'Accentless' and Standard Japanese Dialects
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Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes
University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics Volume 13 University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers Volume 13 Article 10 1990 Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes Koichi Tateishi University of Massachusetts, Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umop Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Tateishi, Koichi (1990) "Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes," University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 13 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umop/vol13/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tateishi: Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes PHONOLOGY OF SINO-JAPANESE MORPHEHES* Koichi Tateishi University of Massachusetts, Amherst O. Introduction Japanese has four major classes of morphemes-Yamato (those whose origin can not be detected neither in foreign languages nor in mimetic morphemes), Sino Japanese (borrowings from non-modern Chinese dialects), foreign (borrowings from non-Chinese languages), and mimetic (onomatopoeia, idiophonic morphemes). Works by McCawley (1968) among others assume four fairly modular classes of morphemes for them which have distinct though partially overlapping phonemic inventories. It just This paper is 8 revised vertdtm of a paper I wrot.e in March. 19S6, aasically. I kept. intact basic claims and discussions of the $0 only changes I made te the earlier version Are dispositional. In the earlier of writing this paper. disctls- $lons with Junko Ito, Jol1n HcCarthy. and Elisabeth were invaluable. -
2 Mora and Syllable
2 Mora and Syllable HARUO KUBOZONO 0 Introduction In his classical typological study Trubetzkoy (1969) proposed that natural languages fall into two groups, “mora languages” and “syllable languages,” according to the smallest prosodic unit that is used productively in that lan- guage. Tokyo Japanese is classified as a “mora” language whereas Modern English is supposed to be a “syllable” language. The mora is generally defined as a unit of duration in Japanese (Bloch 1950), where it is used to measure the length of words and utterances. The three words in (1), for example, are felt by native speakers of Tokyo Japanese as having the same length despite the different number of syllables involved. In (1) and the rest of this chapter, mora boundaries are marked by hyphens /-/, whereas syllable boundaries are marked by dots /./. All syllable boundaries are mora boundaries, too, although not vice versa.1 (1) a. to-o-kyo-o “Tokyo” b. a-ma-zo-n “Amazon” too.kyoo a.ma.zon c. a-me-ri-ka “America” a.me.ri.ka The notion of “mora” as defined in (1) is equivalent to what Pike (1947) called a “phonemic syllable,” whereas “syllable” in (1) corresponds to what he referred to as a “phonetic syllable.” Pike’s choice of terminology as well as Trubetzkoy’s classification may be taken as implying that only the mora is relevant in Japanese phonology and morphology. Indeed, the majority of the literature emphasizes the importance of the mora while essentially downplaying the syllable (e.g. Sugito 1989, Poser 1990, Tsujimura 1996b). This symbolizes the importance of the mora in Japanese, but it remains an open question whether the syllable is in fact irrelevant in Japanese and, if not, what role this second unit actually plays in the language. -
Intonation in Ryukyuan: with Reference to Modality, Syntax, and Focus
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 10: Special Issue on Humanities of the lesser-known: New directions in the description, documentation and typology of endangered languages and musics. Editors: Niclas Burenhult, Arthur Holmer, Anastasia Karlsson, Håkan Lundström & Jan-Olof Svantesson Intonation in Ryukyuan: with reference to modality, syntax, and focus YASUKO NAGANO-MADSEN Cite this article: Yasuko Nagano-Madsen (2012). Intonation in Ryukyuan: with reference to modality, syntax, and focus. In Niclas Burenhult, Arthur Holmer, Anastasia Karlsson, Håkan Lundström & Jan-Olof Svantesson (eds) Language Documentation and Description, vol 10: Special Issue on Humanities of the lesser-known: New directions in the description, documentation and typology of endangered languages and musics. London: SOAS. pp. 177-207 Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/118 This electronic version first published: July 2014 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Terms of use: http://www.elpublishing.org/terms Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Intonation in Ryukyuan: with reference to modality, syntax, and focus Yasuko Nagano-Madsen 1. Introduction1 Ryukyuan is a sister language to Japanese and is said to have branched from Proto-Japanese-Ryukuan. -
