Mora Or Syllable? Which Unit Do Japanese Use in Naming Visually Presented Stimuli?
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2 Mora and Syllable
2 Mora and Syllable HARUO KUBOZONO 0 Introduction In his classical typological study Trubetzkoy (1969) proposed that natural languages fall into two groups, “mora languages” and “syllable languages,” according to the smallest prosodic unit that is used productively in that lan- guage. Tokyo Japanese is classified as a “mora” language whereas Modern English is supposed to be a “syllable” language. The mora is generally defined as a unit of duration in Japanese (Bloch 1950), where it is used to measure the length of words and utterances. The three words in (1), for example, are felt by native speakers of Tokyo Japanese as having the same length despite the different number of syllables involved. In (1) and the rest of this chapter, mora boundaries are marked by hyphens /-/, whereas syllable boundaries are marked by dots /./. All syllable boundaries are mora boundaries, too, although not vice versa.1 (1) a. to-o-kyo-o “Tokyo” b. a-ma-zo-n “Amazon” too.kyoo a.ma.zon c. a-me-ri-ka “America” a.me.ri.ka The notion of “mora” as defined in (1) is equivalent to what Pike (1947) called a “phonemic syllable,” whereas “syllable” in (1) corresponds to what he referred to as a “phonetic syllable.” Pike’s choice of terminology as well as Trubetzkoy’s classification may be taken as implying that only the mora is relevant in Japanese phonology and morphology. Indeed, the majority of the literature emphasizes the importance of the mora while essentially downplaying the syllable (e.g. Sugito 1989, Poser 1990, Tsujimura 1996b). This symbolizes the importance of the mora in Japanese, but it remains an open question whether the syllable is in fact irrelevant in Japanese and, if not, what role this second unit actually plays in the language. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
85 Improvements in the Sociolinguistic
Dialectologia 8 (2012), 85-132. ISSN: 2013-2247 Received 24 September 2011. Accepted 2 November 2011. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC STATUS OF DIALECTS AS OBSERVED THROUGH LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPES — UTILIZATION OF GOOGLE MAPS AND GOOGLE INSIGHTS — Fumio INOUE Meikai University, Japan [email protected] Abstract The sociolinguistic status of Japanese dialects will be discussed on the basis of linguistic landscape in this paper. A steady increase in dialect shop names over the past fourteen years was concretely ascertained in a southern island on the basis of tour guide books. This increase in dialect shop names is observed also in other areas of Japan. The fieldworks are examples of “insect’s eye view” research. The geographical distribution of dialect shop names can be shown also on distribution maps of Google maps. These maps give us a “bird’s eye view”. It has been ascertained that Japanese dialect forms are utilized both domestically and abroad. Many more examples are observable using Google street view as “fly’s eye view”, and Google insights as “witch’s eye view”. The background of dialect landscape can be explained partly by the progress of language standardization, or decline of dialects. Dialects are now economically utilized because of their scarcity value. Three sociolinguistic types can be distinguished historically: ERADICATION, DESCRIPTION and UTILIZATION. Now Japanese dialects are in the state of UTILIZATION. Dialect landscape is a reflection of language standardization, and is regarded as a sensor of standardization. On the basis of the Linguistic Atlas of Japan, three historical stages of standardization can be distinguished: first, language standardization from the former capital Kyoto, and secondly from the new capital Tokyo, and thirdly nationwide standardization among junior high school students. -
Mora Alignment and Multiple Foot Types in K'ichee'
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Kentucky University of Kentucky UKnowledge Linguistics Presentations Linguistics 2002 Mora alignment and multiple foot types in K’ichee’ Rusty Barrett University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_present Part of the Language Description and Documentation Commons Repository Citation Barrett, Rusty, "Mora alignment and multiple foot types in K’ichee’" (2002). Linguistics Presentations. 3. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_present/3 This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Presentations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mora alignment and multiple foot types in K’ichee’ Rusty Barrett University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 0. Introduction This paper presents an analysis of the stress system in the Nahualá dialect of K’ichee’ (a Mayan language spoken in Western Guatemala) and discusses the theoretical implications of K’ichee’ stress. In K’ichee’, quantity sensitivity is dependent on position within a word rather than syllable structure. The analysis of K’ichee’ suggests the need for a uniform analysis of foot structure within OT so that stress is always dependent on foot structure rather than syllable structure (with the effects of quantity sensitivity resulting from the equation of a foot with a single syllable). -
