Prefecture ............................................................................................11 Figure 6. Map of Tōhoku Region ..................................................................................................12 Figure 7. Map of Chūbu Region ....................................................................................................14 Figure 8. Map of Chūbu Region ....................................................................................................33 Figure 9. Sanma Akashiya Laughing .............................................................................................35 Figure 10. Screencaps From Late Nights From Monday: Hakata vs Kitakyūshū .........................37 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Geographic and Demographic Information .......................................................................7 Table 2. Video Information ............................................................................................................23 Table 3. Coding Schema ................................................................................................................27 Table 4. Dialect Attractiveness ......................................................................................................28 Table 5. Dialect Trivialization .......................................................................................................35
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