Accent Systems in Japanese Dialects
NINJAL International symposium Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, Documentation and Revitalization. ACCENT SYSTEMS IN JAPANESE DIALECTS Aug. 6 (Mon) ~Aug. 8 (Wed) 2018 Nobuko Kibe NINJAL nkibe:@ninjal.ac.jp 1 Overview of regional differences in accent ■ Mainland Japanese dialects exhibit an astonishing range of variation in their accent systems, but they can be classified into the following 4 major typological categories: ■ (1) Systems based on lexical kernel (lowering, ascending or raising) < e.g. Tokȳ ō, Hirosaki, Narada> ■ (2) Systems based on word tones (N-pattern accent system) <e.g. Kagoshima, Nagasaki > ■ (3) Systems combining word tones with a lowering kernel <e.g. Kyōto> ■ (4) Systems without any lexical accentual distinctions <e.g. Fukushima, Kumamoto > 2 Figure 1 Distribution map of accent systems in Japan (Hayata 1999) Figure 1 is a distribution map of accent systems of Japanese dialects created by Teruhiro Hayata; (1) the dotted areas have the systems based on lexical kernel, (2) the areas with stripes have the systems based on word tones (N- pattern accent system), (3) the areas with stripes and dots have the systems combining word tones with a lowering kernel, and (4) the plain areas have the systems with no lexical accentual distinctions. 3 Kyōto Hirosaki Kagoshima Tōkyō Figure 1 Distribution map of accent systems in Japan (Hayata 1999) In this talk, I will discuss accent systems of 4 regions; • Tokȳ ō dialect (a lowering kernel), • Kagoshima dialect (2-pattern accent system), • Kyōto dialect (word tones with a lowering kernel), • Hirosaki dialect (an ascending kernel). 4 2 Accent system of Tōkyō dialect ■ Tōkyō dialect has a system based on lowering kernel. -
Research on Endangered Ryukuan Dialects with an Aim to Preserve
KAKENHI NEWS2009 vol.2 Research on Endangered Ryukuan Dialects � Culture & � Society with an Aim to Preserve and Propagate Shigehisa Karimata� Professor� University of the Ryukyus 【Background】� /ã, õ, ı˜/and /ë˜/ for a total of 18 vowels. particle ga is spoken in the interrogative, UNESCO announced in February 2009 But the dialect of Yonakuni Island, the and nu in yes-or-no questions, to enable that of the over six thousand languages westernmost island in Japan, primarily the speaker to add extra meaning to his spoken in the world, 2500 are in danger use the three vowels a, i and u. The Miya- question. The Ryukyuan languages shed of becoming extinct. Among them are Ja- ko Ookami Island dialect has only 10 con- light on the history of the Japanese lan- pan's Ryukyuan languages (UNESCO sonants: /p, t, k, f, v, s, m, n, j/and /r/. But guage, and has many interesting linguistic treats each Ryukyuan dialect as a separate it has been discovered that the consonants typological features. � language). Although experts have long /f, v, s, m/ and n are used as monosylla- � been aware of the threat to the dialects, bles, that the /f/ and /s/ in words such as 【Outlook】� and research on their preservation and /kffi/ (make) and /pstu/ (person) function Urgent research is needed on the Ryu- propagation has been ongoing for more as vowels in a syllable, and that there are kyuan languages in order to pass them than 30 years, the inclusion of Ryukyu also long and short consonants, with down to future generations. -
Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia (Poster Session)”