49 Stress-Timed Vs. Syllable- Timed Languages
TBC_049.qxd 7/13/10 19:21 Page 1 49 Stress-timed vs. Syllable- timed Languages Marina Nespor Mohinish Shukla Jacques Mehler 1Introduction Rhythm characterizes most natural phenomena: heartbeats have a rhythmic organization, and so do the waves of the sea, the alternation of day and night, and bird songs. Language is yet another natural phenomenon that is charac- terized by rhythm. What is rhythm? Is it possible to give a general enough definition of rhythm to include all the phenomena we just mentioned? The origin of the word rhythm is the Greek word osh[óp, derived from the verb oeí, which means ‘to flow’. We could say that rhythm determines the flow of different phenomena. Plato (The Laws, book II: 93) gave a very general – and in our opinion the most beautiful – definition of rhythm: “rhythm is order in movement.” In order to under- stand how rhythm is instantiated in different natural phenomena, including language, it is necessary to discover the elements responsible for it in each single case. Thus the question we address is: which elements establish order in linguistic rhythm, i.e. in the flow of speech? 2The rhythmic hierarchy: Rhythm as alternation Rhythm is hierarchical in nature in language, as it is in music. According to the metrical grid theory, i.e. the representation of linguistic rhythm within Generative Grammar (cf., amongst others, Liberman & Prince 1977; Prince 1983; Nespor & Vogel 1989; chapter 43: representations of word stress), the element that “establishes order” in the flow of speech is stress: universally, stressed and unstressed positions alternate at different levels of the hierarchy (see chapter 40: stress: phonotactic and phonetic evidence). -
Introduction to the Special Issue on Japanese Geminate Obstruents
J East Asian Linguist (2013) 22:303-306 DOI 10.1007/s10831-013-9109-z Introduction to the special issue on Japanese geminate obstruents Haruo Kubozono Received: 8 January 2013 / Accepted: 22 January 2013 / Published online: 6 July 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Geminate obstruents (GOs) and so-called unaccented words are the two properties most characteristic of Japanese phonology and the two features that are most difficult to learn for foreign learners of Japanese, regardless of their native language. This special issue deals with the first of these features, discussing what makes GOs so difficult to master, what is so special about them, and what makes the research thereon so interesting. GOs are one of the two types of geminate consonant in Japanese1 which roughly corresponds to what is called ‘sokuon’ (促音). ‘Sokon’ is defined as a ‘one-mora- long silence’ (Sanseido Daijirin Dictionary), often symbolized as /Q/ in Japanese linguistics, and is transcribed with a small letter corresponding to /tu/ (っ or ッ)in Japanese orthography. Its presence or absence is distinctive in Japanese phonology as exemplified by many pairs of words, including the following (dots /. / indicate syllable boundaries). (1) sa.ki ‘point’ vs. sak.ki ‘a short time ago’ ka.ko ‘past’ vs. kak.ko ‘paranthesis’ ba.gu ‘bug (in computer)’ vs. bag.gu ‘bag’ ka.ta ‘type’ vs. kat.ta ‘bought (past tense of ‘buy’)’ to.sa ‘Tosa (place name)’ vs. tos.sa ‘in an instant’ More importantly, ‘sokuon’ is an important characteristic of Japanese speech rhythm known as mora-timing. It is one of the four elements that can form a mora 1 The other type of geminate consonant is geminate nasals, which phonologically consist of a coda nasal and the nasal onset of the following syllable, e.g., /am. -
Yiddish and Relation to the German Dialects Bryan Witmore University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 6-30-2016 Yiddish and Relation To The German Dialects Bryan Witmore University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the German Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Witmore, B.(2016). Yiddish and Relation To The German Dialects. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ etd/3522 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YIDDISH AND ITS RELATION TO THE GERMAN DIALECTS by Bryan Witmore Bachelor of Arts University of South Carolina, 2006 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in German College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2016 Accepted by: Kurt Goblirsch, Director of Thesis Lara Ducate, Reader Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Bryan Witmore, 2016 All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis project was made possible in large part by the German program at the University of South Carolina. The technical assistance that propelled this project was contributed by the staff at the Ted Mimms Foreign Language Learning Center. My family was decisive in keeping me physically functional and emotionally buoyant through the writing process. Many thanks to you all. iii ABSTRACT In an attempt to balance the complex, multi-component nature of Yiddish with its more homogenous speech community – Ashekenazic Jews –Yiddishists have proposed definitions for the Yiddish language that cannot be considered linguistic in nature. -
The Moraic Nature of Geminate Consonants in Moroccan Arabic: Evidence from Word-Minimality, Syllable Structure and Word Formation Ayoub Noamane
The Moraic Nature of Geminate Consonants in Moroccan Arabic: Evidence from Word-minimality, Syllable Structure and Word Formation Ayoub Noamane To cite this version: Ayoub Noamane. The Moraic Nature of Geminate Consonants in Moroccan Arabic: Evidence from Word-minimality, Syllable Structure and Word Formation. The International Journal of Arabic Lin- guistics, Institut Marocain de l’Information Scientifique et Technique, 2019, 5 (2), pp.100-129. halshs- 02925497 HAL Id: halshs-02925497 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02925497 Submitted on 27 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Moraic Nature of Geminate Consonants in M oroccan A rabic : Evidence from Word - minimality, Syllable S tructure and Word F ormation 1 Ayoub Noamane Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco [email protected] ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﯾﮭﺪف ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎر أدﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﺮوﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﻊ ' mora ' ﻟﻠﺼﻮاﻣﺖ اﻟﻤﻀﻌﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ . وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎر أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺒﯿﻞ، ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ظﻮاھﺮ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮ - ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ، وھﻲ : اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄ ﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻮات واﻟﺘﻀﻌﯿﻒ اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ . ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻧﺒﯿﻦ أن اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺎﻣﺖ - ﺻﺎﺋﺖ ( CV ) ﻧﻈﺮا إﻟﻰ أﻧﮫ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻮﻗﻊ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺘﺮم اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻗﻌﯿﻦ، ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻀﻌﻔﺎ ( GV ) ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ا ﺗﺼﺎﻟﮫ ﺑ ﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮار اﻟﺼﺎﺋﺖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻠﯿﮫ . -
Japanese Flash Card Game
Japanese flash card game Play the “Concentration game” game with online hiragana/katakana cards. movies, drag-and-drop-style exercises, worksheets and flashcards in PDF format.Verb/Adjective Conjugation · Kanji Reading Practice · Lesson 1 Vocabulary. A list of resources to help students study Japanese. Learn Japanese Online for free - it's fun using easy flash quizes. If you masterd it, take a shot at the Kanji glyphs, using our flashcards. memory game.Fujisan Hiragana Quiz · Kana Invaders! · Writing · Memory Game. Start studying Hiragana Review game. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Try these fun Japanese practice games to become proficient in the key skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening in Japanese. Hills Learning offers flashcards online for learning Japanese based on our tested and proven curriculum, learning Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji, and through. Language - Japanese Flashcards. 漢字 's - 99 cards; 怪盗ジョーカーの第章単語 - 76 cards; 怪盗ジョーカーの第章単語 - 71 cards; 怪盗ジョーカーの. Using the right Japanese flashcards app puts you at a huge advantage for fun through the use of colorful, image-based flashcards, games and quizzes. How to study effectively? Want to master Japanese vocabulary? Japanese flashcards are images/text/sound on cards, used to help remember new vocabulary in. Free Web-Based Japanese Language Study Quizzes, Flashcards and More. Here are two other "listening and vocabulary" games using the same data. Real Kana. Learn Hiragana and Katakana. It's easy to use. Click Hiragana or Katakana and choose which characters you'd like to study. Then, click study, and. When presented with a flashcard, think of the answer and then click to have It's not a game-app – it's not supposed to be particularly fun or to. -
Table of Hiragana Letters Pdf