Non-Core Vocabulary Cognates in Ryukyuan and Kyushu* JAROSZ, Aleksandra Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń The present paper provides an overview of eighteen identified likely cognates from Ryukyuan and Kyushu regiolects which the author argues have been inherited from Common Kyushu-Ryukyuan (CKR). The alleged cognates all belong to non-core vocabulary, the working definition of which adopted here is “vocabulary not found on the basic vocabulary lists of Swadesh 200 and Leipzig-Jakarta.” Following Hock (1991), the author presumes that in equal relations between language communities – the relations between Pre-Proto-Ryukyuan speakers while they still inhabited the Kyushu area and speakers of other Kyushu-Japonic regiolects are believed to have been such – the so-called basic vocabulary is no more resistant to borrowing than the non-basic (including culture-specific and environment-specific) lexicon. One can thus infer that a study of non-core vocabulary would be a valuable contribution to the state of knowledge on the history of the southern Japonic language area. Consequently, this paper analyzes the distribution of putative CKR cognates in both Kyushu and the Ryukyus as well as the typology of shared features among them, discussing these against a broader Japonic background when relevant. Preliminary results show the most shared features between the Ryukyuan and Tokara regiolects, encouraging an identification of the final stage of Pre-Ryukyuan with Common Tokara-Ryukyuan. The division of the next lowest order also includes Ōsumi and Koshiki islands, implying that the pre-final stage of Pre-Ryukyuan was what is here called Common Insular Kyushu-Ryukyuan. Keywords: comparative linguistics, Kyushu, Ryukyuan, Kyushu-Ryukyuan, Japonic 1. -
Supplementary Information Chapter 36 Basic Vocabulary Martine Robbeets
This is a draft version of a chapter that appears in Robbeets, M and A. Savelyev (eds). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages (OUP, 2020)' see https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-guide-to-the- transeurasian-languages-9780198804628. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 Program/ ERC Grant Agreement n. 646612 granted to Martine Robbeets. Supplementary Information Chapter 36 Basic vocabulary Martine Robbeets SI 1 Reconstruction of the basic phoneme inventory of the individual proto-languages Table SI 1.1 Reconstruction of the basic consonant inventory of Proto-Japonic pJ OJ J Amami Okinawa Miyako Yaeyama Yonaguni *p p h- ɸ- h- ç- p- ɸ- p- f- p- ɸ- h- tɕˀ- ç- -w- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- *np nb b b b b b b *t t t t t t t t *nt nd d d d d d d *k k k k- kh- k- k- f- k- ɸ- f- h- k- kh- ø- -k- -kh- -k- -k- -f- -k- -g- *nk ng g g g g g ŋ ø ŋ *s s s s s s s s c *ns nz z dz z z z d *m m m m m m m m *n n n n n n n n *r r r r r r r r *w w w w- b- y- g- ɸ- w- b- g- ʔ- b- b- b- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- *y y y y y y y d- -y- Table SI 1.2 Reconstruction of the basic vowel inventory of Proto-Japonic pJ OJ J Amami Okinawa Miyako Yaeyama Yonaguni *a a a a a a a a *ə o(2) o u u u u u *o o(1) o u u u u u *o u u ʰu u u u u *u u u ʔu, N u, N u, N, ø u, N, ø u, N, ø *ɨ o(2) o u u u u u ʔ ʔ y *i i(1) i i, N i, i, N ɿ, ɯ, s, N, ø N, ø i, N, ø *e i(1) i ʰɨ, i ʰi, i i i i *e e(1) e yu yu yu yu du Table SI 1.3 Reconstruction of the basic consonant inventory of Proto-Koreanic pK MK *p p, W /β/ > w (lenition) *t t, l /r/ (lenition) *c c *k k, G /ɣ/ > ø (lenition) *h h This is a draft version of a chapter that appears in Robbeets, M and A. -
A Span Theory Analysis of Lexical Tone Patterns in Japanese Dialects
A Span Theory Analysis of Lexical Tone Patterns in Japanese Dialects Maëlys Salingre Abstract This paper proposes a Span Theory analysis of lexical tone patterns of simplex words in multi- pattern dialects such as Tokyo, Osaka, Hirosaki, and Shizukuishi but also N-pattern dialects such as Kagoshima and Miyakonojo. By replacing the accent tier in multi-pattern dialects with a linked tone coupled to a floating tone lexically specified, and the falling pattern of 2-pattern dialects by two floating tones, we show that it is possible to analyze both N-pattern and multi-pattern dialects with the same constraints. The typological variation on the timing of tonal change can be explained by the direction and domains of tonal alignment constraints while the presence or absence of contour tones can be explained by the