Table of hiragana letters pdf Continue Hiragana is one of three sets of characters used in Japanese. Each letter of Hiragana is a special syllable. The letter itself doesn't make sense. Hiragan is widely used to form a sentence. You can download/print the Hiragan chart (PDF) of all Hiragana's letters. The origin of Hiragan あ か た ま や the original 安 加 太 末 也 of Hiragan was developed in the 8th-10th century by simplifying the shape of specific kanji symbols. Compared to Katakana, Hiragana's letters have more curved lines. Number of letters In modern Japanese 46 basic letters of Hiragana. In addition to these 46 main letters, called gojon, there are modified forms to describe more time - 20 dakun, 5 handakuon, 36 y'on, 1 sokuon and 6 additional letters. Frequently asked questions: What are the letters with the bar on top ( Yap.) ? Gojaon 【五⼗⾳】 Goyon-【五⼗⾳図】 In Japanese, syllables are organized as a table (5 x 10). This table is called goj'on-zu (literally means a table of 50 sounds). The alphabets of Hiragan and Katakana are used to describe these sounds. Letters い, う and え appear more than once in the table. These 5 duplicates (grey) are usually missed or ignored. It includes ん syllable. It does not belong to any row or column. In total, 46 letters (45'1) are considered goj'on (50 sounds). You can learn the goj'on letters on the Hiragan course: Part 1-10. The structure of table First row - あ, い, う, え and お - five vowels of Japanese. -
Sino-Japanese Relations in the Edo Period
Sino-Japanese Relations in Edo the 1 Period Oba Osamu K6gakkan University by Fogel Translated Joshua A. Eight. of Elephants Part Travels The Delivery day Elephant The of of Cubs. On the third the the sixth lunar month of Ky6h6 thirteenth reign (1728), of monkey, the the Number of the Nineteen year year yearl ship, &that Vessel carrying freight pair elephants, Chinese entered of port a as one a J•, • • shipmaster male and Zheng female. The Dawei and the of port one was J-• •, embarcation Guangnan known city present-day the time of the port at was as near a Haiphong Vietnam; in it thus Guangnan Number Nineteen called Vessel in the of year was monkey. later, As the Zheng describe shall Zheng I Dawei member of the in group a was the Vietnam Zheng which active in trade. did Japan the have Dawei not area was a •'•or shinpai trading license. policy known that the well without such that It was was a shmpai clearly could trade. in he absolute self-confidence. The had But not engage one elephants. basis for the is, this elephants purely carrying That Japan he the not to was was guesswork them, that placed by would basis but the of order want on someone on an Sh6gun •] •J, )• they Yoshimune. words, provided other In 6goy6mono items to were sh6gun the in official order. to response an genesis The promise this of earlier twelfth made the in story two years was a Ky6h6 Ziming by =•:--• I•j•, of month shipmaster Thirty- 11 Number of Wu Tonkin Vessel Eight the in horse, the of day elephants 29th Japan. -
Urban Fictions of Early Modern Japan: Identity, Media, Genre
Urban Fictions of Early Modern Japan: Identity, Media, Genre Thomas Gaubatz Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Thomas Gaubatz All rights reserved ABSTRACT Urban Fictions of Early Modern Japan: Identity, Media, Genre Thomas Gaubatz This dissertation examines the ways in which the narrative fiction of early modern (1600- 1868) Japan constructed urban identity and explored its possibilities. I orient my study around the social category of chōnin (“townsman” or “urban commoner”)—one of the central categories of the early modern system of administration by status group (mibun)—but my concerns are equally with the diversity that this term often tends to obscure: tensions and stratifications within the category of chōnin itself, career trajectories that straddle its boundaries, performative forms of urban culture that circulate between commoner and warrior society, and the possibility (and occasional necessity) of movement between chōnin society and the urban poor. Examining a range of genres from the late 17th to early 19th century, I argue that popular fiction responded to ambiguities, contradictions, and tensions within urban society, acting as a discursive space where the boundaries of chōnin identity could be playfully probed, challenged, and reconfigured, and new or alternative social roles could be articulated. The emergence of the chōnin is one of the central themes in the sociocultural history of early modern Japan, and modern scholars have frequently characterized the literature this period as “the literature of the chōnin.” But such approaches, which are largely determined by Western models of sociocultural history, fail to apprehend the local specificity and complexity of status group as a form of social organization: the chōnin, standing in for the Western bourgeoisie, become a unified and monolithic social body defined primarily in terms of politicized opposition to the ruling warrior class.