relative ranking of MAX-TONE and *CONTOUR. Key Words: Optimality Theory, Span Theory, pitch accent, tone, Japanese dialects 1. Introduction Analyses of Tokyo Japanese tonal patterns in generative phonology (McCawley, 1968), autosegmental theory (Haraguchi, 1977) or Optimality Theory (Kubozono, 1995; Alderete, 2001; Labrune, 2012) make use of an accent kernel, separate from tones, usually defined as the last high- toned mora before a lexical pitch fall. However, the tonal melody of a word and the position of the accent kernel can be fully deducted from each other in Tokyo Japanese. It is therefore redundant to use both a tonal tier and an accent tier in this dialect. Furthermore, the accent kernel interacts with initial lowering in Tokyo Japanese, initial raising in Narada Japanese (Yamanashi Pref.) and with other lexical tones in dialects that have registers (Kyoto and Osaka inter alia). -
Ryukyu Language (The Shuri Dialect)
International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2015, PP 115-123 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) www.arcjournals.org Examining the Grammatical Functions of the Auxiliary Verb Rijun in the Shuri Dialect of Ryukyuan Languages Yan Kit Kwong Department of Asian and International Studies, City University of Hong Kong Y7714, Department of Asian and International Studies, Yellow Zone, 7/F, Academic 1, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong [email protected] Abstract: This paper reexamines the functions of the auxiliary verb rijun (or riin) in the Ryukyuan languages. Ryukyuan languages, which are widely considered as sister languages to Japanese language, can be divided into Northern Ryukyuan languages and Southern Ryukyuan languages. This paper focuses on the Shuri dialect, one of the dialects belonging to the Northern Ryukyuan languages. In Ryukyuan languages, the auxiliary verb rijun can be used to express passive, potential, and honorific morpheme. In this paper, the author aims to reexamine the functions of rijun in order to clarify the grammatical functions and characteristics of rijun. Keywords: Ryukyuan language, Shuri dialect, auxiliary verb, rijun, passive voice, honorifics, potential form. 1. INTRODUCTION Ryukyuan languages are widely considered as sister languages of the Japanese language [1]. Phonological and grammatical similarities are found between Ryukyuan languages and Japanese Kyushu dialects and they also show close lexical connections [2]. Ryukyuan languages can be divided into two main groups, namely Northern Ryukyu language and Southern Ryukyu language. Northern Ryukyu language is further divided into Northern Amami dialect, Southern Amami and Northern Okinawa dialect, and South Central Okinawa dialect; on the other hand, Southern Ryukyu language can be subdivided into Miyako dialect, Yaeyama dialect, and Yonaguni dialect [3]. -
Introduction to Japanese Computational Linguistics Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin
1 Introduction to Japanese Computational Linguistics Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Japanese language, and natural language processing (NLP) research on Japanese. For a more complete but accessible description of the Japanese language, we refer the reader to Shibatani (1990), Backhouse (1993), Tsujimura (2006), Yamaguchi (2007), and Iwasaki (2013). 1 A Basic Introduction to the Japanese Language Japanese is the official language of Japan, and belongs to the Japanese language family (Gordon, Jr., 2005).1 The first-language speaker pop- ulation of Japanese is around 120 million, based almost exclusively in Japan. The official version of Japanese, e.g. used in official settings andby the media, is called hyōjuNgo “standard language”, but Japanese also has a large number of distinctive regional dialects. Other than lexical distinctions, common features distinguishing Japanese dialects are case markers, discourse connectives and verb endings (Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujyo, 1989–2006). 1There are a number of other languages in the Japanese language family of Ryukyuan type, spoken in the islands of Okinawa. Other languages native to Japan are Ainu (an isolated language spoken in northern Japan, and now almost extinct: Shibatani (1990)) and Japanese Sign Language. Readings in Japanese Natural Language Processing. Francis Bond, Timothy Baldwin, Kentaro Inui, Shun Ishizaki, Hiroshi Nakagawa and Akira Shimazu (eds.). Copyright © 2016, CSLI Publications. 1 Preview 2 / Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin 2 The Sound System Japanese has a relatively simple sound system, made up of 5 vowel phonemes (/a/,2 /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/), 9 unvoiced consonant phonemes (/k/, /s/,3 /t/,4 /n/, /h/,5 /m/, /j/, /ó/ and /w/), 4 voiced conso- nants (/g/, /z/,6 /d/ 7 and /b/), and one semi-voiced consonant (/p/). -
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture Edited by Yoshio Sugimoto Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88047-3 — The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture Edited by Yoshio Sugimoto Index More Information Index 1955 system 116, 168 anti-Americanism 347 anti-authoritarianism 167 Abe, Kazushige 204–6 anti-globalisation protests 342–3 Abe, Shinzo¯ 59, 167, 172, 176, 347 anti-Japanese sentiment abortion 79–80, 87 in China 346–7 ‘Act for the Promotion of Ainu Culture & in South Korea 345, 347 Dissemination of Knowledge Regarding Aoyama, Nanae 203 Ainu Traditions’ 72 art-tested civility 170 aged care 77, 79, 89, 136–7, 228–9 Asada, Zennosuke 186 ageing population 123, 140 Asian identity 175–6, 214 participation in sporting activities 227–8 asobi (play) 218 aidagara (betweeness) 49 Astro Boy (Tetsuwan Atomu) 243 Ainu language 71–2 audio-visual companies, export strategies Ainu people 362 banning of traditional practices 71 definition of 72 Balint, Michael 51 discrimination against 23 Benedict, Ruth 41 homeland 71 birthrate 81–5, 87, 140, 333–4 as hunters and meat eaters 304 Bon festival 221 overview 183 brain drain 144 Akitsuki, Risu 245 ‘bubble economy’ 118 All Romance Incident 189 Buddha (manga) 246 amae 41–2, 50–1 Buddhism 57, 59, 136 Amami dialects 63 background 149 Amami Islands 63 disassociation from Shinto under Meiji Amebic (novel) 209 152–6 The Anatomy of Dependence 40 effects of disassociation 153, 155–6 ancestor veneration 160–1 moral codes embodied in practice anime 15, 236 157 anime industry problems in the study of 151–2 criticisms of 237–8 as a rational philosophy 154 cultural erasure -
How to Translate Dialects: a Segmentation-Centric Pivot Translation Approach
Information and Media Technologies 8(4): 1166-1186 (2013) reprinted from: Journal of Natural Language Processing 20(4): 563-583 (2013) © The Association for Natural Language Processing How to Translate Dialects: A Segmentation-Centric Pivot Translation Approach Michael Paul†, Andrew Finch† and Eiichiro Sumita† Recent research on multilingual statistical machine translation (SMT) focuses on the usage of pivot languages in order to overcome resource limitations for certain lan- guage pairs. This paper proposes a new method to translate a dialect language into a foreign language by integrating transliteration approaches based on Bayesian align- ment (BA) models with pivot-based SMT approaches. The advantages of the pro- posed method with respect to standard SMT approaches are threefold: (1) it uses a standard language as the pivot language and acquires knowledge about the relation between dialects and a standard language automatically, (2) it avoids segmentation mismatches between the input and the translation model by mapping the character sequences of the dialect language to the word segmentation of the standard language, and (3) it reduces the translation task complexity by using monotone decoding tech- niques. Experiment results translating five Japanese dialects (Kumamoto, Kyoto, Nagoya, Okinawa, Osaka) into four Indo-European languages (English, German, Rus- sian, Hindi) and two Asian languages (Chinese, Korean) revealed that the proposed method improves the translation quality of dialect translation tasks and outperforms standard pivot translation approaches concatenating SMT engines for the majority of the investigated language pairs. Key Words: Dialect Languages, Pivot Translation, Word Segmentation 1 Introduction The translation quality of SMT approaches heavily depends on the amount and coverage of the bilingual language resources available to train the statistical models.